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Naseem Y, Zhang C, Zhou X, Dong J, Xie J, Zhang H, Agboyibor C, Bi Y, Liu H. Inhibitors Targeting the F-BOX Proteins. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:577-597. [PMID: 37624574 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
F-box proteins are involved in multiple cellular processes through ubiquitylation and consequent degradation of targeted substrates. Any significant mutation in F-box protein-mediated proteolysis can cause human malformations. The various cellular processes F-box proteins involved include cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. To target F-box proteins and their associated signaling pathways for cancer treatment, researchers have developed thousands of F-box inhibitors. The most advanced inhibitor of FBW7, NVD-BK M120, is a powerful P13 kinase inhibitor that has been proven to bring about apoptosis in cancerous human lung cells by disrupting levels of the protein known as MCL1. Moreover, F-box Inhibitors have demonstrated their efficacy for treating certain cancers through targeting particular mutated proteins. This paper explores the key studies on how F-box proteins act and their contribution to malignancy development, which fabricates an in-depth perception of inhibitors targeting the F-box proteins and their signaling pathways that eventually isolate the most promising approach to anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalnaz Naseem
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianshu Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Jiachong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - YueFeng Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Hosmani J, Mushtaq S, Abullais SS, Almubarak HM, Assiri K, Testarelli L, Mazzoni A, Patil S. Recombinant Human Adenovirus- p53 Therapy for the Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:438. [PMID: 34062896 PMCID: PMC8147319 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Oral cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the world and oral leukoplakia is an oral potentially malignant disorder that could develop into oral cancer. This systematic review focusses on randomized clinical trials for recombinant adenovirus p-53 (rAD-p53) therapy for the treatment of oral leukoplakia and cancer. Materials and Methods: We searched for research articles on various databases such as Pubmed/Medline, Embase, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infra-structure), Springerlink, cochrane and Web of sciences from 2003 to 2020. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms were used for the search. Inclusion criteria included original research, randomized clinical trials and articles only in English language. Exclusion criteria were any articles that were not research articles, not randomized trials, non-human studies, etc. The articles were further graded on the Jadad scale. Results: 578 articles were assessed from various databases; only 3 articles were found to be appropriate for this review. Thus, meta-analysis was not performed because of heterogeneity and lack of data. In the three studies, whether rAD-p53 was used as a standalone therapy or with other therapies, there was a beneficial effect of the therapy. Furthermore, there were no serious adverse events and the only adverse events reported were fever, pain at the local injection site, flu-like symptoms and lowered WBC count. Conclusions: Thus, we can conclude that this therapy has a potential for beneficial therapeutic effects and further clinical trials with more patients need to be performed to get better understanding of the effect of rAD-p53 therapy, which probably will pave the way to its approval in other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Hosmani
- Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (J.H.); (H.M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Shazia Mushtaq
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahabe Saquib Abullais
- Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hussain Mohammed Almubarak
- Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (J.H.); (H.M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Khalil Assiri
- Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (J.H.); (H.M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Mazzoni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Yu M, Xu W, Jie Y, Pang J, Huang S, Cao J, Gong J, Li X, Chong Y. Identification and validation of three core genes in p53 signaling pathway in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:66. [PMID: 33685467 PMCID: PMC7938465 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer and the leading cause is persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We aimed to identify some core genes and pathways for HBV-related HCC. METHODS Gene expression profiles of GSE62232, GSE121248, and GSE94660 were available from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The GSE62232 and GSE121248 profiles were the analysis datasets and GSE94660 was the validation dataset. The GEO2R online tool and Venn diagram software were applied to analyze commonly differentially expressed genes between HBV-related HCC tissues and normal tissues. Then, functional enrichment analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) as well as the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was conducted. The overall survival rates and the expression levels were detected by Kaplan-Meier plotter and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Next, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to verify the KEGG pathway analysis. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the levels of these three core genes in tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues from 12 HBV related HCC patients, HBV-associated liver cancer cell lines and normal liver cell lines, and HepG2 with p53 knockdown or deletion, respectively. RESULTS Fifteen highly expressed genes associated with significantly worse prognoses were selected and CCNB1, CDK1, and RRM2 in the p53 signaling pathway were identified as core genes. GSEA results showed that samples highly expressing three core genes were all enriched in the p53 signaling pathway in a validation dataset (P < 0.0001). The expression of these three core genes in tumor tissue samples was higher than that in relevant adjacent non-tumor liver tissues (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, we also found that the above genes were highly expressed in liver cancer cell lines compared with normal liver cells. In addition, we found that the expression of these three core genes in p53 knockdown or knockout HCC cell lines was lower than that in negative control HCC cell lines (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CCNB1, CDK1, and RRM2 were enriched in the p53 signaling pathway and could be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenli Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yusheng Jie
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiahui Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siqi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiao Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yutian Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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Qu J, Lu W, Chen M, Gao W, Zhang C, Guo B, Yang J. Combined effect of recombinant human adenovirus p53 and curcumin in the treatment of liver cancer. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:18. [PMID: 32934683 PMCID: PMC7471865 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective therapeutic intervention for liver cancer is a worldwide challenge that remains to be adequately addressed. Of note, TP53, which encodes the p53 protein, is an important tumor suppressor gene, 61% of TP53 is functionally inactivated in liver cancer. Recombinant human adenovirus p53 (rAd-p53) is the first commercial product that has been used for gene therapy. In the present study, the combined mechanistic effects of rAd-p53 and curcumin, a naturally occurring compound with previously reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties, were assessed in liver cancer cells, using HepG2 cells as the model cell line. The administration of either curcumin or rAd-p53 promoted apoptosis, suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and blocked G2/M phase progression in HepG2 cells, which were potentiated further when both agents were applied together. Combined rAd-p53 and curcumin treatment resulted in higher p53 (P<0.01) and p21 (P<0.01) expression compared with rAd-p53 or curcumin were added alone, suggesting an additive effect on TP53 expression. Additionally, curcumin and rAd-p53 were demonstrated to regulate the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK. These results indicated that the combination of rAd-p53 with curcumin synergistically potentiates apoptosis and inhibit EMT compared with either rAd-p53 or curcumin treatment alone via the regulation of TP53 regulation. Mechanistically, this effect on TP53 expression may involve the ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways. The current study provides new insights that can potentially advance the development of therapeutic strategies for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Hepatopathy and Hepatic Oncology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Hepatopathy and Hepatic Oncology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Hepatopathy and Hepatic Oncology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Acu-moxibustion and Massage, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Jizhi Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chentangzhuang Street Health Service Center, Tianjin 300222, P.R. China
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Retraction: Recombinant Human Adenovirus-p53 Injection Induced Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Mediated by p53-Fbxw7 Pathway, Which Controls c-Myc and Cyclin E. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231287. [PMID: 32218606 PMCID: PMC7100928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Tumor-Suppressive MicroRNA-216b Binds to TPX2, Activating the p53 Signaling in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:186-195. [PMID: 32169806 PMCID: PMC7068200 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is acknowledged in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). We hereby evaluated the ability of miRNA-216b (miR-216b) to impact human cSCC. cSCC tissues with corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected from 40 patients diagnosed with cSCC where the expression pattern of miR-216b and targeting protein for Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. A431 cells were transfected with miR-216b mimic, miR-216b inhibitor, or short interfering RNA against TPX2 to evaluate cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, scratch test, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry. TPX2 was highly expressed in cSCC tissues while miR-216b was poorly expressed in association with tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and tumor node metastasis staging in patients with cSCC. In response to overexpressed miR-216b or silenced TPX2, cSCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were suppressed and apoptosis was stimulated, along with activated p53 signaling. Thus, upregulated miR-216b was capable of promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, invasion, and migration of cSCC cells by downregulating TPX2 through activation of the p53 signaling, highlighting a novel biomarker for novel treatment modalities against cSCC.
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Wang J, Wang H, Peters M, Ding N, Ribback S, Utpatel K, Cigliano A, Dombrowski F, Xu M, Chen X, Song X, Che L, Evert M, Cossu A, Gordan J, Zeng Y, Chen X, Calvisi DF. Loss of Fbxw7 synergizes with activated Akt signaling to promote c-Myc dependent cholangiocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2019; 71:742-752. [PMID: 31195063 PMCID: PMC6773530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The ubiquitin ligase F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7) is recognized as a tumor suppressor in many cancer types due to its ability to promote the degradation of numerous oncogenic target proteins. Herein, we aimed to elucidate its role in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). METHODS Herein, we first confirmed that FBXW7 gene expression was reduced in human iCCA specimens. To identify the molecular mechanisms by which FBXW7 dysfunction promotes cholangiocarcinogenesis, we generated a mouse model by hydrodynamic tail vein injection of Fbxw7ΔF, a dominant negative form of Fbxw7, either alone or in association with an activated/myristylated form of AKT (myr-AKT). We then confirmed the role of c-MYC in human iCCA cell lines and its relationship to FBXW7 expression in human iCCA specimens. RESULTS FBXW7 mRNA expression is almost ubiquitously downregulated in human iCCA specimens. While forced overexpression of Fbxw7ΔF alone did not induce any appreciable abnormality in the mouse liver, co-expression with AKT triggered cholangiocarcinogenesis and mice had to be euthanized by 15 weeks post-injection. At the molecular level, a strong induction of Fbxw7 canonical targets, including Yap, Notch2, and c-Myc oncoproteins, was detected. However, only c-MYC was consistently confirmed as a FBXW7 target in human CCA cell lines. Most importantly, selected ablation of c-Myc completely impaired iCCA formation in AKT/Fbxw7ΔF mice, whereas deletion of either Yap or Notch2 only delayed tumorigenesis in the same model. In human iCCA specimens, an inverse correlation between the expression levels of FBXW7 and c-MYC transcriptional activity was observed. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of FBXW7 is ubiquitous in human iCCA and cooperates with AKT to induce cholangiocarcinogenesis in mice via c-Myc-dependent mechanisms. Targeting c-MYC might represent an innovative therapy against iCCA exhibiting low FBXW7 expression. LAY SUMMARY There is mounting evidence that FBXW7 functions as a tumor suppressor in many cancer types, including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, through its ability to promote the degradation of numerous oncoproteins. Herein, we have shown that the low expression of FBXW7 is ubiquitous in human cholangiocarcinoma specimens. This low expression is correlated with increased c-MYC activity, leading to tumorigenesis. Our findings suggest that targeting c-MYC might be an effective treatment for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michele Peters
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California,Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California,Department of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Li Che
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - John Gordan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Wu JY, Shih YL, Lin SP, Hsieh TY, Lin YW. YC-1 Antagonizes Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Through the EBP1 p42 Isoform in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050661. [PMID: 31086087 PMCID: PMC6562864 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel drugs targeting Wnt signaling are gradually being developed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. In this study, we used a Wnt-responsive Super-TOPflash (STF) luciferase reporter assay to screen a new compound targeting Wnt signaling. 3-(5'-Hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1) was identified as a small molecule inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) data showed that YC-1 did not affect the β-catenin/TCF interaction. Then, by mass spectrometry, we identified the ErbB3 receptor-binding protein 1 (EBP1) interaction with the β-catenin/TCF complex upon YC-1 treatment. EBP1 encodes two splice isoforms, p42 and p48. We further demonstrated that YC-1 enhances p42 isoform binding to the β-catenin/TCF complex and reduces the transcriptional activity of the complex. The suppression of colony formation by YC-1 was significantly reversed after knockdown of both isoforms (p48 and p42); however, the inhibition of colony formation was maintained when only EBP1 p48 was silenced. Taken together, these results suggest that YC-1 treatment results in a reduction in Wnt-regulated transcription through EBP1 p42 and leads to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. These data imply that YC-1 is a drug that antagonizes Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Lueng Shih
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Ping Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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Zhang WW, Li L, Li D, Liu J, Li X, Li W, Xu X, Zhang MJ, Chandler LA, Lin H, Hu A, Xu W, Lam DMK. The First Approved Gene Therapy Product for Cancer Ad-p53 (Gendicine): 12 Years in the Clinic. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 29:160-179. [PMID: 29338444 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gendicine (recombinant human p53 adenovirus), developed by Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech Co. Ltd., was approved in 2003 by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) as a first-in-class gene therapy product to treat head and neck cancer, and entered the commercial market in 2004. Gendicine is a biological therapy that is delivered via minimally invasive intratumoral injection, as well as by intracavity or intravascular infusion. The wild-type (wt) p53 protein expressed by Gendicine-transduced cells is a tumor suppressor that is activated by cellular stress, and mediates cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair, or induces apoptosis, senescence, and/or autophagy, depending upon cellular stress conditions. Based on 12 years of commercial use in >30,000 patients, and >30 published clinical studies, Gendicine has exhibited an exemplary safety record, and when combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy has demonstrated significantly higher response rates than for standard therapies alone. In addition to head and neck cancer, Gendicine has been successfully applied to treat various other cancer types and different stages of disease. Thirteen published studies that include long-term survival data showed that Gendicine combination regimens yield progression-free survival times that are significantly longer than standard therapies alone. Although the p53 gene is mutated in >50% of all human cancers, p53 mutation status did not significantly influence efficacy outcomes and long-term survival rate for Ad-p53-treated patients. To date, Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech has manufactured 41 batches of Gendicine in compliance with CFDA QC/QA requirements, and 169,571 vials (1.0 × 1012 vector particles per vial) have been used to treat patients. No serious adverse events have been reported, except for vector-associated transient fever, which occurred in 50-60% of patients and persisted for only a few hours. The manufacturing accomplishments and clinical experience with Gendicine, as well as the understanding of its cellular mechanisms of action and implications, could provide valuable insights for the international gene therapy community and add valuable data to promote further developments and advancements in the gene therapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- 1 LifeTech Biosciences Group, Hong Kong .,2 Angionetics, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Longjiang Li
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dinggang Li
- 4 Beijing Haidian Hospital Center for Cancer Gene Therapy, Beijing, China
| | - Jiliang Liu
- 5 Shenzhen Hengsheng Hospital Cancer Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuqin Li
- 6 China Medical University Shengjing Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- 7 Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- 7 Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael J Zhang
- 8 Department of Medicine University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Hong Lin
- 7 Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Aiguo Hu
- 7 Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Xu
- 7 Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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10
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Feng Y, Fu X, Lou X. Notch pathway deactivation mediated by F-box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat periodontal ligament stem cells. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 100:93-99. [PMID: 30822705 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective role of F-box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 in rat periodontal ligament stem cells under oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS The apoptosis of rat periodontal ligament stem cells was induced by exposure to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 24 h, after which cell viability and the cleaved caspase-3 and -9 levels were determined. The levels of proteins in the Notch signaling pathway were determined by western blotting. RESULTS The overexpression of F-box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 increased cell viability following hydrogen peroxide administration and suppressed the activation of caspases-3 and -9. The overexpression of F-box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 inhibited Notch signaling. Furthermore, the protective effect of F-box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 could be resumed by PF-03084014, a Notch-specific inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest a protective role of F-box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in rat periodontal ligament stem cells. These findings will facilitate the in vitro culturing of periodontal ligament stem cell for clinical usage and promote stem cell-based therapy for periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimiao Feng
- Department of Orthodontics, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Fu
- Department of General Dentistry, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xintian Lou
- Department of Stomatology, Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China.
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FBXW7 in Cancer: What Has Been Unraveled Thus Far? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020246. [PMID: 30791487 PMCID: PMC6406609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
: The FBXW7 (F-box with 7 tandem WD40) protein encoded by the gene FBXW7 is one of the crucial components of ubiquitin ligase called Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) complex that aids in the degradation of many oncoproteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) thus regulating cellular growth. FBXW7 is considered as a potent tumor suppressor as most of its target substrates can function as potential growth promoters, including c-Myc, Notch, cyclin E, c-JUN, and KLF5. Its regulators include p53, C/EBP-δ, Numb, microRNAs, Pin 1, Hes-5, BMI1, Ebp2. Mounting evidence has indicated the involvement of aberrant expression of FBXW7 for tumorigenesis. Moreover, numerous studies have also shown its role in cancer cell chemosensitization, thereby demonstrating the importance of FBXW7 in the development of curative cancer therapy. This comprehensive review emphasizes on the targets, functions, regulators and expression of FBXW7 in different cancers and its involvement in sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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12
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FBXW7 mutations reduce binding of NOTCH1, leading to cleaved NOTCH1 accumulation and target gene activation in CLL. Blood 2018; 133:830-839. [PMID: 30510140 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-874529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NOTCH1 is mutated in 10% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients and is associated with poor outcome. However, NOTCH1 activation is identified in approximately one-half of CLL cases even in the absence of NOTCH1 mutations. Hence, there appear to be additional factors responsible for the impairment of NOTCH1 degradation. E3-ubiquitin ligase F-box and WD40 repeat domain containing-7 (FBXW7), a negative regulator of NOTCH1, is mutated in 2% to 6% of CLL patients. The functional consequences of these mutations in CLL are unknown. We found heterozygous FBXW7 mutations in 36 of 905 (4%) untreated CLL patients. The majority were missense mutations (78%) that mostly affected the WD40 substrate binding domain; 10% of mutations occurred in the first exon of the α-isoform. To identify target proteins of FBXW7 in CLL, we truncated the WD40 domain in CLL cell line HG-3 via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9). Homozygous truncation of FBXW7 resulted in an increase of activated NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD) and c-MYC protein levels as well as elevated hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α activity. In silico modeling predicted that novel mutations G423V and W425C in the FBXW7-WD40 domain change the binding of protein substrates. This differential binding was confirmed via coimmunoprecipitation of overexpressed FBXW7 and NOTCH1. In primary CLL cells harboring FBXW7 mutations, activated NICD levels were increased and remained stable upon translation inhibition. FBXW7 mutations coincided with an increase in NOTCH1 target gene expression and explain a proportion of patients characterized by dysregulated NOTCH1 signaling.
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13
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Ogura Y, Hoshino T, Tanaka N, Ailiken G, Kobayashi S, Kitamura K, Rahmutulla B, Kano M, Murakami K, Akutsu Y, Nomura F, Itoga S, Matsubara H, Matsushita K. Disturbed alternative splicing of FIR (PUF60) directed cyclin E overexpression in esophageal cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22929-22944. [PMID: 29796163 PMCID: PMC5955432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of alternative splicing of far upstream element binding protein 1 (FUBP1) interacting repressor (FIR; poly(U) binding splicing factor 60 [PUF60]) and cyclin E were detected in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). Accordingly, the expression of FBW7 was examined by which cyclin E is degraded as a substrate via the proteasome system. Expectedly, FBW7 expression was decreased significantly in ESCC. Conversely, c-myc gene transcriptional repressor FIR (alias PUF60; U2AF-related protein) and its alternative splicing variant form (FIRΔexon2) were overexpressed in ESCC. Further, anticancer drugs (cis-diaminedichloroplatinum/cisplatin [CDDP] or 5-fluorouracil [5-FU]) and knockdown of FIR by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased cyclin E while knockdown of FIRΔexon2 by siRNA decreased cyclin E expression in ESCC cell lines (TE1, TE2, and T.Tn) or cervical SCC cells (HeLa cells). Especially, knockdown of SAP155 (SF3b1), a splicing factor required for proper alternative splicing of FIR pre-mRNA, decreased cyclin E. Therefore, disturbed alternative splicing of FIR generated FIR/FIRΔexon2 with cyclin E overexpression in esophageal cancers, indicating that SAP155 siRNA potentially rescued FBW7 function by reducing expression of FIR and/or FIRΔexon2. Remarkably, Three-dimensional structure analysis revealed the hypothetical inhibitory mechanism of FBW7 function by FIR/FIRΔexon2, a novel mechanism of cyclin E overexpression by FIR/FIRΔexon2-FBW7 interaction was discussed. Clinically, elevated FIR expression potentially is an indicator of the number of lymph metastases and anti-FIR/FIRΔexon2 antibodies in sera as cancer diagnosis, indicating chemical inhibitors of FIR/FIRΔexon2-FBW7 interaction could be potential candidate drugs for cancer therapy. In conclusion, elevated cyclin E expression was, in part, induced owing to potential FIR/FIRΔexon2–FBW7 interaction in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ogura
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tanaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Guzhanuer Ailiken
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sohei Kobayashi
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bahityar Rahmutulla
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kano
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentarou Murakami
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Akutsu
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sakae Itoga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Li C, Miao R, Liu S, Wan Y, Zhang S, Deng Y, Bi J, Qu K, Zhang J, Liu C. Down-regulation of miR-146b-5p by long noncoding RNA MALAT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes cancer growth and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28683-28695. [PMID: 28404923 PMCID: PMC5438683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in liver cancer genesis and progression. In this study, we identified down-regulation of miR-146b-5p associated with tumor growth, metastasis and poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. miR-146b-5p could suppress proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was confirmed as a direct target of miR-146b-5p in HCC and miR-146b-5p exerted the tumor suppression roles through inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt mediated by TRAF6. Furthermore, we identified long non-coding RNA MALAT1 as a molecular sponge of miR-146b-5p to down-regulate its expression in HCC. In general, our results indicate that miR-146b-5p inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of HCC by targeting TRAF6 mediated Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Runchen Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Sushun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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15
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He CB, Lao XM, Lin XJ. Transarterial chemoembolization combined with recombinant human adenovirus type 5 H101 prolongs overall survival of patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a prognostic nomogram study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:59. [PMID: 28728568 PMCID: PMC5518415 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are most commonly treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Previous studies showed that TACE combined with recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (H101) may provide a clinical survival benefit. In the present study, we aimed to determine the survival benefit of TACE with or without H101 for patients with intermediate to advanced HCC and to develop an effective nomogram for predicting individual survival outcomes of these patients. Methods We retrospectively collected data from 590 patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who were treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 2007 and July 2015. After propensity score matching, 238 patients who received TACE with H101 (TACE with H101 group) and 238 patients who received TACE without H101 (TACE group) were analyzed. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method; the nomogram was developed based on Cox regression analysis. Discrimination and calibration were measured using the concordance index (c-index) and calibration plots. Results Clinical and radiologic features were similar between the two groups. OS rates were significantly lower in the TACE group than in the TACE with H101 group (1-year OS rate, 53.8% vs. 61.3%; 2-year OS rate, 33.4% vs. 44.2%; 3-year OS rate, 22.4% vs. 40.5%; all P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis for the entire cohort showed that alpha-fetoprotein level, alkaline phosphatase level, tumor size, metastasis, vascular invasion, and TACE with or without H101 were independent factors for OS, all of which were included in the nomogram. Calibration curves showed good agreement between nomogram-predicted survival and observed survival. The c-index of the nomogram for predicting OS was 0.716 (95% confidence interval 0.686–0.746). Conclusions TACE plus H101 extends the survival of patients with intermediate to advanced HCC. Our proposed nomogram provides individual survival prediction and stratification for patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who receive TACE with or without H101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Bin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Lao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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16
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Yao B, Li Q, Wang L, Wang C, Dou C, Xu M, Liu Q, Tu K. Long non-coding RNA CASC2 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through CASC2/miR-367/FBXW7 axis. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:123. [PMID: 28716020 PMCID: PMC5514467 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it has been reported that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (CASC2), a novel tumor suppressor, participates in regulating the carcinogenesis and suppresses tumor progression by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the expression and function of CASC2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. METHODS The expression of CASC2 and miR-367 in HCC specimens and cell lines were detected by real-time PCR. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were carried out for detection of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in HCC. Transwell assays were used to determine migration and invasion of HCC cells. A mouse model for lung metastasis was established to evaluated HCC metastasis in vivo. The correlation among CASC2, miR-367 and F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7) were disclosed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP assay and biotin pull-down assay. RESULTS Here, CASC2 expression was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues, especially in aggressive and recurrent cases. In accordance, CASC2 underexpression was observed in HCC cell lines compared to LO2. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that CASC2 inhibited migration and invasion of HCC cells. Additionally, CASC2 repressed EMT process of HCC cells. Further studies demonstrated that CASC2 could function as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-367 in HCC cells. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that miR-367 promoted migration, invasion and EMT progression of HCC cells. Moreover, further investigations disclosed that FBXW7 was a downstream target of miR-367 and CASC2 prohibited EMT progression and subsequently exerted its anti-metastatic effects via CASC2/miR-367/FBXW7 axis in HCC cells. Clinically, CASC2 underexpression and miR-367 overexpression were closely correlated with the metastasis-associated clinicopathologic features. Notably, CASC2 low-expressing and miR-367 high-expressing HCC patients showed the poorest clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that the CASC2/miR-367/FBXW7 axis may be a ponderable and promising therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Zhikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Bowen Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Changwei Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, China.
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He B, Yin J, Gong S, Gu J, Xiao J, Shi W, Ding W, He Y. Bioinformatics analysis of key genes and pathways for hepatocellular carcinoma transformed from cirrhosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6938. [PMID: 28640074 PMCID: PMC5484182 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify some pivotal genes and pathways for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) transformation from cirrhosis and explore potential targets for treatment of the disease. METHODS The GSE17548 microarray data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, and 37 samples (20 cirrhosis and 17 HCC samples) were used for analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCC tissues were compared with those in cirrhosis tissues and analyzed using the limma package. Gene ontology-biological process and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using ClueGO and CluePedia tool kits, and the key KEGG pathway was analyzed using the R package pathview. The regulatory factor miRNA of DEGs was extracted from 3 verified miRNAs-target databases using the multiMiR R package. Moreover, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Cytoscape software. RESULTS DEGs including cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1), PDZ-binding kinase (PBK), ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), and abnormal spindle homolog, and microcephaly-associated drosophila (ASPM) were the hub proteins with higher degrees in the PPI network. The cell cycle pathway (CDK1 enriched) and p53 signaling pathway (CDK1 and RRM2 enriched) were significantly enriched by DEGs. CONCLUSION CDK1, PBK, RRM2, and ASPM may be key genes for HCC transformation from cirrhosis. Furthermore, cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways may play vital mediatory roles; CDK1 may play crucial roles in HCC transformed from cirrhosis via cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways, and RRM2 might be involved in HCC transformed from cirrhosis via the p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosheng He
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University
| | - Jianbing Yin
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University
| | - Shenchu Gong
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University
| | - Jinhua Gu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University Medical School
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University
| | - Weixiang Shi
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University
| | - Wenbin Ding
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University
| | - Ying He
- Department of Ultrasound, the Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Li X, Wu H, Ouyang X, Zhang B, Su X. New bioactive peptide reduces the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs and increases drug sensitivity. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:129-140. [PMID: 28560442 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer bioactive peptide (ACBP) is extracted from normal goat spleens and exhibits antitumor activity alone and in combination with low cisplatin doses to achieve antitumor efficacy similar to higher cisplatin doses via sustained medication modes. In the present study, we investigated whether elevated levels of induced or normal ACBP in MKN‑45 gastric cancer (GC) cells may reduce their toxicity to oxaliplatin (L‑OHP) in a dose‑dependent manner. The growth inhibition rate (IR), morphological changes and gene expression were examined in MKN‑45 GC cells. Compared with normal ACBP, induced ACBP alone significantly enhanced the anticancer activity of L‑OHP‑mediated apoptosis and reduced the amount and side‑effects of L‑OHP (P<0.05). The inhibition of cancer cell growth at high concentrations of induced ACBP and L‑OHP was significantly more effective than at low concentrations. In addition, for the first time, we examined the potential of a combination of induced ACBP and L‑OHP to increase L‑OHP sensitivity in human gastric carcinoma xenograft tumors. Nude mice were implanted with human gastric carcinoma MKN‑45 cells and treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml of normal saline, 30 µg/ml ACBP, 20 µg/ml L‑OHP or 30 µg/ml ACBP + 20 µg/ml L‑OHP [combination of anticancer bioactive peptide and oxaliplatin (A+L)] via the tail vein twice a week. In vivo short‑term intermittent use of induced ACBP alone significantly inhibited MKN‑45 tumor growth. The combination of induced ACBP and L‑OHP also significantly improved the quality of life of the nude mice and reduced the toxicity of L‑OHP. Based on flow cytometry and gene expression analyses, A+L significantly increased the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase (P<0.05) relative to ACBP or L‑OHP alone, and short‑term intraperitoneal injection of ACBP increased the sensitizing effect of L‑OHP. Collectively, these results suggest that high levels of induced ACBP in combination with L‑OHP via a short‑term intermittent medication mode could be a useful clinical therapeutic strategy for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Ouyang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
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He CB, Lin XJ. Inflammation scores predict the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated with transarterial chemoembolization and recombinant human type-5 adenovirus H101. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174769. [PMID: 28355305 PMCID: PMC5371390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic inflammatory response plays an important role in cancer development and progression. An original inflammation-based staging system for predicting survival in patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with recombinant human type-5 adenovirus H101 is not available. This study aimed to validate the prognostic value of inflammation scores for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were treated with TACE combined with H101. METHODS The data from 216 patients with HCC who underwent TACE combined with H101 from January 2007 to July 2015 were retrospectively collected, and the association of the inflammation scores with overall survival (OS) was analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify variables associated with OS. The prognostic value of the inflammation scores, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil/ platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR-PLR), modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), prognostic index (PI), tumor-node-metastasis (TNM), Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) and Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) staging systems were analyzed and compared using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs). RESULTS The estimated 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates were 61.3%, 44.2%, and 40.5% for the entire study cohort, respectively; the median OS was 17 months. According to the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the pretreatment NLR, tumor diameter and pretreatment alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were independent predictors of OS. The CLIP score had superior discriminative abilities compared with other staging systems, and the NLR-PLR score consistently displayed a higher AUROC value than the other inflammation-based prognostic scores. The combination of the NLR-PLR and CLIP scores exhibited a superior prognostic ability for OS compared to the NLR-PLR or CLIP scores alone. CONCLUSIONS The NLR-PLR score is a more powerful predictive system than the other inflammation-based scores for patients with HCC who were treated with TACE and H101. The predictive ability may be improved by utilizing a combination of the NLR-PLR and CLIP scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Bin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, He W, Wang R, Yang L, Zhou C, Zhang B. Antitumor effects of recombinant human adenovirus-p53 against human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 12:4159-4167. [PMID: 28105142 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to identify the anti-tumor effects of rAd/p53, which is a recombinant human serotype 5 adenovirus, in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Mouse models of human cSCC were constructed by injecting human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells into both flanks of nude mice. Subsequently, the 75 nude mice with cSCC xenograft tumors were randomly divided into recombinant human serotype 5 adenovirus (rAd)/p53, rAd/p53 + 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) and 5-Fu groups. One side of the tumors was administered the therapeutic agents as the therapeutic group, whereas the remaining side was treated with medical saline as the control. At 24, 48, 72, 120 and 168 h post-intratumoral injection, alterations in tumor volume, tumor necrosis and the expression of several tumor-associated genes, including Smad4, Brca1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2), were analyzed. Compared with its control group, the rAd/P53 group exhibited a significantly increased tumor necrosis ratio. In addition, Smad4 and Brca1 expression levels increased significantly at various time points (P<0.05), and MMP-2 expression decreased significantly (P<0.05). In the rAd/p53 + 5-Fu group, the tumor necrosis ratio, and Smad4 and Brca1 expression levels also significantly increased at various time points (P<0.05). MMP-2 gene transcription gradually decreased, high expression of Smad4 was prolonged, and high expression of Brca1 was observed in the early period following treatment compared with the rAd/P53 group. In addition, p53 expression exhibited a positive correlation with the tumor necrosis ratio and Smad4 expression, and showed a negative correlation with MMP-2 gene transcription (P<0.05). These findings indicate that rAd/p53 has a potent anti-tumor effect in cSCC via the promotion of tumor necrosis and regulating the expression of various tumor-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Dermatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Rupeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Libin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Friendship Hospital of Urumqi City, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region 830049, P.R. China
| | - Chunli Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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Ou H, Liu X, Xiang L, Li X, Huang Y, Yang D. NVM-1 predicts prognosis and contributes to growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:554-564. [PMID: 28401011 PMCID: PMC5385643 DOI: pmid/28401011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel metastasis-promoting gene 1 (NVM-1) has a significantly elevated protein level in a variety of tumor tissues and is involved in metastasis. However, its functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not clear. The current study aimed to investigate the functions of NVM-1 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCC. NVM-1 protein expression in HCC was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. In vitro, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and aggressiveness were determined by CCK-8, fluorescence-assisted cell sorting, TdT-UTP nick-end labeling, and transwell assays, respectively. For in vivo studies, NVM-1 knockdown HCC cells were transplanted into BALB/c nude mice. NVM-1 was frequently upregulated in HCC tissues and positive NVM-1 expression was linked with poor prognosis. NVM-1 depletion significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis was induced after NVM-1 knockdown. In conclusion, positive NVM-1 expression confers poor prognosis to HCC patients and the NVM-1 protein level correlates with HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huohui Ou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affilicated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou, China
| | - Leyang Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xianghong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Dinghua Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Dou C, Wang Y, Li C, Liu Z, Jia Y, Li Q, Yang W, Yao Y, Liu Q, Tu K. MicroRNA-212 suppresses tumor growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting FOXA1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13216-28. [PMID: 25965836 PMCID: PMC4537009 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-212 (miR-212) has been reported to play oncogenic or tumor suppressive role in different human malignancies. Here, we demonstrated that the mean level of miR-212 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues was significantly lower than that in matched tumor-adjacent tissues. Similarly, the expression of miR-212 was obviously reduced in HCC cell lines as compared with a nontransformed hepatic cell line. Ectopic expression of miR-212 inhibited cell viability and proliferation, and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. In contrast, down-regulation of miR-212 increased cell viability and proliferation, and suppressed apoptosis in Bel-7402 cells. In vivo studies showed that miR-212 inhibited tumor growth of HCC via suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, we confirmed that Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) was a direct target of miR-212, and it abrogated the function of miR-212 in HCC. Finally, we disclosed that the aberrant expression of miR-212 and FOXA1 was evidently correlated with poor prognostic features of HCC. MiR-212, FOXA1 and their combination were valuable prognostic markers for predicting survival of HCC patients. In conclusion, miR-212 may serve as a prognostic indicator for HCC patients and exerts tumor suppressive role, at least in part, by inhibiting FOXA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Yin G, Liu Z, Wang Y, Dou C, Li C, Yang W, Yao Y, Liu Q, Tu K. BCORL1 is an independent prognostic marker and contributes to cell migration and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:103. [PMID: 26879601 PMCID: PMC4754820 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The deregulation of E-cadherin has been considered as a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis. BCL6 corepressor-like 1 (BCORL1) is a transcriptional corepressor and contributes to the repression of E-cadherin. However, the clinical significance of BCORL1 and its role in the metastasis of HCC remain unknown. Methods Differentially expressed BCORL1 between HCC and matched tumor-adjacent tissues, HCC cell lines and normal hepatic cell line were detected by Western blot. The expression of BCORL1 was altered by siRNAs or lentivirus-mediated vectors. Transwell assays were performed to determine HCC cell invasion and migration. Results Increased expression of BCORL1 protein was detected in HCC specimens and cell lines. Clinical association analysis showed that BCORL1 protein was expressed at significant higher levels in HCC patients with multiple tumor nodes, venous infiltration and advanced TNM tumor stage. Survival analysis indicated that high expression of BCORL1 protein conferred shorter overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of HCC patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis disclosed that BCORL1 expression was an independent prognostic marker for predicting survival of HCC patients. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that BCORL1 prominently promoted HCC cell migration and invasion. Otherwise, an inverse correlation between BCORL1 and E-cadherin expression was observed in HCC tissues. BCORL1 inversely regulated E-cadherin abundance and subsequently facilitated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells. Notably, the effect of BCORL1 knockdown on HCC cells was abrogated by E-cadherin silencing. Conclusions BCORL1 may be a novel prognostic factor and promotes cell migration and invasion through E-cadherin repression-induced EMT in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2154-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Zhikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Changwei Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Liu X, Chen S, Tu J, Cai W, Xu Q. HSP90 inhibits apoptosis and promotes growth by regulating HIF-1α abundance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:825-35. [PMID: 26846697 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP)90 functions as a general oncogene by targeting several well-known oncoproteins for ubiquination and proteasomal degradation. However, the clinical significance of HSP90, as well as the mechanisms responsible for the tumor-promoting effects of HSP90 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In this study, HSP90 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression in 60 samples of HCC tissues and matched normal tumor-adjacent tissue were assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) or western blot analysis. Flow cytometry, BrdU cell proliferation assay, caspase-3/7 activity assay and MTT assay were used to detect the apoptosis and proliferation of the HCC cells. The regulatory effect of HSP90 on HIF-1α in the HCC cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining, western blot analysis and RT-qPCR. The interaction between HIF-1α and HSP90 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. A subcutaneous tumor xenograft model in nude mice was established and TUNEL assay was performed to evaluate cancer cell apoptosis and growth in vivo. We found that HSP90 expression was higher in the HCC tissues than in the normal tissues and that a high HSP90 expression correlated with poor clinicopathological characteristics, including venous infiltration, an advanced TNM stage and high pathological grading. Furthermore, we confirmed that patients with a negative expression of HSP90 had an improved 3-year survival, and that HSP90 was an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of patients with HCC. We demonstrated that HSP90 promoted HCC by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cancer cell growth. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis indicated that HSP90 expression positively correlated with HIF-1α protein expression in the HCC tissues. Furthermore, we found that HSP90 regulated HIF-1α protein abundance by inhibiting the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α in HCC cells. Additionally, the upregulation of HIF-1α expression partially abrogated HSP90 siRNA-induced HCC cell growth arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that HSP90 may be used as a prognostic marker and that HIF-1α may be one of the potential therapeutic targets of HSP90 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Shuda Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Tu
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Cai
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Uddin S, Bhat AA, Krishnankutty R, Mir F, Kulinski M, Mohammad RM. Involvement of F-BOX proteins in progression and development of human malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 36:18-32. [PMID: 26410033 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Rapidly accumulating data indicate that F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (Fbxw7) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers and regulates a network of crucial oncoproteins. These studies have generated important new insights into tumorigenesis and may soon enable therapies targeting the Fbxw7 pathway. We searched PubMed, Embase, and ISI Web of Science databases (1973-2015, especially recent 5 years) for articles published in the English language using the key words "Fbxw7," "Fbw7," "hCDC4," and "Sel-10," and we reviewed recent developments in the search for Fbxw7. Fbxw7 coordinates the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of several critical cellular regulators, thereby controlling essential processes, such as cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. Fbxw7 contains 3 isoforms (Fbxw7α, Fbxw7β, and Fbxw7γ), and they are differently regulated in subtract recognition. Besides those, Fbxw7 activity is controlled at different levels, resulting in specific and tunable regulation of the abundance and activity of its substrates in a variety of human solid tumor types, including glioma malignancy, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma as well as colorectal, lung, breast, gastric, liver, pancreatic, renal, prostate, endometrial, and esophageal cancers. Fbxw7 is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, and the mechanisms and consequences of Fbxw7 deregulation in cancers may soon enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- From the Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute (JC, Z-QL); and Department of Surgical Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China (JC, M-HG)
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Montazeri H, Bouzari S, Azadmanesh K, Ostad SN, Ghahremani MH. Overexpression of Cyclin E and its Low Molecular Weight Isoforms Cooperate with Loss of p53 in Promoting Oncogenic Properties of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7575-82. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Chen J, Wang H, Wang J, Huang S, Zhang W. STAT1 inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through induction of p53 and Fbxw7. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:111. [PMID: 26617467 PMCID: PMC4661940 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Aberrant STAT1 signaling is observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been associated with the modulation of cell proliferation and survival. However, the role of STAT1 signaling in HCC and its underlying mechanism remain elusive. Methods We transiently transfected pcDNA3.1-STAT1 and STAT1 siRNA into SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells. Western blot and qRT-PCR examined the expression of protein and RNA of target genes. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay, and cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results We found that STAT1 overexpression increased protein expression of p53 and Fbxw7, and downregulated the expression of cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, Hes-1 and NF-κB p65. These changes led to growth inhibition and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells. Conversely, ablation of STAT1 had the opposite effect on p53, Fbxw7, Hes-1, NF-κB p65, cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E and CDK2, and improved the viability of SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells. Conclusions Our data indicate that STAT1 exerts tumor-suppressive effects in hepatocarcinogenesis through induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and may provide a basis for the design of new therapies for the intervention of HCC in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000 Zhejiang China
| | - Haihe Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Daqing Branch of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology of Fifth Hospital of Daqing, Daqing, 163714 China
| | - Shishun Huang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Daqing Branch of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Shen A, Liu S, Yu W, Deng H, Li Q. p53 gene therapy-based transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1651-6. [PMID: 25968838 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is used for treating unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its efficacy still needs to be improved. Recombinant adenovirus p53 (rAd-p53) injection is a gene therapeutic agent that could improve the prognosis of HCC patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rAd-p53-based TACE for treating unresectable HCC. METHODS Prospective analysis of patients who received rAd-p53-based TACE or TACE alone in Chongqing Cancer Institute from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012. The primary endpoint is overall survival. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival, response rate, and safety. RESULTS One hundred two patients were enrolled in this study. Forty-nine patients received the rAd-p53-based TACE, and 53 patients received TACE alone. The rAd-p53-based TACE treatment strategy improved the overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.35-0.96, P = 0.035), progression-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.37-0.97, P = 0.037), response rate (P = 0.047) compared with TACE monotherapy. The rAd-p53-based TACE treatment group caused more occurrences of fever than with TACE alone (P = 0.01). However, symptomatic treatment may solve this problem. CONCLUSIONS rAd-p53-based TACE treatment strategy is effective and safe for treating unresectable HCC. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are needed to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Shihong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiqian Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Hejun Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingdong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, China
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Li H, Wang Z, Zhang W, Qian K, Xu W, Zhang S. Fbxw7 regulates tumor apoptosis, growth arrest and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in part through the RhoA signaling pathway in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 370:39-55. [PMID: 26458995 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
F-box and WD repeat domain-containing7 (Fbxw7), a member of the F-box family of proteins, which are components of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, plays an important role as a general tumor suppressor in regulating the effects of various oncoproteins. Recently, accumulating studies have shown that Fbxw7 plays an important role in tumor cell motility, invasion and cancer metastasis. However, little is known about the signaling mechanisms that regulate tumor apoptosis, growth arrest and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastric cancer. In our study, we confirmed that Fbxw7 expression was decreased in gastric cancer tissues, and that Fbxw7 inhibited gastric cancer progression by inducing apoptosis and growth arrest. Furthermore, gastric cancer migration and invasion were decreased or increased following Fbxw7 overexpression or knockdown, respectively, and the expressions of various EMT markers, such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin, were altered after Fbxw7 inhibition or overexpression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Fbxw7 inhibits the EMT via the down-regulation of Snail 1 and ZEB 1, which are upstream transcription factors that promote this process. Additionally, RhoA showed higher expression in the same gastric cancer tissues than in normal tumor-adjacent samples. We found that Fbxw7 expression was negatively correlated with RhoA protein expression in gastric cancer tissues based on Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. Moreover, we found that RhoA protein abundance was regulated by Fbxw7 via ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in gastric cancer. We further demonstrated the effects of RhoA re-expression or inhibition on stable Fbxw7-overexpressing or Fbxw7-silenced cell lines in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that Fbxw7 induces apoptosis and growth arrest and inhibits the EMT in part by down-regulating the RhoA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shouru Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Xu Q, Zhang M, Tu J, Pang L, Cai W, Liu X. MicroRNA-122 affects cell aggressiveness and apoptosis by targeting PKM2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2054-64. [PMID: 26252254 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly invasive tumor with frequent distant metastasis, which is the main cause for the poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms for metastasis remain poorly investigated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in HCC progression. MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is considered as a tumor suppressor in human cancer. In the present study, miR-122 expression was found to be significantly lower in HCC than the level in normal tumor-adjacent tissues. miR-122 was clearly silenced or downregulated in five HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, MHCC97H, Huh7 and SMMC-7721) compared with normal hepatocytes (LO2). HCC patients with low expression of miR-122 had a poor 3-year survival. Univariate analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that miR-122 is an independent prognostic factor in HCC. Downregulation of miR-122 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in Hep3B cells. We found that the public miRNA database (TargetScan) predicted that PKM2 may be a target for miR-122, and the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of PKM2 contains a highly conserved binding site for miR-122. To identify this, pre-miR-122/anti-miR-122 were respectively transfected into the Hep3B cell line. We found that miR-122 overexpression significantly reduced the level of PKM2. Moreover, knockdown of PKM2 significantly increased miR-122 inhibitor-mediated Hep3B cell apoptosis and reduced miR-122 inhibitor-mediated Hep3B cell migration and invasion. Moreover, re-expression of PKM2 partially abrogated miR-122-induced HCC cell growth arrest and apoptosis in vivo. In conclusion, miR-122 serves as a prognostic biomarker and induces apoptosis and growth arrest by downregulating PKM2 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuran Xu
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Tu
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Linxiao Pang
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Cai
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Zhou Z, He C, Wang J. Regulation mechanism of Fbxw7-related signaling pathways (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2215-24. [PMID: 26324296 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (Fbxw7), the substrate-recognition component of SCFFbxw7 complex, is thought to be a tumor suppressor involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival. Although an increasing number of ubiquitin substrates of Fbxw7 have been identified, the best characterized substrates are cyclin E and c-Myc. Fbxw7/cyclin E and Fbxw7/c-Myc pathways are tightly regulated by multiple regulators. Fbxw7 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma. This review focused on the regulation of Fbxw7/cyclin E and Fbxw7/c-Myc pathways and discussed findings to gain a better understanding of the role of Fbxw7 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Chuanchao He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Yang W, Dou C, Wang Y, Jia Y, Li C, Zheng X, Tu K. MicroRNA-92a contributes to tumor growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting FBXW7. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2576-84. [PMID: 26323375 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of microRNA-92a (miR-92a) has been reported in several human cancers and is associated with prognosis of patients. However, the clinical significance of miR-92a and the underlying mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis remain to be determined. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of miR-92a in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The results showed that the expression of miR-92a was upregulated in HCC tissues as compared with matched tumor-adjacent tissues. A high expression of miR-92a was observed in HCC cell lines as compared with a non-transformed hepatic cell line. The gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that miR-92a significantly promoted proliferation and cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase, and inhibited apoptosis of HCC cell in vitro. In tumor‑bearing nude mice, the downregulation of miR-92a suppressed tumor growth of HCC in vivo. miR-92a was inversely correlated with F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7) expression in HCC tissues. Furthermore, miR-92a negatively regulated FBXW7 abundance in HCC cells. In the present study, FBXW7 was identified as a direct target of miR-92a. Notably, alterations of FBXW7 expression abrogated the effects of miR-92a on HCC cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis. Clinical association analysis revealed that a high expression of miR-92a was correlated with poor prognostic characteristics of HCC. Notably, the high expression of miR-92a conferred a reduced 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of HCC patients. The multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that miR-92a expression was an independent prognostic marker for predicting survival of HCC patients. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that miR-92a promotes the tumor growth of HCC by targeting FBXW7 and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Shi XY, Wang L, Cao CH, Li ZY, Chen J, Li C. Effect of Fibulin-5 on cell proliferation and invasion in human gastric cancer patients. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 7:787-91. [PMID: 25129461 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effect of Fibulin-5 expression on cell proliferation and invasion in human gastric cancer patients. METHODS Fibulin-5 expression was detected in 56 samples of surgically resected gastric cancer and paired noncancerous tissues using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Fibulin-5 was knocked down by Fibulin-5 shRNA in MGC-803 cells, then BrdU cell proliferation and transwell invasion assays were used to determine cell proliferation and invasion. RESULTS The level of Fibulin-5 mRNA in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher as compared with that in normal tumor-adjacent tissues (P<0.05). Otherwise, the level of Fibulin-5 protein in cancer and noncancerous tissues was consistent with mRNA expression (P<0.05). Fibulin-5 protein expression in tumor tissues with poorly differentiated, lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM tumor stage was significantly higher (P<0.05, respectively). Fibulin-5 was obviously knocked down by Fibulin-5 shRNA (P<0.05), and Fibulin-5 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in MGC-803 cells (P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The high-expression of Fibulin-5 is associated with the malignant clinicopathologic parameters in gastric cancer and Fibulin-5 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in MGC-803 cells, suggesting Fibulin-5 may act as a key factor in the progression of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Shi
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chun-Hui Cao
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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He J, Huang Y, Weng J, Xiao L, Weng K, Ma X. Specific Inhibition of β-Catenin in Jeko-1 Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cell Line Decreases Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2218-24. [PMID: 26227550 PMCID: PMC4554364 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The canonical Wnt signaling pathway has been considered as a potent oncogenic signaling in the initiation and progression of hematological malignancies. As a key regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, the role of β-catenin in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) pathogenesis and progression was investigated in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 30 MCL samples were collected from patients and were examined for the expression of β-catenin and p-GSK3β using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Further in vitro studies employed MTT and Western blot assays detecting proliferation and apoptosis-related proteins in MCL cell line Jeko-1, which were transfected with β-catenin shRNA or specific inhibitor XAV939. RESULTS Expression of β-catenin and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (p-GSK3β) in MCL was significantly higher than those in controlled samples. In vitro studies indicated that β-catenin knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in Jeko-1 cells. Furthermore, XAV939 induced apoptosis and growth arrest in Jeko-1 cells. Both inhibitory agents increased Bax and caspase 3 proteins, and decreased Bcl-2, c-Myc, and Cyclin D1 proteins. CONCLUSIONS The specific inhibition of β-catenin induces apoptosis and growth arrest, making it a potential therapeutic target against MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui He
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yiqun Huang
- Department of Hematology, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Jianmin Weng
- Department of Pathology, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Liyun Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Kaizhi Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xudong Ma
- Department of Hematology, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
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DNA Polymerases as targets for gene therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:325. [PMID: 25924900 PMCID: PMC4423151 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Despite many achievements in diagnosis and treatment, HCC mortality remains high due to the malignant nature of the disease. Novel approaches, especially for targeted therapy, are being extensively explored. Gene therapy is ideal for such purpose for its specific expression of exogenous genes in HCC cells driven by tissue-specific promoter. However strategies based on correction of mutations or altered expressions of genes responsible for the development/progression of HCC have limitations because these aberrant molecules are not presented in all cancerous cells. In the current work, we adopted a novel strategy by targeting the DNA replication step which is essential for proliferation of every cancer cell. Methods A recombinant adenovirus with alpha fetoprotein (AFP) promoter-controlled expressions of artificial microRNAs targeting DNA polymerases α, δ, ε and recombinant active Caspase 3, namely Ad/AFP-Casp-AFP-amiR, was constructed. Results The artificial microRNAs could efficiently inhibit the expression of the target polymerases in AFP-positive HCC cells at both RNA and protein levels, and HCC cells treated with the recombinant virus Ad/AFP-Casp-AFP-amiR exhibited significant G0/1 phase arrest. The proliferation of HCC cells were significantly inhibited by Ad/AFP-Casp-AFP-amiR with increased apoptosis. On the contrary, the recombinant adenovirus Ad/AFP-Casp-AFP-amiR did not inhibit the expression of DNA polymerases α, δ or ε in AFP-negative human normal liver cell HL7702, and showed no effect on the cell cycle progression, proliferation or apoptosis. Conclusions Inhibition of DNA polymerases α, δ and ε by AFP promoter-driven artificial microRNAs may lead to effective growth arrest of AFP-positive HCC cells, which may represent a novel strategy for gene therapy by targeting the genes that are essential for the growth/proliferation of cancer cells, avoiding the limitations set by any of the individually altered gene.
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Jing L, Wang W, Zhang S, Xie M, Tian D, Luo X, Wang D, Ning Q, Lü J, Wang W. Targeted inhibitory effect of Lenti-SM22alpha-p27-EGFP recombinant lentiviral vectors on proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells without compromising re-endothelialization in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118826. [PMID: 25760326 PMCID: PMC4356572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In-stent restenosis remains a serious problem after the implantation of drug-eluting stents, which is attributable to neointima formation and re-endothelialization. Here, we tried to find a new method which aims at selectively inhibiting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation without inhibition of re-endothelialization. METHODS AND RESULTS We used the smooth muscle-specific SM22alpha promoter in a recombinant lentiviral vector to drive overexpression of cell-cycle inhibitor, p27, in VSMCs. p27 effectively inhibited VSMC proliferation mediated by cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 checkpoint. The SM22alpha-p27 lentiviral vector inhibited VSMC proliferation more effectively than paclitaxel. Rats infected with Lenti-SM22alpha-p27 had a significantly lower intima/media (I/M) ratio and also showed inhibition of restenosis on day 28 after balloon injury. Moreover, the repair of injured endothelium, and re-endothelialization of the carotid artery wall, was not affected by the smooth muscle cell-specific expression of p27. CONCLUSION A recombinant lentiviral vector carrying the SM22alpha promoter was used to effectively infect and selectively overexpress p27 protein in VSMCs, leading to inhibition of intimal hyperplasia without compromising endothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jing
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Daishi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Daowen Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiagao Lü
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (JL)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (WW); (JL)
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Matsushita K, Kitamura K, Rahmutulla B, Tanaka N, Ishige T, Satoh M, Hoshino T, Miyagi S, Mori T, Itoga S, Shimada H, Tomonaga T, Kito M, Nakajima-Takagi Y, Kubo S, Nakaseko C, Hatano M, Miki T, Matsuo M, Fukuyo M, Kaneda A, Iwama A, Nomura F. Haploinsufficiency of the c-myc transcriptional repressor FIR, as a dominant negative-alternative splicing model, promoted p53-dependent T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia progression by activating Notch1. Oncotarget 2015; 6:5102-17. [PMID: 25671302 PMCID: PMC4467136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FUSE-binding protein (FBP)-interacting repressor (FIR) is a c-myc transcriptional suppressor. A splice variant of FIR that lacks exon 2 in the transcriptional repressor domain (FIRΔexon2) upregulates c-myc transcription by inactivating wild-type FIR. The ratio of FIRΔexon2/FIR mRNA was increased in human colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Because FIRΔexon2 is considered to be a dominant negative regulator of FIR, FIR heterozygous knockout (FIR⁺/⁻) C57BL6 mice were generated. FIR complete knockout (FIR⁻/⁻) was embryonic lethal before E9.5; therefore, it is essential for embryogenesis. This strongly suggests that insufficiency of FIR is crucial for carcinogenesis. FIR⁺/⁻ mice exhibited prominent c-myc mRNA upregulation, particularly in the peripheral blood (PB), without any significant pathogenic phenotype. Furthermore, elevated FIRΔexon2/FIR mRNA expression was detected in human leukemia samples and cell lines. Because the single knockout of TP53 generates thymic lymphoma, FIR⁺/⁻TP53⁻/⁻ generated T-cell type acute lymphocytic/lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with increased organ or bone marrow invasion with poor prognosis. RNA-sequencing analysis of sorted thymic lymphoma cells revealed that the Notch signaling pathway was activated significantly in FIR⁺/⁻TP53⁻/⁻ compared with that in FIR⁺/⁺TP53⁻/⁻ mice. Notch1 mRNA expression in sorted thymic lymphoma cells was confirmed using qRT-PCR. In addition, flow cytometry revealed that c-myc mRNA was negatively correlated with FIR but positively correlated with Notch1 in sorted T-ALL/thymic lymphoma cells. Moreover, the knockdown of TP53 or c-myc using siRNA decreased Notch1 expression in cancer cells. In addition, an adenovirus vector encoding FIRΔexon2 cDNA increased bleomycin-induced DNA damage. Taken together, these data suggest that the altered expression of FIRΔexon2 increased Notch1 at least partially by activating c-Myc via a TP53-independent pathway. In conclusion, the alternative splicing of FIR, which generates FIRΔexon2, may contribute to both colorectal carcinogenesis and leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bahityar Rahmutulla
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishige
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mamoru Satoh
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyagi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kusunoki-cho, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sakae Itoga
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Kito
- Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. Azusawa, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuji Kubo
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakaseko
- Department of Haematology, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hatano
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kusunoki-cho, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobegakuin University, Arise, Ikawadani, Nishi, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Inohana, Chiba, Japan
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Yin T, Lu L, Xiong Z, Wei S, Cui D. RETRACTED: ATPase inhibitory factor 1 is a prognostic marker and contributes to proliferation and invasion of human gastric cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:90-6. [PMID: 25776485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the authors, who have informed the Editor-in-Chief that the regulatory effect of IF1 on apoptosis reported in the paper cannot be repeated. In subsequent experiments, two independent shRNAs designed to knockdown IF1 were unable to induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 or MGC-803 cells. The authors cannot explain why the results are not reproducible, but speculate that the original findings may reflect an off-target effect of IF1 shRNA knockdown. The authors no longer have confidence in the reliability of the results and would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. The Editor-in-Chief agreed to retract the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhiguo Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Diansheng Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430060, China
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FBXW7 acts as an independent prognostic marker and inhibits tumor growth in human osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2294-306. [PMID: 25622249 PMCID: PMC4346837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7) is a potent tumor suppressor in human cancers including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we found that the expressions of FBXW7 protein and mRNA levels in osteosarcoma (OS) cases were significantly lower than those in normal bone tissues. Clinical analysis indicated that FBXW7 was expressed at lower levels in OS patients with advanced clinical stage, high T classification and poor histological differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that high expression of FBXW7 was correlated with a better 5-year survival of OS patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that FBXW7 was an independent prognostic marker in OS. Our in vitro studies showed that FBXW7 overexpression inhibited cell cycle transition and cell proliferation, and promoted apoptosis in both U2OS and MG-63 cells. In a nude mouse xenograft model, FBXW7 overexpression slowed down tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and growth arrest. Mechanistically, FBXW7 inversely regulated oncoprotein c-Myc and cyclin E levels in both U2OS and MG-63 cells. Together these findings suggest that FBXW7 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and inhibit tumor progression by inducing apoptosis and growth arrest in OS.
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Tu K, Dou C, Zheng X, Li C, Yang W, Yao Y, Liu Q. Fibulin-5 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-7 expression. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:938. [PMID: 25494879 PMCID: PMC4295477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibulin-5 has been considered as a tumor suppressor through inhibiting tumor growth and invasion. Reduced expression of Fibulin-5 is frequently observed in various human cancers. In this study, we investigate the clinical significance of Fibulin-5 and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell migration and invasion. Methods The expression of Fibulin-5 was evaluated by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting in HCC and matched noncancerous tissues. Fibulin-5 was over-expressed or knocked down by a retrovirus-mediated expression plasmid or a specific siRNA in HCC cells. Boyden chamber and Transwell assays were used to test HCC cell migration and invasion. Immunostaining was performed to determine matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) expression in HCC specimens. MMP-7 retroviruses and siRNA were used to alter MMP-7 expression in HCC cells. Results In our study, the expression levels of Fibulin-5 protein and mRNA were down-regulated in HCC tissues as compared with those in matched noncancerous tissues. Reduced expression of Fibulin-5 was observed in all HCC cell lines (HepG2, SMMC-7721, MHCC97L, Hep3B, MHCC97H and HCC-LM3) as compare with that in a non-transformed hepatic cell line (LO2). Low expression of Fibulin-5 was significantly correlated with poor prognostic features including multiple tumor nodes, venous infiltration, high Edmondson-Steiner grading and advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) tumor stage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Fibulin-5 was a novel independent prognostic marker for predicting 5-year survival of HCC patients. Our in vitro studies showed that Fibulin-5 overexpression inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion. While Fibulin-5 knockdown increased the number of migrated and invaded HCC cells. Fibulin-5 negatively regulated MMP-7 abundance in HCC cells. Moreover, the inverse correlation between Fibulin-5 and MMP-7 expressions was observed in HCC tissues. Mechanistically, we disclosed that MMP-7 knockdown reduced the number of migrated and invaded HCC cells. Restoring MMP-7 expression abrogated the suppressive effect of Fibulin-5 on HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro, suggesting that Fibulin-5 exerted its anti-metastatic function, at least in part, by down-regulating the expression of MMP-7 in HCC cells. Conclusions These results indicate that Fibulin-5 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and inhibits HCC invasion and metastasis by suppressing MMP-7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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Wang HT, Liu AG, Luo DS, Zhou ZN, Lin HG, Chen RZ, He JS, Chen K. miR-218 expression in osteosarcoma tissues and its effect on cell growth in osteosarcoma cells. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:1000-4. [PMID: 25479631 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of miR-218 and its clinical significance in osteosarcoma tissues and explore its effect on proliferation and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. METHODS miR-218 expression was detected in 76 samples of surgically resected osteosarcoma and matched normal tumor-adjacent tissues using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). MiR-218 was over-expressed by exogenous miR-218 plasmids in Saos-2 cells, and then BrdU cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry were used to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS The expression of miR-218 in osteosarcoma tissues was significantly lower than those in normal tumor-adjacent tissues (t=8.735, P<0.001). MiR-218 expression in tumor tissues was significantly correlated with tumor size (χ(2)=5.380, P=0.020), clinical stage (χ(2)=6.692, P=0.010) and distant metastasis (χ(2)=4.180, P=0.041). MiR-218 was obviously over-expressed by exogenous miR-218 plasmids (t=19.42, P<0.001), and miR-218 overexpression significantly reduced cell proliferation (t=9.045, P<0.001) and induced apoptosis (t=12.38, P<0.001) in Saos-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS The low-expression of miR-218 is correlated with the poor clinicopathological features in osteosarcoma. Moreover, miR-218 overexpression reduces cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in Saos-2 cells, suggesting that miR-218 may play a key role in the progression of human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Ai-Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Dao-Shu Luo
- Basic Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhang-Nan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Hong-Guang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Rong-Zi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Jin-Shui He
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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Yuan HF, Niu XL, Gao DF, Hao GH, Song AQ, Wei J. Expression of p-PPARγ in the aging thoracic aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rat and inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.201414b416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Wang H, Yang Z, Liu C, Huang S, Wang H, Chen Y, Chen G. RBP-J-interacting and tubulin-associated protein induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human hepatocellular carcinoma by activating the p53-Fbxw7 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:71-7. [PMID: 25445601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Notch signaling is observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been associated with the modulation of cell growth. However, the role of Notch signaling in HCC and its underlying mechanism remain elusive. RBP-J-interacting and tubulin-associated (RITA) mediates the nuclear export of RBP-J to tubulin fibers and downregulates Notch-mediated transcription. In this study, we found that RITA overexpression increased protein expression of p53 and Fbxw7 and downregulated the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2, Hes-1 and NF-κB p65. These changes led to growth inhibition and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells. Our findings indicate that RITA exerts tumor-suppressive effects in hepatocarcinogenesis through induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and suggest a therapeutic application of RITA in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihe Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis in Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathogenobiology, Daqing Branch of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhanchun Yang
- Department of General Surgery of Fifth Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chunbo Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis in Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathogenobiology, Daqing Branch of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shishun Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis in Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathogenobiology, Daqing Branch of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis in Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathogenobiology, Daqing Branch of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis in Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathogenobiology, Daqing Branch of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Guofu Chen
- Department of General Surgery of Fifth Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China.
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TPX2 is a prognostic marker and contributes to growth and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18148-61. [PMID: 25302620 PMCID: PMC4227208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting protein for Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2), a microtubule-associated protein, impacts spindle assembly in human cells. Several studies have demonstrated that TPX2 is overexpressed in different types of human cancers and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, we found that the expression level of TPX2 was obviously higher in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues than in matched nontumor tissues. Elevated expressions of TPX2 mRNA were observed in all HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, SMMC-7721, Bel-7402 and Huh7) as compared with that in a non-transformed hepatic cell line (LO2). Clinical analysis indicated that the positive expression of TPX2 was significantly correlated with venous infiltration, high Edmondson-Steiner grading and advanced TNM tumor stage in HCC. Furthermore, TPX2 was a novel prognostic marker for predicting 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of HCC patients. In vitro studies found that TPX2 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation and viability in both Hep3B and HepG2 cells. Moreover, TPX2 knockdown obviously slowed down tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model. Otherwise, TPX2 knockdown prominently suppressed HCC cell invasion and migration. In conclusion, these results indicate that TPX2 may serve as a prognostic marker and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of HCC.
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Gong J, Lv L, Huo J. Roles of F-box proteins in human digestive system tumors (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2199-207. [PMID: 25270675 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box proteins (FBPs), the substrate-recognition subunit of E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase, are the important components of Ub proteasome system (UPS). FBPs are involved in multiple cellular processes through ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of their target proteins. Many studies have described the roles of FBPs in human cancers. Digestive system tumors account for a large proportion of all the tumors, and their mortality is very high. This review summarizes for the first time the roles of FBPs in digestive system tumorige-nesis and tumor progression, aiming at finding new routes for the rational design of targeted anticancer therapies in digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jirong Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Li J, JunYu, Liu A, Wang Y. β-Elemene against human lung cancer via up-regulation of P53 protein expression to promote the release of exosome. Lung Cancer 2014; 86:144-50. [PMID: 25204604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Elemene, a novel antitumor plant drug extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Zedoary, has been shown to be effective against a wide variety of tumors. Recent studies have indicated that β-elemene can inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells; however, the exact mechanism of β-element's action in lung cancer remains largely unknown. In the present study, the antitumor effect of β-elemene on human lung cancer cells and the mechanism involved has been investigated. METHODS The inhibitory effects of β-elemene on cell growth were measured by Trypan Blue exclusion and MTT assay. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect the cells' apoptotic rate. The expression of P53 mRNA and protein were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation steps and analyzed by electron microscopy and western blotting. P53 knockdown cells were established through transfection with P53 siRNA. To investigate the effect of β-elemene on the tumor growth in vivo, a Xenograft nude mouse model was established by injecting the A549 cells into the back of a BABL/c nude mouse. RESULTS β-Elemene markedly inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. The levels of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in A549 cells decreased, while expression of P53 and production of exosomes increased after β-elemene treatment. Further siRNA studies suggested that the effect of β-elemene on A549 cells is dependent on P53 expression. Exosomes derived from A549 cultured with a human lung cancer cell line exhibited decreased tumor cell proliferation. The in vivo study demonstrated that β-elemene inhibited tumor growth, and up-regulated the expression of P53 and the release of exosome. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated β-elemene acts on lung cancer cells in a P53 dependent manner and exosomes are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, Medical school of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710003, China; Center of Cancer Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710003, China
| | - JunYu
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, Medical school of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710003, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, Medical school of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710003, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Center of Cancer Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710003, China.
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Tu K, Li C, Zheng X, Yang W, Yao Y, Liu Q. Prognostic significance of miR-218 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its role in cell growth. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1571-7. [PMID: 25110121 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-218 (miR-218) is considered a tumor suppressor in human cancer. In the present study, miR-218 expression was found to be significantly lower in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than in normal tumor-adjacent tissues. miR-218 was clearly silenced or downregulated in five HCC cells (HepG2, Hep3B, SMMC-7721, Huh7 and Bel-7402) compared with normal hepatocytes (LO2). The low expression of miR-218 conferred a poor 5-year survival in HCC patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that miR-218 was an independent prognostic factor in HCC. Ectopic expression of miR-218 inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. In tumor bearing mice, miR-218 slowed down tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and growth arrest. Restoring miR-218 expression resulted in downregulation of B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI-1) mRNA and protein level in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. In addition, BMI-1 mRNA expression in HCC was significantly higher than that in non-cancerous tissues. BMI-1 mRNA was inversely correlated with miR-218 expression in HCC tissues. In conclusion, miR-218 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and induce apoptosis and growth arrest by downregulating BMI-1 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Tu K, Yang W, Li C, Zheng X, Lu Z, Guo C, Yao Y, Liu Q. Fbxw7 is an independent prognostic marker and induces apoptosis and growth arrest by regulating YAP abundance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:110. [PMID: 24884509 PMCID: PMC4035898 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbxw7 functions as a general tumor suppressor by targeting several well-known oncoproteins for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. However, the clinical significance of Fbxw7 and the mechanisms involved in the anti-cancer effect of Fbxw7 in HCC are not clear. METHOD The Fbxw7 and YAP expression in 60 samples of surgical resected HCC and matched normal tumor-adjacent tissues were assessed using IHC or immunoblotting. Flow cytometry, caspase 3/7 activity assay, BrdU cell proliferation assay and MTT assay were used to detect proliferation and apoptosis of HCC cells. The regulatory effect of Fbxw7 on YAP in HCC cells was confirmed by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to analyze interaction between YAP and Fbxw7. Nude mice subcutaneous injection, Ki-67 staining and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate tumor growth and apoptosis in vivo. RESULTS In this study, we found that Fbxw7 expression was impaired in HCC tissues and loss of Fbxw7 expression was correlated with poor clinicopathological features including large tumor size, venous infiltration, high pathological grading and advanced TNM stage. Additionally, we demonstrated that patients with positive Fbxw7 expression had a better 5-year survival and Fbxw7 was an independent factor for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients. We confirmed that Fbxw7 inhibited HCC by inducing both apoptosis and growth arrest. Elevated YAP expression was observed in the same cohort of HCC tissues. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis indicated that Fbxw7 was inversely associated with YAP protein expression in HCC tissues. We also found that Fbxw7 regulated YAP protein abundance by targeting YAP for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in HCC. Furthermore, restoring YAP expression partially abrogated Fbxw7 induced HCC cell apoptosis and growth arrest in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Fbxw7 may serve as a prognostic marker and that YAP may be a potential target of Fbxw7 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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ZHANG JUNLI, TU KANGSHENG, YANG WEI, LI CHAO, YAO YINGMIN, ZHENG XIN, LIU QINGGUANG. Evaluation of Jagged2 and Gli1 expression and their correlation with prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:749-54. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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