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Hindi SS, Sabir JSM, Dawoud UM, Ismail IM, Asiry KA, Mirdad ZM, Abo-Elyousr KA, Shiboob MH, Gabal MA, Albureikan MOI, Alanazi RA, Ibrahim OHM. Nanocellulose-Based Passivated-Carbon Quantum Dots (P-CQDs) for Antimicrobial Applications: A Practical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2660. [PMID: 37376306 PMCID: PMC10305638 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Passivated-carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs) have been attracting great interest as an antimicrobial therapy tool due to their bright fluorescence, lack of toxicity, eco-friendly nature, simple synthetic schemes, and possession of photocatalytic functions comparable to those present in traditional nanometric semiconductors. Besides synthetic precursors, CQDs can be synthesized from a plethora of natural resources including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Converting MCC into NCC is performed chemically via the top-down route, while synthesizing CODs from NCC can be performed via the bottom-up route. Due to the good surface charge status with the NCC precursor, we focused in this review on synthesizing CQDs from nanocelluloses (MCC and NCC) since they could become a potential source for fabricating carbon quantum dots that are affected by pyrolysis temperature. There are several P-CQDs synthesized with a wide spectrum of featured properties, namely functionalized carbon quantum dots (F-CQDs) and passivated carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs). There are two different important P-CQDs, namely 2,2'-ethylenedioxy-bis-ethylamine (EDA-CQDs) and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA-CQDs), that have achieved desirable results in the antiviral therapy field. Since NoV is the most common dangerous cause of nonbacterial, acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, this review deals with NoV in detail. The surficial charge status (SCS) of the P-CQDs plays an important role in their interactions with NoVs. The EDA-CQDs were found to be more effective than EPA-CQDs in inhibiting the NoV binding. This difference may be attributed to their SCS as well as the virus surface. EDA-CQDs with surficial terminal amino (-NH2) groups are positively charged at physiological pH (-NH3+), whereas EPA-CQDs with surficial terminal methyl groups (-CH3) are not charged. Since the NoV particles are negatively charged, they are attracted to the positively charged EDA-CQDs, resulting in enhancing the P-CQDs concentration around the virus particles. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were found to be comparable to the P-CQDs in the non-specific binding with NoV capsid proteins, through complementary charges, π-π stacking, and/or hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S. Hindi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Jamal S. M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uthman M. Dawoud
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal M. Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Zohair M. Mirdad
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Kamal A. Abo-Elyousr
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Shiboob
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Gabal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Othman I. Albureikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan A. Alanazi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Omer H. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
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Kher G, Sabin C, Lun JH, Devant JM, Ruoff K, Koromyslova AD, von Itzstein M, Pancera M, Hansman GS. Direct Blockade of the Norovirus Histo-Blood Group Antigen Binding Pocket by Nanobodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0183322. [PMID: 36971561 PMCID: PMC10134814 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01833-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. These viruses usually interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are considered essential cofactors for norovirus infection. This study structurally characterizes nanobodies developed against the clinically important GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses with a focus on the identification of novel nanobodies that efficiently block the HBGA binding site. Using X-ray crystallography, we have characterized nine different nanobodies that bound to the top, side, or bottom of the P domain. The eight nanobodies that bound to the top or side of the P domain were mainly genotype specific, while one nanobody that bound to the bottom cross-reacted against several genotypes and showed HBGA blocking potential. The four nanobodies that bound to the top of the P domain also inhibited HBGA binding, and structural analysis revealed that these nanobodies interacted with several GII.4 and GII.17 P domain residues that commonly engaged HBGAs. Moreover, these nanobody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) extended completely into the cofactor pockets and would likely impede HBGA engagement. The atomic level information for these nanobodies and their corresponding binding sites provide a valuable template for the discovery of additional "designer" nanobodies. These next-generation nanobodies would be designed to target other important genotypes and variants, while maintaining cofactor interference. Finally, our results clearly demonstrate for the first time that nanobodies directly targeting the HBGA binding site can function as potent norovirus inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses are highly contagious and a major problem in closed institutions, such as schools, hospitals, and cruise ships. Reducing norovirus infections is challenging on multiple levels and includes the frequent emergence of antigenic variants, which complicates designing effective, broadly reactive capsid therapeutics. We successfully developed and characterized four norovirus nanobodies that bound at the HBGA pockets. Compared with previously developed norovirus nanobodies that inhibited HBGA through disrupted particle stability, these four novel nanobodies directly inhibited HBGA engagement and interacted with HBGA binding residues. Importantly, these new nanobodies specifically target two genotypes that have caused the majority of outbreaks worldwide and consequently would have an enormous benefit if they could be further developed as norovirus therapeutics. To date, we have structurally characterized 16 different GII nanobody complexes, a number of which block HBGA binding. These structural data could be used to design multivalent nanobody constructs with improved inhibition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Kher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charles Sabin
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer H. Lun
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica M. Devant
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ruoff
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna D. Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grant S. Hansman
- Schaller Research Group, University of Heidelberg, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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In Silico Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies in the Identification of Natural Compound Inhibitors Targeting the Human Norovirus RdRp Protein to Fight Gastroenteritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055003. [PMID: 36902433 PMCID: PMC10002960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (HNoV) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis globally, and there are currently no treatment options or vaccines available to combat it. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), one of the viral proteins that direct viral replication, is a feasible target for therapeutic development. Despite the discovery of a small number of HNoV RdRp inhibitors, the majority of them have been found to possess a little effect on viral replication, owing to low cell penetrability and drug-likeness. Therefore, antiviral agents that target RdRp are in high demand. For this purpose, we used in silico screening of a library of 473 natural compounds targeting the RdRp active site. The top two compounds, ZINC66112069 and ZINC69481850, were chosen based on their binding energy (BE), physicochemical and drug-likeness properties, and molecular interactions. ZINC66112069 and ZINC69481850 interacted with key residues of RdRp with BEs of -9.7, and -9.4 kcal/mol, respectively, while the positive control had a BE of -9.0 kcal/mol with RdRp. In addition, hits interacted with key residues of RdRp and shared several residues with the PPNDS, the positive control. Furthermore, the docked complexes showed good stability during the molecular dynamic simulation of 100 ns. ZINC66112069 and ZINC69481850 could be proven as potential inhibitors of the HNoV RdRp in future antiviral medication development investigations.
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Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081541. [PMID: 34452406 PMCID: PMC8402810 DOI: 10.3390/v13081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
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Tan MTH, Li Y, Eshaghi Gorji M, Gong Z, Li D. Fucoidan But Not 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication in Zebrafish Larvae. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030461. [PMID: 33799811 PMCID: PMC8001738 DOI: 10.3390/v13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (hNoVs) cause heavy disease burden worldwide and there is no clinically approved vaccination or antiviral hitherto. In this study, with the use of a zebrafish larva in vivo platform, we investigated the anti-hNoV potentials of fucoidan (from brown algae Fucus vesiculosus) and 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL). As a result, although both fucoidan and 2'-FL were able to block hNoV GII.4 virus-like particle (VLPs) from binding to type A saliva as expected, only fucoidan, but not 2'-FL, was able to inhibit the replication of hNoV GII.P16-GII.4 in zebrafish larvae, indicating the possible needs of higher molecular weights for fucosylated carbohydrates to exert anti-hNoV effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.T.H.T.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
| | - Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.T.H.T.); (M.E.G.)
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (M.T.H.T.); (M.E.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Discovery of Potential Inhibitors for RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Norovirus: Virtual Screening, and Molecular Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010171. [PMID: 33375298 PMCID: PMC7795727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are non-enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome belonging to the genus Norovirus, from the family Caliciviridae, which are accountable for acute gastroenteritis in humans. The Norovirus genus is subdivided into seven genogroups, i.e., (GI-GVII); among these, the genogroup II and genotype 4 (GII.4) strains caused global outbreaks of human norovirus (HuNov) disease. The viral genome comprises three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes the nonstructural polyprotein that is cleaved into six nonstructural proteins, which include 3C-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) and a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. ORF2 and ORF3 encode the proteins VP1 and VP2. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) from noroviruses is one of the multipurpose enzymes of RNA viruses vital for replicating and transcribing the viral genome, making the virally encoded enzyme one of the critical targets for the development of novel anti-norovirus agents. In the quest for a new antiviral agent that could combat HuNov, high throughput virtual screening (HTVS), combined with e-pharmacophore screening, was applied to screen compounds from the PubChem database. CMX521 molecule was selected as a prototype for a similarity search in the PubChem online database. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to identify different compounds that may inhibit HuNov. The results predicted that compound CID-57930781 and CID-44396095 formed stable complexes with MNV-RdRp within 50 ns; hence, they may signify as promising human norovirus inhibitors.
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AlKhater SA. Dynamic Interplay Between Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Early Shaping of Asthma and its Implication for the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:369-383. [PMID: 33061464 PMCID: PMC7532070 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s272705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between host immunity and the external environment in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in bronchial asthma has recently been scrutinized. There is compelling evidence that the microbiota at these sites may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this chronic airway disease. The appearance of bacteria early in life in the gut before dissemination to the airways plays a pivotal role in shaping mucosal immunity. Loss of microbial diversity or dysbiosis can result in aberrant immune-mediated inflammation and mucosal barrier disruption, which coincides clinically with the successive development of the "allergic march" in asthma. Microbial manipulation may be effective in curbing asthma development by indirectly preserving homeostatic epithelial barrier functions. The protective effects and mechanisms of immunity-microbiome crosstalk at mucosal sites require further investigation to identify therapeutic and preventive measures in asthma. This topical review aims to highlight new evidence that compromised epithelial barrier function, which results in deregulated crosstalk between the microbiome and host mucosal immune system, is an important disease mechanism in asthma. In the light of current COVID-19 pandemic, the collective findings on the impact of mucosal microbiota on the suceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19 is explored. The possible therapeutic implications to target these abnormalities are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A AlKhater
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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Lyons KE, Ryan CA, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1039. [PMID: 32283875 PMCID: PMC7231147 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katríona E. Lyons
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
| | - Eugene M. Dempsey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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Müller-Hermes C, Creutznacher R, Mallagaray A. Complete assignment of Ala, Ile, Leu ProS, Met and Val ProS methyl groups of the protruding domain from human norovirus GII.4 Saga. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2020; 14:123-130. [PMID: 31993958 PMCID: PMC7069894 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of human noroviruses to histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) is thought to be essential for infection, although how this binding event promotes infection is unknown. Recent studies have shown that 60% of all GII.4 epidemic strains may undergo a spontaneous post-translational modification (PTM) in an amino acid located adjacent to the binding pocket for HBGAs. This transformation proceeds with an estimated half-life of 1-2 days under physiological conditions, dramatically affecting HBGA recognition. The surface-exposed position of this PTM and its sequence conservation suggests a relevant role in immune escape and host-cell recognition. As a first step towards the understanding of the biological implications of this PTM at atomic resolution, we report the complete assignment of methyl resonances of a MILProSVProSA methyl-labeled sample of a 72 kDa protruding domain from a GII.4 Saga human norovirus strain. Assignments were obtained from methyl-methyl NOESY experiments combined with site-directed mutagenesis and automated assignment. This data provides the basis for a detailed characterization of the PTM-driven modulation of immune recognition in human norovirus on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller-Hermes
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Creutznacher
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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Creutznacher R, Schulze E, Wallmann G, Peters T, Stein M, Mallagaray A. Chemical-Shift Perturbations Reflect Bile Acid Binding to Norovirus Coat Protein: Recognition Comes in Different Flavors. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1007-1021. [PMID: 31644826 PMCID: PMC7186840 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have been reported as important cofactors promoting human and murine norovirus (NoV) infections in cell culture. The underlying mechanisms are not resolved. Through the use of chemical shift perturbation (CSP) NMR experiments, we identified a low-affinity bile acid binding site of a human GII.4 NoV strain. Long-timescale MD simulations reveal the formation of a ligand-accessible binding pocket of flexible shape, allowing the formation of stable viral coat protein-bile acid complexes in agreement with experimental CSP data. CSP NMR experiments also show that this mode of bile acid binding has a minor influence on the binding of histo-blood group antigens and vice versa. STD NMR experiments probing the binding of bile acids to virus-like particles of seven different strains suggest that low-affinity bile acid binding is a common feature of human NoV and should therefore be important for understanding the role of bile acids as cofactors in NoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Creutznacher
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
| | - Eric Schulze
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical SystemsMolecular Simulations and Design GroupSandtorstrasse 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Georg Wallmann
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
| | - Thomas Peters
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical SystemsMolecular Simulations and Design GroupSandtorstrasse 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM)Institute of Chemistry and MetabolomicsRatzeburger Allee 16023562LübeckGermany
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11
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, White PA. Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? Med Res Rev 2019; 39:860-886. [PMID: 30584800 PMCID: PMC7168425 DOI: 10.1002/med.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high-risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct-acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host-modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter A. White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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A post-translational modification of human Norovirus capsid protein attenuates glycan binding. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1320. [PMID: 30899001 PMCID: PMC6428809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attachment of human noroviruses to histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) is essential for infection, but how this binding event promotes the infection of host cells is unknown. Here, we employ protein NMR experiments supported by mass spectrometry and crystallography to study HBGA binding to the P-domain of a prevalent virus strain (GII.4). We report a highly selective transformation of asparagine 373, located in an antigenic loop adjoining the HBGA binding site, into an iso-aspartate residue. This spontaneous post-translational modification (PTM) proceeds with an estimated half-life of a few days at physiological temperatures, independent of the presence of HBGAs but dramatically affecting HBGA recognition. Sequence conservation and the surface-exposed position of this PTM suggest an important role in infection and immune recognition for many norovirus strains. Attachment of human noroviruses to histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) is essential for infection. Here the authors report that an asparagine residue located near the HBGA-attachment site can convert into an iso-aspartate residue through spontaneous deamidation and influence HBGA recognition.
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Ghosh S, Malik YS, Kobayashi N. Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:170-191. [PMID: 28901254 PMCID: PMC5971199 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170912161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Noroviruses and rotaviruses are important viral etiologies of severe gastroenteritis. Noroviruses are the primary cause of nonbacterial diarrheal outbreaks in humans, whilst rotaviruses are a major cause of childhood diarrhea. Although both enteric pathogens substantially impact human health and economies, there are no approved drugs against noroviruses and rotaviruses so far. On the other hand, whilst the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines have been successfully implemented in over 100 countries, the most advanced norovirus vaccine has recently completed phase-I and II trials. Methods: We performed a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research litera-ture on advances in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis. Results: Technological advances coupled with a proper understanding of viral morphology and replication over the past decade has facilitated pioneering research on therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses, with promising outcomes in human clinical trials of some of the drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the various developments in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus thera-peutics and immunoprophylaxis, such as potential antiviral drug molecules, passive immunotherapies (oral human immunoglobulins, egg yolk and bovine colostral antibodies, llama-derived nanobodies, and anti-bodies expressed in probiotics, plants, rice grains and insect larvae), immune system modulators, probiot-ics, phytochemicals and other biological substances such as bovine milk proteins, therapeutic nanoparti-cles, hydrogels and viscogens, conventional viral vaccines (live and inactivated whole virus vaccines), and genetically engineered viral vaccines (reassortant viral particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) and other sub-unit recombinant vaccines including multi-valent viral vaccines, edible plant vaccines, and encapsulated viral particles). Conclusions: This review provides important insights into the various approaches to therapeutics and im-munoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses..
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Zhang M, Yu C, Xie J, Xun X, Sun W, Hong L, Wang R. Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric [2+2] Cyclization/Penicillin-Penillonic Acid Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Changjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xudong Xun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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15
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Zhang M, Yu C, Xie J, Xun X, Sun W, Hong L, Wang R. Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric [2+2] Cyclization/Penicillin-Penillonic Acid Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4921-4925. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Changjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xudong Xun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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Thomson P, Medina DA, Garrido D. Human milk oligosaccharides and infant gut bifidobacteria: Molecular strategies for their utilization. Food Microbiol 2017; 75:37-46. [PMID: 30056961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the gold standard in infant nutrition. In addition to provide essential nutrients for the newborn, it contains multiple bioactive molecules that provide protection and stimulate proper development. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex carbohydrates abundant in breast milk. Intriguingly, these molecules do not provide energy to the infant. Instead, these oligosaccharides are key to guide and support the assembly of a healthy gut microbiome in the infant, dominated by beneficial gut microbes such as Bifidobacterium. New analytical methods for glycan analysis, and next-generation sequencing of microbial communities, have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the positive role of breast milk oligosaccharides on the gut microbiome, and the genomics and molecular strategies of Bifidobacterium to utilize these oligosaccharides. Moreover, novel approaches to simulate the impact of HMO on the gut microbiome have been described and successfully validated, including the incorporation of synthetic HMO and bovine milk oligosaccharides to infant formula. This review discusses recent advances regarding the influence of HMO in promoting a healthy gut microbiome, with emphasis in the molecular basis of the enrichment in beneficial Bifidobacterium, and novel approaches to replicate the effect of HMO using synthetic or bovine oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Thomson
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel A Medina
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
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Koromyslova A, Tripathi S, Morozov V, Schroten H, Hansman GS. Human norovirus inhibition by a human milk oligosaccharide. Virology 2017; 508:81-89. [PMID: 28505592 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus interactions with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known to be important for an infection. In this study, we identified the HBGA binding pocket for an emerging GII genotype 17 (GII.17) variant using X-ray crystallography. The GII.17 variant bound the HBGA with an equivalent set of residues as the leading pandemic GII.4 variants. These structural data highlights the conserved nature of HBGA binding site between prevalent GII noroviruses. Noroviruses also interact with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which mimic HBGAs and may function as receptor decoys. We previously showed that HMOs inhibited the binding of rarely detected GII.10 norovirus to HBGAs. We now found that an HMO, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), additionally blocked both the GI.1 and GII.17 noroviruses from binding to HBGAs. Together, these findings provide evidence that 2'FL might function as a broadly reactive antiviral against multiple norovirus genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasily Morozov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Grant S Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
This study reported the first assessment of carbon dots’ (CDots) antiviral activity to human norovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs), GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs. CDots with different surface passivation molecules, 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (EDA)-CDots and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA)-CDots, were synthesized and evaluated. The results indicated both EDA- and EPA- CDots were highly effective to inhibit both strains of VLPs’ bindings to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) receptors on human cells at CDots concentration of 5 µg/mL, with EDA-CDots achieving 100% inhibition and EPA CDots achieving 85–99% inhibition. At low CDots concentration (2 µg/mL), positively charged EDA-CDots exhibited higher inhibitory effect (~82%) than non-charged EPA-CDots (~60%), suggesting the surface charge status of CDots played a role in the interactions between CDots and the negatively charged VLPs. Both types of CDots also exhibited inhibitory effect on VLP’s binding to their respective antibodies, but much less effective than those to HBGA binding. After CDots treatments, VLPs remained intact, and no degradation was observed on VLPs’ capsid proteins. Taken together, the observed antiviral effects of CDots on noroviruses were mainly through the effective inhibition of VLPs’ binding to HBGA receptors and moderate inhibition of VLPs’ binding to their antibodies, without affecting the integrity of viral capsid protein and the viral particle.
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Dhawane AN, Diez-Valcarce M, Gurale BP, Dinh H, Vinjé J, Iyer SS. Synthesis and Evaluation of Biotinylated Bivalent HistoBlood Group Antigens for Capturing Human Noroviruses. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1822-9. [PMID: 27383368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A panel of biotinylated bivalent H-type glycans that have been reported as binding ligands for human noroviruses were synthesized using a modular synthetic strategy. These glycoconjugates were attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and used to recover human norovirus from fecal samples using a magnetic bead-based assay. The biotinylated bivalent glycans synthesized for this study exhibited similar or better capturing ability when compared to commercial biotinylated glycopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abasaheb N Dhawane
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
| | - Marta Diez-Valcarce
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Bharat P Gurale
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
| | - Hieu Dinh
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Suri S Iyer
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
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20
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Ali ES, Rajapaksha H, Carr JM, Petrovsky N. Norovirus drug candidates that inhibit viral capsid attachment to human histo-blood group antigens. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:14-22. [PMID: 27421712 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading causative agents of epidemic and sporadic viral gastroenteritis and childhood diarrhoea worldwide. Human histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) serve as receptors for norovirus capsid protein attachment and play a critical role in infection. This makes HBGA-norovirus binding a promising target for drug development. Recently solved crystal structures of norovirus bound to HBGA have provided a structural basis for identification of potential anti-norovirus drugs and subsequently performed in silico and in vitro drug screens have identified compounds that block norovirus binding and may thereby serve as structural templates for design of therapeutic norovirus inhibitors. This review explores norovirus therapeutic options based on the strategy of blocking norovirus-HBGA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunüs S Ali
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rapid transmission of norovirus often occurs due to its low infectious dosage, high genetic diversity and its short incubation time. The viruses cause acute gastroenteritis and may lead to death. Presently, no effective vaccine or selective drugs accepted by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are available for the treatment of norovirus. Advances in the development of norovirus replicon cell lines, GII.4-Sydney HuNoV strain human B cells, and murine and gnotobiotic pig norovirus models have facilitated the discovery of effective small molecule inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. AREAS COVERED This review gives a brief discussion of the biology and replication of norovirus before highlighting the discovery of anti-norovirus molecules. The article coverage includes: an overview of the current state of norovirus drug discovery, the targeting of the norovirus life cycle, the inhibition of structural and nonstructural proteins of norovirus such as proteases and polymerase, and the blockage of virus entry into host cells. Finally, anti-norovirus drugs in the clinical development stage are described. EXPERT OPINION The current approach for the counteraction of norovirus focuses on the inhibition of viral RNA polymerase, norovirus 3C-like protease and the structural proteins VP1 as well as the blockade of norovirus entry. Broad-spectrum anti-norovirus molecules, based on the inhibition of 3C-like protease, have been developed. Other host factors and ways to overcome the development of resistance through mutation are also being examined. A dual approach in targeting viral and host factors may lead to an effective counteraction of norovirus infection. Current successes in developing norovirus replicon harboring cells and norovirus infected human cells, as well as murine norovirus models and other animal models such as piglets have facilitated the discovery of effective drugs and helped our understanding of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahani Weerasekara
- a Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Allan M Prior
- b Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Duy H Hua
- a Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
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Melhem NM. Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1653-69. [PMID: 26836766 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. NoVs are classified into 6 different genogroups (GGI- GGVI) based on the viral capsid protein with NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) being the predominant strain causing human diseases. Supportive therapy involving reversal of dehydration and electrolyte deficiency is the main treatment of NoV gastroenteritis. However, the worldwide increased recognition of NoV as an important agent of diarrheal gastroenteritis prompted researchers to focus on establishing preventive strategies conferring long-lasting immunity. This review describes the current status of animal and human vaccine models/studies targeting NoV and addresses the factors hampering the development of a broadly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Melhem
- a Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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23
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Sarvestani ST, Cotton B, Fritzlar S, O'Donnell TB, Mackenzie JM. Norovirus Infection: Replication, Manipulation of Host, and Interaction with the Host Immune Response. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:215-25. [PMID: 27046239 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) belong to the Caliciviridae family of viruses and are responsible for causing the majority of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. In the past decade, research on NoV biology has intensified because of the discovery of murine NoV and subsequently the first cell culture system and small animal model for NoV replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the current literature on NoV biology, focusing particularly on NoV replication and the interaction between NoV and the host immune response. Understanding the NoV replication cycle and its interaction with cellular processes and innate immune immunity will help develop molecular targets to control human NoV infection and prevent outbreaks. In addition to the innate immune response, we have documented the current efforts to develop NoV vaccines to control outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush T Sarvestani
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Cotton
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Svenja Fritzlar
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tanya B O'Donnell
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
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Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Weerawarna PM, Kim Y, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Anti-norovirus therapeutics: a patent review (2010-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:297-308. [PMID: 26881878 PMCID: PMC4948123 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1153065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human noroviruses are the primary causative agents of acute gastroenteritis and are a pressing public health burden worldwide. There are currently no vaccines or small molecule therapeutics available for the treatment or prophylaxis of norovirus infections. An improved understanding of norovirus biology, as well as the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease, has provided the impetus for a range of intense exploratory drug discovery efforts targeting viral and host factors. AREAS COVERED An overview of norovirus inhibitors disclosed in the patent literature (2010-present) and Clinicaltrials.gov is presented. The review is further enriched and supplemented by recent literature reports. EXPERT OPINION Seminal discoveries made in recent years, including a better understanding of the pathobiology and life cycle of norovirus, the identification and targeting of multiple viral and host factors, the advent of a replicon system and a small animal model for the preclinical evaluation of lead compounds, and the availability of high resolution X-ray crystal structures that can be utilized in structure-based drug design and lead optimization campaigns, collectively suggest that a small molecule therapeutic and prophylactic for norovirus infection is likely to emerge in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - William C. Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, USA
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Kim Y, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Norovirus Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9438-50. [PMID: 26258852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are members of the family Caliciviridae. Norovirus infections are a global health burden that impacts >20 million individuals annually in the U.S. alone. Noroviruses are associated with high morbidity among vulnerable populations, particularly immunocompromised patients. This perspective highlights recent developments related to the discovery and development of norovirus-specific small-molecule therapeutics as well as recent advances in our understanding of norovirus biology and pathogenesis. Most of the work in this area is at the early discovery stage and has been primarily focused on inhibitors of norovirus 3C-like protease and RNA dependent RNA polymerase. However, recent discoveries emanating from basic studies in norovirus research have resulted in the identification of new host-related drug targets that can be exploited. A repurposed compound has been advanced to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | | | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University , 1845 North Fairmount Avenue, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
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26
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Garaicoechea L, Aguilar A, Parra GI, Bok M, Sosnovtsev SV, Canziani G, Green KY, Bok K, Parreño V. Llama nanoantibodies with therapeutic potential against human norovirus diarrhea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133665. [PMID: 26267898 PMCID: PMC4534396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis, but no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are available. Llama-derived single chain antibody fragments (also called VHH) are small, recombinant monoclonal antibodies of 15 kDa with several advantages over conventional antibodies. The aim of this study was to generate recombinant monoclonal VHH specific for the two major norovirus (NoV) genogroups (GI and GII) in order to investigate their potential as immunotherapy for the treatment of NoV diarrhea. To accomplish this objective, two llamas were immunized with either GI.1 (Norwalk-1968) or GII.4 (MD2004) VLPs. After immunization, peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected and used to generate two VHH libraries. Using phage display technology, 10 VHH clones specific for GI.1, and 8 specific for GII.4 were selected for further characterization. All VHH recognized conformational epitopes in the P domain of the immunizing VP1 capsid protein, with the exception of one GII.4 VHH that recognized a linear P domain epitope. The GI.1 VHHs were highly specific for the immunizing GI.1 genotype, with only one VHH cross-reacting with GI.3 genotype. The GII.4 VHHs reacted with the immunizing GII.4 strain and showed a varying reactivity profile among different GII genotypes. One VHH specific for GI.1 and three specific for GII.4 could block the binding of homologous VLPs to synthetic HBGA carbohydrates, saliva, and pig gastric mucin, and in addition, could inhibit the hemagglutination of red blood cells by homologous VLPs. The ability of Nov-specific VHHs to perform well in these surrogate neutralization assays supports their further development as immunotherapy for NoV treatment and immunoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Instituto de Virología, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marina Bok
- Instituto de Virología, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin Bok
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mucosal Blood Group Antigen Expression Profiles and HIV Infections: A Study among Female Sex Workers in Kenya. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133049. [PMID: 26186209 PMCID: PMC4505875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ABO blood group antigens are carbohydrate moieties expressed on human red blood cells however; these antigens can also be expressed on some other cells particularly the surface of epithelial cells and may be found in mucosal secretions. In many human populations 80% secrete ABO antigens (termed ‘secretors’) while 20% do not (termed ‘non-secretors’). Furthermore, there are disease conditions that are associated with secretor status. Objective To investigate correlations between secretor status and HIV infection among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Methodology This cross-sectional study recruited 280 female sex workers aged 18–65 years from the Pumwani Majengo cohort, Kenya. Blood typing was determined by serological techniques using monoclonal antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens. Secretor phenotyping was determined using anti-H specific lectins specific to salivary, vaginal and cervical blood group H antigen using the agglutination inhibition technique and correlated to individual HIV sero-status. Participants were additionally screened for Bacterial vaginosis, Neisseria gonorrhoea and Trichomonas vaginalis. Results Out of the 280 participants, 212 (75.7%) were secretors and 68 (24.3%) were non-secretors. The incidence of all infections: HIV, Bacterial vaginosis, Neisseria gonorrhoea and Trichomonas vaginalis was higher among secretors compared to non-secretors. However, this difference was only statistically significant for HIV infection incidence rates: HIV infected secretors (83.7%) versus HIV un-infected secretors (71.8%) (p = 0.029) Based on ABO phenotype stratification, the incidence of HIV infection was higher among blood group A secretors (26/52 = 50%), in comparison to B (12/39 = 33.3%: p = 0.066), AB (3/9 = 33.3%: p = 0.355), and O secretors (36/112 = 32.1%: p = 0.028). Conclusion This is the first report to document the variable expression of the ABH blood group antigens profiling secretor and non-secretor phenotypes in the female genital tract among a high-risk population in a Kenyan population. These findings suggest the non-secretor phenotype may confer a certain degree of protection against HIV infection.
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Abstract
Human milk is a complete source of nourishment for the infant. Exclusive breastfeeding not only sustains the infant's development but also guides the proliferation of a protective intestinal microbiota. Among the many components of milk that modulate the infant gut microbiota, the milk glycans, which comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, are increasingly recognized as drivers of microbiota development and overall gut health. These glycans may display pleiotropic functions, conferring protection against infectious diseases and also acting as prebiotics, selecting for the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. The prebiotic effect of milk glycans has direct application to prevention of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, a common and devastating disease of preterm infants. In this article, we review the impact of the human (and bovine) milk glycome on gut health through establishment of a milk-oriented microbiota in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alline R. Pacheco
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniela Barile
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Sestak K. Role of histo-blood group antigens in primate enteric calicivirus infections. World J Virol 2014; 3:18-21. [PMID: 25392814 PMCID: PMC4227010 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v3.i3.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoV) are associated with large proportion of non-bacterial diarrhea outbreaks together with > 50% of food-associated diarrheas. The function of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in pathogenesis of virus infection was implicated. Until recently however, due to lack of a robust animal and in vitro models of human NoV infection, only the partial knowledge concerning the virus pathogenesis (receptor, co-receptor and target cell) and absence of viable vaccine candidates were the frequently referenced attributes of this acute diarrheal illness. Recently, a novel group of enteric caliciviruses (CV) of rhesus macaque host origin was discovered and described. The new genus within the family Caliciviridae was identified: Rhesus Enteric CV, i.e., “Recovirus” (ReCV). ReCVs are genetically and biologically close relatives of human NoVs, exhibit similar genetic and biological features and are capable of being propagated in cell culture. ReCVs cause symptomatic disease (diarrhea and fever) in experimentally inoculated macaques. Formulation and evaluation of efficient NoV vaccine might take several years. As suggested by recent studies, inhibition of HBGAs or HBGA-based antivirals could meanwhile be exploited as vaccine alternatives. The purpose of this minireview is to provide the guidance in respect to newly available primate model of enteric CV infection and its similarities with human NoV in utilizing the HBGAs as potential virus co-receptors to indirectly address the unresolved questions of NoV pathogenesis and immunity.
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Dahlin JL, Walters MA. The essential roles of chemistry in high-throughput screening triage. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1265-90. [PMID: 25163000 PMCID: PMC4465542 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that academic high-throughput screening (HTS) and virtual HTS triage suffers from a lack of scientists trained in the art and science of early drug discovery chemistry. Many recent publications report the discovery of compounds by screening that are most likely artifacts or promiscuous bioactive compounds, and these results are not placed into the context of previous studies. For HTS to be most successful, it is our contention that there must exist an early partnership between biologists and medicinal chemists. Their combined skill sets are necessary to design robust assays and efficient workflows that will weed out assay artifacts, false positives, promiscuous bioactive compounds and intractable screening hits, efforts that ultimately give projects a better chance at identifying truly useful chemical matter. Expertise in medicinal chemistry, cheminformatics and purification sciences (analytical chemistry) can enhance the post-HTS triage process by quickly removing these problematic chemotypes from consideration, while simultaneously prioritizing the more promising chemical matter for follow-up testing. It is only when biologists and chemists collaborate effectively that HTS can manifest its full promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Dahlin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael A Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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Rocha-Pereira J, Neyts J, Jochmans D. Norovirus: targets and tools in antiviral drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:1-11. [PMID: 24893351 PMCID: PMC7111065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of antiviral strategies to treat or prevent norovirus infections is a pressing matter. Noroviruses are the number 1 cause of acute gastroenteritis, of foodborne illness, of sporadic gastroenteritis in all age groups and of severe acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 years old seeking medical assistance [USA/CDC]. In developing countries, noroviruses are linked to significant mortality (~200,000 children <5 years old). Noroviruses are a major culprit for the closure of hospital wards, and associated with increased hospitalization and mortality among the elderly. Transplant patients have significant risk of acquiring persistent norovirus gastroenteritis. Control and prevention strategies are limited to the use of disinfectants and hand sanitizers, whose efficacy is frequently insufficient. Hence, there is an ample need for antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of norovirus infections. The fact that only a handful of inhibitors of norovirus replication have been reported can largely be attributable to the hampering inability to cultivate human noroviruses in cell culture. The Norwalk replicon-bearing cells and the murine norovirus-infected cell lines are the available models to assess in vitro antiviral activity of compounds. Human noroviruses have been shown to replicate (to some extent) in mice, calves, gnotobiotic pigs, and chimpanzees. Infection of interferon-deficient mice with the murine norovirus results in virus-induced diarrhea. Here we review recent developments in understanding which norovirus proteins or host cell factors may serve as targets for inhibition of viral replication. Given the recent advances, significant progress in the search for antiviral strategies against norovirus infections is expected in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rocha-Pereira
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Kaufman SS, Green KY, Korba BE. Treatment of norovirus infections: moving antivirals from the bench to the bedside. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:80-91. [PMID: 24583027 PMCID: PMC4793406 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NV) are the most common cause of acute gastrointestinal illness in the United States and worldwide. The development of specific antiviral countermeasures has lagged behind that of other viral pathogens, primarily because norovirus disease has been perceived as brief and self-limiting and robust assays suitable for drug discovery have been lacking. The increasing recognition that NV illness can be life-threatening, especially in immunocompromised patients who often require prolonged hospitalization and intensive supportive care, has stimulated new research to develop an effective antiviral therapy. Here, we propose a path forward for evaluating drug therapy in norovirus-infected immunocompromised individuals, a population at high risk for serious and prolonged illness. The clinical and laboratory features of norovirus illness in immunocompromised patients are reviewed, and potential markers of drug efficacy are defined. We discuss the potential design of clinical trials in these patients and how an antiviral therapy that proves effective in immunocompromised patients might also be used in the setting of acute outbreaks, especially in confined settings such as nursing homes, to block the spread of infection and reduce the severity of illness. We conclude by reviewing the current status of approved and experimental compounds that might be evaluated in a hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S Kaufman
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Brent E Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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Thongprachum A, Chan-it W, Khamrin P, Saparpakorn P, Okitsu S, Takanashi S, Mizuguchi M, Hayakawa S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus associated with gastroenteritis and emergence of norovirus GII.4 variant 2012 in Japanese pediatric patients. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:65-73. [PMID: 24508246 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In late 2012, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus variant Sydney_2012 occurred and have been reported from many counties. In this study, we described surveillance study of the incidence of norovirus infections among Japanese pediatric patients in association with gastroenteritis and investigated the antigenic change of the new variant Sydney_2012 circulated in Japanese populations. A total of 2381 fecal specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in Hokkaido, Tokyo, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Osaka, and Saga from 2009 to 2013 were examined for norovirus and further analyzed molecularly. A high proportion (39.3%) of norovirus positive samples and several genotypes were detected. Norovirus GII.4 dominated over other genotypes (71.4%). The Den_Haag_2006b (43.2%) was detected as the predominant variant and co-circulated with New_Orleans_2009 (17.8%) until March 2012. Subsequently, they were displaced by Sydney_2012. The Sydney_2012 variant has been responsible for the majority of norovirus infections in 2012-2013 (85.7%). Although Sydney_2012 variant has a common ancestor with New_Orleans_2009 variant, analysis of P2 sub-domain showed a high level of diversity in comparison with other variants in four amino acid changes at the antigenic sites. The change in particular residue 393 of new variant may affect HBGA recognition. Analysis of noroviruses circulating in the past 4years revealed a change of predominant variant of norovirus GII.4 in each epidemic season. The change of amino acid in putative epitopes may have led the virus escape from the existing herd immunity and explain the increase of new variant outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksara Thongprachum
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wisoot Chan-it
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Shoko Okitsu
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Han L, Kitova EN, Tan M, Jiang X, Klassen JS. Identifying carbohydrate ligands of a norovirus P particle using a catch and release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:111-119. [PMID: 24096878 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), the major cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis, recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are present as free oligosaccharides in bodily fluid or glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surfaces of cells. The subviral P particle formed by the protruding (P) domain of the NoV capsid protein serves as a useful model for the study NoV-HBGA interactions. Here, we demonstrate the application of a catch-and-release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CaR-ESI-MS) assay for screening carbohydrate libraries against the P particle to rapidly identify NoV ligands and potential inhibitors. Carbohydrate libraries of 50 and 146 compounds, which included 18 and 24 analogs of HBGA receptors, respectively, were screened against the P particle of VA387, a member of the predominant GII.4 NoVs. Deprotonated ions corresponding to the P particle bound to carbohydrates were isolated and subjected to collision-induced dissociation to release the ligands in their deprotonated forms. The released ligands were identified by ion mobility separation followed by mass analysis. All 13 and 16 HBGA ligands with intrinsic affinities >500 M(-1) were identified in the 50 and the 146 compound libraries, respectively. Furthermore, screening revealed interactions with a series of oligosaccharides with structures found in the cell wall of mycobacteria and human milk. The affinities of these newly discovered ligands are comparable to those of the HBGA receptors, as estimated from the relative abundance of released ligand ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
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