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Chen S, Chen W, Li Z, Yue J, Yung KKL, Li R. Regulation of PM 2.5 on mitochondrial damage in H9c2 cells through miR-421/SIRT3 pathway and protective effect of miR-421 inhibitor and resveratrol. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:288-300. [PMID: 38135396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Mitochondria are sensitive targets of PM2.5, and mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to the occurrence of CVD. The epigenetic mechanism of PM2.5-triggered mitochondrial injury of cardiomyocytes is unclear. This study focused on the miR-421/SIRT3 signaling pathway to investigate the regulatory mechanism in cardiac mitochondrial dynamics imbalance in rat H9c2 cells induced by PM2.5. Results illustrated that PM2.5 impaired mitochondrial function and caused dynamics homeostasis imbalance. Besides, PM2.5 up-regulated miR-421 and down-regulated SIRT3 gene expression, along with decreasing p-FOXO3a (SIRT3 downstream target gene) and p-Parkin expression and triggering abnormal expression of fusion gene OPA1 and fission gene Drp1. Further, miR-421 inhibitor (miR-421i) and resveratrol significantly elevated the SIRT3 levels in H9c2 cells after PM2.5 exposure and mediated the expression of SOD2, OPA1 and Drp1, restoring the mitochondrial morphology and function. It suggests that miR-421/SIRT3 pathway plays an epigenetic regulatory role in mitochondrial damage induced by PM2.5 and that miR-421i and resveratrol exert protective effects against PM2.5-incurred cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Institute of Judicial Identification Techniques for Environmental Damage, Shanxi University and Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianwei Yue
- Institute of Judicial Identification Techniques for Environmental Damage, Shanxi University and Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Institute of Judicial Identification Techniques for Environmental Damage, Shanxi University and Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Yellow River Laboratory, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Deng J, Yan F, Tian J, Qiao A, Yan D. Potential clinical biomarkers and perspectives in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:35. [PMID: 36871006 PMCID: PMC9985231 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-00998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious cardiovascular complication and the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Patients typically do not experience any symptoms and have normal systolic and diastolic cardiac functions in the early stages of DCM. Because the majority of cardiac tissue has already been destroyed by the time DCM is detected, research must be conducted on biomarkers for early DCM, early diagnosis of DCM patients, and early symptomatic management to minimize mortality rates among DCM patients. Most of the existing implemented clinical markers are not very specific for DCM, especially in the early stages of DCM. Recent studies have shown that a number of new novel markers, such as galactin-3 (Gal-3), adiponectin (APN), and irisin, have significant changes in the clinical course of the various stages of DCM, suggesting that we may have a positive effect on the identification of DCM. As a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding DCM biomarkers, this review aims to inspire new ideas for identifying clinical markers and related pathophysiologic mechanisms that could be used in the early diagnosis and treatment of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, No. 3002, Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jinglun Tian
- Department of Geriatrics, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Aijun Qiao
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, Guangdong Province, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Dewen Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, No. 3002, Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, Guangdong Province, China.
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Apelin and its ratio to lipid factors are associated with cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271899. [PMID: 35913970 PMCID: PMC9342781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to ascertain if the circulating levels of apelin, as an important regulator of the cardiovascular homeostasis, differ in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and controls.
Methods
A comprehensive search was performed in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science to identify the studies addressing apelin in CVD up to April 5, 2021. Due to the presence of different units to measure the circulating levels of apelin across the included studies, they expressed the standardized mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) as summary effect size. A random-effects model comprising DerSimonian and Laird method was used to pool SMDs.
Results
Twenty-four articles (30 studies) comprised of 1793 cases and 1416 controls were included. Pooled results obtained through random-effects model indicated that apelin concentrations in the cases’ blood samples were significantly lower than those of the control groups (SMD = -0.72, 95% CI: -1.25, -0.18, P = 0.009; I2 = 97.3%, P<0.001). New combined biomarkers showed a significant decrease in SMD of apelin/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (apelin/HDL-C) ratio [-5.17; 95% CI, -8.72, -1.63, P = 0.000; I2 = 99.0%], apelin/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (apelin/LDL-C) ratio [-4.31; 95% CI, -6.08, -2.55, P = 0.000; I2 = 98.0%] and apelin/total cholesterol (apelin/TC) ratio [-17.30; 95% CI, -22.85, -11.76, P = 0.000; I2 = 99.1%]. However, no significant differences were found in the SMD of apelin/triacylglycerol (apelin/TG) ratio in cases with CVDs compared to the control group [-2.96; 95% CI, -7.41, 1.49, P = 0.000; I2 = 99.2%].
Conclusion
The association of apelin with CVDs is different based on the region and disease subtypes. These findings account for the possible usefulness of apelin as an additional biomarker in the diagnosis of CVD in diabetic patients and in the diagnosis of patients with CAD. Moreover, apelin/HDL-c, apelin/LDL-c, and apelin/TC ratios could be offered as diagnostic markers for CVD.
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Girault-Sotias PE, Gerbier R, Flahault A, de Mota N, Llorens-Cortes C. Apelin and Vasopressin: The Yin and Yang of Water Balance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:735515. [PMID: 34880830 PMCID: PMC8645901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.735515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. Experimental data performed in rodents have shown that apelin has an aquaretic effect via its central and renal actions. In the brain, apelin inhibits the phasic electrical activity of vasopressinergic neurons and the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream and in the kidney, apelin regulates renal microcirculation and counteracts in the collecting duct, the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin occurring via the vasopressin receptor type 2. In humans and rodents, if plasma osmolality is increased by hypertonic saline infusion/water deprivation or decreased by water loading, plasma vasopressin and apelin are conversely regulated to maintain body fluid homeostasis. In patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, in which vasopressin hypersecretion leads to hyponatremia, the balance between apelin and vasopressin is significantly altered. In order to re-establish the correct balance, a metabolically stable apelin-17 analog, LIT01-196, was developed, to overcome the problem of the very short half-life (in the minute range) of apelin in vivo. In a rat experimental model of vasopressin-induced hyponatremia, subcutaneously (s.c.) administered LIT01-196 blocks the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin and the vasopressin-induced increase in urinary osmolality, and induces a progressive improvement in hyponatremia, suggesting that apelin receptor activation constitutes an original approach for hyponatremia treatment.
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Zeng H, He X, Chen JX. Endothelial Sirtuin 3 Dictates Glucose Transport to Cardiomyocyte and Sensitizes Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015895. [PMID: 32468895 PMCID: PMC7428981 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.015895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Alterations of energetic metabolism are suggested to be an important contributor to pressure overload (PO)‐induced heart failure. Our previous study reveals that knockout of endothelial Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) alters glycolysis and impairs diastolic function. We hypothesize that endothelial SIRT3 regulates glucose utilization of cardiomyocytes and sensitizes PO‐induced heart failure. Methods and Results SIRT3 endothelial cell knockout mice and their control SIRT3 LoxP mice were subjected to PO by transverse aortic constriction for 7 weeks. The ratio of heart weight to tibia length was increased in both strains of mice, in which SIRT3 endothelial cell knockout mice+transverse aortic constriction exhibited more severe cardiac hypertrophy. Coronary blood flow and systolic function were significantly decreased in SIRT3 endothelial cell knockout mice+transverse aortic constriction compared with SIRT3 LoxP mice+transverse aortic constriction, as evidenced by lower systolic/diastolic ratio, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening. PO‐induced upregulation of apelin and glucose transporter 4 were significantly reduced in the hearts of SIRT3 endothelial cell knockout mice. In vitro, levels of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and glucose transporter 1 and glucose uptake were significantly reduced in SIRT3 knockout endothelial cells. Furthermore, hypoxia‐induced apelin expression was abolished together with reduced apelin‐mediated glucose uptake in SIRT3 knockout endothelial cells. Exposure of cardiomyocyte with apelin increased expression of glucose transporter 1 and glucose transporter 4. This was accompanied by a significant increase in glycolysis. Supplement of apelin in SIRT3 knockout hypoxic endothelial cell media increased glycolysis in the cardiomyocytes. Conclusions Knockout of SIRT3 disrupts glucose transport from endothelial cells to cardiomyocytes, reduces cardiomyocyte glucose utilization via apelin in a paracrine manner, and sensitizes PO‐induced heart failure. Endothelial SIRT3 may regulate cardiomyocyte glucose availability and govern the function of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
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Essential Role of the ELABELA-APJ Signaling Pathway in Cardiovascular System Development and Diseases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 75:284-291. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Liu W, Yan J, Pan W, Tang M. Apelin/Elabela-APJ: a novel therapeutic target in the cardiovascular system. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:243. [PMID: 32309390 PMCID: PMC7154429 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apelin and Elabela (ELA) are endogenous ligands of angiotensin domain type 1 receptor-associated proteins (APJ). Apelin/ELA-APJ signal is widely distributed in the cardiovascular system of fetuse and adult. The signal is involved in the development of the fetal heart and blood vessels and regulating vascular tension in adults. This review described the effects of apelin/ELA-APJ on fetal (vasculogenesis and angiogenesis) and adult cardiovascular function [vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vasodilation, positive myodynamia], and relative diseases [eclampsia, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis, etc.] in detail. The pathways of apelin/ELA-APJ regulating cardiovascular function and cardiovascular-related diseases are summarized. The drugs developed based on apelin and ELA suggests APJ is a prospective strategy for cardiovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jialong Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Weinan Pan
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Mengjie Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Esmaeili S, Bandarian F, Esmaeili B, Nasli-Esfahani E. Apelin and stem cells: the role played in the cardiovascular system and energy metabolism. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:1332-1345. [PMID: 31166051 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a member of the adipokine family, is widely distributed in the body and exerts cytoprotective effects on many organs. Apelin isoforms are involved in different physiological processes, including regulation of the cardiovascular system, cardiac contractility, angiogenesis, and energy metabolism. Several investigations have been performed to study the effect of apelin on stem cell therapy. This review aims to summarize the literature representing the effects of apelin on stem cell properties. Furthermore, this review discusses the therapeutic potential of apelin-treated stem cells for cardiovascular diseases and demonstrates the effect of stem cells overexpressing apelin on energy metabolism. Stem cells with their unique characteristics play a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue integrity. These cells participate in tissue regeneration via multiple mechanisms. Although preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of stem cells in various diseases, their application in regenerative medicine has not been efficient. A number of strategies such as genetic modification or treatment of stem cells with different factors have been used to improve the efficacy of cell therapy and to increase their survival after transplantation. This article reviews the effect of apelin treatment on the efficacy of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Esmaeili
- Diabetic Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bandarian
- Diabetic Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran
| | - Behnaz Esmaeili
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetic Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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Systemic Outcomes of (Pyr 1)-Apelin-13 Infusion at Mid-Late Pregnancy in a Rat Model with Preeclamptic Features. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8579. [PMID: 31189936 PMCID: PMC6561917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a syndrome with diverse clinical presentation that currently has no cure. The apelin receptor system is a pleiotropic pathway with a potential for therapeutic targeting in preeclampsia. We established the systemic outcomes of (Pyr1)-apelin-13 administration in rats with preeclamptic features (TGA-PE, female transgenic for human angiotensinogen mated to male transgenic for human renin). (Pyr1)-apelin-13 (2 mg/kg/day) or saline was infused in TGA-PE rats via osmotic minipumps starting at day 13 of gestation (GD). At GD20, TGA-PE rats had higher blood pressure, proteinuria, lower maternal and pup weights, lower pup number, renal injury, and a larger heart compared to a control group (pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats administered vehicle). (Pyr1)-apelin-13 did not affect maternal or fetal weights in TGA-PE. The administration of (Pyr1)-apelin-13 reduced blood pressure, and normalized heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in TGA-PE rats compared to controls. (Pyr1)-apelin-13 increased ejection fraction in TGA-PE rats. (Pyr1)-apelin-13 normalized proteinuria in association with lower renal cortical collagen deposition, improved renal pathology and lower immunostaining of oxidative stress markers (4-HNE and NOX-4) in TGA-PE. This study demonstrates improved hemodynamic responses and renal injury without fetal toxicity following apelin administration suggesting a role for apelin in the regulation of maternal outcomes in preeclampsia.
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Zeng H, Chen JX. Microvascular Rarefaction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:15. [PMID: 30873415 PMCID: PMC6403466 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction and is commonly seen in the elderly and diabetic and hypertensive patients. Despite its rising prevalence, the pathophysiology of HFpEF is poorly understood and its optimal treatment remains undefined. Recent clinical studies indicate that coronary microvascular rarefaction (reduced myocardial capillary density) with reduced coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a major contributor to diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF patients. On a molecular level, endothelial cells (EC) are dependent on glycolysis for supporting their functions and vascular homeostasis. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) has a critical role in the regulation of endothelial glycolytic metabolism and thus affects angiogenesis. Disruption of SIRT3-mediated EC metabolism and impairment of angiogenesis may promote cardiomyocyte hypoxia and myocardial fibrosis, leading to diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF. This review summarizes current knowledge of SIRT3 in EC metabolism, coronary microvascular rarefaction and HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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Kuba K, Sato T, Imai Y, Yamaguchi T. Apelin and Elabela/Toddler; double ligands for APJ/Apelin receptor in heart development, physiology, and pathology. Peptides 2019; 111:62-70. [PMID: 29684595 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ/AGTRL1/APLNR and is widely expressed throughout human body. In adult hearts Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor axis is potently inotropic, vasodilatory, and pro-angiogenic and thereby contributes to maintaining homeostasis in normal and pathological hearts. Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor is also involved in heart development including endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, and coronary vascular formation. APJ/Apelin receptor had been originally identified as an orphan receptor for its sequence similarity to Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and it was later deorphanized by identification of Apelin in 1998. Both Apelin and Angiotensin II are substrates for Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which degrades the peptides and thus negatively regulates their agonistic activities. Elabela/Toddler, which shares little sequence homology with Apelin, has been recently identified as a second endogenous APJ ligand. Elabela plays crucial roles in heart development and disease conditions presumably at time points or at areas of the heart different from Apelin. Apelin and Elabela seem to constitute a spatiotemporal double ligand system to control APJ/Apelin receptor signaling in the heart. These expanding knowledges of Apelin systems would further encourage therapeutic applications of Apelin, Elabela, or their synthetic derivatives for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Cheng J, Luo X, Huang Z, Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: A potential therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction‐related diseases. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:12149-12160. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China Hengyang China
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Zheng Y, Shi B, Ma M, Wu X, Lin X. The novel relationship between Sirt3 and autophagy in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5488-5495. [PMID: 30485429 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zheng
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Binhao Shi
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Mengqing Ma
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Xianhe Lin
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
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He X, Zeng H, Chen JX. Emerging role of SIRT3 in endothelial metabolism, angiogenesis, and cardiovascular disease. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2252-2265. [PMID: 30132870 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) a mitochondrial enzyme that plays an important role in energy homeostasis, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure (HF). The expression of SIRT3 declines with advanced age, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that SIRT3 plays a critical role in protecting the heart from cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction associated with HF, and in the protection of cardiac cells from stress-mediated cell death. Clinical studies have demonstrated that HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in patients present with abnormalities in coronary microcirculation related to endothelial dysfunction and coronary microvascular rarefaction. Although SIRT3-mediated regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and heart function has been intensively investigated, the effect of SIRT3 on endothelial cell (EC) glycolytic metabolism and microvascular function has not been well studied. ECs utilize glycolysis for generating ATP rather than oxidative phosphorylation to maintain their normal functions and promote angiogenesis and EC-cardiomyocyte interactions. Emerging evidence indicates that SIRT3 is involved in the regulation of endothelial metabolism and angiogenesis and thus affects the development of cardiovascular diseases associated with aging. This review will discuss the current knowledge of SIRT3 and its functional role on endothelial metabolism, cardiac function, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Abstract
Apelin is a vasoactive peptide and is an endogenous ligand for APJ receptors, which are widely expressed in blood vessels, heart, and cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain. A growing body of evidence now demonstrates a regulatory role for the apelin/APJ receptor system in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, thus making it a potential target for cardiovascular drug discovery and development. Indeed, ongoing studies are investigating the potential benefits of apelin and apelin-mimetics for disorders such as heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Apelin causes relaxation of isolated arteries, and systemic administration of apelin typically results in a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and an increase in blood flow. Nonetheless, vasopressor responses and contraction of vascular smooth muscle in response to apelin have also been observed under certain conditions. The goal of the current review is to summarize major findings regarding the apelin/APJ receptor system in blood vessels, with an emphasis on regulation of vascular tone, and to identify areas of investigation that may provide guidance for the development of novel therapeutic agents that target this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Mughal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stephen T O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND, USA.
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SIRT3: A New Regulator of Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7293861. [PMID: 29643974 PMCID: PMC5831850 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7293861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide, and defects in mitochondrial function contribute largely to the occurrence of CVDs. Recent studies suggest that sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), the mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, may regulate mitochondrial function and biosynthetic pathways such as glucose and fatty acid metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by reversible protein lysine deacetylation. SIRT3 regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and maintains myocardial ATP levels, which protects the heart from metabolic disturbances. SIRT3 can also protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress-mediated cell damage and block the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Recent reports show that SIRT3 is involved in the protection of several heart diseases. This review discusses the progress in SIRT3-related research and the role of SIRT3 in the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Qiao S, Yin L. Effects of Apelin on Cardiovascular Aging. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1035. [PMID: 29302260 PMCID: PMC5732982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of APJ, the orphan G protein-coupled receptor. The apelin-APJ signal transduction pathway is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is an important factor in cardiovascular homeostasis. This signal transduction pathway has long been related to diseases with high morbidity in the elderly, such as atherosclerosis, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, calcific aortic valve disease, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. In this review, we discuss the apelin-APJ signal transduction pathway related to age-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shubin Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Yin
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Renaud-Gabardos E, Tatin F, Hantelys F, Lebas B, Calise D, Kunduzova O, Masri B, Pujol F, Sicard P, Valet P, Roncalli J, Chaufour X, Garmy-Susini B, Parini A, Prats AC. Therapeutic Benefit and Gene Network Regulation by Combined Gene Transfer of Apelin, FGF2, and SERCA2a into Ischemic Heart. Mol Ther 2017; 26:902-916. [PMID: 29249393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in cardiovascular disease treatment, heart failure remains a public health challenge. In this context, gene therapy appears as an attractive approach, but clinical trials using single therapeutic molecules result in moderate benefit. With the objective of improving ischemic heart failure therapy, we designed a combined treatment, aimed to simultaneously stimulate angiogenesis, prevent cardiac remodeling, and restore contractile function. We have previously validated IRES-based vectors as powerful tools to co-express genes of interest. Mono- and multicistronic lentivectors expressing fibroblast growth factor 2 (angiogenesis), apelin (cardioprotection), and/or SERCA2a (contractile function) were produced and administrated by intramyocardial injection into a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Data reveal that combined treatment simultaneously improves vessel number, heart function parameters, and fibrosis prevention, due to FGF2, SERCA2a, and apelin, respectively. Furthermore, addition of SERCA2a in the combination decreases cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Large-scale transcriptome analysis reveals that the triple treatment is the most efficient in restoring angiogenic balance as well as expression of genes involved in cardiac function and remodeling. Our study validates the concept of combined treatment of ischemic heart disease with apelin, FGF2, and SERCA2a and shows that such therapeutic benefit is mediated by a more effective recovery of gene network regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Tatin
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Fransky Hantelys
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Benoît Lebas
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Calise
- UMS 006, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Masri
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Pujol
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Sicard
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Roncalli
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Chaufour
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Garmy-Susini
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Prats
- UMR 1048-I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, FHU IMPACT, 31432 Toulouse, France.
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Yang L, Zheng T, Wu H, Xin W, Mou X, Lin H, Chen Y, Wu X. Predictive value of apelin-12 in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction with different renal function: a prospective observational study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018595. [PMID: 29150476 PMCID: PMC5701982 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate factors predicting the onset of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . BACKGROUND Apelin-12 plays an essential role in cardiovascular homoeostasis. However, current knowledge of its predictive prognostic value is limited. METHODS 464 patients with STEMI (63.0±11.9 years, 355 men) who underwent successful pPCI were enrolled and followed for 2.5 years. Multivariate cox regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to determine the factors predicting MACEs. RESULTS 118 patients (25.4%) experienced MACEs in the follow-up period. Multivariate cox regression analysis found low apelin-12 (HR=0.132, 95% CI 0.060 to 0.292, P<0.001), low left ventricular ejection fraction (HR=0.965, 95% CI 0.941 to 0.991, P=0.007), low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (HR=0.985, 95% CI 0.977 to 0.993, P<0.001), Killip's classification>I (HR=0.610, 95% CI 0.408 to 0.912, P=0.016) and pathological Q-wave (HR=1.536, 95% CI 1.058 to 2.230, P=0.024) were independent predictors of MACEs in the 2.5 year follow-up period. Low apelin-12 also predicted poorer in-hospital prognosis and MACEs in the 2.5 years follow-up period compared with Δapelin-12 (P=0.0115) and eGFR (P=0.0071) among patients with eGFR>90 mL/min×1.73 m2. Further analysis showed Δapelin-12 <20% was associated with MACEs in patients whose apelin-12 was below 0.76 ng/mL (P=0.0075) on admission. CONCLUSIONS Patients with STEMI receiving pPCI with lower apelin-12 are more likely to suffer MACEs in hospital and 2.5 years postprocedure, particularly in those with normal eGFR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchang Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haopeng Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwei Xin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongneng Mou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yide Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Liu J, Liu M, Chen L. Novel pathogenesis: regulation of apoptosis by Apelin/APJ system. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:471-478. [PMID: 28407045 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous peptide APJ receptor, while APJ is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors family. Recent evidence strongly suggests that Apelin/APJ system influences apoptosis in various diseases through different signal pathways. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which the Apelin/APJ system inhibits apoptosis, including the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, ERK1/2, caspase signaling, and autophagy pathway. We also summarize the role of Apelin/APJ system in apoptosis in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, pulmonary artery hypertension, retinal neovascular disease, acute renal injury, skeletal homeostasis, and gastrointestinal diseases. Apelin/APJ system decreases myocardial infarction size and alleviates myocardial I/R injury by inhibiting cardiomyocytes apoptosis. However, Apelin/APJ system improves pulmonary artery hypertension via increasing apoptosis. Apelin/APJ system exerts neuroprotective effect by blocking apoptosis and participates in the recovery of retinal neovascular disease by suppressing apoptosis. Apelin/APJ system also shows anti-apoptotic effect against acute renal injury and plays a role in regulating skeletal homeostasis. In gastrointestinal disease, Apelin/APJ system plays a potential physiological role in gastrointestinal cytoprotection by regulating apoptosis. We hope that a better understanding of the Apelin/APJ system will help to discover new disease pathogenesis and find possible therapeutic targets of the Apelin/APJ system essential for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Meiqing Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Lu L, Wu D, Li L, Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: A bifunctional target for cardiac hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol 2017; 230:164-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li L, Xu J, He L, Peng L, Zhong Q, Chen L, Jiang Z. The role of autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:491-500. [PMID: 27084518 PMCID: PMC4913516 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is conserved in nature from lower eukaryotes to mammals and is an important self-cannibalizing, degradative process that contributes to the elimination of superfluous materials. Cardiac hypertrophy is primarily characterized by excess protein synthesis, increased cardiomyocyte size, and thickened ventricular walls and is a major risk factor that promotes arrhythmia and heart failure. In recent years, cardiomyocyte autophagy has been considered to play a role in controlling the hypertrophic response. However, the beneficial or aggravating role of cardiomyocyte autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy remains controversial. The exact mechanism of cardiomyocyte autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy requires further study. In this review, we summarize the controversies associated with autophagy in cardiac hypertrophy and provide insights into the role of autophagy in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. We conclude that future studies should emphasize the relationship between autophagy and the different stages of cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the autophagic flux and selective autophagy. Autophagy will be a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Li
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Hunan Children's Hospital and School of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lu He
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Hunan Children's Hospital and School of Pediatrics, University of South China, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Qiaoqing Zhong
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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He L, Chen L, Li L. The mechanosensitive APJ internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis: A new molecular mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy. Med Hypotheses 2016; 90:6-10. [PMID: 27063076 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ elicits cellular response to diverse extracellular stimulus. Accumulating evidence reveals that APJ receptor plays a prominent role in the cardiomyocyte adapting to hypertrophic stimulation. At present, it remains obscure that the regulatory mechanism of APJ receptor in myocardial hypertrophy. The natural endogenous ligands apelin and Elabela as well as agonists maintain high affinity for the APJ receptor and drive its internalization. Ligand-activated receptor internalization is mainly performed by clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. Simultaneously, clathrin-mediated endocytosis takes participate in the occurrence and development of cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we hypothesize that natural ligands and agonists induce the mechanosensitive APJ internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. APJ internalization may contribute to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The mechanosensitive APJ internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis may be a new molecular mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Zeng H, He X, Tuo QH, Liao DF, Zhang GQ, Chen JX. LPS causes pericyte loss and microvascular dysfunction via disruption of Sirt3/angiopoietins/Tie-2 and HIF-2α/Notch3 pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20931. [PMID: 26868537 PMCID: PMC4751495 DOI: 10.1038/srep20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reveal a crucial role of pericyte loss in sepsis-associated microvascular dysfunction. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) mediates histone protein post-translational modification related to aging and ischemic disease. This study investigated the involvement of SIRT3 in LPS-induced pericyte loss and microvascular dysfunction. Mice were exposed to LPS, expression of Sirt3, HIF-2α, Notch3 and angiopoietins/Tie-2, pericyte/endothelial (EC) coverage and vascular permeability were assessed. Mice treated with LPS significantly reduced the expression of SIRT3, HIF-2α and Notch3 in the lung. Furthermore, exposure to LPS increased Ang-2 while inhibited Ang-1/Tie-2 expression with a reduced pericyte/EC coverage. Intriguingly, knockout of Sirt3 upregulated Ang-2, but downregulated Tie-2 and HIF-2α/Notch3 expression which resulted in a dramatic reduction of pericyte/EC coverage and exacerbation of LPS-induced vascular leakage. Conversely, overexpression of Sirt3 reduced Ang-2 expression and increased Ang-1/Tie-2 and HIF-2α/Notch3 expression in the LPS treated mice. Overexpression of Sirt3 further prevented LPS-induced pericyte loss and vascular leakage. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of the mortality rate. Specific knockout of prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) increased HIF-2α/Notch3 expression, improved pericyte/EC coverage and reduced the mortality rate in the LPS-treated mice. Our study demonstrates the importance of SIRT3 in preserving vascular integrity by targeting pericytes in the setting of LPS-induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Emergency Department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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Novakova V, Sandhu GS, Dragomir-Daescu D, Klabusay M. Apelinergic system in endothelial cells and its role in angiogenesis in myocardial ischemia. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 76:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ye L, Ding F, Zhang L, Shen A, Yao H, Deng L, Ding Y. Serum apelin is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in untreated hypertension patients. J Transl Med 2015; 13:290. [PMID: 26342945 PMCID: PMC4560865 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. The association between apelin and cardiac modeling has been reported. However, if serum apelin affect the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) prevalence in hypertensive patients remains unknown. METHODS We enrolled 344 untreated hypertensive patients. The presence of LVH was determined by echocardiography. The blood was drawn from these patients and serum apelin level was detected. To study the direct effect of apelin on cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocytes were cultured and were transfected with apelin gene. Morphometric analysis and measurement of protein contain per cell were then performed. RESULTS We observed a significantly lower serum apelin level in hypertensive patients with LVH compared with those without LVH. Receiver operating characteristic analyses shows that serum apelin level is robust in discriminating patients with LVH from those without. Our in vitro study showed that cellular protein content and cellular size was increased by Ang II treatment, which can be markedly inhibited by the apelin over-expression in cultured cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION Our clinical date established a link between apelin and LVH, suggesting serum apelin may be used as a predicator for LVH prevalence in hypertensive patients. The direct evidence in vitro suggest apelin pathway is involved in the cardiomyocyte adaption to hypertrophic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ye
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 Southern Renmin Avenue, 524023, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fenghua Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 Southern Renmin Avenue, 524023, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 Southern Renmin Avenue, 524023, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Anna Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.183, West Zhongshan Ave, Guangzhou, Tianhe District, China.
| | - Huaguo Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 Southern Renmin Avenue, 524023, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, No. 57 Southern Renmin Avenue, 524023, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- The Institute of Medical System Biology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China.
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Hou X, Zeng H, Tuo QH, Liao DF, Chen JX. Apelin Gene Therapy Increases Autophagy via Activation of Sirtuin 3 in Diabetic Heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:84-91. [PMID: 29167823 PMCID: PMC5695036 DOI: 10.17140/droj-1-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Recently we showed that apelin gene therapy attenuates heart failure following myocardial infarction. This study further explored the potential mechanisms by which apelin may reduce cardiac injury in Postmyocardial infarction (MI)) model of diabetes. Wild type and Sirt3 knockout (Sirt3 KO) mice were induced into diabetes by intra-peritoneal (i.p.) Streptozotocin (STZ). STZ mice were then subjected to MI followed by immediate intramyocardial injection with Adenovirus-apelin (Ad-apelin). Ad-apelin treatment resulted in over expression of apelin in the ischemic hearts of STZ mice. Apelin over expression led to a significant increase in Sirt3 expression. Apelin over expression significantly reduced gp91phox expression. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of reactive oxygen species formation. Ad-apelin treatment also dramatically reduced NF-κb-p65 expression in WT-STZ mice. Over expression of apelin further enhanced autophagy markers (LC3-II and beclin-1) expression in post-MI heart. Most intriguingly, knockout of Sirt3 in STZ mice abolished these beneficial effects of apelin treatment. In vitro, knockout of Sirt3 in EPCs significantly enhanced high glucose-induced ROS formation. Conversely, treatment of Sirt3 KO-EPCs with NADPH oxidase inhibitor led to two fold increase in LC3-II levels. Our studies demonstrate that apelin increases autophagy via up regulation of Sirt3 and suppression of ROS-NF-κb pathway in diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Daun-Fang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.,Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
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Azizi Y, Faghihi M, Imani A, Roghani M, Zekri A, Mobasheri MB, Rastgar T, Moghimian M. Post-infarct treatment with [Pyr1]apelin-13 improves myocardial function by increasing neovascularization and overexpression of angiogenic growth factors in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Li L, Li L, Zhang Z, Jiang Z. Hypoxia promotes bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation through apelin/APJ/autophagy pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:362-7. [PMID: 25736405 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a population of multipotent progenitors that have the capacity of proliferation and differentiation into mesenchymal lineage cells. The regulatory peptide apelin is the endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin, which can enhance BMSC proliferation, has mitogenic effects on a wide variety of cell types. We hypothesized that the increased apelin/APJ might be involved in the occurrence and development of hypoxia-induced BMSC proliferation. BMSCs from the bone marrow of 8- to 10-week-old C57BL/6J mice were cultured under either normoxia (21% oxygen) or hypoxia (1% oxygen) condition. Cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay. Expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, apelin, APJ, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I were detected by western blot analysis. Results suggested that hypoxia enhanced the proliferation of BMSC in a time-dependent manner. The expressions of HIF-1α, apelin, APJ, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I were increased in BMSCs induced by hypoxia. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-HIF-1α that inhibited the hypoxia-induced expressions of apelin, APJ, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I prevented hypoxia-induced BMSC proliferation. siRNA-APJ that inhibited the hypoxia-induced expressions of Beclin-1 and LC3II/LC3I reversed hypoxia-induced BMSC proliferation. siRNA-Beclin-1 also abolished hypoxia-induced cell proliferation. These data suggested that the apelin/APJ/autophagy signaling pathway might be involved in hypoxia-induced BMSC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Li
- Post-doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zidong Zhang
- College of Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Post-doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Elabela-apelin receptor signaling pathway is functional in mammalian systems. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8170. [PMID: 25639753 PMCID: PMC4313117 DOI: 10.1038/srep08170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elabela (ELA) or Toddler is a recently discovered hormone which is required for normal development of heart and vasculature through activation of apelin receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in zebrafish. The present study explores whether the ELA-APJ signaling pathway is functional in the mammalian system. Using reverse-transcription PCR, we found that ELA is restrictedly expressed in human pluripotent stem cells and adult kidney whereas APJ is more widely expressed. We next studied ELA-APJ signaling pathway in reconstituted mammalian cell systems. Addition of ELA to HEK293 cells over-expressing GFP-AJP fusion protein resulted in rapid internalization of the fusion receptor. In Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells over-expressing human APJ, ELA suppresses cAMP production with EC50 of 11.1 nM, stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation with EC50 of 14.3 nM and weakly induces intracellular calcium mobilization. Finally, we tested ELA biological function in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells and showed that ELA induces angiogenesis and relaxes mouse aortic blood vessel in a dose-dependent manner through a mechanism different from apelin. Collectively, we demonstrate that the ELA-AJP signaling pathways are functional in mammalian systems, indicating that ELA likely serves as a hormone regulating the circulation system in adulthood as well as in embryonic development.
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Liu HT, Chen M, Yu J, Li WJ, Tao L, Li Y, Guo WY, Wang HC. Serum apelin level predicts the major adverse cardiac events in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction receiving percutaneous coronary intervention. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e449. [PMID: 25634182 PMCID: PMC4602953 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular profile of the apelin makes it a promising therapeutic target for heart failure and ischemic heart disease. However, it remains unknown whether apelin affect the clinical outcome of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We enrolled a total of 120 patients with acute STEMI who underwent primary PCI. Serum apelin was detected. After PCI procedure, all patients were followed for 12 months. The follow-up end-point was occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). Lower serum apelin levels (<0.54 ng/mL) was significantly associated with higher serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, higher peak creatine kinase MB fraction (CK-MB) and peak troponin-I (TNI) levels, the number of obstructed vessels, and need for inotropic support. The incidence of MACE was significantly higher in the low apelin group (23 patients out of 67) than in the high apelin group (10 patients out of 75, P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the MACE-free rate was significantly lower in the patients with low apelin than those with high apelin (P < 0.001, log rank test). The multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted with the clinical and angiographic characteristic reveals that the serum low apelin is a predictor for MACE incidence (hazard ratio = 2.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.83-3.87, P = 0.004). The finding of this study suggests that the serum apelin may be used as a marker to predict the MACE after PCI in patients with STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Zhen L, Shijie N, Shuijun Z. Tumor PHD2 expression is correlated with clinical features and prognosis of patients with HCC receiving liver resection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e179. [PMID: 25546659 PMCID: PMC4602600 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) in carcinogenesis has been studied in a variety of cancer types. However, the association between PHD2 and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been documented. A total of 220 patients with primary HCC who underwent a curative liver resection were enrolled in this study. The tumor samples were obtained during the surgical procedure from each patient for PHD2 immunohistological staining. All the patients were followed up and the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. We found that that high PHD2 expression was significantly associated with higher stage (stages III + IV) (odds ratio [OR] = 5.576, P < 0.001), larger tumor size (> 5 cm) (OR = 6.176, P < 0.001), poorer tumor differentiation (OR = 1.424, P = 0.003), and higher serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level (OR = 6.861, P < 0.001). Compared to those with high PHD2 expressions, patients with low PHD2 expression had significantly longer DFS and OS periods (both P < 0.001). Cox regression analyses revealed that higher levels of PHD2, tumor size, tumor stage, as well as serum AFP level were predictors for a worse prognosis in patients with HCC. PHD2 expression in the tumors is associated with the clinical features and prognosis of patients with HCC; it may be used as a histological marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhen
- From the Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery (LZ); Department of Vascular Surgery (NS); and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery (ZS), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Wang ZC, Hou XW, Shao J, Ji YJ, Li L, Zhou Q, Yu SM, Mao YL, Zhang HJ, Zhang PC, Lu H. HIF-1α polymorphism in the susceptibility of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and its outcome after anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110862. [PMID: 25401740 PMCID: PMC4234507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of hypoxia-inducible factor1 α (HIF-1α) and the susceptibility to cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and its outcome after surgical treatment. Method A total of 230 CSM patients and 284 healthy controls were recruited. All patients received anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACF) and were followed for 12 months. The genotypes for two HIF-1α variants (1772C>T and 1790G>A) were determined. Results In the present study, we found that the HIF-1α polymorphism at 1790G>A significantly affects the susceptibility to CSM and its clinical features, including severity and onset age. In addition, the 1790A>G polymorphism also determines the prognosis of CSM patients after ACF treatment. The GG genotype of 1790G>A polymorphism is associated with a higher risk to develop CSM, higher severity and earlier onset age. More importantly, we found that the 1790G>A polymorphism determines the clinical outcome in CSM patients who underwent ACF treatment. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the HIF-1α 1790G>A polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to CSM and can be used as predictor for the clinical outcome in CSM patients receiving ACF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital (Chongming), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Wei Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University & Hangzhou First Municipal Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jing Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinan 2nd People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital (Chongming), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Ming Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital (Chongming), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lun Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital (Chongming), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital (Chongming), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital (Chongming), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Hou X, Zeng H, He X, Chen JX. Sirt3 is essential for apelin-induced angiogenesis in post-myocardial infarction of diabetes. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:53-61. [PMID: 25311234 PMCID: PMC4288349 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure following myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Angiogenesis contributes to cardiac repair and functional recovery in post-MI. Our previous study shows that apelin (APLN) increases Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) expression and ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this study, we further investigated the direct role of Sirt3 in APLN-induced angiogenesis in post-MI model of diabetes. Wild-type (WT) and Sirt3 knockout (Sirt3KO) mice were induced into diabetes by i.p. streptozotocin (STZ). STZ mice were then subjected to MI followed by immediate intramyocardial injection with adenovirus-apelin (Ad-APLN). Our studies showed that Sirt3 expression was significantly reduced in the hearts of STZ mice. Ad-APLN treatment resulted in up-regulation of Sirt3, angiopoietins/Tie-2 and VEGF/VEGFR2 expression together with increased myocardial vascular densities in WT-STZ+MI mice, but these alterations were not observed in Sirt3KO-STZ+MI mice. In vitro, overexpression of APLN increased Sirt3 expression and angiogenesis in endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from WT mice, but not in EPC from Sirt3KO mice. APLN gene therapy increases angiogenesis and improves cardiac functional recovery in diabetic hearts via up-regulation of Sirt3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Loss of Sirt3 limits bone marrow cell-mediated angiogenesis and cardiac repair in post-myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107011. [PMID: 25192254 PMCID: PMC4156371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3) has a critical role in the regulation of human aging and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. A recent study has identified Sirt3 as an essential regulator of stem cell aging. This study investigated whether Sirt3 is necessary for bone marrow cell (BMC)-mediated cardiac repair in post-myocardial infarction (MI). In vitro, BMC-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from wild type (WT) and Sirt3KO mice were cultured. EPC angiogenesis, ROS formation and apoptosis were assessed. In vivo, WT and Sirt3 KO mice were subjected to MI and BMCs from WT and Sirt3 KO mice were injected into ischemic area immediately. The expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 was reduced in Sirt3KO-EPCs. Angiogenic capacities and colony formation were significantly impaired in Sirt3KO-EPCs compared to WT-EPCs. Loss of Sirt3 further enhanced ROS formation and apoptosis in EPCs. Overexpression of Sirt3 or treatment with NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (Apo, 200 and 400 microM) rescued these abnormalities. In post-MI mice, BMC treatment increased number of Sca1+/c-kit+ cells; enhanced VEGF expression and angiogenesis whereas Sirt3KO-BMC treatment had little effects. BMC treatment also attenuated NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox and gp91phox expression, and significantly reduced ROS formation, apoptosis, fibrosis and hypertrophy in post-MI mice. Sirt3KO-BMC treatment did not display these beneficial effects. In contrast, Sirt3KO mice treated with BMCs from WT mice attenuated myocardial apoptosis, fibrosis and improved cardiac function. Our data demonstrate that Sirt3 is essential for BMC therapy; and loss of Sirt3 limits BMC-mediated angiogenesis and cardiac repair in post-MI.
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Xie F, Liu W, Feng F, Li X, Yang L, Lv D, Qin X, Li L, Chen L. A static pressure sensitive receptor APJ promote H9c2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via PI3K-autophagy pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:699-708. [PMID: 24966188 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to investigate whether APJ receptor acts as a sensor in static pressure-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to investigate the mechanism of PI3K-autophagy pathway. The left ventricular hypertrophy rat model was established by coarctation of abdominal aorta. H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes were cultured in the presence of static pressure which was given by a custom-made pressure incubator. The results revealed that the expression of apelin/APJ system, PI3K, Akt and their phosphorylation were significantly increased in the operation group. Static pressure up-regulated the APJ expression, PI3K phosphorylation, Akt phosphorylation, LC3-II/I and beclin-1 expression in cardiomyocytes. APJ shRNA pGPU6/Neo-rat-399, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, Akt inhibitor 1701-1 blocked the up-regulation of APJ, PI3K phosphorylation, Akt phosphorylation, LC3-II/I and beclin-1 expression, respectively. Moreover, static pressure increased the diameter, volume, protein content of cells, and these could be reversed when the cells were treated with pGPU6/Neo-rat-399, LY294002, and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine, respectively. These results suggested that static pressure up-regulates APJ expression to promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by a PI3K-autophagy pathway.
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The sirtuin 3 expression profile is associated with pathological and clinical outcomes in colon cancer patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:871263. [PMID: 25105144 PMCID: PMC4101237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/871263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the correlation between Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) expression and the clinical outcome of patients with colon cancer. METHODS The tumor specimens from 127 patients with colon cancer were obtained for SIRT3 immunohistochemical staining. Patients were followed up. In in vitro study, SIRT3 gene was inhibited to observe the effects of SIRT3 on the biological behavior of cultured colon cells. RESULTS The SIRT3 expression level was found to be significantly associated with the lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001) and tumor stages (P < 0.001). The colon cancer-specific survival was 64.6% among patients with high SIRT3 expressions and 88.6% among patients with low SIRT3 expressions (log-rank P = 0.016). The overall survival was 80.2% among patients with low SIRT3 expressions and 55.9% among patients with high SIRT3 expressions (log-rank P = 0.002). In vitro study showed that silencing of SIRT3 gene inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and cells migration but increased the apoptosis in the cultured colon cell lines. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence supporting that SIRT3 is closely associated with the clinical outcomes of colon cancer. SIRT3 may be considered as a marker for colon cancer.
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Zeng H, He X, Hou X, Li L, Chen JX. Apelin gene therapy increases myocardial vascular density and ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via upregulation of sirtuin 3. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H585-97. [PMID: 24363305 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00821.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular insufficiency contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and worsens heart dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our recent study shows that apelin may protect ischemic heart failure via upregulation of sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) and angiogenesis. This study investigated whether apelin promotes angiogenesis and ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via activation of Sirt3. Wild-type (WT) and diabetic db/db mice were administrated with adenovirus-apelin to overexpressing apelin. In WT mice, overexpression of apelin increased Sirt3, VEGF/VEGFR2, and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)/Tie-2 expression in the heart. In vitro, treatment of endothelial cells (EC) with apelin increased VEGF and Ang-1 expression. In EC isolated from Sirt3KO mice, however, apelin treatment did not upregulate VEGF and Ang-1 expression. Moreover, apelin-induced angiogenesis was diminished in Sirt3KO mice. In db/db mice, the basal levels of apelin and Sirt3 expression were significantly reduced in the heart. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of capillary and arteriole densities in the heart. Overexpression of apelin increased Sirt3, VEGF/VEGFR2, and Ang-1/Tie-2 expression together with improved vascular density in db/db mice. Overexpression of apelin further improved cardiac function in db/db mice. Treatment with apelin significantly attenuated high glucose (HG)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and EC apoptosis. The protection of apelin against HG-induced ROS formation and EC apoptosis was diminished in Sirt3KO-EC. We conclude that apelin gene therapy increases vascular density and alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy by a mechanism involving activation of Sirt3 and upregulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 and Ang-1/Tie-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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