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Matsumoto M, Fujihara C, Nantakeeratipat T, Kitagaki J, Yamamoto Y, Yamada S, Kitamura M, Murakami S. Lipase-a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs143793106 is associated with increased risk of aggressive periodontitis by negative influence on the cytodifferentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:175-183. [PMID: 36494917 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is characterized by general health and rapid destruction of periodontal tissue. The familial aggregation of this disease highlights the involvement of genetic factors in its pathogeny. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify AgP-related genes in a Japanese population, and the lipid metabolism-related gene, lipase-a, lysosomal acid type (LIPA), was suggested as an AgP candidate gene. However, there is no report about the expression and function(s) of LIPA in periodontal tissue. Hence, we studied the involvement of how LIPA and its single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs143793106 in AgP by functional analyses of LIPA and its SNP in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS GWAS was performed using the genome database of Japanese AgP patients, and the GWAS result was confirmed using Sanger sequencing. We examined the mRNA expression level of LIPA and the protein expression level of the encoded protein lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) in periodontium-composing cells using conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Lentiviral vectors expressing LIPA wild-type (LIPA WT) and LIPA SNP rs143793106 (LIPA mut) were transfected into HPDL cells. Western blotting was performed to confirm the transfection. LAL activity of transfected HPDL cells was determined using the lysosomal acid lipase activity assay. Transfected HPDL cells were cultured in mineralization medium. During the cytodifferentiation of transfected HPDL cells, mRNA expression of calcification-related genes, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and calcified nodule formation were assessed using real-time PCR, ALPase assay, and alizarin red staining, respectively. RESULTS The GWAS study identified 11 AgP-related candidate genes, including LIPA SNP rs143793106. The minor allele frequency of LIPA SNP rs143793106 in AgP patients was higher than that in healthy subjects. LIPA mRNA and LAL protein were expressed in HPDL cells; furthermore, they upregulated the cytodifferentiation of HPDL cells. LAL activity was lower in LIPA SNP-transfected HPDL cells during cytodifferentiation than that in LIPA WT-transfected HPDL cells. In addition, ALPase activity, calcified nodule formation, and calcification-related gene expression levels were lower during cytodifferentiation in LIPA SNP-transfected HPDL cells than those in LIPA WT-transfected HPDL cells. CONCLUSION LIPA, identified as an AgP-related gene in a Japanese population, is expressed in HPDL cells and is involved in regulating cytodifferentiation of HPDL cells. LIPA SNP rs143793106 suppressed cytodifferentiation of HPDL cells by decreasing LAL activity, thereby contributing to the development of AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Jirouta Kitagaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitamura
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Genetic Factors for Coronary Heart Disease and Their Mechanisms: A Meta-Analysis and Comprehensive Review of Common Variants from Genome-Wide Association Studies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102561. [PMID: 36292250 PMCID: PMC9601486 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered 163 loci related to coronary heart disease (CHD). Most GWAS have emphasized pathways related to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reached genome-wide significance in their reports, while identification of CHD pathways based on the combination of all published GWAS involving various ethnicities has yet to be performed. We conducted a systematic search for articles with comprehensive GWAS data in the GWAS Catalog and PubMed, followed by a meta-analysis of the top recurring SNPs from ≥2 different articles using random or fixed-effect models according to Cochran Q and I2 statistics, and pathway enrichment analysis. Meta-analyses showed significance for 265 of 309 recurring SNPs. Enrichment analysis returned 107 significant pathways, including lipoprotein and lipid metabolisms (rs7412, rs6511720, rs11591147, rs1412444, rs11172113, rs11057830, rs4299376), atherogenesis (rs7500448, rs6504218, rs3918226, rs7623687), shared cardiovascular pathways (rs72689147, rs1800449, rs7568458), diabetes-related pathways (rs200787930, rs12146487, rs6129767), hepatitis C virus infection/hepatocellular carcinoma (rs73045269/rs8108632, rs56062135, rs188378669, rs4845625, rs11838776), and miR-29b-3p pathways (rs116843064, rs11617955, rs146092501, rs11838776, rs73045269/rs8108632). In this meta-analysis, the identification of various genetic factors and their associated pathways associated with CHD denotes the complexity of the disease. This provides an opportunity for the future development of novel CHD genetic risk scores relevant to personalized and precision medicine.
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Besler KJ, Blanchard V, Francis GA. Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency: A rare inherited dyslipidemia but potential ubiquitous factor in the development of atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:1013266. [PMID: 36204319 PMCID: PMC9530988 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1013266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the gene LIPA, is the sole neutral lipid hydrolase in lysosomes, responsible for cleavage of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides into their component parts. Inherited forms of complete (Wolman Disease, WD) or partial LAL deficiency (cholesteryl ester storage disease, CESD) are fortunately rare. Recently, LAL has been identified as a cardiovascular risk gene in genome-wide association studies, though the directionality of risk conferred remains controversial. It has also been proposed that the low expression and activity of LAL in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that occurs inherently in nature is a likely determinant of the propensity of SMCs to form the majority of foam cells in atherosclerotic plaque. LAL also likely plays a potential role in fatty liver disease. This review highlights the nature of LAL gene mutations in WD and CESD, the association of LAL with prediction of cardiovascular risk from genome-wide association studies, the importance of relative LAL deficiency in SMC foam cells, and the need to further interrogate the pathophysiological impact and cell type-specific role of enhancing LAL activity as a novel treatment strategy to reduce the development and induce the regression of ischemic cardiovascular disease and fatty liver.
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Pasta A, Borro P, Cremonini AL, Formisano E, Tozzi G, Cecchi S, Fresa R, Labanca S, Djahandideh A, Sukkar SG, Picciotto A, Pisciotta L. Effect of a common missense variant in LIPA gene on fatty liver disease and lipid phenotype: New perspectives from a single-center observational study. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00820. [PMID: 34476902 PMCID: PMC8413903 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypoalphalipoproteinemia, mixed hyperlipemia, and fatty liver (FL) due to mutations in LIPAse A, lysosomal acid type (LIPA) gene. The rs1051338 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in LIPA gene, in vitro, could adversely affect the LAL activity (LAL-A). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often associated with metabolic syndrome, and the diagnosis requires the exclusion of excess of alcohol intake and other causes of hepatic disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of rs1051338 rare allele on lipid phenotype, severity of FL, and LAL-A in patients suffering from dyslipidemia associated with NAFLD. We selected 74 subjects with hypoalphalipoproteinemia or mixed hyperlipemia and evaluated transaminases, liver assessment with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), LAL-A, rs1051338 SNP genotype. The presence of rare allele caused higher levels of triglycerides and hepatic transaminase and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Multivariate analysis highlighted independent association between rare allele and FL severity in subjects with NAFLD. The rs1051338 SNP may modulate FL severity and atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients suffering from NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pasta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Borro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Cremonini
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Formisano
- Nutritional Unit ASL-1 Imperiese, Giovanni Borea Civil Hospital, Sanremo, Italy
| | - Giulia Tozzi
- Division of Metabolism and Research Unit of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cecchi
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Fresa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Labanca
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Afscin Djahandideh
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Samir Giuseppe Sukkar
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonino Picciotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Livia Pisciotta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Kabuye D, Ndibalema A. Lysosomal acid lipase gene single nucleotide polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility. Indian J Tuberc 2021; 68:179-185. [PMID: 33845949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors that predispose to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are not fully understood, However. Gene polymorphisms have been associated with PTB development. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the relationship between LIPA gene polymorphisms and a predisposition to pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS A total of 202 cases of PTB and 218 healthy controls (HCS) were included in this study. Analyses were done under allelic, homozygous, and heterozygous, dominant, recessive models, and were used to calculate values, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for assessing the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease risk. Genotyping was conducted using the real time polymerase chain reaction with high resolution melting curve analysis. RESULTS When comparing PTB patients with healthy controls (HCS), significant associations with disease development were observed for both SNPs rs1051338 and rs7922269. Analysis was done based on models of genetic inheritance in man that is co-dominant, recessive and dominant models. Rs1051338, the heterozygous (AC vs. AA) P: 0.001, OR: 1.998, 95% CI: 1.312-3.042 and homozygous (CC vs. AA) P: < 0.001, OR: 4.078, 95% CI: 2.134-7.796 Co-dominant associated with increased risk for the disease. Under recessive (CC vs. AA + AC), P: 0.001, OR: 2.829: 95% CI: 1.543-5.185 and dominant model (AC + CC vs. AA) P: < 001, OR: 2.331, 95% CI: 1.564-3.474 the genotypes distribution increased the individual risk, plus its alleles distribution (P: < 0.001, OR: 2.004, 95% CI: 1.505-2.669). Considering SNP rs7922269 mutation significantly increased pulmonary tuberculosis risk as was observed in the homozygous GG vs. TT (P: 0.003, OR: 3.162, 95% CI: 1.431-6.989); heterozygous GT vs. TT (P: < 0.001, OR: 1.2.259, 95% CI: 1.503-3.394); dominant model (GT + GG vs. TT; P: < 0.001, OR: 2.061, 95% CI: 1.402-3.032) and the allele G (P: < 0.001, OR: 1.829, 95% CI:1.361-2.458), however no significant association was observed in the Recessive model (GG vs. TT + GT; P: 0.057, OR: 2.568, 95% CI: 0.965-4.432). CONCLUSION The findings of our study strengthen the hypothesis that LIPA rs1051338 and rs7922269 polymorphism associated with increased risk for pulmonary Tb in a sample of northern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo Kabuye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China; Kalisizo Hospital, Uganda.
| | - Angelamellisy Ndibalema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China; Kairuki Hospital, Tanzania.
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Macrophage polarisation associated with atherosclerosis differentially affects their capacity to handle lipids. Atherosclerosis 2020; 305:10-18. [PMID: 32592946 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipid-rich foam cell macrophages drive atherosclerosis via several mechanisms, including inflammation, lipid uptake, lipid deposition and plaque vulnerability. The atheroma environment shapes macrophage function and phenotype; anti-inflammatory macrophages improve plaque stability while pro-inflammatory macrophages promote rupture. Current evidence suggests a variety of macrophage phenotypes occur in atherosclerotic plaques with local lipids, cytokines, oxidised phospholipids and pathogenic stimuli altering their phenotype. In this study, we addressed differential functioning of macrophage phenotypes via a systematic analysis of in vitro polarised, human monocyte-derived macrophage phenotypes, focussing on molecular events that regulate foam-cell formation. METHODS We examined transcriptomes, protein levels and functionally determined lipid handling and foam cell formation capacity in macrophages polarised with IFNγ+LPS, IL-4, IL-10, oxPAPC and CXCL4. RESULTS RNA sequencing of differentially polarised macrophages revealed distinct gene expression changes, with enrichment in atherosclerosis and lipid-associated pathways. Analysis of lipid processing activity showed IL-4 and IL-10 macrophages have higher lipid uptake and foam cell formation activities, while inflammatory and oxPAPC macrophages displayed lower foam cell formation. Inflammatory macrophages showed low lipid uptake, while higher lipid uptake in oxPAPC macrophages was matched by increased lipid efflux capacity. CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerosis-associated macrophage polarisation dramatically affects lipid handling capacity underpinned by major transcriptomic changes and altered protein levels in lipid-handling gene expression. This leads to phenotype-specific differences in LDL uptake, cellular cholesterol levels and cholesterol efflux, informing how the plaque environment influences atherosclerosis progression by influencing macrophage phenotypes.
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Genes Potentially Associated with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120807. [PMID: 31795497 PMCID: PMC6995538 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the contribution of some genes to the phenotype of familial hypercholesterolemia. At present, it is known that the pathogenesis of this disease involves not only a pathological variant of low-density lipoprotein receptor and its ligands (apolipoprotein B, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 or low-density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein 1), but also lipids, including sphingolipids, fatty acids, and sterols. The genetic cause of familial hypercholesterolemia is unknown in 20%–40% of the cases. The genes STAP1 (signal transducing adaptor family member 1), CYP7A1 (cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1), LIPA (lipase A, lysosomal acid type), ABCG5 (ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5), ABCG8 (ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 8), and PNPLA5 (patatin like phospholipase domain containing 5), which can cause aberrations of lipid metabolism, are being evaluated as new targets for the diagnosis and personalized management of familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Evans TD, Zhang X, Clark RE, Alisio A, Song E, Zhang H, Reilly MP, Stitziel NO, Razani B. Functional Characterization of LIPA (Lysosomal Acid Lipase) Variants Associated With Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2480-2491. [PMID: 31645127 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LIPA (lysosomal acid lipase) mediates cholesteryl ester hydrolysis, and patients with rare loss-of-function mutations develop hypercholesterolemia and severe disease. Genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease have identified several tightly linked, common intronic risk variants in LIPA which unexpectedly associate with increased mRNA expression. However, an exonic variant (rs1051338 resulting in T16P) in linkage with intronic variants lies in the signal peptide region and putatively disrupts trafficking. We sought to functionally investigate the net impact of this locus on LIPA and whether rs1051338 could disrupt LIPA processing and function to explain coronary artery disease risk. Approach and Results: In monocytes isolated from a large cohort of healthy individuals, we demonstrate both exonic and intronic risk variants are associated with increased LIPA enzyme activity coincident with the increased transcript levels. To functionally isolate the impact of rs1051338, we studied several in vitro overexpression systems and consistently observed no differences in LIPA expression, processing, activity, or secretion. Further, we characterized a second common exonic coding variant (rs1051339), which is predicted to alter LIPA signal peptide cleavage similarly to rs1051338, yet is not linked to intronic variants. rs1051339 also does not impact LIPA function in vitro and confers no coronary artery disease risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that common LIPA exonic variants in the signal peptide are of minimal functional significance and suggest coronary artery disease risk is instead associated with increased LIPA function linked to intronic variants. Understanding the mechanisms and cell-specific contexts of LIPA function in the plaque is necessary to understand its association with cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent D Evans
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (T.D.E., X.Z., R.E.C., A.A., E.S., N.O.S., B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (T.D.E., X.Z., R.E.C., A.A., E.S., N.O.S., B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO
| | - Reece E Clark
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (T.D.E., X.Z., R.E.C., A.A., E.S., N.O.S., B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO
| | - Arturo Alisio
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (T.D.E., X.Z., R.E.C., A.A., E.S., N.O.S., B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO
| | - Eric Song
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (T.D.E., X.Z., R.E.C., A.A., E.S., N.O.S., B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., M.P.R.)
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., M.P.R.).,Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (M.P.R.)
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (T.D.E., X.Z., R.E.C., A.A., E.S., N.O.S., B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO
| | - Babak Razani
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine (T.D.E., X.Z., R.E.C., A.A., E.S., N.O.S., B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology (B.R.), Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO.,John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO (B.R.)
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Pavanello C, Baragetti A, Branchi A, Grigore L, Castelnuovo S, Giorgio E, Catapano AL, Calabresi L, Gomaraschi M. Treatment with fibrates is associated with higher LAL activity in dyslipidemic patients. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104362. [PMID: 31330253 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is responsible for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) within the lysosomes; generated cholesterol and free fatty acids (FFA) are released in the cytosol where they can regulate their own synthesis and metabolism. When LAL is not active, as in case of genetic mutations, CE and TG accumulate in the lysosomal compartment, while the lack of release of cholesterol and FFA in the cytosol leads to an upregulation of their synthesis. Thus, LAL plays a central role in the intracellular homeostasis of lipids. Since there are no indications about the effect of different lipid-lowering agents on LAL activity, aim of the study was to address the relationship between LAL activity and the type of lipid-lowering therapy in a cohort of dyslipidemic patients. LAL activity was measured on dried blood spot from 120 patients with hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia and was negatively correlated to LDL-cholesterol levels. Among enrolled patients, ninety-one were taking one or more lipid-lowering drugs, as statins, fibrates, ezetimibe and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. When patients were stratified according to the type of lipid-lowering treatment, i.e. untreated, taking statins or taking fibrates, LAL activity was significantly higher in those with fibrates, even after adjustment for sex, age, BMI, lipid parameters, liver function, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and statin use. In a subset of patients tested after 3 months of treatment with micronized fenofibrate, LAL activity raised by 21%; the increase was negatively correlated with baseline LAL activity. Thus, the use of fibrates is independently associated with higher LAL activity in dyslipidemic patients, suggesting that the positive effects of PPAR-α activation on cellular and systemic lipid homeostasis can also include an improved LAL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pavanello
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; S.I.S.A. Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Adriana Branchi
- Centro per lo Studio e la Prevenzione dell'Aterosclerosi, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Liliana Grigore
- S.I.S.A. Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Samuela Castelnuovo
- Centro Dislipidemie, Dipartimento Cardiotoracovascolare, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giorgio
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Gomaraschi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Lipid-associated genetic polymorphisms are associated with FBP and LDL-c levels among myocardial infarction patients in Chinese population. Gene 2018; 676:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yu YH, Doucette-Stamm L, Rogus J, Moss K, Zee RYL, Steffensen B, Ridker PM, Buring JE, Offenbacher S, Kornman K, Chasman DI. Family History of MI, Smoking, and Risk of Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1106-1113. [PMID: 29928831 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518782189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) shares common risk factors with cardiovascular disease. Our hypothesis was that having a family history of myocardial infarction (FamHxMI) may be a novel risk factor for PD. Risk assessment based on FamHxMI, conditional on smoking status, was examined given the strong influence of smoking on PD. Exploratory analysis with inflammatory biomarkers and genetic determinants was conducted to understand potential mechanistic links. The Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS) is a prospective cohort of US female health care professionals who provided blood samples at baseline in the Women's Health Study, a 2 × 2 factorial clinical trial investigating vitamin E and aspirin in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. PD was ascertained via self-report over 12 y of follow-up. Prevalence (3,442 cases), incidence (1,365 cases), and survival analysis of PD were investigated for associations of FamHxMI as well as in strata of FamHxMI by smoking. Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square tests, multivariate regression, and Cox proportional hazard models were used for the analyses. In the WGHS, women with FamHxMI showed higher risk of ever having PD. A particularly high-risk group of having both FamHxMI and smoking at baseline was highlighted in the prevalence and risk of developing PD. PD risk increased according to the following strata: no FamHxMI and nonsmokers (reference), FamHxMI and nonsmokers (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0 to 1.5), smokers without FamHxMI (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.5), and smokers with FamHxMI (HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.8). An independent analysis by the dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study ( N = 5,552) identified more severe periodontitis cases among participants in the high-risk group (smokers with FamHxMI). Further examination of interactions among inflammatory biomarkers or genetic exploration with FamHxMI did not explain the risk increase of PD associated with FamHxMI in the WGHS. Future efforts based on an integrative-omics approach may facilitate validation of these findings and suggest a mechanistic link between PD and FamHxMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Yu
- 1 Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - J Rogus
- 3 Interleukin Genetics, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - K Moss
- 4 Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Y L Zee
- 2 Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,5 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Steffensen
- 1 Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P M Ridker
- 2 Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Buring
- 2 Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Offenbacher
- 4 Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K Kornman
- 3 Interleukin Genetics, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - D I Chasman
- 2 Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Zhao C, Zhu P, Shen Q, Jin L. Prospective association of a genetic risk score with major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9473. [PMID: 29390587 PMCID: PMC5758289 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many susceptibility loci associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) have been identified using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This study aimed to examine whether a composite of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from GWAS could identify the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with established CAD. There were 1059 patients with CAD were included in the analysis. Of the participants, 686 were on statin treatment at the start of follow-up. A weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) was calculated as the sum of risk alleles multiplied by the hazard ratio for a particular SNP. In single variant analyses, rs579459, rs4420638, and rs2107595 were associated with an increased risk of MACE. A wGRS was further constructed to evaluate the cumulative effect of the 3 SNPs on the prognosis of CAD. The risk of MACE among patients with high and intermediate wGRS was 1.968- and 1.838-fold, respectively, higher than those with low wGRS. This effect was more evident in patients using lipid-lowering medication and with hypertension. Furthermore, the interaction analysis revealed that lipid-lowering medication and hypertension interacted with the genetic effect off wGRS on the risk of MACE in patients using lipid-lowering medication or with hypertension (Pinteraction < .001). We further analyzed the follow-up change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level at 6 months after CAD disclosure and evaluated whether that was due to wGRS or statin use. The lowest reduction in LDL-C was observed in patients with high GRS who received statin treatment. Furthermore, LDL-C reduction of patients with intermediate wGRS was less than those with low wGRS in patients treated with statin. Taken together, a wGRS comprised of SNPs significantly predicts MACE in CAD patients receiving statin treatment and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Paththinige CS, Sirisena ND, Dissanayake V. Genetic determinants of inherited susceptibility to hypercholesterolemia - a comprehensive literature review. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:103. [PMID: 28577571 PMCID: PMC5457620 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a strong determinant of mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular diseases and a major contributor to the global disease burden. Mutations in four genes (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 and LDLRAP1) account for the majority of cases with familial hypercholesterolemia. However, a substantial proportion of adults with hypercholesterolemia do not have a mutation in any of these four genes. This indicates the probability of having other genes with a causative or contributory role in the pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia and suggests a polygenic inheritance of this condition. Here in, we review the recent evidence of association of the genetic variants with hypercholesterolemia and the three lipid traits; total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), their biological pathways and the associated pathogenetic mechanisms. Nearly 80 genes involved in lipid metabolism (encoding structural components of lipoproteins, lipoprotein receptors and related proteins, enzymes, lipid transporters, lipid transfer proteins, and activators or inhibitors of protein function and gene transcription) with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that are recognized to be associated with hypercholesterolemia and serum lipid traits in genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies were identified. In addition, genome-wide association studies in different populations have identified SNVs associated with TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in nearly 120 genes within or in the vicinity of the genes that are not known to be involved in lipid metabolism. Over 90% of the SNVs in both these groups are located outside the coding regions of the genes. These findings indicates that there might be a considerable number of unrecognized processes and mechanisms of lipid homeostasis, which when disrupted, would lead to hypercholesterolemia. Knowledge of these molecular pathways will enable the discovery of novel treatment and preventive methods as well as identify the biochemical and molecular markers for the risk prediction and early detection of this common, yet potentially debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Paththinige
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka.
| | - N D Sirisena
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Vhw Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
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14
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Morris GE, Braund PS, Moore JS, Samani NJ, Codd V, Webb TR. Coronary Artery Disease-Associated LIPA Coding Variant rs1051338 Reduces Lysosomal Acid Lipase Levels and Activity in Lysosomes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1050-1057. [PMID: 28279971 PMCID: PMC5444428 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Genome-wide association studies have linked variants at chromosome 10q23 with increased coronary artery disease risk. The disease-associated variants fall in LIPA, which encodes lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), the enzyme responsible for lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolysis. Loss-of-function mutations in LIPA result in accelerated atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, the coronary artery disease variants are associated with increased LIPA expression in some cell types. In this study, we address this apparent contradiction. Approach and Results— We investigated a coding variant rs1051338, which is in high linkage disequilibrium (r2=0.89) with the genome-wide association study lead–associated variant rs2246833 and causes a nonsynonymous threonine to proline change within the signal peptide of LAL. Transfection of allele-specific expression constructs showed that the risk allele results in reduced lysosomal LAL protein (P=0.004) and activity (P=0.005). Investigation of LAL localization and turnover showed the risk LAL protein is degraded more quickly. This mechanism was confirmed in disease-relevant macrophages from individuals homozygous for either the nonrisk or risk allele. There was no difference in LAL protein or activity in whole macrophage extracts; however, we found reduced LAL protein (P=0.02) and activity (P=0.026) with the risk genotype in lysosomal extracts, suggesting that the risk genotype affects lysosomal LAL activity. Inhibition of the proteasome resulted in equal amounts of lysosomal LAL protein in risk and nonrisk macrophages. Conclusions— Our findings show that the coronary artery disease–associated coding variant rs1051338 causes reduced lysosomal LAL protein and activity because of increased LAL degradation, providing a plausible causal mechanism of increased coronary artery disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E Morris
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Braund
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Jasbir S Moore
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Veryan Codd
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R Webb
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom.
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15
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Cheema AN, Rosenthal SL, Ilyas Kamboh M. Proficiency of data interpretation: identification of signaling SNPs/specific loci for coronary artery disease. Database (Oxford) 2017; 2017:4583484. [PMID: 29220472 PMCID: PMC5737196 DOI: 10.1093/database/bax078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Database URLs http://www.regulomedb.org/;https://www.broadinstitute.org/mpg/snap/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma N Cheema
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pathology, University Medical & Dental College, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan and
| | | | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Lin E, Kuo PH, Liu YL, Yang AC, Kao CF, Tsai SJ. Association and interaction of APOA5, BUD13, CETP, LIPA and health-related behavior with metabolic syndrome in a Taiwanese population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36830. [PMID: 27827461 PMCID: PMC5101796 DOI: 10.1038/srep36830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been associated with the APOA5, APOC1, BRAP, BUD13, CETP, LIPA, LPL, PLCG1, and ZPR1 genes. In this replication study, we reassessed whether these genes are associated with MetS and its individual components independently and/or through complex interactions in a Taiwanese population. We also analyzed the interactions between environmental factors and these genes in influencing MetS and its individual components. A total of 3,000 Taiwanese subjects were assessed in this study. Metabolic traits such as waist circumference, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose were measured. Our data showed a nominal association of MetS with the APOA5 rs662799, BUD13 rs11216129, BUD13 rs623908, CETP rs820299, and LIPA rs1412444 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Moreover, APOA5 rs662799, BUD13 rs11216129, and BUD13 rs623908 were significantly associated with high triglyceride, low HDL, triglyceride, and HDL levels. Additionally, we found the interactions of APOA5 rs662799, BUD13 rs11216129, BUD13 rs623908, CETP rs820299, LIPA rs1412444, alcohol consumption, smoking status, or physical activity on MetS and its individual components. Our study indicates that the APOA5, BUD13, CETP, and LIPA genes may contribute to the risk of MetS independently as well as through gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Vita Genomics, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan.,TickleFish Systems Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Albert C Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Psychiatry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture &Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Psychiatry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Torisu K, Singh KK, Torisu T, Lovren F, Liu J, Pan Y, Quan A, Ramadan A, Al‐Omran M, Pankova N, Boyd SR, Verma S, Finkel T. Intact endothelial autophagy is required to maintain vascular lipid homeostasis. Aging Cell 2016; 15:187-91. [PMID: 26780888 PMCID: PMC4717267 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of autophagic flux within the vascular endothelial layer remains poorly understood. Here, we show that in primary endothelial cells, oxidized and native LDL stimulates autophagosome formation. Moreover, by both confocal and electron microscopy, excess native or modified LDL appears to be engulfed within autophagic structures. Transient knockdown of the essential autophagy gene ATG7 resulted in higher levels of intracellular (125) I-LDL and oxidized LDL (OxLDL) accumulation, suggesting that in endothelial cells, autophagy may represent an important mechanism to regulate excess, exogenous lipids. The physiological importance of these observations was assessed using mice containing a conditional deletion of ATG7 within the endothelium. Following acute intravenous infusion of fluorescently labeled OxLDL, mice lacking endothelial expression of ATG7 demonstrated prolonged retention of OxLDL within the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroidal endothelium of the eye. In a chronic model of lipid excess, we analyzed atherosclerotic burden in ApoE(-/-) mice with or without endothelial autophagic flux. The absence of endothelial autophagy markedly increased atherosclerotic burden. Thus, in both an acute and chronic in vivo model, endothelial autophagy appears critically important in limiting lipid accumulation within the vessel wall. As such, strategies that stimulate autophagy, or prevent the age-dependent decline in autophagic flux, might be particularly beneficial in treating atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Torisu
- Center for Molecular MedicineNational Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNIH10 Center DriveBethesdaMD 20892USA
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
- Division of Vascular SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Takehiro Torisu
- Center for Molecular MedicineNational Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNIH10 Center DriveBethesdaMD 20892USA
| | - Fina Lovren
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Molecular MedicineNational Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNIH10 Center DriveBethesdaMD 20892USA
| | - Yi Pan
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Adrian Quan
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Azza Ramadan
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Mohammed Al‐Omran
- Division of Vascular SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Natalie Pankova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision SciencesKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Shelley R. Boyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision SciencesKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical SciencesSt. Michael's HospitalUniversity of Toronto30 Bond StreetTorontoON M5B 1W8Canada
| | - Toren Finkel
- Center for Molecular MedicineNational Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNIH10 Center DriveBethesdaMD 20892USA
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18
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Zimetti F, Favari E, Cagliero P, Adorni MP, Ronda N, Bonardi R, Gomaraschi M, Calabresi L, Bernini F, Guardamagna O. Cholesterol trafficking-related serum lipoprotein functions in children with cholesteryl ester storage disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:443-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whole-exome sequencing of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and 'exome chip' studies pointing to novel genes in LDL metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS The genetic loci for ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8, Niemann-Pick C1-Like protein 1, sortilin-1, ABO blood-group glycosyltransferases, myosin regulatory light chain-interacting protein and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase have all consistently been associated with LDL cholesterol levels and/or coronary artery disease in GWAS. Whole-exome sequencing and 'exome chip' studies have additionally suggested several novel genes in LDL metabolism including insulin-induced gene 2, signal transducing adaptor family member 1, lysosomal acid lipase A, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2. Most of these findings still require independent replications and/or functional studies to confirm the exact role in LDL metabolism and the clinical implications for human health. SUMMARY GWAS, exome sequencing studies, and recently 'exome chip' studies have suggested several novel genes with effects on LDL cholesterol. Novel genes in LDL metabolism will improve our understanding of mechanisms in LDL metabolism, and may lead to the identification of new drug targets to reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Christoffersen
- aDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Section for Molecular Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital bFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Huang SCC, Everts B, Ivanova Y, O'Sullivan D, Nascimento M, Smith AM, Beatty W, Love-Gregory L, Lam WY, O'Neill CM, Yan C, Du H, Abumrad NA, Urban JF, Artyomov MN, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis is essential for alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:846-55. [PMID: 25086775 PMCID: PMC4139419 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 796] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative (M2) activation of macrophages driven via the α-chain of the receptor for interleukin 4 (IL-4Rα) is important for immunity to parasites, wound healing, the prevention of atherosclerosis and metabolic homeostasis. M2 polarization is dependent on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but the source of the fatty acids that support this metabolic program has not been clear. We found that the uptake of triacylglycerol substrates via the scavenger receptor CD36 and their subsequent lipolysis by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) was important for the engagement of elevated oxidative phosphorylation, enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC), prolonged survival and expression of genes that together define M2 activation. Inhibition of lipolysis suppressed M2 activation during infection with a parasitic helminth and blocked protective responses to this pathogen. Our findings delineate a critical role for cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis in M2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bart Everts
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - Yulia Ivanova
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - David O'Sullivan
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - Marcia Nascimento
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Latisha Love-Gregory
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wing Y Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina M O'Neill
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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