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Dasriya VL, Samtiya M, Ranveer S, Dhillon HS, Devi N, Sharma V, Nikam P, Puniya M, Chaudhary P, Chaudhary V, Behare PV, Dhewa T, Vemuri R, Raposo A, Puniya DV, Khedkar GD, Vishweswaraiah RH, Vij S, Alarifi SN, Han H, Puniya AK. Modulation of gut-microbiota through probiotics and dietary interventions to improve host health. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38334314 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Dietary patterns play an important role in regards to the modulation and control of the gut microbiome composition and function. The interaction between diet and microbiota plays an important role in order to maintain intestinal homeostasis, which ultimately affect the host's health. Diet directly impacts the microbes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which then contributes to the production of secondary metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, and antimicrobial peptides. Dietary consumption with genetically modified probiotics can be the best vaccine delivery vector and protect cells from various illnesses. A holistic approach to disease prevention, treatment, and management takes these intrinsically linked diet-microbes, microbe-microbe interactions, and microbe-host interactions into account. Dietary components, such as fiber can modulate beneficial gut microbiota, and they have resulting ameliorative effects against metabolic disorders. Medical interventions, such as antibiotic drugs can conversely have detrimental effects on gut microbiota by disputing the balance between Bacteroides and firmicute, which contribute to continuing disease states. We summarize the known effects of various dietary components, such as fibers, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, proteins, phenolic acids, and antibiotics on the composition of the gut microbiota in this article in addition to the beneficial effect of genetically modified probiotics and consequentially their role in regards to shaping human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Nutrition Biology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Soniya Ranveer
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | | | - Nishu Devi
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Pranali Nikam
- College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar, Kamdhenu University, Raipur, India
| | - Monica Puniya
- Science and Standards Division, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, FDA Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- Microbiology Department, VCSG Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar, India
| | - Vishu Chaudhary
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Pradip V Behare
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Tejpal Dhewa
- Department of Nutrition Biology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Ravichandra Vemuri
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dharun Vijay Puniya
- Center of One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Gulab D Khedkar
- Paul Hebert Center for DNA Barcoding and Biodiversity Studies, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | | | - Shilpa Vij
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sehad N Alarifi
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Al-Quwayiyah College of Sciences and Humanities, Shaqra University, Shaqraa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heesup Han
- College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Wiggins J, Nguyen N, Wei W, Wang LL, Hollingsead Olson H, Xiang SH. Lactic acid bacterial surface display of scytovirin inhibitors for anti-ebolavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1269869. [PMID: 38075878 PMCID: PMC10704896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1269869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Scytovirin (SVN) is a lectin from cyanobacteria which has a strong inhibitory activity against Ebola virus infection. We engineered scytovirin as the inhibitor for surface display of lactic acid bacteria to block Ebola virus infection. Two different bacterial strains (Lactobacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis) were successfully engineered for scytovirin expression on the bacterial surface. These bacteria were found to be effective at neutralizing pseudotyped Ebolavirus in a cell-based assay. This approach can be utilized for prophylactic prevention, as well as for treatment. Since lactic acid bacteria can colonize the human body, a long-term efficacy could be achieved. Furthermore, this approach is also simple and cost-effective and can be easily applied in the regions of Ebola outbreaks in the developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wiggins
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Wenzhong Wei
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Leah Liu Wang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Haley Hollingsead Olson
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Fooladi S, Rabiee N, Iravani S. Genetically engineered bacteria: a new frontier in targeted drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10072-10087. [PMID: 37873584 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01805a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered bacteria (GEB) have shown significant promise to revolutionize modern medicine. These engineered bacteria with unique properties such as enhanced targeting, versatility, biofilm disruption, reduced drug resistance, self-amplification capabilities, and biodegradability represent a highly promising approach for targeted drug delivery and cancer theranostics. This innovative approach involves modifying bacterial strains to function as drug carriers, capable of delivering therapeutic agents directly to specific cells or tissues. Unlike synthetic drug delivery systems, GEB are inherently biodegradable and can be naturally eliminated from the body, reducing potential long-term side effects or complications associated with residual foreign constituents. However, several pivotal challenges such as safety and controllability need to be addressed. Researchers have explored novel tactics to improve their capabilities and overcome existing challenges, including synthetic biology tools (e.g., clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and bioinformatics-driven design), microbiome engineering, combination therapies, immune system interaction, and biocontainment strategies. Because of the remarkable advantages and tangible progress in this field, GEB may emerge as vital tools in personalized medicine, providing precise and controlled drug delivery for various diseases (especially cancer). In this context, future directions include the integration of nanotechnology with GEB, the focus on microbiota-targeted therapies, the incorporation of programmable behaviors, the enhancement in immunotherapy treatments, and the discovery of non-medical applications. In this way, careful ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks are necessary for developing GEB-based systems for targeted drug delivery. By addressing safety concerns, ensuring informed consent, promoting equitable access, understanding long-term effects, mitigating dual-use risks, and fostering public engagement, these engineered bacteria can be employed as promising delivery vehicles in bio- and nanomedicine. In this review, recent advances related to the application of GEB in targeted drug delivery and cancer therapy are discussed, covering crucial challenging issues and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fooladi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Independent Researcher, W Nazar ST, Boostan Ave, Isfahan, Iran.
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The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0107421. [PMID: 34756073 PMCID: PMC8579922 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01074-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome composition in humans is categorized based upon the degree to which one of four species of Lactobacillus is dominant (Lactobacilluscrispatus, community state type I [CST I], Lactobacillusgasseri, CST II, Lactobacillus iners, CST III, and Lactobacillus jensenii, CST V). Women with a vaginal microbiome not dominated by one of the four Lactobacillus species tend to have a more diverse microbiome, CST IV. CSTs I, II, III, and V are common in North America and Europe and are associated with lower incidences of some pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Gardnerella vaginalis. As a result, therapeutic interventions to change the composition of the vaginal microbiomes are under development. However, Homo sapiens is the only mammalian species which has high frequencies of Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiomes. Here, we treated female nonhuman primates (NHPs) with regimens of metronidazole and high levels of L.crispatus to determine how well these animals could be colonized with L.crispatus, how this influenced the immunological milieu, and how Lactobacillus treatment influenced or was influenced by the endogenous vaginal microbiome. We find that NHPs can transiently be colonized with L. crispatus, that beta diversity and not the number of doses of L. crispatus or pretreatment with metronidazole predicts subsequent L. crispatus colonization, that L. crispatus does not alter the local immunological milieu, and that the vaginal microbiome composition was resilient, normalizing by 4 weeks after our manipulations. Overall, this study suggests these animals are not amenable to long-term L. crispatus colonization. IMPORTANCE NHPs have proven to be invaluable animal models for the study of many human infectious diseases. The use of NHPs to study the effect of the microbiome on disease transmission and susceptibility is limited due to differences between the native microbiomes of humans and NHPs. In particular, Lactobacillus dominance of the vaginal microbiome is unique to humans and remains an important risk factor in reproductive health. By assessing the extent to which NHPs can be colonized with exogenously applied L. crispatus to resemble a human vaginal microbiome and examining the effects on the vaginal microenvironment, we highlight the utility of NHPs in analysis of vaginal microbiome manipulations in the context of human disease.
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Antiviral Cyanometabolites-A Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030474. [PMID: 33810129 PMCID: PMC8004682 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Global processes, such as climate change, frequent and distant travelling and population growth, increase the risk of viral infection spread. Unfortunately, the number of effective and accessible medicines for the prevention and treatment of these infections is limited. Therefore, in recent years, efforts have been intensified to develop new antiviral medicines or vaccines. In this review article, the structure and activity of the most promising antiviral cyanobacterial products are presented. The antiviral cyanometabolites are mainly active against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), Ebola or the influenza viruses. The majority of the metabolites are classified as lectins, monomeric or dimeric proteins with unique amino acid sequences. They all show activity at the nanomolar range but differ in carbohydrate specificity and recognize a different epitope on high mannose oligosaccharides. The cyanobacterial lectins include cyanovirin-N (CV-N), scytovirin (SVN), microvirin (MVN), Microcystisviridis lectin (MVL), and Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin (OAA). Cyanobacterial polysaccharides, peptides, and other metabolites also have potential to be used as antiviral drugs. The sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan (CA-SP), inhibited infection by enveloped viruses, stimulated the immune system’s response, and showed antitumor activity. Microginins, the linear peptides, inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), therefore, their use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with injury of the ACE2 expressing organs is considered. In addition, many cyanobacterial extracts were revealed to have antiviral activities, but the active agents have not been identified. This fact provides a good basis for further studies on the therapeutic potential of these microorganisms.
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Kalusche S, Vanshylla K, Kleipass F, Gruell H, Müller B, Zeng Z, Koch K, Stein S, Marcotte H, Klein F, Dietrich U. Lactobacilli Expressing Broadly Neutralizing Nanobodies against HIV-1 as Potential Vectors for HIV-1 Prophylaxis? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E758. [PMID: 33322227 PMCID: PMC7768517 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of an active prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1, passively administered, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) identified in some chronically infected persons were shown to prevent HIV-1 infection in animal models. However, passive administration of bnAbs may not be suited to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission in high-risk cohorts, as a continuous high level of active bnAbs may be difficult to achieve at the primary site of sexual transmission, the human vagina with its acidic pH. Therefore, we used Lactobacillus, a natural commensal in the healthy vaginal microbiome, to express bn nanobodies (VHH) against HIV-1 that we reported previously. After demonstrating that recombinant VHHA6 expressed in E. coli was able to protect humanized mice from mucosal infection by HIV-1Bal, we expressed VHHA6 in a soluble or in a cell-wall-anchored form in Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM14870. This strain is already clinically applied for treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Both forms of VHHA6 neutralized a set of primary epidemiologically relevant HIV-1 strains in vitro. Furthermore, VHHA6 was still active at an acidic pH. Thus, lactobacilli expressing bn VHH potentially represent an attractive vector for the passive immunization of women in cohorts at high risk of HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kalusche
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Franziska Kleipass
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Barbara Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Centre for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.V.); (F.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.K.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
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Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:203. [PMID: 33160356 PMCID: PMC7648308 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Jeng Yang Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Abstract
The interest in the therapeutic use of probiotic microorganisms has been increased during the last decade although the doubts have ascended about the probiotics mainly because their beneficial effects are not fully understood, and, in many cases, their usefulness has not been validated in clinical trials. Consequently, the notion got a considerable interest in those strains having proven probiotic potential to be engineered for improvement in their beneficial features. The process of genetic engineering can also be used for probiotic strains for the reversion of antimicrobial resistance and other modifications for their safer and effective human applications. The lactic acid bacilli are predominantly opposite as they already have gained attention owing to their health-promoting benefits and their safety for human consumption; therefore, their use, especially as a delivery agent of vaccines and drugs, is gaining attention. The tailoring of probiotic strains will not only improve the data regarding the probiotic potential of these strains but also clinch the doubts concerning these probiotics. This article focuses on the approaches of bioengineered probiotics and discusses the potential prospects for their therapeutic applications including immunomodulation, cognitive health, and anticancer therapeutics.
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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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Yavuz B, Morgan JL, Showalter L, Horng KR, Dandekar S, Herrera C, LiWang P, Kaplan DL. Pharmaceutical Approaches to HIV Treatment and Prevention. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018; 1:1800054. [PMID: 32775613 PMCID: PMC7413291 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to pose a major infectious disease threat worldwide. It is characterized by the depletion of CD4+ T cells, persistent immune activation, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Advances in the development of antiretroviral drugs and combination antiretroviral therapy have resulted in a remarkable reduction in HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to effective suppression of HIV replication with partial recovery of host immune system and has successfully transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. Additionally, antiretroviral drugs have shown promise for prevention in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment as prevention. However, ART is unable to cure HIV. Other limitations include drug-drug interactions, drug resistance, cytotoxic side effects, cost, and adherence. Alternative treatment options are being investigated to overcome these challenges including discovery of new molecules with increased anti-viral activity and development of easily administrable drug formulations. In light of the difficulties associated with current HIV treatment measures, and in the continuing absence of a cure, the prevention of new infections has also arisen as a prominent goal among efforts to curtail the worldwide HIV pandemic. In this review, the authors summarize currently available anti-HIV drugs and their combinations for treatment, new molecules under clinical development and prevention methods, and discuss drug delivery formats as well as associated challenges and alternative approaches for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jessica L Morgan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Laura Showalter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Katti R Horng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of California-Davis 5605 GBSF, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of California-Davis 5605 GBSF, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine St. Mary's Campus Imperial College Room 460 Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Patricia LiWang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Abstract
Efforts in developing an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been challenging as HIV strains are highly variable and exhibit extraordinary mutability. Despite condom usage and pre-exposure prophylaxis as excellent prevention strategies, lack of accessibility in some developing countries and low adherence due to sociocultural factors continue to act as barriers in reducing the HIV epidemic. Microbicides are topical therapies developed to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections during intercourse. Microbicides applied vaginally or rectally are intended to prevent HIV infection at the site of transmission by either inhibiting its entry into immune cells or prevent viral replication. This review will summarize some of the current state-of-the-art microbicide formulations that are in preclinical and clinical stages of development and discuss some of the challenges associated with microbicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick L Traore
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
| | - Yufei Chen
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
| | - Emmanuel A Ho
- Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada
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LeCureux JS, Dean GA. Lactobacillus Mucosal Vaccine Vectors: Immune Responses against Bacterial and Viral Antigens. mSphere 2018; 3:e00061-18. [PMID: 29769376 PMCID: PMC5956152 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00061-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been utilized since the 1990s for therapeutic heterologous gene expression. The ability of LAB to elicit an immune response against expressed foreign antigens has led to their exploration as potential mucosal vaccine candidates. LAB vaccine vectors offer many attractive advantages: simple, noninvasive administration (usually oral or intranasal), the acceptance and stability of genetic modifications, relatively low cost, and the highest level of safety possible. Experimentation using LAB of the genus Lactobacillus has become popular in recent years due to their ability to elicit strong systemic and mucosal immune responses. This article reviews Lactobacillus vaccine constructs, including Lactobacillus species, antigen expression, model organisms, and in vivo immune responses, with a primary focus on viral and bacterial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S LeCureux
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Evangel University, Springfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregg A Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Lotfi H, Sheervalilou R, Zarghami N. An update of the recombinant protein expression systems of Cyanovirin-N and challenges of preclinical development. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2018. [PMID: 29977835 DOI: 10.1517/bi.2018.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a debilitating challenge and concern worldwide. Accessibility to highly active antiretroviral drugs is little or none for developing countries. Production of cost-effective microbicides to prevent the infection with HIV is a requirement. Cyanovirin-N (CVN) is known as a promising cyanobacterial lectin, capable of inhibiting the HIV cell entry in a highly specific manner. Methods: This review article presents an overview of attempts conducted on different expression systems for the recombinant production of CVN. We have also assessed the potential of the final recombinant product, as an effective anti-HIV microbicide, comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. Results: Artificial production of CVN is a challenging task because the desirable anti-HIV activity (CVN-gp120 interaction) depends on the correct formation of disulfide bonds during recombinant production. Thus, inexpensive and functional production of rCVN requires an effective expression system which must be found among the bacteria, yeast, and transgenic plants, for the subsequent satisfying medical application. Moreover, the strong anti-HIV potential of CVN in trace concentrations (micromolar to picomolar) was reported for the in vitro and in vivo tests. Conclusion: To produce pharmaceutically effective CVN, we first need to identify the best expression system, with Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris , Lactic acid bacteria and transgenic plants being possible candidates. For this reason, heterologous production of this valuable protein is a serious challenge. Since different obstacles influence clinical trials on microbicides in the field of HIV prevention, these items should be considered for evaluating the CVN activity in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajie Lotfi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lotfi H, Sheervalilou R, Zarghami N. An update of the recombinant protein expression systems of Cyanovirin-N and challenges of preclinical development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8:139-151. [PMID: 29977835 PMCID: PMC6026528 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a debilitating challenge and concern worldwide. Accessibility to highly active antiretroviral drugs is little or none for developing countries. Production of cost-effective microbicides to prevent the infection with HIV is a requirement. Cyanovirin-N (CVN) is known as a promising cyanobacterial lectin, capable of inhibiting the HIV cell entry in a highly specific manner.
Methods: This review article presents an overview of attempts conducted on different expression systems for the recombinant production of CVN. We have also assessed the potential of the final recombinant product, as an effective anti-HIV microbicide, comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems.
Results: Artificial production of CVN is a challenging task because the desirable anti-HIV activity (CVN-gp120 interaction) depends on the correct formation of disulfide bonds during recombinant production. Thus, inexpensive and functional production of rCVN requires an effective expression system which must be found among the bacteria, yeast, and transgenic plants, for the subsequent satisfying medical application. Moreover, the strong anti-HIV potential of CVN in trace concentrations (micromolar to picomolar) was reported for the in vitro and in vivo tests.
Conclusion: To produce pharmaceutically effective CVN, we first need to identify the best expression system, with Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris , Lactic acid bacteria and transgenic plants being possible candidates. For this reason, heterologous production of this valuable protein is a serious challenge. Since different obstacles influence clinical trials on microbicides in the field of HIV prevention, these items should be considered for evaluating the CVN activity in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajie Lotfi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Notario-Pérez F, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga-Ochoa MD. Historical development of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV in women: from past failures to future hopes. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1767-1787. [PMID: 28670111 PMCID: PMC5479294 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s133170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a global public health concern and is particularly serious in low- and middle-income countries. Widespread sexual violence and poverty, among other factors, increase the risk of infection in women, while currently available prevention methods are outside the control of most. This has driven the study of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV from men to women in recent decades. The first microbicides evaluated were formulated as gels for daily use and contained different substances such as surfactants, acidifiers and monoclonal antibodies, which failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials. A gel containing the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir showed protective efficacy in women. However, the lack of adherence by patients led to the search for dosage forms capable of releasing the active principle for longer periods, and hence to the emergence of the vaginal ring loaded with dapivirine, which requires a monthly application and is able to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV. The future of vaginal microbicides will feature the use of alternative dosage forms, nanosystems for drug release and probiotics, which have emerged as potential microbicides but are still in the early stages of development. Protecting women with vaginal microbicide formulations would, therefore, be a valuable tool for avoiding sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Veiga-Ochoa
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Ñahui Palomino RA, Zicari S, Vanpouille C, Vitali B, Margolis L. Vaginal Lactobacillus Inhibits HIV-1 Replication in Human Tissues Ex Vivo. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:906. [PMID: 28579980 PMCID: PMC5437121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus species, which dominate vaginal microbiota of healthy reproductive-age women, lower the risks of sexually transmitted infections, including the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. The exact mechanisms of this protection remain to be understood. Here, we investigated these mechanisms in the context of human cervico-vaginal and lymphoid tissues ex vivo. We found that all six Lactobacillus strains tested in these systems significantly suppressed HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection. We identified at least three factors that mediated this suppression: (i) Acidification of the medium. The pH of the undiluted medium conditioned by lactobacilli was between 3.8 and 4.6. Acidification of the culture medium with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to this pH in control experiments was sufficient to abrogate HIV-1 replication. However, the pH of the Lactobacillus-conditioned medium (CM) diluted fivefold, which reached ∼6.9, was also suppressive for HIV-1 infection, while in control experiments HIV-1 infection was not abrogated when the pH of the medium was brought to 6.9 through the use of HCl. This suggested the existence of other factors responsible for HIV-1 inhibition by lactobacilli. (ii) Lactic acid. There was a correlation between the concentration of lactic acid in the Lactobacillus-CM and its ability to suppress HIV-1 infection in human tissues ex vivo. Addition of lactic acid isomers D and L to tissue culture medium at the concentration that corresponded to their amount released by lactobacilli resulted in HIV-1 inhibition. Isomer L was produced in higher quantities than isomer D and was mostly responsible for HIV-1 inhibition. These results indicate that lactic acid, in particular its L-isomer, inhibits HIV-1 independently of lowering of the pH. (iii) Virucidal effect. Incubation of HIV-1 in Lactobacillus-CM significantly suppressed viral infectivity for human tissues ex vivo. Finally, lactobacilli adsorb HIV-1, serving as a sink decreasing the number of free virions. In summary, we found that lactobacilli inhibit HIV-1 replication in human tissue ex vivo by multiple mechanisms. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of altering the spectra of vaginal microbiota as an effective strategy to enhance vaginal health. Human tissues ex vivo may serve as a test system for these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogers A Ñahui Palomino
- Section of Intercellular Interaction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD, United States.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Section of Intercellular Interaction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD, United States
| | - Christophe Vanpouille
- Section of Intercellular Interaction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD, United States
| | - Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section of Intercellular Interaction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD, United States
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Hopper JTS, Ambrose S, Grant OC, Krumm SA, Allison TM, Degiacomi MT, Tully MD, Pritchard LK, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Crispin M, Doores KJ, Woods RJ, Benesch JLP, Robinson CV, Struwe WB. The Tetrameric Plant Lectin BanLec Neutralizes HIV through Bidentate Binding to Specific Viral Glycans. Structure 2017; 25:773-782.e5. [PMID: 28434916 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Select lectins have powerful anti-viral properties that effectively neutralize HIV-1 by targeting the dense glycan shield on the virus. Here, we reveal the mechanism by which one of the most potent lectins, BanLec, achieves its inhibition. We identify that BanLec recognizes a subset of high-mannose glycans via bidentate interactions spanning the two binding sites present on each BanLec monomer that were previously considered separate carbohydrate recognition domains. We show that both sites are required for high-affinity glycan binding and virus neutralization. Unexpectedly we find that BanLec adopts a tetrameric stoichiometry in solution whereby the glycan-binding sites are positioned to optimally target glycosylated viral spikes. The tetrameric architecture, together with bidentate binding to individual glycans, leads to layers of multivalency that drive viral neutralization through enhanced avidity effects. These structural insights will prove useful in engineering successful lectin therapeutics targeting the dense glycan shield of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T S Hopper
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Stephen Ambrose
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Timothy M Allison
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Matteo T Degiacomi
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Mark D Tully
- Diamond Light Source B21, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Laura K Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center & Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center & Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Robert J Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Justin L P Benesch
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Lusvarghi S, Lohith K, Morin-Leisk J, Ghirlando R, Hinshaw JE, Bewley CA. Binding Site Geometry and Subdomain Valency Control Effects of Neutralizing Lectins on HIV-1 Viral Particles. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:882-891. [PMID: 27669574 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate binding proteins such as griffithsin, cyanovirin-N, and BanLec are potent HIV entry inhibitors and promising microbicides. Each binds to high-mannose glycans on the surface envelope glycoprotein gp120, yet the mechanisms by which they engage viral spikes and exhibit inhibition constants ranging from nanomolar to picomolar are not understood. To determine the structural and mechanistic basis for recognition and potency, we selected a panel of lectins possessing different valencies per subunit, oligomeric states, and relative orientations of carbohydrate binding sites to systematically probe their contributions to inhibiting viral entry. Cryo-electron micrographs and immuno gold staining of lectin-treated viral particles revealed two distinct effects-namely, viral aggregation or clustering of the HIV-1 envelope on the viral membrane-that were dictated by carbohydrate binding site geometry and valency. "Sandwich" surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that a second binding event occurs only for those lectins that could aggregate viral particles. Furthermore, picomolar Kd values were observed for the second binding event, providing a mechanism by which picomolar IC50 values are achieved. We suggest that these binding and aggregation phenomena translate to neutralization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and #Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Katheryn Lohith
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and #Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeanne Morin-Leisk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and #Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and #Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jenny E. Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and #Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Carole A. Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry, ‡Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and #Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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19
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Scott Y, Dezzutti CS. Non-Antiretroviral Microbicides for HIV Prevention. AIDS Rev 2016; 18:145-150. [PMID: 27438574 PMCID: PMC5053894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-antiretroviral microbicide candidates were previously explored as a female-controlled method of preventing sexual transmission of HIV. These products contained non-HIV specific active compounds that were ultimately found to disrupt the vaginal epithelium, cause increased immune activation in the female genital tract, disturb vaginal flora, and/or cause other irritation that precluded their use as vaginal microbicides. Due to the failure of these first-generation candidates, there was a shift in focus to developing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and microbicides containing small-molecule antiretrovirals. Even with the limited success of the antiretroviral-based microbicides in clinical evaluations and no commercially available products, there has been significant progress in microbicide research. The lessons learned from previous trials have given rise to more rigorous preclinical evaluation that aims to be better at predicting microbicide efficacy and safety and to novel formulation and delivery technologies. These advances have resulted in renewed interest in developing non-antiretroviral-based microbicides, such as broadly neutralizing antibodies (for example, VRC01) and anti-viral proteins (for example, Griffithsin), as options for persons not wanting to use antiretroviral drugs, and for their potential to prevent multiple sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanille Scott
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Charlene S Dezzutti
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute. Pittsburgh, USA
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20
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Kumar M, Yadav AK, Verma V, Singh B, Mal G, Nagpal R, Hemalatha R. Bioengineered probiotics as a new hope for health and diseases: an overview of potential and prospects. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:585-600. [PMID: 27070955 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.16.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of microorganisms as therapeutics for over a century, the scientific and clinical admiration of their potential is a recent phenomenon. Genome sequencing and genetic engineering has enabled researchers to develop novel strategies, such as bioengineered probiotics or pharmabiotics, which may become a therapeutic strategy. Bioengineered probiotics with multiple immunogenic or antagonistic properties could be a viable option to improve human health. The bacteria are tailored to deliver drugs, therapeutic proteins or gene therapy vectors with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug administration regimes. This article provides an overview of methodological concepts, thereby encouraging research and interest in this topic, with the ultimate goal of using designer probiotics as therapeutics in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Centre of Biotechnology, Nehru Science Complex, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Gorakh Mal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | - Rajkumar Hemalatha
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR Hyderabad, India
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21
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Animal and human mucosal tissue models to study HIV biomedical interventions: can we predict success? J Int AIDS Soc 2015; 18:20301. [PMID: 26530077 PMCID: PMC4631705 DOI: 10.7448/ias.18.1.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preclinical testing plays an integral role in the development of HIV prevention modalities. Several models are used including humanized mice, non-human primates and human mucosal tissue cultures. Discussion Pharmaceutical development traditionally uses preclinical models to evaluate product safety. The HIV prevention field has extended this paradigm to include models of efficacy, encompassing humanized mice, non-human primates (typically Asian macaques) and human mucosal tissue (such as cervical and colorectal). As our understanding of the biology of HIV transmission improves and includes the influence of human behaviour/biology and co-pathogens, these models have evolved as well to address more complex questions. These three models have demonstrated the effectiveness of systemic (oral) and topical use of antiretroviral drugs. Importantly, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships are being developed and linked to information gathered from human clinical trials. The models are incorporating co-pathogens (bacterial and viral) and the effects of coitus (mucosal fluids) on drug distribution and efficacy. Humanized mice are being tailored in their immune reconstitution to better represent humans. Importantly, human mucosal tissue cultures are now being used in early clinical trials to provide information on product efficacy to more accurately characterize efficacious products to advance to larger clinical trials. While all of these models have made advancements in product development, each has limitations and the data need to be interpreted by keeping these limitations in mind. Conclusions Development and refinement of each of these models has been an iterative process and linkages to data generated among each of them and from human clinical trials are needed to determine their reliability. Preclinical testing has evolved from simply identifying products that demonstrate efficacy prior to clinical trials to defining essential pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships under a variety of conditions and has the potential to improve product selection prior to the initiation of large-scale human clinical trials. The goal is to provide researchers with ample information to make conversant decisions that guide optimized and efficient product development.
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22
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Nader-Macías MEF, Juárez Tomás MS. Profiles and technological requirements of urogenital probiotics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 92:84-104. [PMID: 25858665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host, are considered a valid and novel alternative for the prevention and treatment of female urogenital tract infections. Lactobacilli, the predominant microorganisms of the healthy human vaginal microbiome, can be included as active pharmaceutical ingredients in probiotics products. Several requirements must be considered or criteria fulfilled during the development of a probiotic product or formula for the female urogenital tract. This review deals with the main selection criteria for urogenital probiotic microorganisms: host specificity, potential beneficial properties, functional specifications, technological characteristics and clinical trials used to test their effect on certain physiological and pathological conditions. Further studies are required to complement the current knowledge and support the clinical applications of probiotics in the urogenital tract. This therapy will allow the restoration of the ecological equilibrium of the urogenital tract microbiome as well as the recovery of the sexual and reproductive health of women.
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23
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O'Keefe BR, Murad AM, Vianna GR, Ramessar K, Saucedo CJ, Wilson J, Buckheit KW, da Cunha NB, Araújo ACG, Lacorte CC, Madeira L, McMahon JB, Rech EL. Engineering soya bean seeds as a scalable platform to produce cyanovirin-N, a non-ARV microbicide against HIV. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:884-92. [PMID: 25572960 PMCID: PMC4529388 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to provide effective anti-HIV microbicides to resource-poor areas worldwide. Some of the most promising microbicide candidates are biotherapeutics targeting viral entry. To provide biotherapeutics to poorer areas, it is vital to reduce the cost. Here, we report the production of biologically active recombinant cyanovirin-N (rCV-N), an antiviral protein, in genetically engineered soya bean seeds. Pure, biologically active rCV-N was isolated with a yield of 350 μg/g of dry seed weight. The observed amino acid sequence of rCV-N matched the expected sequence of native CV-N, as did the mass of rCV-N (11 009 Da). Purified rCV-N from soya is active in anti-HIV assays with an EC50 of 0.82-2.7 nM (compared to 0.45-1.8 nM for E. coli-produced CV-N). Standard industrial processing of soya bean seeds to harvest soya bean oil does not diminish the antiviral activity of recovered rCV-N, allowing the use of industrial soya bean processing to generate both soya bean oil and a recombinant protein for anti-HIV microbicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - André M Murad
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Giovanni R Vianna
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Koreen Ramessar
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Carrie J Saucedo
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
- Leidos, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicolau B da Cunha
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia G Araújo
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Cristiano C Lacorte
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luisa Madeira
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - James B McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elibio L Rech
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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24
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Lagenaur LA, Swedek I, Lee PP, Parks TP. Robust vaginal colonization of macaques with a novel vaginally disintegrating tablet containing a live biotherapeutic product to prevent HIV infection in women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122730. [PMID: 25875100 PMCID: PMC4397015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MucoCept is a biotherapeutic for prevention of HIV-1 infection in women and contains a human, vaginal Lactobacillus jensenii that has been genetically enhanced to express the HIV-1 entry inhibitor, modified cyanovirin-N (mCV-N). The objective of this study was to develop a solid vaginal dosage form that supports sustained vaginal colonization of the MucoCept Lactobacillus at levels previously shown, with freshly prepared cultures, to protect macaques from SHIV infection and to test this formulation in a macaque vaginal colonization model. Vaginally disintegrating tablets were prepared by lyophilizing the formulated bacteria in tablet-shaped molds, then packaging in foil pouches with desiccant. Disintegration time, potency and stability of the tablets were assessed. For colonization, non-synchronized macaques were dosed vaginally with either one tablet or five tablets delivered over five days. Vaginal samples were obtained at three, 14, and 21 days post-dosing and cultured to determine Lactobacillus colonization levels. To confirm identity of the MucoCept Lactobacillus strain, genomic DNA was extracted from samples on days 14 and 21 and a strain-specific PCR was performed. Supernatants from bacteria were tested for the presence of the mCV-N protein by Western blot. The tablets were easy to handle, disintegrated within two minutes, potent (5.7x1011 CFU/g), and stable at 4°C and 25°C. Vaginal administration of the tablets to macaques resulted in colonization of the MucoCept Lactobacillus in 66% of macaques at 14 days post-dosing and 83% after 21 days. There was no significant difference in colonization levels for the one or five tablet dosing regimens (p=0.88 Day 14, p=0.99 Day 21). Strain-specific PCR confirmed the presence of the bacteria even in culture-negative macaques. Finally, the presence of mCV-N protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis using a specific anti-mCV-N antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A. Lagenaur
- Osel, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Iwona Swedek
- Osel, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Peter P. Lee
- Osel, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Parks
- Osel, Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
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Férir G, Gordts SC, Schols D. HIV-1 and its resistance to peptidic carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs): an overview. Molecules 2014; 19:21085-112. [PMID: 25517345 PMCID: PMC6270665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoproteins on the surfaces of enveloped viruses, such as HIV, can be considered as a unique target for antiviral therapy. Different carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) target specific glycans present on viral glycoproteins of enveloped viruses. It has been shown that long-term CBA pressure in vitro can result in mutant HIV-1 isolates with several N-linked glycan deletions on gp120. These studies demonstrated that mainly high-mannose type glycans are deleted. However, interestingly, N241, N262 and N356 on gp120 have never been found to be affected after prolonged CBA exposure. Here, we review the mutation and (cross)-resistance profiles of eleven specific generated CBA-resistant HIV-1 strains. We observed that the broad-neutralizing anti-carbohydrate binding mAb 2G12 became completely inactive against all the generated CBA-resistant HIV-1 clade B isolates. In addition, all of the CBAs discussed in this review, with the exception of NICTABA, interfered with the binding of 2G12 mAb to gp120 expressed on HIV-1-infected T cells. The cross-resistance profiles of mutant HIV-1 strains are varying from increased susceptibility to very high resistance levels, even among different classes of CBAs with dissimilar sugar specificities or binding moieties [e.g., α(1,3), α(1,2), α(1,6)]. Recent studies demonstrated promising results in non-topical formulations (e.g., intranasally or subcutaneously), highlighting their potential for prevention (microbicides) and antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Stephanie C Gordts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10. Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
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