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Nair DG, Weiskirchen R. Recent Advances in Liver Tissue Engineering as an Alternative and Complementary Approach for Liver Transplantation. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:262-278. [PMID: 38248320 PMCID: PMC10814863 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic liver diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting millions of people. Liver transplantation is the primary intervention method, replacing a non-functional liver with a functional one. However, the field of liver transplantation faces challenges such as donor shortage, postoperative complications, immune rejection, and ethical problems. Consequently, there is an urgent need for alternative therapies that can complement traditional transplantation or serve as an alternative method. In this review, we explore the potential of liver tissue engineering as a supplementary approach to liver transplantation, offering benefits to patients with severe liver dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep G. Nair
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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2
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Liu J, Yuan Z, Wang Q. Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Strategies to Treat Acute Liver Failure: Current Status and Future Directions. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:692-699. [PMID: 36062278 PMCID: PMC9396313 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease has long been a heavy health and economic burden worldwide. Once the disease is out of control and progresses to end-stage or acute organ failure, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only therapeutic alternative, and it requires appropriate donors and aggressive administration of immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, hepatocyte transplantation (HT) and bioartificial livers (BALs) have been proposed as effective treatments for acute liver failure (ALF) in clinics. Although human primary hepatocytes (PHs) are an ideal cell source to support these methods, the large demand and superior viability of PH is needed, which restrains its wide usage. Thus, a finding alternative to meet the quantity and quality of hepatocytes is urgent. In this context, human pluripotent stem cells (PSC), which have unlimited proliferative and differential potential, derived hepatocytes are a promising renewable cell source. Recent studies of the differentiation of PSC into hepatocytes has provided evidence that supports their clinical application. In this review, we discuss the recent status and future directions of the potential use of PSC-derived hepatocytes in treating ALF. We also discuss opportunities and challenges of how to promote such strategies in the common applications in clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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3
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Messelmani T, Morisseau L, Sakai Y, Legallais C, Le Goff A, Leclerc E, Jellali R. Liver organ-on-chip models for toxicity studies and risk assessment. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2423-2450. [PMID: 35694831 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a key organ that plays a pivotal role in metabolism and ensures a variety of functions in the body, including homeostasis, synthesis of essential components, nutrient storage, and detoxification. As the centre of metabolism for exogenous molecules, the liver is continuously exposed to a wide range of compounds, such as drugs, pesticides, and environmental pollutants. Most of these compounds can cause hepatotoxicity and lead to severe and irreversible liver damage. To study the effects of chemicals and drugs on the liver, most commonly, animal models or in vitro 2D cell cultures are used. However, data obtained from animal models lose their relevance when extrapolated to the human metabolic situation and pose ethical concerns, while 2D static cultures are poorly predictive of human in vivo metabolism and toxicity. As a result, there is a widespread need to develop relevant in vitro liver models for toxicology studies. In recent years, progress in tissue engineering, biomaterials, microfabrication, and cell biology has created opportunities for more relevant in vitro models for toxicology studies. Of these models, the liver organ-on-chip (OoC) has shown promising results by reproducing the in vivo behaviour of the cell/organ or a group of organs, the controlled physiological micro-environment, and in vivo cellular metabolic responses. In this review, we discuss the development of liver organ-on-chip technology and its use in toxicity studies. First, we introduce the physiology of the liver and summarize the traditional experimental models for toxicity studies. We then present liver OoC technology, including the general concept, materials used, cell sources, and different approaches. We review the prominent liver OoC and multi-OoC integrating the liver for drug and chemical toxicity studies. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and directions for developing or improving liver OoC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Messelmani
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Lisa Morisseau
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Le Goff
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
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Tuerxun K, He J, Ibrahim I, Yusupu Z, Yasheng A, Xu Q, Tang R, Aikebaier A, Wu Y, Tuerdi M, Nijiati M, Zou X, Xu T. Bioartificial livers: a review of their design and manufacture. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35545058 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac6e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rapidly progressive disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Liver transplantation and artificial liver support systems, such as artificial livers (ALs) and bioartificial livers (BALs), are the two major therapies for ALF. Compared to ALs, BALs are composed of functional hepatocytes that provide essential liver functions, including detoxification, metabolite synthesis, and biotransformation. Furthermore, BALs can potentially provide effective support as a form of bridging therapy to liver transplantation or spontaneous recovery for patients with ALF. In this review, we systematically discussed the currently available state-of-the-art designs and manufacturing processes for BAL support systems. Specifically, we classified the cell sources and bioreactors that are applied in BALs, highlighted the advanced technologies of hepatocyte culturing and bioreactor fabrication, and discussed the current challenges and future trends in developing next generation BALs for large scale clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahaer Tuerxun
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Jianyu He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100084, CHINA
| | - Irxat Ibrahim
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Zainuer Yusupu
- Department of Ultrasound, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Abudoukeyimu Yasheng
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Qilin Xu
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Ronghua Tang
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Aizemaiti Aikebaier
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Yuanquan Wu
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Maimaitituerxun Tuerdi
- Department of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Mayidili Nijiati
- Medical imaging center, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, China, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Xiaoguang Zou
- Hospital Organ, First People's Hospital of Kashi, 120th, Yingbin Road, Kashi, Xinjiang, 844000, CHINA
| | - Tao Xu
- Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, CHINA
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Mendonça da Silva J, Stamatis C, Chalmers SA, Erro E, Selden C, Farid SS. Decisional tool for cost of goods analysis of bioartificial liver devices for routine clinical use. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:683-693. [PMID: 34116945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Bioartificial liver devices (BALs) are categorized as advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) with the potential to provide temporary liver support for liver failure patients. However, to meet commercial demands, next-generation BAL manufacturing processes need to be designed that are scalable and financially feasible. The authors describe the development and application of a process economics decisional tool to determine the cost of goods (COG) of alternative BAL process flowsheets across a range of industrial scales. METHODS The decisional tool comprised an information database linked to a process economics engine, with equipment sizing, resource consumption, capital investment and COG calculations for the whole bioprocess, from cell expansion and encapsulation to fluidized bed bioreactor (FBB) culture to cryopreservation and cryorecovery. Four different flowsheet configurations were evaluated across demands, with cell factories or microcarriers in suspension culture for the cell expansion step and single-use or stainless steel technology for the FBB culture step. RESULTS The tool outputs demonstrated that the lowest COG was achieved with microcarriers and stainless steel technology independent of the annual demand (1500-30 000 BALs/year). The analysis identified the key cost drivers were parameters impacting the medium volume and cost. CONCLUSIONS The tool outputs can be used to identify cost-effective and scalable bioprocesses early in the development process and minimize the risk of failing to meet commercial demands due to technology choices. The tool predictions serve as a useful benchmark for manufacturing ATMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mendonça da Silva
- Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christos Stamatis
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sherri-Ann Chalmers
- Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eloy Erro
- Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Selden
- Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne S Farid
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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Zhang J, Chan HF, Wang H, Shao D, Tao Y, Li M. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering strategies using cell aggregates and decellularized scaffolds for the rescue of liver failure. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420986711. [PMID: 35003615 PMCID: PMC8733710 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420986711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is a lethal condition with hepatocellular dysfunction, and liver transplantation is presently the only effective treatment. However, due to the limited availability of donors and the potential immune rejection, novel therapeutic strategies are actively sought to restore the normal hepatic architectures and functions, especially for livers with inherited metabolic dysfunctions or chronic diseases. Although the conventional cell therapy has shown promising results, the direct infusion of hepatocytes is hampered by limited hepatocyte sources, poor cell viability, and engraftment. Hence, this review mainly highlights the role of stem cells and progenitors as the alternative cell source and summarizes the potential approaches based on tissue engineering to improve the delivery efficiency of cells. Particularly, the underlying mechanisms for cell therapy using stem cells and progenitors are discussed in two main aspects: paracrine effect and cell differentiation. Moreover, tissue-engineering approaches using cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds for bioengineering of functional hepatic constructs are discussed and compared in terms of the potential to replicate liver physiological structures. In the end, a potentially effective strategy combining the premium advantages of stem cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds is proposed as the future direction of liver tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
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Mendonça da Silva J, Erro E, Awan M, Chalmers SA, Fuller B, Selden C. Small-Scale Fluidized Bed Bioreactor for Long-Term Dynamic Culture of 3D Cell Constructs and in vitro Testing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:895. [PMID: 32974291 PMCID: PMC7468403 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing interest in three-dimensional (3D) cell constructs that better represent native tissues, comes the need to also invest in devices, i.e., bioreactors, that provide a controlled dynamic environment similar to the perfusion mechanism observed in vivo. Here a laboratory-scale fluidized bed bioreactor (sFBB) was designed for hydrogel (i.e., alginate) encapsulated cells to generate a dynamic culture system that produced a homogenous milieu and host substantial biomass for long-term evolution of tissue-like structures and “per cell” performance analysis. The bioreactor design, conceptualized through scale-down empirical similarity rules, was initially validated through computational fluid dynamics analysis for the distributor capacity of homogenously dispersing the flow with an average fluid velocity of 4.596 × 10–4 m/s. Experimental tests then demonstrated a consistent fluidization of hydrogel spheres, while maintaining shape and integrity (606.9 ± 99.3 μm diameter and 0.96 shape factor). It also induced mass transfer in and out of the hydrogel at a faster rate than static conditions. Finally, the sFBB sustained culture of alginate encapsulated hepatoblastoma cells for 12 days promoting proliferation into highly viable (>97%) cell spheroids at a high final density of 27.3 ± 0.78 million cells/mL beads. This was reproducible across multiple units set up in parallel and operating simultaneously. The sFBB prototype constitutes a simple and robust tool to generate 3D cell constructs, expandable into a multi-unit setup for simultaneous observations and for future development and biological evaluation of in vitro tissue models and their responses to different agents, increasing the complexity and speed of R&D processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mendonça da Silva
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eloy Erro
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maooz Awan
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherri-Ann Chalmers
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Fuller
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Selden
- The Liver Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Miyoshi H, Iwamoto A, Koyama T. Growth and albumin secretion of mouse fetal liver cells cryopreserved within porous polymer scaffolds as a viable cell source for bioartificial livers. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:212-216. [PMID: 32312490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To clinically apply bioartificial livers (BALs), an effective liver cell cryopreservation method is required for a stable cell supply. In this study, we performed tissue-engineered construct (TEC) cryopreservation of fetal liver cells (FLCs) in which FLCs cultured within a porous polymer scaffold were cryopreserved. Growth and albumin secretion in TEC-cryopreserved FLCs after thawing were compared to freshly isolated FLCs (control experiments). The effect of preculture duration prior to cryopreservation (0-3 weeks) on these functions was also examined. In the three-dimensional cultures, the TEC-cryopreserved FLCs with preculturing showed constant growth, and this growth was comparable to controls. On the contrary, the TEC-cryopreserved FLCs without preculturing did not proliferate after thawing. Albumin secretion of TEC-cryopreserved FLCs with preculturing rapidly increased up to day 12 and high secretory activity comparable to controls was maintained thereafter in FLCs with 1- or 2-week preculturing, suggesting this as an appropriate preculture duration. Compared to conventionally cryopreserved FLCs, growth and albumin secretion in the TEC-cryopreserved FLCs were significantly higher, indicating their usefulness as a potent cell source for BALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Miyoshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Ayako Iwamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshie Koyama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Well-defined monolith morphology regulates cell adhesion and its functions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110108. [PMID: 31546415 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic epoxy resin-based monoliths were employed as cell culture substrates. The monoliths were made of a porous material with a bicontinuous structure that consisted of a porous channel and a resin skeleton. Monolith disks were prepared with a skinless surface through polymerization-induced spinodal decomposition-type phase separation. The pore sizes, which were well controlled by the polymerization temperature, ranged from 70 to 380 nm. The quantity of protein adsorbed per unit area and the early-stage adhesion of HepG2 cells on the monolith substrates were independent of pore size, meaning they were not affected by surface topology. Long-term cell adhesion, as indicated by adherent cell number and shape, as well as liver-specific gene expression were significantly affected by pore size. In terms of cell shape, number, and gene expression, pores of approximately 200 nm were most suitable for HepG2 cell growth. These results highlight the importance of monolith morphology for use as a cell culture substrate. The well-controlled morphology demonstrated in this work indicates monoliths are capable of supporting growth for various types of cells in a range of applications.
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Abazari MF, Soleimanifar F, Enderami SE, Nasiri N, Nejati F, Mousavi SA, Soleimani M, Kiani J, Ghoraeian P, Kehtari M. Decellularized amniotic membrane Scaffolds improve differentiation of iPSCs to functional hepatocyte‐like cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1169-1181. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Foad Abazari
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soleimanifar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnolmicroogy, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology Stem Cell Technology Research Center Tehran Iran
| | - Navid Nasiri
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nejati
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mousavi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Pegah Ghoraeian
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Mousa Kehtari
- Department of Stem Cell Biology Stem Cell Technology Research Center Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Biology, College of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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He YT, Qi YN, Zhang BQ, Li JB, Bao J. Bioartificial liver support systems for acute liver failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3634-3648. [PMID: 31367162 PMCID: PMC6658398 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure (ALF) has a high mortality varying from 80% to 85% with rapid progress in multi-organ system failure. Bioartificial liver (BAL) support systems have the potential to provide temporary support to bridge patients with ALF to liver transplantation or spontaneous recovery. In the past decades, several BAL support systems have been conducted in clinical trials. More recently, concerns have been raised on the renovation of high-quality cell sources and configuration of BAL support systems to provide more benefits to ALF models in preclinical experiments. AIM To investigate the characteristics of studies about BAL support systems for ALF, and to evaluate their effects on mortality. METHODS Eligible clinical trials and preclinical experiments on large animals were identified on Cochrane Library, PubMed, and EMbase up to March 6, 2019. Two reviewers independently extracted the necessary information, including key BAL indicators, survival and indicating outcomes, and adverse events during treatment. Descriptive analysis was used to identify the characteristics of the included studies, and a meta-analysis including only randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies was done to calculate the overall effect of BAL on mortality among humans and large animals, respectively. RESULTS Of the 30 selected studies, 18 were clinical trials and 12 were preclinical experiments. The meta-analysis result suggested that BAL might reduce mortality in ALF in large animals, probably due to the recent improvement of BAL, including the type, cell source, cell mass, and bioreactor, but seemed ineffective for humans [BAL vs control: relative risk (95% confidence interval), 0.27 (0.12-0.62) for animals and 0.72 (0.48-1.08) for humans]. Liver and renal functions, hematologic and coagulative parameters, encephalopathy index, and neurological indicators seemed to improve after BAL, with neither meaningful adverse events nor porcine endogenous retrovirus infection. CONCLUSION BAL may reduce the mortality of ALF by bridging the gap between preclinical experiments and clinical trials. Clinical trials using improved BAL must be designed scientifically and conducted in the future to provide evidence for transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting He
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ya-Na Qi
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bing-Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian-Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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12
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Advances in the slow freezing cryopreservation of microencapsulated cells. J Control Release 2018; 281:119-138. [PMID: 29782945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the use of cell microencapsulation technology has been promoted for a wide range of applications as sustained drug delivery systems or as cells containing biosystems for regenerative medicine. However, difficulty in their preservation and storage has limited their availability to healthcare centers. Because the preservation in cryogenic temperatures poses many biological and biophysical challenges and that the technology has not been well understood, the slow cooling cryopreservation, which is the most used technique worldwide, has not given full measure of its full potential application yet. This review will discuss the different steps that should be understood and taken into account to preserve microencapsulated cells by slow freezing in a successful and simple manner. Moreover, it will review the slow freezing preservation of alginate-based microencapsulated cells and discuss some recommendations that the research community may pursue to optimize the preservation of microencapsulated cells, enabling the therapy translate from bench to the clinic.
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Selden C, Fuller B. Role of Bioreactor Technology in Tissue Engineering for Clinical Use and Therapeutic Target Design. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5020032. [PMID: 29695077 PMCID: PMC6027481 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro and small bioreactors are well described for use in bioprocess development in pre-production manufacture, using ultra-scale down and microfluidic methodology. However, the use of bioreactors to understand normal and pathophysiology by definition must be very different, and the constraints of the physiological environment influence such bioreactor design. This review considers the key elements necessary to enable bioreactors to address three main areas associated with biological systems. All entail recreation of the in vivo cell niche as faithfully as possible, so that they may be used to study molecular and cellular changes in normal physiology, with a view to creating tissue-engineered grafts for clinical use; understanding the pathophysiology of disease at the molecular level; defining possible therapeutic targets; and enabling appropriate pharmaceutical testing on a truly representative organoid, thus enabling better drug design, and simultaneously creating the potential to reduce the numbers of animals in research. The premise explored is that not only cellular signalling cues, but also mechano-transduction from mechanical cues, play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Selden
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Barry Fuller
- Department of Nanotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK.
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Figaro S, Pereira U, Rada H, Semenzato N, Pouchoulin D, Legallais C. Development and validation of a bioartificial liver device with fluidized bed bioreactors hosting alginate-encapsulated hepatocyte spheroids. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2015:1335-8. [PMID: 26736515 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure are associated to high mortality when transplantation is not possible. The lack of donors has resulted in an important demand for liver support devices. This paper describes the design and validation of a new bioartificial liver (BAL) device including fluidized bed bioreactors hosting alginate-encapsulated hepatocytes spheroids. To ensure the efficacy of the BAL and the safety of the patients, a complex extracorporeal circulation was designed to be compatible with a commercial medical device, the Prismaflex(®) monitor, already used in intensive care units. Preclinical studies on large animal show that the treatment was well tolerated in terms of hemodynamics considerations. A method using non adhesive coating in petri dish led to the production of large amount of viable spheroids in vitro that were further encapsulated to follow up bioartificial liver activity during four days.
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Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Rombouts K, Pinzani M. Liver tissue engineering: From implantable tissue to whole organ engineering. Hepatol Commun 2017; 2:131-141. [PMID: 29404520 PMCID: PMC5796330 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “liver tissue engineering” summarizes one of the ultimate goals of modern biotechnology: the possibility of reproducing in total or in part the functions of the liver in order to treat acute or chronic liver disorders and, ultimately, create a fully functional organ to be transplanted or used as an extracorporeal device. All the technical approaches in the area of liver tissue engineering are based on allocating adult hepatocytes or stem cell‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells within a three‐dimensional structure able to ensure their survival and to maintain their functional phenotype. The hosting structure can be a construct in which hepatocytes are embedded in alginate and/or gelatin or are seeded in a pre‐arranged scaffold made with different types of biomaterials. According to a more advanced methodology termed three‐dimensional bioprinting, hepatocytes are mixed with a bio‐ink and the mixture is printed in different forms, such as tissue‐like layers or spheroids. In the last decade, efforts to engineer a cell microenvironment recapitulating the dynamic native extracellular matrix have become increasingly successful, leading to the hope of satisfying the clinical demand for tissue (or organ) repair and replacement within a reasonable timeframe. Indeed, the preclinical work performed in recent years has shown promising results, and the advancement in the biotechnology of bioreactors, ex vivo perfusion machines, and cell expansion systems associated with a better understanding of liver development and the extracellular matrix microenvironment will facilitate and expedite the translation to technical applications. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:131–141)
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mazza
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Krista Rombouts
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Royal Free Hospital London United Kingdom
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Selden C, Bundy J, Erro E, Puschmann E, Miller M, Kahn D, Hodgson H, Fuller B, Gonzalez-Molina J, Le Lay A, Gibbons S, Chalmers S, Modi S, Thomas A, Kilbride P, Isaacs A, Ginsburg R, Ilsley H, Thomson D, Chinnery G, Mankahla N, Loo L, Spearman CW. A clinical-scale BioArtificial Liver, developed for GMP, improved clinical parameters of liver function in porcine liver failure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14518. [PMID: 29109530 PMCID: PMC5674071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure, whether arising directly from acute liver failure or from decompensated chronic liver disease is an increasing problem worldwide and results in many deaths. In the UK only 10% of individuals requiring a liver transplant receive one. Thus the need for alternative treatments is paramount. A BioArtificial Liver machine could temporarily replace the functions of the liver, buying time for the patient's liver to repair and regenerate. We have designed, implemented and tested a clinical-scale BioArtificial Liver machine containing a biomass derived from a hepatoblastoma cell-line cultured as three dimensional organoids, using a fluidised bed bioreactor, together with single-use bioprocessing equipment, with complete control of nutrient provision with feedback BioXpert recipe processes, and yielding good phenotypic liver functions. The methodology has been designed to meet specifications for GMP production, required for manufacture of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). In a porcine model of severe liver failure, damage was assured in all animals by surgical ischaemia in pigs with human sized livers (1.2-1.6 kg liver weights). The BioArtificial liver (UCLBAL) improved important prognostic clinical liver-related parameters, eg, a significant improvement in coagulation, reduction in vasopressor requirements, improvement in blood pH and in parameters of intracranial pressure (ICP) and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Selden
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James Bundy
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eloy Erro
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Puschmann
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Miller
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Delawir Kahn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Humphrey Hodgson
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Fuller
- Dept. of Surgery, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Jordi Gonzalez-Molina
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelie Le Lay
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gibbons
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherri Chalmers
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil Modi
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Thomas
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kilbride
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL - Royal Free Hospital Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Isaacs
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Ginsburg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen Ilsley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Thomson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Galya Chinnery
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ncedile Mankahla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lizel Loo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Wendy Spearman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kilbride P, Lamb S, Gibbons S, Bundy J, Erro E, Selden C, Fuller B, Morris J. Cryopreservation and re-culture of a 2.3 litre biomass for use in a bioartificial liver device. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183385. [PMID: 28841674 PMCID: PMC5572048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For large and complex tissue engineered constructs to be available on demand, long term storage using methods, such as cryopreservation, are essential. This study optimised parameters such as excess media concentration and warming rates and used the findings to enable the successful cryopreservation of 2.3 litres of alginate encapsulated liver cell spheroids. This volume of biomass is typical of those required for successful treatment of Acute Liver Failure using our Bioartificial Liver Device. Adding a buffer of medium above the biomass, as well as slow (0.6°C/min) warming rates was found to give the best results, so long as the warming through the equilibrium melting temperature was rapid. After 72 h post thaw-culture, viable cell number, glucose consumption, lactate production, and alpha-fetoprotein production had recovered to pre-freeze values in the 2.3 litre biomass (1.00 ± 0.05, 1.19 ± 0.10, 1.23 ± 0.18, 2.03 ± 0.04 per ml biomass of the pre-cryopreservation values respectively). It was also shown that further improvements in warming rates of the biomass could reduce recovery time to < 48 h. This is the first example of a biomass of this volume being successfully cryopreserved in a single cassette and re-cultured. It demonstrates that a bioartificial liver device can be cryopreserved, and has wider applications to scale-up large volume cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kilbride
- Asymptote, General Electric Healthcare, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Lamb
- Asymptote, General Electric Healthcare, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gibbons
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Bundy
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eloy Erro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Selden
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Fuller
- Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Morris
- Asymptote, General Electric Healthcare, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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van Wenum M, Treskes P, Tang CY, Coppens EJ, Jansen K, Hendriks EJ, Camus S, van Gulik TM, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Scaling-up of a HepaRG progenitor cell based bioartificial liver: optimization for clinical application and transport. Biofabrication 2017; 9:035001. [PMID: 28664876 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa7657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of bioartificial livers, based on differentiated proliferative hepatocyte sources, has been developed. Several practicable and regulatory demands have to be addressed before these can be clinically evaluated. We identified three main hurdles: (1) expansion and preservation of the biocomponent, (2) development of scaled-up culture conditions and (3) transport of the device to the bedside. In this study we address these three issues for the HepaRG-progenitor cell line-loaded AMC-Bioartificial Liver. (1) HepaRG cells were expanded in large quantities and then cryopreserved or loaded directly into bioreactors. After 3 weeks of culture, key hepatic functions (ammonia/lactate elimination, apolipoprotein A1 synthesis and cytochrome P450 3A4 activity) did not differ significantly between the two groups. (2) Bioartificial livers were scaled up from 9 ml to 540 ml priming volume, with preservation of normalized hepatic functionality. Quantification of amino acid consumption revealed rapid depletion of several amino acids. (3) Whole-device cryopreservation and cooled preservation induced significant loss of hepatic functionality, whereas simulated transport from culture-facility to the bedside in a clinical-grade transport unit with controlled temperature maintenance, medium perfusion and gas supply did not affect functionality. In addition, we assessed tumorigenicity of HepaRG cells in immune-incompetent mice and found no tumor formation of HepaRG cells (n = 12), while HeLa cells induced formation of carcinomas in eight out of 12 mice in 140 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien van Wenum
- Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Puschmann E, Selden C, Butler S, Fuller B. Liquidus Tracking: Large scale preservation of encapsulated 3-D cell cultures using a vitrification machine. Cryobiology 2017; 76:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Qin J, Mai Y, Li Y, Jiang Z, Gao Y. Effect of mild hypothermia preconditioning against low temperature (4°C) induced rat liver cell injury in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176652. [PMID: 28453529 PMCID: PMC5409157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioartificial liver holds special position in the field of regenerative medicine, and cold environment at 4℃ is widely used for the short storage of both organ and liver cell for later application. However, the disadvantages of such cold storage could influence cell viability and lead to cell apoptosis in different degrees. In this study, we mainly explore the pre-protective effect of mild hypothermia against low temperature (4℃)-induced rat liver cell injury in vitro. Our results indicated that the precondition with mild hypothermia could increase cell viability, such as cell proliferation, LDH regulation and glycogen synthesis ability of liver cell. The precondition also decreased the ROS production and relieved cell apoptosis in liver cells. Compared with the model group, the mitochondrial membrane potential was restored in the mild hypothermia group, as well as the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening, indicating that the therapeutic mechanism was related to mitochondrial protection. Further analysis showed that PI3K-Akt-GSK3β signal pathway might be associated with the pre-protective effect of mild hypothermia. Thus, our study suggested that the precondition with mild hypothermia hold the protective effect for liver cell in cold environment, and further developed a novel strategy for the storage of liver seed cells, even bioartificial liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Qin
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yanxing Mai
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zesheng Jiang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Gao
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Optimizing the fluidized bed bioreactor as an external bioartificial liver. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 40:196-203. [PMID: 28362045 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our team previously designed and validated a new bioartificial liver (BAL) called Suppliver based on a Prismaflex™ device, including fluidized bed bioreactors hosting alginate-encapsulated hepatocytes. To ensure correct fluidization within the bioreactor, the beads need to become heavier with the addition of inert glass microspheres. METHODS In this study, we assessed the impact of this additional component on the bead production process, bed fluidization, mass transfer and the mechanical properties of the beads, as well as cell viability and basic metabolic function. RESULTS A concentration of 20 mg (1% v/v) of microspheres for 15-20 million cells per milliliter of alginate solution appears to be the best configuration. The filling ratio for the beads in the bioreactors can reach 60%. Four 250-mL bioreactors represent approximately 15% of the hepatocytes in a liver, which is a reasonable target for extracorporeal liver supply. CONCLUSIONS Increasing bead density clearly maintained the performances of the fluidized bed with plasma of different compositions, without any risk of release out of the bioreactor. A 1% (v/v)-concentration of microspheres in alginate solution did not result in any alteration of the mechanical or biological behavior. This concentration can thus be applied to the production of large-scale encapsulated biomass for further use of the Suppliver setup in human scale preclinical studies.
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Pizarro MD, Mediavilla MG, Quintana AB, Scandizzi ÁL, Rodriguez JV, Mamprin ME. Performance of cold-preserved rat liver Microorgans as the biological component of a simplified prototype model of bioartificial liver. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1442-1451. [PMID: 27957242 PMCID: PMC5124715 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i33.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a simplified bioartificial liver (BAL) device prototype, suitable to use freshly and preserved liver Microorgans (LMOs) as biological component.
METHODS The system consists of 140 capillary fibers through which goat blood is pumped. The evolution of hematocrit, plasma and extra-fiber fluid osmolality was evaluated without any biological component, to characterize the prototype. LMOs were cut and cold stored 48 h in BG35 and ViaSpan® solutions. Fresh LMOs were used as controls. After preservation, LMOs were loaded into the BAL and an ammonia overload was added. To assess LMOs viability and functionality, samples were taken to determine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and ammonia detoxification capacity.
RESULTS The concentrations of ammonia and glucose, and the fluids osmolalities were matched after the first hour of perfusion, showing a proper exchange between blood and the biological compartment in the minibioreactor. After 120 min of perfusion, LMOs cold preserved in BG35 and ViaSpan® were able to detoxify 52.9% ± 6.5% and 53.6% ± 6.0%, respectively, of the initial ammonia overload. No significant differences were found with Controls (49.3% ± 8.8%, P < 0.05). LDH release was 6.0% ± 2.3% for control LMOs, and 6.2% ± 1.7% and 14.3% ± 1.1% for BG35 and ViaSpan® cold preserved LMOs, respectively (n = 6, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION This prototype relied on a simple design and excellent performance. It’s a practical tool to evaluate the detoxification ability of LMOs subjected to different preservation protocols.
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Hannoun Z, Steichen C, Dianat N, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. The potential of induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 65:182-199. [PMID: 26916529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for liver disease. However, the number of patients who die while on the waiting list (15%) has increased in recent years as a result of severe organ shortages; furthermore the incidence of liver disease is increasing worldwide. Clinical trials involving hepatocyte transplantation have provided encouraging results. However, transplanted cell function appears to often decline after several months, necessitating liver transplantation. The precise aetiology of the loss of cell function is not clear, but poor engraftment and immune-mediated loss appear to be important factors. Also, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are not readily available, de-differentiate, and die rapidly in culture. Hepatocytes are available from other sources, such as tumour-derived human hepatocyte cell lines and immortalised human hepatocyte cell lines or porcine hepatocytes. However, all these cells suffer from various limitations such as reduced or differences in functions or risk of zoonotic infections. Due to their significant potential, one possible inexhaustible source of hepatocytes is through the directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This review will discuss the potential applications and existing limitations of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes in regenerative medicine, drug screening, in vitro disease modelling and bioartificial livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Hannoun
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Clara Steichen
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Noushin Dianat
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France.
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van Wenum M, Adam AA, Hakvoort TB, Hendriks EJ, Shevchenko V, van Gulik TM, Chamuleau RA, Hoekstra R. Selecting Cells for Bioartificial Liver Devices and the Importance of a 3D Culture Environment: A Functional Comparison between the HepaRG and C3A Cell Lines. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:964-78. [PMID: 27489500 PMCID: PMC4971735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the first clinical trials on Bioartificial Livers (BALs) loaded with a proliferative human hepatocyte cell source have started. There are two cell lines that are currently in an advanced state of BAL development; HepaRG and HepG2/C3A. In this study we aimed to compare both cell lines on applicability in BALs and to identify possible strategies for further improvement. We tested both cell lines in monolayer- and BAL cultures on growth characteristics, hepatic differentiation, nitrogen-, carbohydrate-, amino acid- and xenobiotic metabolism. Interestingly, both cell lines adapted the hepatocyte phenotype more closely when cultured in BALs; e.g. monolayer cultures produced lactate, while BAL cultures showed diminished lactate production (C3A) or conversion to elimination (HepaRG), and urea cycle activity increased upon BAL culturing in both cell lines. HepaRG-BALs outperformed C3A-BALs on xenobiotic metabolism, ammonia elimination and lactate elimination, while protein synthesis was comparable. In BAL cultures of both cell lines ammonia elimination correlated positively with glutamine production and glutamate consumption, suggesting ammonia elimination was mainly driven by the balance between glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activity. Both cell lines lacked significant urea cycle activity and both required multiple culture weeks before reaching optimal differentiation in BALs. In conclusion, culturing in BALs enhanced hepatic functionality of both cell lines and from these, the HepaRG cells are the most promising proliferative cell source for BAL application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien van Wenum
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aziza A.A. Adam
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theodorus B.M. Hakvoort
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik J. Hendriks
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas M. van Gulik
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A.F.M. Chamuleau
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- 1. Surgical laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 2. Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Chan HF, Zhang Y, Leong KW. Efficient One-Step Production of Microencapsulated Hepatocyte Spheroids with Enhanced Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2720-30. [PMID: 27038291 PMCID: PMC4982767 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte spheroids microencapsulated in hydrogels can contribute to liver research in various capacities. The conventional approach of microencapsulating spheroids produces a variable number of spheroids per microgel and requires an extra step of spheroid loading into the gel. Here, a microfluidics technology bypassing the step of spheroid loading and controlling the spheroid characteristics is reported. Double-emulsion droplets are used to generate microencapsulated homotypic or heterotypic hepatocyte spheroids (all as single spheroids <200 μm in diameter) with enhanced functions in 4 h. The composition of the microgel is tunable as demonstrated by improved hepatocyte functions during 24 d culture (albumin secretion, urea secretion, and cytochrome P450 activity) when alginate-collagen composite hydrogel is used instead of alginate. Hepatocyte spheroids in alginate-collagen also perform better than hepatocytes cultured in collagen-sandwich configuration. Moreover, hepatocyte functions are significantly enhanced when hepatocytes and endothelial progenitor cells (used as a novel supporting cell source) are co-cultured to form composite spheroids at an optimal ratio of 5:1, which could be further boosted when encapsulated in alginate-collagen. This microencapsulated-spheroid formation technology with high yield, versatility, and uniformity is envisioned to be an enabling technology for liver tissue engineering as well as biomanufacturing.
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Lu J, Zhang X, Li J, Yu L, Chen E, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Li L. A New Fluidized Bed Bioreactor Based on Diversion-Type Microcapsule Suspension for Bioartificial Liver Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147376. [PMID: 26840840 PMCID: PMC4739599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluidized bed bioreactor containing encapsulated hepatocytes may be a valuable alternative to a hollow fiber bioreactor for achieving the improved mass transfer and scale-up potential necessary for clinical use. However, a conventional fluidized bed bioreactor (FBB) operating under high perfusion velocity is incapable of providing the desired performance due to the resulting damage to cell-containing microcapsules and large void volume. In this study, we developed a novel diversion-type microcapsule-suspension fluidized bed bioreactor (DMFBB). The void volume in the bioreactor and stability of alginate/chitosan microcapsules were investigated under different flow rates. Cell viability, synthesis and metabolism functions, and expression of metabolizing enzymes at transcriptional levels in an encapsulated hepatocyte line (C3A cells) were determined. The void volume was significantly less in the novel bioreactor than in the conventional FBB. In addition, the microcapsules were less damaged in the DMFBB during the fluidization process as reflected by the results for microcapsule retention rates, swelling, and breakage. Encapsulated C3A cells exhibited greater viability and CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activity in the DMFBB than in the FBB, although the increases in albumin and urea synthesis were less prominent. The transcription levels of several CYP450-related genes and an albumin-related gene were dramatically greater in cells in the DMFBB than in those in the FBB. Taken together, our results suggest that the DMFBB is a promising alternative for the design of a bioartificial liver system based on a fluidized bed bioreactor with encapsulated hepatocytes for treating patients with acute hepatic failure or other severe liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ermei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - LanJuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Hoshiba T, Otaki T, Nemoto E, Maruyama H, Tanaka M. Blood-Compatible Polymer for Hepatocyte Culture with High Hepatocyte-Specific Functions toward Bioartificial Liver Development. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18096-18103. [PMID: 26258689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of bioartificial liver (BAL) is expected because of the shortage of donor liver for transplantation. The substrates for BAL require the following criteria: (a) blood compatibility, (b) hepatocyte adhesiveness, and (c) the ability to maintain hepatocyte-specific functions. Here, we examined blood-compatible poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA) and poly(tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate) (PTHFA) (PTHFA) as the substrates for BAL. HepG2, a human hepatocyte model, could adhere on PMEA and PTHFA substrates. The spreading of HepG2 cells was suppressed on PMEA substrates because integrin contribution to cell adhesion on PMEA substrate was low and integrin signaling was not sufficiently activated. Hepatocyte-specific gene expression in HepG2 cells increased on PMEA substrate, whereas the expression decreased on PTHFA substrates due to the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP). These results indicate that blood-compatible PMEA is suitable for BAL substrate. Also, PMEA is expected to be used to regulate cell functions for blood-contacting tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hoshiba
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- ‡International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takayuki Otaki
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Eri Nemoto
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroka Maruyama
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- §Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Demonstration of the presence of the "deleted" MIR122 gene in HepG2 cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122471. [PMID: 25811611 PMCID: PMC4374784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA 122 (miR-122) is highly expressed in the liver where it influences diverse biological processes and pathways, including hepatitis C virus replication and metabolism of iron and cholesterol. It is processed from a long non-coding primary transcript (~7.5 kb) and the gene has two evolutionarily-conserved regions containing the pri-mir-122 promoter and pre-mir-122 hairpin region. Several groups reported that the widely-used hepatocytic cell line HepG2 had deficient expression of miR-122, previously ascribed to deletion of the pre-mir-122 stem-loop region. We aimed to characterise this deletion by direct sequencing of 6078 bp containing the pri-mir-122 promoter and pre-mir-122 stem-loop region in HepG2 and Huh-7, a control hepatocytic cell line reported to express miR-122, supported by sequence analysis of cloned genomic DNA. In contrast to previous findings, the entire sequence was present in both cell lines. Ten SNPs were heterozygous in HepG2 indicating that DNA was present in two copies. Three validation isolates of HepG2 were sequenced, showing identical genotype to the original in two, whereas the third was different. Investigation of promoter chromatin status by FAIRE showed that Huh-7 cells had 6.2 ± 0.19- and 2.7 ± 0.01- fold more accessible chromatin at the proximal (HNF4α-binding) and distal DR1 transcription factor sites, compared to HepG2 cells (p=0.03 and 0.001, respectively). This was substantiated by ENCODE genome annotations, which showed a DNAse I hypersensitive site in the pri-mir-122 promoter in Huh-7 that was absent in HepG2 cells. While the origin of the reported deletion is unclear, cell lines should be obtained from a reputable source and used at low passage number to avoid discrepant results. Deficiency of miR-122 expression in HepG2 cells may be related to a relative deficiency of accessible promoter chromatin in HepG2 versus Huh-7 cells.
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van Wenum M, Chamuleau RAFM, van Gulik TM, Siliakus A, Seppen J, Hoekstra R. Bioartificial liversin vitroandin vivo: tailoring biocomponents to the expanding variety of applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1745-60. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.950651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Giri S, Bader A. Immortalization of Human Fetal Hepatocyte by Ectopic Expression of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase, Human Papilloma Virus (E7) and Simian Virus 40 Large T (SV40 T) Antigen Towards Bioartificial Liver Support. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014; 4:191-201. [PMID: 25755560 PMCID: PMC4284290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of genetically stable and non-tumoric immortalization cell line from primary cells would be enormously useful for research and therapeutic purposes, but progress towards this goal has so far been limited. It is now universal acceptance that immortalization of human fetal hepatocytes based on recent advances of telomerase biology and oncogene, lead to unlimited population doubling could be the possible source for bioartificial liver device. METHODS Immortalization of human fetal hepatocytes cell line by ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), human papilloma virus gene (E7) and simian virus 40 large T (SV40 T) antigens is main goal of present study. We used an inducible system containing human telomerase and E7, both of which are cloned into responder constructs controlled by doxycycline transactivator. We characterized the immortalized human fetal hepatocyte cells by analysis of green fluorescent cells (GFP) positive cells using flow cytometry (FACs) cell sorting and morphology, proliferative rate and antigen expression by immunohistochemical analysis. In addition to we analysized lactate formation, glucose consumption, albumin secretion and urea production of immortalized human fetal hepatocyte cells. RESULTS After 25 attempts for transfection of adult primary hepatocytes by human telomerase and E7 to immortalize them, none of the transfection systems resulted in the production of a stable, proliferating cell line. Although the transfection efficiency was more than 70% on the first day, the vast majority of the transfected hepatocytes lost their signal within the first 5-7 days. The remaining transfected hepatocytes persisted for 2-4 weeks and divided one or two times without forming a clone. After 10 attempts of transfection human fetal hepatocytes using the same transfection system, we obtained one stable human fetal hepatocytes cell line which was able albumin secretion urea production and glucose consumption. CONCLUSION We established a conditional human fetal hepatocytes cell line with mesenchymal characteristics. Thus immortalization of human fetal hepatocytes cell line by telomerase biology offers a great challenge to examine basic biological mechanisms which are directly related to human and best cell source having unlimited population doubling for bioartificial support without any risk of replicative senescence and pathogenic risks.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha-fetoprotein
- BLD, bioartificail liver device
- E7
- E7, human papilloma virus
- EBV, epstein barr virus
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACs, flow cytometry
- FH, fetal hepatocytes
- GFP, green fluorescent cells positive cells
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- SV T 40 antigen
- SV40 T, simian virus 40 large T
- bioartificial liver device
- hTERT
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- human fetal hepatocytes
- iPS, pluripotent stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibashish Giri
- Address for correspondence: Shibashish Giri, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Tel.: +49 341 9731353; fax: +49 341 9731329.
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