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Karatayev O, Collier AD, Targoff SR, Leibowitz SF. Neurological Disorders Induced by Drug Use: Effects of Adolescent and Embryonic Drug Exposure on Behavioral Neurodevelopment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8341. [PMID: 39125913 PMCID: PMC11313660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies demonstrate that the risk of developing neurological disorders is increased by overconsumption of the commonly used drugs, alcohol, nicotine and cannabis. These drug-induced neurological disorders, which include substance use disorder (SUD) and its co-occurring emotional conditions such as anxiety and depression, are observed not only in adults but also with drug use during adolescence and after prenatal exposure to these drugs, and they are accompanied by long-lasting disturbances in brain development. This report provides overviews of clinical and preclinical studies, which confirm these adverse effects in adolescents and the offspring prenatally exposed to the drugs and include a more in-depth description of specific neuronal systems, their neurocircuitry and molecular mechanisms, affected by drug exposure and of specific techniques used to determine if these effects in the brain are causally related to the behavioral disturbances. With analysis of further studies, this review then addresses four specific questions that are important for fully understanding the impact that drug use in young individuals can have on future pregnancies and their offspring. Evidence demonstrates that the adverse effects on their brain and behavior can occur: (1) at low doses with short periods of drug exposure during pregnancy; (2) after pre-conception drug use by both females and males; (3) in subsequent generations following the initial drug exposure; and (4) in a sex-dependent manner, with drug use producing a greater risk in females than males of developing SUDs with emotional conditions and female offspring after prenatal drug exposure responding more adversely than male offspring. With the recent rise in drug use by adolescents and pregnant women that has occurred in association with the legalization of cannabis and increased availability of vaping tools, these conclusions from the clinical and preclinical literature are particularly alarming and underscore the urgent need to educate young women and men about the possible harmful effects of early drug use and to seek novel therapeutic strategies that might help to limit drug use in young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (O.K.); (S.R.T.)
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Collier AD, Abdulai AR, Leibowitz SF. Utility of the Zebrafish Model for Studying Neuronal and Behavioral Disturbances Induced by Embryonic Exposure to Alcohol, Nicotine, and Cannabis. Cells 2023; 12:2505. [PMID: 37887349 PMCID: PMC10605371 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that 5% of pregnant women consume drugs of abuse during pregnancy. Clinical research suggests that intake of drugs during pregnancy, such as alcohol, nicotine and cannabis, disturbs the development of neuronal systems in the offspring, in association with behavioral disturbances early in life and an increased risk of developing drug use disorders. After briefly summarizing evidence in rodents, this review focuses on the zebrafish model and its inherent advantages for studying the effects of embryonic exposure to drugs of abuse on behavioral and neuronal development, with an emphasis on neuropeptides known to promote drug-related behaviors. In addition to stimulating the expression and density of peptide neurons, as in rodents, zebrafish studies demonstrate that embryonic drug exposure has marked effects on the migration, morphology, projections, anatomical location, and peptide co-expression of these neurons. We also describe studies using advanced methodologies that can be applied in vivo in zebrafish: first, to demonstrate a causal relationship between the drug-induced neuronal and behavioral disturbances and second, to discover underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects. The zebrafish model has great potential for providing important information regarding the development of novel and efficacious therapies for ameliorating the effects of early drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Zubcevic J, Watkins J, Lin C, Bautista B, Hatch HM, Tevosian SG, Hayward LF. Nicotine Exposure during Rodent Pregnancy Alters the Composition of Maternal Gut Microbiota and Abundance of Maternal and Amniotic Short Chain Fatty Acids. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080735. [PMID: 36005607 PMCID: PMC9414314 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. Numerous reports link smoking in pregnancy with serious adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, perinatal morbidity, and infant mortality. Corollaries of consuming nicotine in pregnancy, separate from smoking, are less explored, and the mechanisms of nicotine action on maternal–fetal communication are poorly understood. This study examined alterations in the maternal gut microbiome in response to nicotine exposure during pregnancy. We report that changes in the maternal gut microbiota milieu are an important intermediary that may mediate the prenatal nicotine exposure effects, affect gene expression, and alter fetal exposure to circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and leptin during in utero development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline Watkins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cindy Lin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Byrell Bautista
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Heather M. Hatch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sergei G. Tevosian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Linda F. Hayward
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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AlMatrouk A, Lemons K, Ogura T, Lin W. Modification of the Peripheral Olfactory System by Electronic Cigarettes. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2621-2644. [PMID: 34661289 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are used by millions of adolescents and adults worldwide. Commercial e-liquids typically contain flavorants, propylene glycol, and vegetable glycerin with or without nicotine. These chemical constituents are detected and evaluated by chemosensory systems to guide and modulate vaping behavior and product choices of e-cig users. The flavorants in e-liquids are marketing tools. They evoke sensory percepts of appealing flavors through activation of chemical sensory systems to promote the initiation and sustained use of e-cigs. The vast majority of flavorants in e-liquids are volatile odorants, and as such, the olfactory system plays a dominant role in perceiving these molecules that enter the nasal cavity either orthonasally or retronasally during vaping. In addition to flavorants, e-cig aerosol contains a variety of by-products generated through heating the e-liquids, including odorous irritants, toxicants, and heavy metals. These harmful substances can directly and adversely impact the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). In this article, we first discuss the olfactory contribution to e-cig flavor perception. We then provide information on MOE cell types and their major functions in olfaction and epithelial maintenance. Olfactory detection of flavorants, nicotine, and odorous irritants and toxicants are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the cumulated data on modification of the MOE by flavorant exposure and toxicological impacts of formaldehyde, acrolein, and heavy metals. Together, the information presented in this overview may provide insight into how e-cig exposure may modify the olfactory system and adversely impact human health through the alteration of the chemosensory factor driving e-cig use behavior and product selections. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:2621-2644, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah AlMatrouk
- General Department of Criminal Evidence, Forensic Laboratories, Ministry of Interior, Farwaniyah, Kuwait.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kayla Lemons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ogura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Yoshida S, Ichinose T, Shibamoto T. Effects of Fetal Exposure to Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco on Testicular Function in Male Offspring. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1687-1692. [PMID: 33132313 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies show that maternal conventional cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been associated with reduced sperm concentration in sons. The development of heat-not-burn (HnB) tobacco has gained a growing following. However, the effects of prenatal HnB tobacco smoking on male offspring are as yet unknown. Pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed to I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking (IQOS) (HnB tobacco) aerosol from heat sticks, mainstream smoke from 3R4F (conventional cigarettes) or clean air, using a whole-body exposure system. Adult male offspring mice were divided into six groups: control (5- and 15-weeks-old offspring), IQOS (5 and 15-weeks-old) and 3R4F (5 and 15-weeks-old). Spermatogenesis, sperm characteristics, serum testosterone, and seminiferous tubule morphology were evaluated. Prenatal IQOS exposure increased abnormal seminiferous tubule morphology and decreased sperm production at 5 weeks, but 3R4F exposure did not. Prenatal exposure to IQOS aerosol delays sexual maturation of male offspring or adversely affects the male testicular function of the offspring more than smoke from a combustion cigarette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yoshida
- Department of Health and Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Department of Health and Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences
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Niemelä S, Räisänen A, Koskela J, Taanila A, Miettunen J, Ramsay H, Veijola J. The effect of prenatal smoking exposure on daily smoking among teenage offspring. Addiction 2017; 112:134-143. [PMID: 27444807 DOI: 10.1111/add.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To study the predictive associations between maternal smoking and the impact of quitting smoking during pregnancy and offspring daily smoking at age 15-16 years. DESIGN The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC86) includes 99% of all births in the region and has an ongoing follow-up. Data were collected using questionnaires at 24th gestational week during pregnancy and after delivery, and at follow-up in 2001-02, when the offspring were aged 15-16 years. SETTING Northern Finland. PARTICIPANTS NFBC86 included 9432 live born children. Data regarding maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking at age 15-16 years were available for 4462 subjects (47.3% of the original sample). MEASUREMENTS The outcome was offspring's self-reported daily smoking. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was considered using a four-class variable: (1) no smoking, (2) mother had smoked, but had quit smoking before becoming pregnant, (3) mother quit smoking during the 1st trimester and (4) mother quit smoking after the 1st trimester or continued smoking throughout the pregnancy. Information regarding paternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal and paternal smoking and education level, family structure and dwelling at offspring's age 15-16 years were considered potential confounding variables. FINDINGS Continuing smoking after the 1st trimester increased the odds of daily smoking among offspring, independently of confounding factors [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3-2.5]. Continuing to smoke after the 1st trimester was associated with higher odds compared with quitting smoking during the 1st trimester. Also, parental smoking at offspring age 15-16 years increased the odds of offspring daily smoking, independently of prenatal smoking exposure. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal smoking exposure increases the risk for offspring adolescent daily smoking. Quitting smoking during the early stages of pregnancy may decrease the odds for offspring smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solja Niemelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Aleksi Räisänen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Koskela
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anja Taanila
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hugh Ramsay
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,St Michael's House, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Eade AM, Youngentob LM, Youngentob SL. The Interaction of Ethanol Ingestion and Social Interaction with an Intoxicated Peer on the Odor-Mediated Response to the Drug in Adolescent Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:734-42. [PMID: 26996455 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using a social transmission of food preference paradigm in rats, we previously demonstrated that ethanol (EtOH) exposure during adolescence, as either an observer (interaction with an intoxicated conspecific) or demonstrator (intragastric infusion with EtOH), altered the reflexive odor-mediated responses to the drug. The 2 modes of exposure were equivalent in the magnitude of their effects. Human adolescents, however, are likely to experience the drug in a social setting as both an EtOH observer and demonstrator. That is, both interacting with an intoxicated peer and experiencing EtOH's postingestive consequences in conjunction with hematogenic olfaction. Therefore, we tested whether combined adolescent exposure as both an observer and demonstrator differed from either form of individual experience. METHODS Beginning on postnatal day (P) 29, naïve rats received EtOH or water exposures in a social interaction paradigm as either an observer, a demonstrator, or combined experience (where each animal in the interaction was, itself, an observer and demonstrator). Exposures occurred 4 times, once every 48 hours. On P37, the reflexive behavioral response to EtOH odor was tested, using whole-body plethysmography. RESULTS The odor-mediated responses of adolescent EtOH observers, demonstrators, and combined exposure animals all significantly differed from controls. Compared to controls, however, the magnitude of the behavioral effect was greatest in the combined exposure animals. Moreover, combined exposure as both an EtOH observer and demonstrator significantly differed from either form of individual EtOH experience. CONCLUSIONS EtOH's component chemosensory qualities are known to be central contributors to its acceptance and increases in the acceptability of EtOH's odor, resulting from a social transmission experience, are predictive of enhanced EtOH avidity in adolescence. Our findings demonstrate that combined exposure as an observer and demonstrator, within a socially relevant framework, may represent a higher risk scenario for increased EtOH avidity in adolescence (and by extension adult persistence) as compared to the individual effects of direct ingestion or social experience with the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Eade
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa M Youngentob
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,State University of New York Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Syracuse & Binghamton, New York
| | - Steven L Youngentob
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,State University of New York Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Syracuse & Binghamton, New York.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Suter MA, Abramovici AR, Griffin E, Branch DW, Lane RH, Mastrobattista J, Rehan VK, Aagaard K. In utero nicotine exposure epigenetically alters fetal chromatin structure and differentially regulates transcription of the glucocorticoid receptor in a rat model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:583-8. [PMID: 26172404 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to nicotine is not limited to maternal tobacco smoke, as electronic cigarettes have an increased prevalence of use among reproductive aged women. Animal models have shown that nicotine exposure in utero is associated with increased risk of asthma and cognitive deficits, as well as increased expression of the hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor. We hypothesized that in utero nicotine exposure is associated with epigenetic changes in the offspring lung and brain which may contribute to a memory of this exposure METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat dams received either saline or 2 mg/kg of nicotine by intraperitoneal injection once daily from embryonic day 6 (e6) to e22. Pups were killed on day 1 of life, and brain and lung tissues were harvested (N = 3/ group). RESULTS We found that nicotine exposed offspring have altered histone modifications in the brain. Dimethylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 is decreased (0.43-fold; p = 0.03) while acetylation is increased (1.79-fold; p = 0.031). Histone deacetylase activity is significantly decreased with nicotine exposure in brain and lung (0.11-fold; p < 0.001; 0.12-fold; p < 0.001, respectively). Expression of splice variant 1.7 of the glucocorticoid receptor is reduced in the nicotine exposed offspring lung (0.25-fold; p = 0.038). CONCLUSION We conclude that nicotine exposure is associated with epigenetic alterations in the offspring and may lead to susceptibility to adult disease,. Our finding that in utero exposure to nicotine is associated with inhibition of histone deacetylase activity in the brain of offspring is of importance as a similar inhibition has been suggested as a mechanism for the potentiation of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Suter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Adi R Abramovici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Emily Griffin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - D Ware Branch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert H Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Joan Mastrobattista
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Virender K Rehan
- Division of Neonatology, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Suter MA, Mastrobattista J, Sachs M, Aagaard K. Is there evidence for potential harm of electronic cigarette use in pregnancy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 103:186-95. [PMID: 25366492 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and other nicotine containing products is increasing among women of reproductive age. The short- and long-term effects of these products on both mother and fetus are unknown. METHODS Because e-cigarettes are nicotine delivery systems, we sought to conduct a comprehensive review of the effects of nicotine on the fetus. RESULTS In utero nicotine exposure in animal models is associated with adverse effects for the offspring lung, cardiovascular system and brain. In the lung, this included reduced surface area, weight, and volume, as well as emphysema-like lesions. In adulthood, exposed offspring demonstrate elevated blood pressure and increased perivascular adipose tissue. In the brain, exposure alters offspring serotonergic, dopaminergic, and norepinephrine networks, which in turn are associated with behavioral and cognitive impairments. We also review current data on the lack of efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnant women, and highlight different nicotine containing products such as snuff, snus, and hookah. CONCLUSION We conclude that no amount of nicotine is known to be safe during pregnancy, and studies specifically addressing this risk are crucial and an imminent public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Suter
- Baylor College of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Houston, Texas
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De Long NE, Barra NG, Hardy DB, Holloway AC. Is it safe to use smoking cessation therapeutics during pregnancy? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13:1721-31. [PMID: 25330815 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.973846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, 10 to 35% of pregnant women smoke. It is clear that smoking cessation has positive impacts for both the mother and child, yet many women are still unable to quit due to the addictive properties of nicotine. There are limited data surrounding their safety and efficacy in pregnancy. AREAS COVERED This review highlights evidence from clinical studies and animal experiments regarding the effects of smoking cessation therapeutics on pregnancy, neonatal and long-term postnatal outcomes. EXPERT OPINION There are insufficient data at this time to recommend the use of varenicline and/or bupropion for smoking cessation during pregnancy. In addition, the efficacy and safety of nicotine replacement therapy use for smoking cessation in pregnant women has not been clearly demonstrated. Until further studies are completed, there will continue to be considerable uncertainty regarding the use of these drugs in pregnancy despite the well-documented benefits of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E De Long
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , RM HSC-3N52, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1 , Canada +1 905 525 9140 ext. 22130 ; +1 905 524 2911 ;
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Mantella NM, Youngentob SL. Prenatal alcohol exposure increases postnatal acceptability of nicotine odor and taste in adolescent rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102255. [PMID: 25029285 PMCID: PMC4100884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies indicate that alcohol exposure during gestation not only increases the chance for later alcohol abuse, but also nicotine dependence. The flavor attributes of both alcohol and nicotine can be important determinants of their initial acceptance and they both share the component chemosensory qualities of an aversive odor, bitter taste and oral irritation. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating epigenetic chemosensory mechanisms through which fetal alcohol exposure increases adolescent alcohol acceptance, in part, by decreasing the aversion to alcohol's bitter and oral irritation qualities, as well as its odor. Given that alcohol and nicotine have noteworthy chemosensory qualities in common, we investigated whether fetal exposure to alcohol increased the acceptability of nicotine's odor and taste in adolescent rats. Study rats were alcohol-exposed during fetal development via the dams' liquid diet. Control animals received ad lib access to an iso-caloric, iso-nutritive diet throughout gestation. Odorant-induced innate behavioral responses to nicotine odor (Experiment 1) or orosensory-mediated responses to nicotine solutions (Experiment 2) were obtained, using whole-body plethysmography and brief access lick tests, respectively. Compared to controls, rats exposed to fetal alcohol showed an enhanced nicotine odor response that was paralleled by increased oral acceptability of nicotine. Given the common aversive component qualities imbued in the flavor profiles of both drugs, our findings demonstrate that like postnatal alcohol avidity, fetal alcohol exposure also influences nicotine acceptance, at a minimum, by decreasing the aversion of both its smell and taste. Moreover, they highlight potential chemosensory-based mechanism(s) by which fetal alcohol exposure increases the later initial risk for nicotine use, thereby contributing to the co-morbid expression with enhanced alcohol avidity. Where common chemosensory mechanisms are at play, our results suggest broader implications related to the consequence of fetal exposure with one substance of abuse and initial acceptability of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Mantella
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Youngentob
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- State University of New York Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Syracuse & Binghamton, New York, United States of America
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