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Popkin-Hall ZR, Carey-Ewend K, Aghakhanian F, Oriero EC, Seth MD, Kashamuka MM, Ngasala B, Ali IM, Mukomena ES, Mandara CI, Kharabora O, Sendor R, Simkin A, Amambua-Ngwa A, Tshefu A, Fola AA, Ishengoma DS, Bailey JA, Parr JB, Lin JT, Juliano JJ. Population Genomics of Plasmodium malariae from Four African Countries. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.09.07.24313132. [PMID: 39314932 PMCID: PMC11419228 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.07.24313132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae is geographically widespread but neglected and may become more prevalent as P. falciparum declines. We completed the largest genomic study of African P. malariae to-date by performing hybrid capture and sequencing of 77 isolates from Cameroon (n=7), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (n=16), Nigeria (n=4), and Tanzania (n=50) collected between 2015 and 2021. There is no evidence of geographic population structure. Nucleotide diversity was significantly lower than in co-localized P. falciparum isolates, while linkage disequilibrium was significantly higher. Genome-wide selection scans identified no erythrocyte invasion ligands or antimalarial resistance orthologs as top hits; however, targeted analyses of these loci revealed evidence of selective sweeps around four erythrocyte invasion ligands and six antimalarial resistance orthologs. Demographic inference modeling suggests that African P. malariae is recovering from a bottleneck. Altogether, these results suggest that P. malariae is genomically atypical among human Plasmodium spp. and panmictic in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Popkin-Hall
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
| | - Kelly Carey-Ewend
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Farhang Aghakhanian
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
| | - Eniyou C. Oriero
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Misago D. Seth
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Billy Ngasala
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Innocent M. Ali
- Faculty of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Eric Sompwe Mukomena
- Programme nationale de lutte contre le paludisme, Democratic Republic of Congo
- School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Oksana Kharabora
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
| | - Rachel Sendor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alfred Simkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, RI USA 02906
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Antoinette Tshefu
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Abebe A. Fola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, RI USA 02906
| | - Deus S. Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, RI USA 02906
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, RI, USA 02906
| | - Jonathan B. Parr
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
| | - Jessica T. Lin
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Juliano
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA 27599
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
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Djuidje Chatue IA, Nyegue MA, Kamdem SD, Maloba F, Taliy Junaid I, Malhotra P, Masumbe Netongo P. Association between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and severe malaria in pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic region of Cameroon. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003556. [PMID: 39133703 PMCID: PMC11318859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Malaria kills nearly 619,000 people each year. Despite the natural immunity acquired to malaria, pregnant women and children under five die from severe forms of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Co-infection with acute Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection has been shown to suppress the anti-malarial humoral responses, but little is known about the impact of EBV reactivation on malaria-associated morbidity. This study investigated the association between EBV reactivation and malaria severity in pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic region in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 pregnant women attending antenatal consultations in three health facilities in the West region of Cameroon. Malaria was diagnosed by microscopy, and Plasmodium species were identified by Nested PCR. Plasma samples were analyzed by ELISA for the presence of EBV nuclear antigen, EBV viral capsid antigen, and EBV early antigen to determine EBV reactivation. All statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism and SPSS software. The prevalence of malaria among pregnant women was 23.2%, of which 18.6% were P. falciparum mono-infections and 4.5% mixed infections (3.6% P. falciparum and P. malariae; 0.9% P. falciparum and P. ovale). 99.5% of the women were EBV seropositive, and 13.2% had EBV reactivation. Pregnant women with reactivated EBV were more likely to develop severe malaria than pregnant women with latent EBV (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.08-17.25, p = 0.03). The median parasitemia in pregnant women with latent EBV was lower than in those with EBV reactivation (2816 vs. 19002 parasites/μL, p = 0.02). Our study revealed that lytic reactivation of EBV may be associated with the severity of malaria in pregnant women. Suggesting that, like acute infection, EBV reactivation should be considered a risk factor for severe malaria in pregnant women in malaria-endemic regions or could serve as a hallmark of malaria severity during pregnancy. Further detailed studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ide Armelle Djuidje Chatue
- Department of Microbiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Malaria Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Severin Donald Kamdem
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Franklin Maloba
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Southwest Cameroon
- Biology Program, School of Science, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Taliy Junaid
- Malaria Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Palmer Masumbe Netongo
- Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaounde I (BTC-UYI), Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
- Biology Program, School of Science, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
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Omondi P, Musyoka B, Okai T, Kongere J, Kagaya W, Chan CW, Ngara M, Kanoi BN, Kido Y, Gitaka J, Kaneko A. Non-random distribution of Plasmodium Species infections and associated clinical features in children in the lake Victoria region, Kenya, 2012-2018. Trop Med Health 2024; 52:52. [PMID: 39103954 PMCID: PMC11299388 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) stands out as the most lethal malaria parasite species in humans, the impact of other species should not be dismissed. Moreover, there is a notable lack of understanding of mixed-species infections and their clinical implications. METHODS We conducted eight school-based cross-sectional malariometric surveys in the Lake Victoria region of western Kenya between January-February 2012 and September-October 2018. In each survey, a minimum of 100 children aged 3 to 15 years were randomly chosen from a school in Ungoye village on the mainland and as well as from each school selected in every catchment area on Mfangano island. Plasmodium infection was determined by microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The multiple-kind lottery (MKL) model calculated the expected distribution of Plasmodium infections in the population and compared it to observed values using a chi-squared test (χ2). RESULTS The Plasmodium prevalence was 25.9% (2521/9724) by microscopy and 51.1% (4969/9724) by PCR. Among all infections detected by PCR, Pf, P. malariae (Pm), and P. ovale (Po) mono-infections were 58.6%, 3.1%, and 1.8%, respectively. Pf/Pm, Pf/Po, Pm/Po, and Pf/Pm/Po co-infections were 23.5%, 4.3%, 0.1%, and 8.6%, respectively. MKL modelling revealed non-random distributions, with frequencies of Pf/Pm and Pf/Pm/Po co-infections being significantly higher than expected (χ2 = 3385.60, p < 0.001). Pf co-infections with Pm and Po were associated with a decreased risk of fever (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46-0.83; p = 0.01) and increased risks of splenomegaly (aOR 12.79, 95% CI 9.69-16.9; p < 0.001) and anaemia (aOR 2.57, 95% CI 2.09-3.15; p < 0.001), compared to single-species infections. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the potential interaction between Pf and Pm and/or Po. Given the clinical significance of mixed-species infections, improved diagnostics, and case management of Pm and Po are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protus Omondi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Brian Musyoka
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Okai
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - James Kongere
- Department of Parasitology/ Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Kagaya
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chim W Chan
- Department of Parasitology/ Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mtakai Ngara
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
- Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Department of Parasitology/ Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
- Island Malaria Group, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bane S, Rosenke K, Feldmann F, Meade-White K, Diawara S, Keita M, Maiga O, Diakite M, Safronetz D, Doumbia S, Sogoba N, Feldmann H. Seroprevalence of Arboviruses in a Malaria Hyperendemic Area in Southern Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:107-112. [PMID: 38834052 PMCID: PMC11229645 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics for febrile illnesses other than malaria are not readily available in rural sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed exposure to three mosquito-borne arboviruses-dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-in southern Mali. Seroprevalence for DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV was analyzed by detection of IgG antibodies and determined to be 77.2%, 31.2%, and 25.8%, respectively. Among study participants, 11.3% were IgG-positive for all three arboviruses. DENV had the highest seroprevalence rate at all sites; the highest seroprevalence of CHIKV and ZIKV was observed in Bamba. The seroprevalence for all three arboviruses increased with age, and the highest seroprevalence was observed among adults older than 50 years. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in the cohort was analyzed by microscopy and determined to be 44.5% (N = 600) with Plasmodium falciparum representing 95.1% of all infections. This study demonstrates the co-circulation of arboviruses in a region hyperendemic for malaria and highlights the needs for arbovirus diagnostics in rural sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidy Bane
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Sory Diawara
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Keita
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmane Maiga
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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Badiane AS, Ngom B, Ndiaye T, Cunningham D, Campbell J, Gaye A, Sène A, Sy M, Ndiaye D, Nwakanma D, Langhorne J. Evidence of Plasmodium vivax circulation in western and eastern regions of Senegal: implications for malaria control. Malar J 2024; 23:149. [PMID: 38750583 PMCID: PMC11097470 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria elimination in Senegal requires accurate diagnosis of all Plasmodium species. Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent species in Senegal, although Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and recently Plasmodium vivax have also been reported. Nonetheless, most malaria control tools, such as Histidine Rich Protein 2 rapid diagnosis test (PfHRP2-RDT,) can only diagnose P. falciparum. Thus, PfHRP2-RDT misses non-falciparum species and P. falciparum infections that fall below the limit of detection. These limitations can be addressed using highly sensitive Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). This study assesses the burden of the four different Plasmodium species in western and eastern regions of Senegal using targeted PCR amplicon sequencing. METHODS Three thousand samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in 2021 from three sites in Senegal (Sessene, Diourbel region; Parcelles Assainies, Kaolack region; Gabou, Tambacounda region) were collected. All samples were tested using PfHRP2-RDT and photoinduced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR), which detects all Plasmodium species. Targeted sequencing of the nuclear 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome B genes was performed on PET-PCR positive samples. RESULTS Malaria prevalence by PfHRP2-RDT showed 9.4% (94/1000) and 0.2% (2/1000) in Diourbel (DBL) and Kaolack (KL), respectively. In Tambacounda (TAM) patients who had malaria symptoms and had a negative PfHRP2-RDT were enrolled. The PET-PCR had a positivity rate of 23.5% (295/1255) overall. The PET-PCR positivity rate was 37.6%, 12.3%, and 22.8% in Diourbel, Kaolack, and Tambacounda, respectively. Successful sequencing of 121/295 positive samples detected P. falciparum (93%), P. vivax (2.6%), P. malariae (4.4%), and P. ovale wallikeri (0.9%). Plasmodium vivax was co-identified with P. falciparum in thirteen samples. Sequencing also detected two PfHRP2-RDT-negative mono-infections of P. vivax in Tambacounda and Kaolack. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the circulation of P. vivax in western and eastern Senegal, highlighting the need for improved malaria control strategies and accurate diagnostic tools to better understand the prevalence of non-falciparum species countrywide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida S Badiane
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Darkar, Sénégal.
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Bassirou Ngom
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Tolla Ndiaye
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Deirdre Cunningham
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James Campbell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platforms (STP), The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amy Gaye
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aita Sène
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mouhamad Sy
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Darkar, Sénégal
- Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire (CIGASS), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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Popkin-Hall ZR, Seth MD, Madebe RA, Budodo R, Bakari C, Francis F, Pereus D, Giesbrecht DJ, Mandara CI, Mbwambo D, Aaron S, Lusasi A, Lazaro S, Bailey JA, Juliano JJ, Ishengoma DS. Malaria Species Positivity Rates Among Symptomatic Individuals Across Regions of Differing Transmission Intensities in Mainland Tanzania. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:959-968. [PMID: 37992117 PMCID: PMC11011190 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicate that non-Plasmodium falciparum species may be more prevalent than thought in sub-Saharan Africa. Although Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale spp., and Plasmodium vivax are less severe than P. falciparum, treatment and control are more challenging, and their geographic distributions are not well characterized. METHODS We randomly selected 3284 of 12 845 samples collected from cross-sectional surveys in 100 health facilities across 10 regions of Mainland Tanzania and performed quantitative real-time PCR to determine presence and parasitemia of each malaria species. RESULTS P. falciparum was most prevalent, but P. malariae and P. ovale were found in all but 1 region, with high levels (>5%) of P. ovale in 7 regions. The highest P. malariae positivity rate was 4.5% in Mara and 8 regions had positivity rates ≥1%. We only detected 3 P. vivax infections, all in Kilimanjaro. While most nonfalciparum malaria-positive samples were coinfected with P. falciparum, 23.6% (n = 13 of 55) of P. malariae and 14.7% (n = 24 of 163) of P. ovale spp. were monoinfections. CONCLUSIONS P. falciparum remains by far the largest threat, but our data indicate that malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania will require increased surveillance and improved understanding of the biology of nonfalciparum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Popkin-Hall
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Misago D Seth
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rashid A Madebe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rule Budodo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Catherine Bakari
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Filbert Francis
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Dativa Pereus
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - David J Giesbrecht
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Celine I Mandara
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Samwel Lazaro
- National Malaria Control Programme, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deus S Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Madamet M, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Benoit N, Amalvict R, Briolant S, French National Reference Centre for Imported Malaria Study Group, Pradines B. Comparison of SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf/Pan and Acro Malaria P.f./P.v./Pan with Microscopy and Real Time PCR for the Diagnosis of Human Plasmodium Species. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:721. [PMID: 38611637 PMCID: PMC11011331 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of malaria is crucial to controlling morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends diagnosing malaria either using light microscopy or a malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Most RDTs use antibodies to detect two P. falciparum histidine-rich proteins named PfHRP2 and PfHRP3. However, false-negative results are known to occur due to the poor performance of RDTs depending on the species and the deletion of the Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 genes. This study evaluated new malaria RDTs for the detection of the human Plasmodium species. The Acro Malaria P.f./P.v./Pan Rapid Test Cassette allows the qualitative detection of parasite antigens, such as PfHRP2 specific to Plasmodium falciparum, PvLDH specific to Plasmodium vivax, and/or panLDH Plasmodium genus lactate dehydrogenase, in the blood of infected individuals. This RDT was assessed against 229 samples collected from imported malaria cases, mainly from Africa. The samples were previously diagnosed using light microscopy and RDT (SD Malaria Ag P.f./Pan, SD Bioline Alere Abbott), then confirmed using real time PCR. The two RDTs were evaluated using a comparison with real time PCR as the reference method, and their performances were compared with each other. Compared to SD RDT, the Acro RDT showed a better sensitivity to P. falciparum (96.8% vs. 89.8%), P. vivax (78.6% vs. 64.3%), P. ovale (73.7% vs. 5.3%), and P. malariae (20.0% vs. 0%). The respective specificities of the Acro RDT and SD RDT are 90.7% vs. 95.3% to P. falciparum, 100% to P. vivax, and 100% vs. 100% to Plasmodium genus. Therefore, Acro RDT showed better performance in the identification of P. ovale and low parasitaemia of P. falciparum. In addition, Acro RDT has the advantage of detecting PvLDH-specific antigens. The Acro Malaria RDT presents the benefits of detecting a P. falciparum antigen (PfHRP2) and a P. vivax antigen (PvLDH) with high sensitivity (96.8% and 73.7%, respectively) and specificity (90.7% and 100%, respectively). Acro Malaria P.f./P.v./Pan rapid diagnostic tests could be effectively used in endemic areas, especially when microscopic examination cannot be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylin Madamet
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (S.B.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, SSA, AP-HM, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (S.B.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, SSA, AP-HM, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (S.B.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, SSA, AP-HM, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (S.B.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, SSA, AP-HM, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Amalvict
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (S.B.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, SSA, AP-HM, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (S.B.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, SSA, AP-HM, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (I.F.); (J.M.); (N.B.); (R.A.); (S.B.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, SSA, AP-HM, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
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8
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Popkin-Hall ZR, Seth MD, Madebe RA, Budodo R, Bakari C, Francis F, Pereus D, Giesbrecht DJ, Mandara CI, Mbwambo D, Aaron S, Lusasi A, Lazaro S, Bailey JA, Juliano JJ, Gutman JR, Ishengoma DS. Prevalence of non-falciparum malaria infections among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:153. [PMID: 38519992 PMCID: PMC10960463 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies point to the need to incorporate the detection of non-falciparum species into malaria surveillance activities in sub-Saharan Africa, where 95% of the world's malaria cases occur. Although malaria caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum is typically more severe than malaria caused by the non-falciparum Plasmodium species P. malariae, P. ovale spp. and P. vivax, the latter may be more challenging to diagnose, treat, control and ultimately eliminate. The prevalence of non-falciparum species throughout sub-Saharan Africa is poorly defined. Tanzania has geographical heterogeneity in transmission levels but an overall high malaria burden. METHODS To estimate the prevalence of malaria species in Mainland Tanzania, we randomly selected 1428 samples from 6005 asymptomatic isolates collected in previous cross-sectional community surveys across four regions and analyzed these by quantitative PCR to detect and identify the Plasmodium species. RESULTS Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species in all samples, with P. malariae and P. ovale spp. detected at a lower prevalence (< 5%) in all four regions; P. vivax was not detected in any sample. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania will need to account for and enhance surveillance of these non-falciparum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Popkin-Hall
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Misago D Seth
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rashid A Madebe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rule Budodo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Catherine Bakari
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Filbert Francis
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Dativa Pereus
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Celine I Mandara
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Samwel Lazaro
- National Malaria Control Programme, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie R Gutman
- Malaria Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deus S Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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Trape JF, Diagne N, Diene-Sarr F, Faye J, Dieye-Ba F, Bassène H, Badiane A, Bouganali C, Tall A, Ndiaye R, Doucouré S, Wotodjo AN, Vigan-Womas I, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Talla C, Niang M, Touré-Baldé A, Perraut R, Roussilhon C, Druilhe P, Rogier C, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Loucoubar C, Sokhna C. One hundred malaria attacks since birth. A longitudinal study of African children and young adults exposed to high malaria transmission. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102379. [PMID: 38188691 PMCID: PMC10770423 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite significant progress in malaria control over the past twenty years, malaria remains a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality in Tropical Africa. As most patients do not consult any health facility much uncertainty persists about the true burden of the disease and the range of individual differences in susceptibility to malaria. Methods Over a 25-years period, from 1990 to 2015, the inhabitants of Dielmo village, Senegal, an area of intense malaria transmission, have been monitored daily for their presence in the village and the occurrence of diseases. In case of fever thick blood films were systematically examined through microscopy for malaria parasites and patients received prompt diagnosis and treatment. Findings We analysed data collected in 111 children and young adults monitored for at least 10 years (mean 17.3 years, maximum 25 years) enrolled either at birth (95 persons) or during the two first years of life. A total of 11,599 episodes of fever were documented, including 5268 malaria attacks. The maximum number of malaria attacks in a single person was 112. Three other persons suffered one hundred or more malaria attacks during follow-up. The minimum number of malaria attacks in a single person was 11. The mean numbers of malaria attacks in children reaching their 4th, 7th, and 10th birthdays were 23.0, 37.7, and 43.6 attacks since birth, respectively. Sixteen children (14.4%) suffered ten or more malaria attacks each year at ages 1-3 years, and six children (5.4%) each year at age 4-6 years. Interpretation Long-term close monitoring shows that in highly endemic areas the malaria burden is higher than expected. Susceptibility to the disease may vary up to 10-fold, and for most children childhood is an endless history of malaria fever episodes. No other parasitic, bacterial or viral infection in human populations has such an impact on health. Funding The Pasteur Institutes of Dakar and Paris, the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, and the French Ministry of Cooperation provided funding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nafissatou Diagne
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Joseph Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fambaye Dieye-Ba
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hubert Bassène
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Charles Bouganali
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adama Tall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasitology and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | | | - Cheikh Talla
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Makhtar Niang
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ronald Perraut
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Parasitology and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Christian Roussilhon
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Immunology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur, Bio-medical Parasitology, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Druilhe
- Institut Pasteur, Bio-medical Parasitology, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology Unit, Dakar, Senegal
- Primum Vitare, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, VITROME, Dakar, Senegal
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Popkin Hall ZR, Seth MD, Madebe RA, Budodo R, Bakari C, Francis F, Pereus D, Giesbrecht DJ, Mandara CI, Mbwambo D, Aaron S, Lusasi A, Lazaro S, Bailey JA, Juliano JJ, Gutman JR, Ishengoma DS. Malaria species prevalence among asymptomatic individuals in four regions of Mainland Tanzania. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.28.23300584. [PMID: 38234751 PMCID: PMC10793544 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.23300584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies point to the need to incorporate non-falciparum species detection into malaria surveillance activities in sub-Saharan Africa, where 95% of malaria cases occur. Although Plasmodium falciparum infection is typically more severe, diagnosis, treatment, and control for P. malariae, P. ovale spp., and P. vivax may be more challenging. The prevalence of these species throughout sub-Saharan Africa is poorly defined. Tanzania has geographically heterogeneous transmission levels but an overall high malaria burden. In order to estimate the prevalence of malaria species in Mainland Tanzania, 1,428 samples were randomly selected from 6,005 asymptomatic isolates collected in cross-sectional community surveys across four regions and analyzed via qPCR to detect each Plasmodium species. P. falciparum was most prevalent, with P. malariae and P. ovale spp. detected at lower prevalence (<5%) in all four regions. P. vivax was not detected. Malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania will need to account for these non-falciparum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Popkin Hall
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Misago D Seth
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rashid A Madebe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rule Budodo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Catherine Bakari
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Filbert Francis
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Dativa Pereus
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Celine I Mandara
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Samwel Lazaro
- National Malaria Control Programme, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, RI, USA
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, RI, USA
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie R Gutman
- Malaria Branch, Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deus S Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Quaye IK, Aleksenko L, Paganotti GM, Peloewetse E, Haiyambo DH, Ntebela D, Oeuvray C, Greco B. Malaria Elimination in Africa: Rethinking Strategies for Plasmodium vivax and Lessons from Botswana. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:392. [PMID: 37624330 PMCID: PMC10458071 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The global malaria community has picked up the theme of malaria elimination in more than 90% of the world's population in the next decade. Recent reports of Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) in sub-Saharan Africa, including in Duffy-negative individuals, threaten the efforts aimed at achieving elimination. This is not only in view of strategies that are tailored only to P. falciparum elimination but also due to currently revealed biological characteristics of P. vivax concerning the relapse patterns of hypnozoites and conservation of large biomasses in cryptic sites in the bone marrow and spleen. A typical scenario was observed in Botswana between 2008 and 2018, which palpably projects how P. vivax could endanger malaria elimination efforts where the two parasites co-exist. The need for the global malaria community, national malaria programs (NMPs), funding agencies and relevant stakeholders to engage in a forum to discuss and recommend clear pathways for elimination of malaria, including P. vivax, in sub-Saharan Africa is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K. Quaye
- Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network, Faculty of Engineering Computer and Allied Sciences, Regent University College of Science and Technology, #1 Regent Ave, McCarthy Hill, Mendskrom, Dansoman, Accra P.O. Box DS1636, Ghana
| | - Larysa Aleksenko
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex, London UB8 3PH, UK;
| | - Giacomo M. Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Riverwalk, Gaborone P.O. Box 45498, Botswana;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias Peloewetse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana;
| | - Daniel H. Haiyambo
- Department of Human, Biological and Translational Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Hage Geingob Campus, Windhoek Private Bag 13301, Namibia;
| | - Davies Ntebela
- National Malaria Program, Ministry of Health, Gaborone Private Bag 0038, Botswana;
| | - Claude Oeuvray
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Terre Bonne Building Z0, Route de Crassier 1, Eysin, 1266 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.O.); (B.G.)
| | - Beatrice Greco
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Terre Bonne Building Z0, Route de Crassier 1, Eysin, 1266 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.O.); (B.G.)
| | - the PAVON Consortium
- PAVON, Regent University College of Science and Technology, #1 Regent Avenue, McCarthy Hiil, Mendskrom, Dansoman, Accra P.O. Box DS1636, Ghana
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12
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Miezan AJS, Gnagne AP, Bedia-Tanoh AV, Kone EGM, Konate-Toure AA, Angora KE, Bosson-Vanga AH, Kassi KF, Kiki-Barro PCM, Djohan V, Menan HEI, Yavo W. Molecular epidemiology of non-falciparum Plasmodium infections in three different areas of the Ivory Coast. Malar J 2023; 22:211. [PMID: 37468917 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major public health problem, particularly in the tropical regions of America, Africa and Asia. Plasmodium falciparum is not only the most widespread but also the most deadly species. The share of Plasmodium infections caused by the other species (Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) is clearly underestimated. The objective of the study was to determine the molecular epidemiology of plasmodial infection due to P. malariae and P. ovale in Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS The study was cross-sectional. The study participants were recruited from Abengourou, San Pedro and Grand-Bassam. Sample collection took place from May 2015 to April 2016. Questionnaires were administered and filter paper blood samples were collected for parasite DNA extraction. The molecular analysis was carried out from February to March 2021. A nested PCR was used for species diagnosis. The data was presented in frequencies and proportions. RESULTS A total of 360 patients were recruited, including 179 men (49,7%) for 181 women (50,3%). The overall Plasmodium positive rate was 72.5% (261/360). The specific index was 77.4% and 1.5% for P. falciparum and P. malariae in mono-infection, respectively. There was also 15% P. falciparum and P. malariae co-infection, 3.4% P. falciparum and P. ovale co-infection and 2.3% P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale triple-infection. Typing of P. ovale subspecies showed a significant predominance of P. ovale curtisi (81.2% of cases). CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum remains the most prevalent malaria species in Côte d'Ivoire, but P. malariae and P. ovale are also endemic mostly in co-infection. Malaria elimination requires a better understanding of the specific epidemiological characteristics of P. malariae and P. ovale with a particular emphasis on the identification of asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assohoun J S Miezan
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
- National Institute of Public Health, B.P. V47, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Akpa P Gnagne
- National Institute of Public Health, B.P. V47, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Akoua V Bedia-Tanoh
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- National Institute of Public Health, B.P. V47, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Estelle G M Kone
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abibatou A Konate-Toure
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- National Institute of Public Health, B.P. V47, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kpongbo E Angora
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abo H Bosson-Vanga
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kondo F Kassi
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Pulchérie C M Kiki-Barro
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- National Institute of Public Health, B.P. V47, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Vincent Djohan
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Hervé E I Menan
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - William Yavo
- UFR of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- National Institute of Public Health, B.P. V47, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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13
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Aniweh Y, Soulama A, Chirawurah J, Ansah F, Danwonno HA, Sogore F, Rouillier M, Campo B, Amenga-Etego L, Djimde AA, Awandare GA, Dembele L. Comparative Susceptibility of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates to Reference and Lead Candidate Antimalarial Drugs in Ghana. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0491622. [PMID: 37093000 PMCID: PMC10269539 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04916-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria treatments resulted in the decline of the deadliest Plasmodium falciparum globally while species, such as P. ovale, infections have been increasingly detected across sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, no experimental drug sensitivity data are available to guide effective treatment and management of P. ovale infections, which is necessary for effective malaria elimination. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate P. ovale epidemiology over 1 year and determined ex vivo susceptibility of the field isolates to existing and lead advanced discovery antimalarial drugs. We report that while P. falciparum dominated both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria cases, P. ovale in mono or co-infections caused 7.16% of symptomatic malaria. Frontline antimalarials artesunate and lumefantrine inhibited P. ovale as potently as P. falciparum. Chloroquine, which has been withdrawn in Ghana, was also highly inhibitory against both P. ovale and P. falciparum. In addition, P. ovale and P. falciparum displayed high susceptibility to quinine, comparable to levels observed with chloroquine. Pyrimethamine, which is a major drug for disease massive prevention, also showed great inhibition of P. ovale, comparable to effects on P. falciparum. Furthermore, we identified strong inhibition of P. ovale using GNF179, a close analogue of KAF156 imidazolopiperazines, which is a novel class of antimalarial drugs currently in clinical phase II testing. We further demonstrated that the Plasmodium phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase (PI4K)-specific inhibitor, KDU691, is highly inhibitory against P. ovale and P. falciparum field isolates. Our data indicated that existing and lead advanced discovery antimalarial drugs are suitable for the treatment of P. ovale infections in Ghana. IMPORTANCE Current malaria control and elimination tools such as drug treatments are not specifically targeting P.ovale. P. ovale can form hypnozoite and cause relapsing malaria. P. ovale is the third most dominant species in Africa and requires radical cure treatment given that it can form liver dormant forms called hypnozoites that escape all safe treatments. The inappropriate treatment of P. ovale would sustain its transmission in Africa where the medical need is the greatest. This is a hurdle for successful malaria control and elimination. Here, we provided experiment data that were lacking to guide P. ovale treatment and disease control policy makers using reference antimalarial drugs. We also provided key experimental data for 2 clinical candidate drugs that can be used for prioritization selection of lead candidate's identification for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Alamissa Soulama
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jersley Chirawurah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Felix Ansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Harry A. Danwonno
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abdoulaye A. Djimde
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Laurent Dembele
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Point G, Bamako, Mali
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14
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Wu J, Tang J, Wang W, Chen G, He X, Xu S, Cao Y, Gu Y, Zhu G, Cao J. Poor performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Plasmodium malariae among returned international travellers in China. Malar J 2023; 22:163. [PMID: 37226272 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a worldwide infectious disease. For countries that have achieved malaria elimination, the prevention of re-establishment due to infections in returned travellers has become important. The accurate and timely diagnosis of malaria is the key in preventing re-establishment, and malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are frequently used due to their convenience. However, the RDT performance in Plasmodium malariae (P. malariae) infection diagnosis remains unknown. METHODS This study analysed epidemiological features and diagnosis patterns of imported P. malariae cases from 2013 to 2020 in Jiangsu Province and evaluated the sensitivity of four parasite enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)-targeting RDTs (Wondfo, SD BIONLINE, CareStart and BioPerfectus) and one aldolase-targeting RDT(BinaxNOW) for P. malariae detection. Furthermore, influential factors were investigated, including parasitaemia load, pLDH concentration and target gene polymorphisms. RESULTS The median duration from symptom onset to diagnosis among patients with P. malariae infection was 3 days, which was longer than that with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection. The RDTs had a low detection rate (39/69, 56.5%) among P. malariae cases. All tested RDT brands had poor performance in P. malariae detection. All the brands except the worst-performing SD BIOLINE, achieved 75% sensitivity only when the parasite density was higher than 5000 parasites/μL. Both pLDH and aldolase showed relatively conserved and low gene polymorphism rates. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of imported P. malariae cases was delayed. The RDTs had poor performance in P. malariae diagnosis and may threaten the prevention of malaria re-establishment from returned travellers. The improved RDTs or nucleic acid tests for P. malariae cases are urgently needed for the detection of imported cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Wu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxia Tang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sui Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Yaping Gu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Guoding Zhu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Ossè RA, Tokponnon F, Padonou GG, Glitho ME, Sidick A, Fassinou A, Koukpo CZ, Akinro B, Sovi A, Akogbéto M. Evidence of Transmission of Plasmodium vivax 210 and Plasmodium vivax 247 by Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii, Major Malaria Vectors in Benin/West Africa. INSECTS 2023; 14:231. [PMID: 36975916 PMCID: PMC10053026 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Current diagnostic and surveillance systems in Benin are not designed to accurately identify or report non-Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) human malaria infections. This study aims to assess and compare the prevalence of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibodies of Pf and P. vivax (Pv) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Benin. For that, mosquito collections were performed through human landing catches (HLC) and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC). The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified, and Pf, Pv 210, and Pv 247 CSP antibodies were sought in An. gambiae s.l. through the ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Of the 32,773 collected mosquitoes, 20.9% were An. gambiae s.l., 3.9% An. funestus gr., and 0.6% An. nili gr. In An. gambiae s.l., the sporozoite rate was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.1-3.1) for Pf, against 0.30% (95% CI: 0.1-0.5) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.4), respectively, for Pv 210 and Pv 247. P. falciparum sporozoite positive mosquitoes were mostly An. gambiae (64.35%), followed by An. coluzzii (34.78%) and An. arabiensis (0.86%). At the opposite, for the Pv 210 sporozoite-positive mosquitoes, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae accounted for 76.92% and 23.08%, respectively. Overall, the present study shows that P. falciparum is not the only Plasmodium species involved in malaria cases in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razaki A. Ossè
- Ecole de Gestion et d’Exploitation des Systèmes d’Elevage, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Kétou BP 44, Benin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Filémon Tokponnon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey Calavi, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Germain Gil Padonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Mariette E. Glitho
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Arsène Fassinou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Come Z. Koukpo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Parakou BP 123, Benin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
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16
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Assessment of a Commercial Real-Time PCR Assay (Vitassay qPCR Malaria 5 Test) to Detect Human Malaria Infection in Travelers Returning to France. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112747. [DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most common human parasitic disease in the world with the highest morbidity and mortality. Due to the severity of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and the urgency of therapeutic management, quick and reliable diagnosis is required for early detection. Blood smear microscopy remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. Molecular diagnosis techniques are the most sensitive and specific in cases of low parasitaemia and in the detection of mixed infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new commercial test involving the molecular diagnostic technique to detect the five human Plasmodium species. The Vitassay qPCR Malaria 5 test is based on the multiplex real-time PCR of a conserved target region of the 18S rRNA gene for the five human Plasmodium species. A total of 190 samples collected from imported cases of malaria were diagnosed using this test and compared against a homemade reference real-time PCR. The sensitivities of the Vitassay qPCR Malaria 5 test for all Plasmodium species ranged from 93.8% to 100% and specificity ranged from 97.7% to 100%. Based on these criteria, this test is recommended for the diagnosis of the human Plasmodium species.
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17
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Panzi EK, Kandala NII, Kafinga EL, Tampwo BM, Kandala NB. Forecasting Malaria Morbidity to 2036 Based on Geo-Climatic Factors in the Democratic Republic of Congo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912271. [PMID: 36231573 PMCID: PMC9566289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a global burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, malaria prevalence is increasing due to strong climatic variations. Reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality, the fight against climate change, good health and well-being constitute key development aims as set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aims to predict malaria morbidity to 2036 in relation to climate variations between 2001 and 2019, which may serve as a basis to develop an early warning system that integrates monitoring of rainfall and temperature trends and early detection of anomalies in weather patterns. METHODS Meteorological data were collected at the Mettelsat and the database of the Epidemiological Surveillance Directorate including all malaria cases registered in the surveillance system based on positive blood test results, either by microscopy or by a rapid diagnostic test for malaria, was used to estimate malaria morbidity and mortality by province of the DRC from 2001 to 2019. Malaria prevalence and mortality rates by year and province using direct standardization and mean annual percentage change were calculated using DRC mid-year populations. Time series combining several predictive models were used to forecast malaria epidemic episodes to 2036. Finally, the impact of climatic factors on malaria morbidity was modeled using multivariate time series analysis. RESULTS The geographical distribution of malaria prevalence from 2001 and 2019 shows strong disparities between provinces with the highest of 7700 cases per 100,000 people at risk for South Kivu. In the northwest, malaria prevalence ranges from 4980 to 7700 cases per 100,000 people at risk. Malaria has been most deadly in Sankuru with a case-fatality rate of 0.526%, followed by Kasai (0.430%), Kwango (0.415%), Bas-Uélé, (0.366%) and Kwilu (0.346%), respectively. However, the stochastic trend model predicts an average annual increase of 6024.07 malaria cases per facility with exponential growth in epidemic waves over the next 200 months of the study. This represents an increase of 99.2%. There was overwhelming evidence of associations between geographic location (western, central and northeastern region of the country), total evaporation under shelter, maximum daily temperature at two meters altitude and malaria morbidity (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The stochastic trends in our time series observed in this study suggest an exponential increase in epidemic waves over the next 200 months of the study. The increase in new malaria cases is statistically related to population density, average number of rainy days, average wind speed, and unstable and intermediate epidemiological facies. Therefore, the results of this research should provide relevant information for the Congolese government to respond to malaria in real time by setting up a warning system integrating the monitoring of rainfall and temperature trends and early detection of anomalies in weather patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kalunda Panzi
- Département de la Santé Communautaire, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kinshasa (ISTM/Kin), Kinshasa B.P. 774, Congo
| | - Ngianga II Kandala
- School of Health and Care Professionals, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2QG, UK
| | - Emery Luzolo Kafinga
- Département de la Santé Communautaire, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kinshasa (ISTM/Kin), Kinshasa B.P. 774, Congo
| | - Bertin Mbenga Tampwo
- Département de la Santé Communautaire, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kinshasa (ISTM/Kin), Kinshasa B.P. 774, Congo
| | - Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala
- Département de la Santé Communautaire, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Kinshasa (ISTM/Kin), Kinshasa B.P. 774, Congo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentristy, Western University, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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18
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Comparative Assessment of the Sensitivity of Ten Commercial Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits for the Detection of Plasmodium. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092240. [PMID: 36140641 PMCID: PMC9498274 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most common tropical diseases encountered by members of the French military who are deployed in operations under constrained conditions in malaria-endemic areas. Blood smear microscopy—the gold standard for malaria diagnosis—is often not available in such settings, where the detection of malaria relies on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Ten RDTs (from Biosynex, Carestart, Humasis, SD Bioline, and CTK Biotech), based on the detection of the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) or lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH, PfLDH, or PvLDH), were assessed against 159 samples collected from imported malaria cases, including 79 P. falciparum, 37 P. vivax, 22 P. ovale, and 21 P. malariae parasites. Samples had been previously characterised using microscopy and real-time PCR. The overall sensitivities for the Plasmodium test ranged from 69.8% (111/159) to 95% (151/159). There was no significant difference for the specific detection of P. falciparum (96.2% to 98.7%, p = 0.845). No significant difference was found between sensitivities to P. vivax by pan LDH or pvLDH (81.1% (30/37) to 94.6% (35/37) (p = 0.845)). Some of the RDTs missed most of P. ovale and P. malariae, with sensitivities for all RDTs ranging respectively from 4.5% (1/22) to 81.8% (18/22) and 14.3% (3/21) to 95.2% (20/21). Carestart Malaria Pf/Pan (pLDH) Ag G0121, a pLDH-based RDT (PfLDH and pLDH), showed the highest sensitivities to P. falciparum (98.7%, 78/79), P. vivax (94.6%, 35/37), P. ovale (81.8%, 18/22), and P. malariae (95.2%, 20/21) and meets the requirements for military deployments in malaria-endemic areas.
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19
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Singh K, Bharti PK, Devi NC, Ahmed N, Sharma A. Plasmodium malariae Detected by Microscopy in the International Bordering Area of Mizoram, a Northeastern State of India. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12082015. [PMID: 36010365 PMCID: PMC9407229 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12082015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Northeastern states of India share international borders with Myanmar, China, Bangladesh, and Bhutan, contributing 7.45% of the overall malaria cases in the country. Mizoram accounts for the highest malaria burden in the northeastern states, with perennial transmission in the hilly and deep-forested areas. Plasmodium falciparum (93%) is the most prevalent human Plasmodium species, followed by P. vivax; however, information on P. ovale and P. malariae is negligible. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the most preferred malaria diagnostic tool followed by microscopy in this high malaria-endemic region. The present epidemiological study was carried out in July and August 2019 to assess the malaria burden in and around the Chawngte primary health center, Lawngtlai District of Mizoram, using RDTs and microscopy as diagnostic tools. World Health Organization-certified level I microscopists examined the blood smears. Diagnosis using RDTs resulted in 151 malaria cases (P. falciparum: 136; P. vivax: 15) out of 948 screened fever cases. However, blood smear examination detected 179 cases (P. falciparum: 154; P. vivax: 17; mixed P. falciparum + P. vivax infection: 3; P. malariae: 5). Analysis revealed that the risk of malaria infection was higher in the ≥5-year-old subjects than in the under-5 age group. The mean parasite density of P. malariae (1455.00/μL blood) was the lowest; cf. with P. falciparum: 12,275.08/μL blood. Surveillance at the point-of-care level using microscopy was able to detect all the four human Plasmodium species and their mixed infections, including P. malariae, which were missed with RDTs. Thus, the quality of microscopy along with trained manpower should be strengthened to diagnose all human malaria parasite species (particularly P. malariae and P. ovale) until the molecular tools are deployed at the field level to achieve malaria elimination by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- ICMR—National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Guwahati 781005, India
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Naorem Chaoba Devi
- ICMR—National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Station, Guwahati 781005, India
| | - Naseem Ahmed
- ICMR—National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- ICMR—National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
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20
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Leonard CM, Hwang J, Assefa A, Zulliger R, Candrinho B, Dimbu PR, Saifodine A, Plucinski M, Rogier E. Missed Plasmodium ovale Infections Among Symptomatic Persons in Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac261. [PMID: 35854985 PMCID: PMC9290565 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of symptomatic malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Infection with Plasmodium ovale is often not recorded and not considered clinically relevant. Here, we describe 8 cases of P ovale infection from 3 African countries-all of which were misdiagnosed at the presenting health facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Leonard
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- US President’s Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rose Zulliger
- US President’s Malaria Initiative, US Agency for International Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Baltazar Candrinho
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Abuchahama Saifodine
- US President’s Malaria Initiative, US Agency for International Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Mateusz Plucinski
- US President’s Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Rogier
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yin J, Yan H, Li M. Prompt and precise identification of various sources of infection in response to the prevention of malaria re-establishment in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:45. [PMID: 35436964 PMCID: PMC9014402 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt and precise diagnosis of patients is an essential component of malaria control and elimination strategies, it is even more vital for the prevention of malaria re-establishment in the post elimination phase. After eliminating malaria in China, the strategy for prevention of malaria re-establishment was updated in a timely manner from the elimination strategy focusing on each case/focus to the prevention of re-establishment focusing on timely identification of the source of infection. However, there are numerous challenges, such as the persistent large number of imported malaria cases, the long-term threat of border malaria, unknown levels of asymptomatic infections and Plasmodium falciparum HRP2/3 gene deletions, and the continuous spreading of antimalarial drug resistance. Meanwhile, the detection capacity also need to be further improved to meet the timely detection of all sources of infection, otherwise it is bound to occur introduced malaria cases and malaria re-establishment in the presence of malaria vector mosquitoes. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously strengthen the malaria detection competency at all levels, promote the research and development on the malaria parasitological testing technologies, thus improving the timely detection of various sources of infection, and preventing the re-establishment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - He Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
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22
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Geo-Climatic Factors of Malaria Morbidity in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2001 to 2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073811. [PMID: 35409494 PMCID: PMC8998039 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Environmentally related morbidity and mortality still remain high worldwide, although they have decreased significantly in recent decades. This study aims to forecast malaria epidemics taking into account climatic and spatio-temporal variations and therefore identify geo-climatic factors predictive of malaria prevalence from 2001 to 2019 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: This is a retrospective longitudinal ecological study. The database of the Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance including all malaria cases registered in the surveillance system based on positive blood test results, either by microscopy or by a rapid diagnostic test for malaria was used to estimate malaria morbidity and mortality by province of the DRC from 2001 to 2019. The impact of climatic factors on malaria morbidity was modeled using the Generalized Poisson Regression, a predictive model with the dependent variable Y the count of the number of occurrences of malaria cases during a period of time adjusting for risk factors. Results: Our results show that the average prevalence rate of malaria in the last 19 years is 13,246 (1,178,383−1,417,483) cases per 100,000 people at risk. This prevalence increases significantly during the whole study period (p < 0.0001). The year 2002 was the most morbid with 2,913,799 (120,9451−3,830,456) cases per 100,000 persons at risk. Adjusting for other factors, a one-day in rainfall resulted in a 7% statistically significant increase in malaria cases (p < 0.0001). Malaria morbidity was also significantly associated with geographic location (western, central and northeastern region of the country), total evaporation under shelter, maximum daily temperature at a two-meter altitude and malaria morbidity (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In this study, we have established the association between malaria morbidity and geo-climatic predictors such as geographical location, total evaporation under shelter and maximum daily temperature at a two-meter altitude. We show that the average number of malaria cases increased positively as a function of the average number of rainy days, the total quantity of rainfall and the average daily temperature. These findings are important building blocks to help the government of DRC to set up a warning system integrating the monitoring of rainfall and temperature trends and the early detection of anomalies in weather patterns in order to forecast potential large malaria morbidity events.
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23
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Hoque MR, Nyunt MH, Han JH, Muh F, Lee SK, Park JH, Lu F, Park WS, Han ET, Na S. Identification of Reticulocyte Binding Domain of Plasmodium ovale curtisi Duffy Binding Protein (PocDBP) Involved in Reticulocyte Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:764293. [PMID: 34956929 PMCID: PMC8704803 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.764293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium ovale curtisi (Poc) prevalence has increased substantially in sub-Saharan African countries as well as regions of Southeast Asia. Poc parasite biology has not been explored much to date; in particular, the invasion mechanism of this malaria parasite remains unclear. In this study, the binding domain of the Duffy binding protein of P. ovale curtisi (PocDBP) was characterized as an important ligand for reticulocyte invasion. The homologous region of the P. vivax Duffy binding protein in PocDBP, named PocDBP-RII herein, was selected, and the recombinant PocDBP-RII protein was expressed in an Escherichia coli system. This was used to analyze reticulocyte binding activity using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immune serum production in rabbits. The binding specificity was proven by treating reticulocytes with trypsin, chymotrypsin and neuraminidase. The amino acid sequence homology in the N-terminal Cys-rich region was found to be ~ 44% between PvDBP and PocDBP. The reticulocyte binding activity of PocDBP-RII was significantly higher than the erythrocyte binding activity and was concentration dependent. Erythrocyte binding was reduced significantly by chymotrypsin treatment and inhibited by an anti-PocDBP-RII antibody. This finding suggests that PocDBP may be an important ligand in the reticulocyte invasion process of P. ovale curtisi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiul Hoque
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fauzi Muh
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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24
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Kassegne K, Fei SW, Ananou K, Noussougnon KS, Komi Koukoura K, Abe EM, Guo XK, Chen JH, Zhou XN. A Molecular Investigation of Malaria Infections From High-Transmission Areas of Southern Togo Reveals Different Species of Plasmodium Parasites. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732923. [PMID: 34925255 PMCID: PMC8674532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria particularly burdens people in poor and neglected settings across the tropics of Africa. Meanwhile, a large proportion of the Togo population have poor understanding of malaria epidemiology and parasites. This study carried out a molecular survey of malaria cases in southern Togo during 2017–2019. We estimated Plasmodium species infection rates and microscopic examination compliance with nested PCR results. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed in conjunction with predictive values. Also, phylogenetic characterization of species of malaria parasites was assessed. Plasmodium genus-specific nested PCR identified 565 positive cases including 536/611 (87.8%) confirmed cases from the microscopy-positive group and 29/199 (14.6%) diagnosed malaria cases from the microscopy-negative group. Our findings revealed a disease prevalence (69.8%) higher than that reported (25.5–55.1%) for the country. The diagnostic test had 94.9% sensitivity and 69.4% specificity, i.e., it missed 120 of the people who had malaria and about one-third of the people tested positive for the disease, which they did not have, respectively. In conjunction, the test showed 87.7% positive predictive value and 85.4% negative predictive value, which, from a clinical perspective, indicates the chance that a person with a positive diagnostic test truly has the disease and the probability that a person with a negative test does not have the disease, respectively. Further species-specific nested PCR followed by analysis of gene sequences confirmed species of malaria parasites and indicated infection rates for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), 95.5% (540/565); P. ovale (Po), 0.5% (3/565); and P. malariae (Pm), 0.4% (2/565). In addition, 20 cases were coinfection cases of Pf-Po (15/565) and Pf-Pm (5/565). This study publicly reports, for the first time, a molecular survey of malaria cases in Togo and reveals the presence of other malaria parasites (Po and Pm) other than Pf. These findings might provide answers to some basic questions on the malaria scenario and, knowledge gained could help with intervention deployment for effective malaria control in Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokouvi Kassegne
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Wei Fei
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Koffigan Ananou
- Centre Médico-Social Notre Dame de la Consolation, Atakpamé, Togo
| | | | - Komi Komi Koukoura
- Laboratoire des Sciences Biomédicales, Alimentaires et Santé Environnementale, Département des Analyses Biomédicales, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Eniola Michael Abe
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Kui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
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25
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Ayo D, Odongo B, Omara J, Andolina C, Mulder O, Staedke SG, Bousema T. Plasmodium malariae infections as a cause of febrile disease in an area of high Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in Eastern Uganda. Malar J 2021; 20:425. [PMID: 34715876 PMCID: PMC8555357 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the vast majority of (severe) clinical malaria cases in most African settings. Other Plasmodium species often go undiagnosed but may still have clinical consequences. Case presentation Here, five cases of Plasmodium malariae infections from Eastern Uganda (aged 2–39 years) are presented. These infections were all initially mistaken for P. falciparum, but Plasmodium schizonts (up to 2080/µL) were identified by microscopy. Clinical signs included history of fever and mild anaemia. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of considering non-falciparum species as the cause of clinical malaria. In areas of intense P. falciparum transmission, where rapid diagnostic tests that detect only P. falciparum antigens are commonly used, non-falciparum malaria cases may be missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bakar Odongo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Omara
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chiara Andolina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Mulder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah G Staedke
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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26
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Dembele L, Diallo N, Sogore F, Diarra B, Ballo FI, Daou A, Diakite O, Bare Y, Sangare CPO, Haidara AS, Diakite SAS, Niangaly A, Diakite M, Campo B, Awandare GA, Aniweh Y, Djimde AA. Ex Vivo Plasmodium malariae Culture Method for Antimalarial Drugs Screen in the Field. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3025-3033. [PMID: 34711047 PMCID: PMC9974065 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo cultivation of Plasmodium (P) falciparum has facilitated active research into the malaria parasite toward the quest for basic knowledge and the discovery of effective drug treatments. Such a drug discovery program is currently difficult for P. malariae simply because of the absence of in vitro and ex vivo cultivation system for its asexual blood stages supporting antimalarial evaluation. Despite availability of artemisinin combination therapies effective on P. falciparum, P. malariae is being increasingly detected in malaria endemic countries. P. malariae is responsible for chronic infections and is associated with a high burden of anemia and morbidity. Here, we optimized and adapted ex vivo conditions under which P. malariae can be cultured and used for screening antimalarial drugs. Subsequently, this enabled us to test compounds such as artemether, chloroquine, lumefantrine, and quinine for ex vivo antimalarial activity against P. malariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dembele
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali,
| | - Nouhoum Diallo
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bintou Diarra
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fatoumata I. Ballo
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Daou
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmaila Diakite
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yacouba Bare
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cheick Papa Oumar Sangare
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aboubecrin Sedhigh Haidara
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seidina A. S. Diakite
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Niangaly
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines
for Malaria Venture (MMV), ICC Building Entrance G Third Floor Route de Pré-Bois 20 Postal Box 1826 CH-1215 Geneva
15 Switzerland
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West
African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP),
Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of
Ghana, LG 54 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West
African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP),
Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of
Ghana, LG 54 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdoulaye A. Djimde
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), Université des Sciences des Techniques et des
Technologies de Bamako, Point G, Postal Box 1805, Bamako, Mali,
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27
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Ansah F, Suurbaar J, Darko D, Anabire NG, Blankson SO, Domson BKS, Soulama A, Kpasra P, Chirawurah JD, Amenga-Etego L, Kanyong P, Awandare GA, Aniweh Y. Development of Cooperative Primer-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:1393-1403. [PMID: 34425259 PMCID: PMC8591562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale are increasingly gaining public health attention as the global transmission of falciparum malaria is decreasing. However, the absence of reliable Plasmodium species-specific detection tools has hampered accurate diagnosis of these minor Plasmodium species. In this study, SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assays were developed for the detection of P. malariae and P. ovale using cooperative primers that significantly limit the formation and propagation of primers-dimers. Both the P. malariae and P. ovale cooperative primer-based assays had at least 10-fold lower detection limit compared with the corresponding conventional primer-based assays. More important, the cooperative primer-based assays were evaluated in a cross-sectional study using 560 samples obtained from two health facilities in Ghana. The prevalence rates of P. malariae and P. ovale among the combined study population were 18.6% (104/560) and 5.5% (31/560), respectively. Among the Plasmodium-positive cases, P. malariae and P. ovale mono-infections were 3.6% (18/499) and 1.0% (5/499), respectively, with the remaining being co-infections with Plasmodium falciparum. The study demonstrates the public health importance of including detection tools with lower detection limits in routine diagnosis and surveillance of nonfalciparum species. This will be necessary for comprehensively assessing the effectiveness of malaria interventions and control measures aimed toward global malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Suurbaar
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Derrick Darko
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nsoh G Anabire
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Samuel O Blankson
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright K S Domson
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alamissa Soulama
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paulina Kpasra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jersley D Chirawurah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prosper Kanyong
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Flexmedical Solutions Ltd., Eliburn Industrial Park, Livingston, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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28
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Oyedeji SI, Awobode HO, Ojurongbe O, Anumudu C, Bassi PU. Molecular Identification and Characterization of Plasmodium ovale curtisi in Field Isolates from Symptomatic Children in North-Central Nigeria. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:915-924. [PMID: 33710479 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasmodium ovale is not usually the focus of most malaria research or intervention programmes and has lately been termed the neglected human malaria parasites. The parasite exists as two genetically distinct sympatric species namely P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri but information on the distribution of P. ovale sub-species is lacking in Nigeria. The objective of this study, therefore, was aimed at characterizing the P. ovale sub-species in isolates from symptomatic individuals in North-central Nigeria. METHODS Parasites were identified by light microscopy of Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films. Molecular characterization and confirmation of P. ovale sub-species were done by species-specific nested PCR and sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene. RESULTS A total of 412 children were enrolled into this study of which 88.6% (n = 365) were positive for Plasmodium species by nested PCR and P. falciparum was predominant. Of the 365 isolates, 4 (1.1%) had P. ovale infections and of these, 3 (0.8%) were mixed species infections of P. ovale with P. falciparum. DNA sequence analysis confirmed that all the four P. ovale parasites were P. ovale curtisi as their sequences were 99-100% identical to previously published P. ovale curtisi sequences in the GenBank and they cluster with the P. ovale curtisi sequences by phylogeny. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the occurrence of P. ovale curtisi in the study area. This has implications for public health and malaria elimination programmes, since they also serve as potential risk to travellers from malaria-free regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun Isaac Oyedeji
- Molecular Parasitology and Genetics Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | | | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Chiaka Anumudu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Peter Usman Bassi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
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29
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Dembele L, Aniweh Y, Diallo N, Sogore F, Sangare CPO, Haidara AS, Traore A, Diakité SAS, Diakite M, Campo B, Awandare GA, Djimde AA. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum comparative susceptibility to antimalarial drugs in Mali. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2079-2087. [PMID: 34021751 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate Plasmodium malariae susceptibility to current and lead candidate antimalarial drugs. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional screening and detection of all Plasmodium species malaria cases, which were nested within a longitudinal prospective study, and an ex vivo assessment of efficacy of a panel of antimalarials against P. malariae and Plasmodium falciparum, both PCR-confirmed mono-infections. Reference compounds tested included chloroquine, lumefantrine, artemether and piperaquine, while candidate antimalarials included the imidazolopiperazine GNF179, a close analogue of KAF156, and the Plasmodium phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase (PI4K)-specific inhibitor KDU691. RESULTS We report a high frequency (3%-15%) of P. malariae infections with a significant reduction in ex vivo susceptibility to chloroquine, lumefantrine and artemether, which are the current frontline drugs against P. malariae infections. Unlike these compounds, potent inhibition of P. malariae and P. falciparum was observed with piperaquine exposure. Furthermore, we evaluated advanced lead antimalarial compounds. In this regard, we identified strong inhibition of P. malariae using GNF179, a close analogue of KAF156 imidazolopiperazines, which is a novel class of antimalarial drug currently in clinical Phase IIb testing. Finally, in addition to GNF179, we demonstrated that the Plasmodium PI4K-specific inhibitor KDU691 is highly inhibitory against P. malariae and P. falciparum. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that chloroquine, lumefantrine and artemether may not be suitable for the treatment of P. malariae infections and the potential of piperaquine, as well as new antimalarials imidazolopiperazines and PI4K-specific inhibitor, for P. malariae cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dembele
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Volta Road, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Nouhoum Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fanta Sogore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cheick Papa Oumar Sangare
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aboubecrin Sedhigh Haidara
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aliou Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Seidina A S Diakité
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali.,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Volta Road, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) ICC Building Entrance G, 3rd floor Route de Pré-Bois 20 Post Box 1826 CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Volta Road, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abdoulaye A Djimde
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB); Point G, P.O. Box: 1805, Bamako, Mali
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30
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Marteau A, Ouedraogo E, Van der Meersch G, Akhoundi M, Souhail B, Cohen Y, Bouchaud O, Izri A. Severe long-delayed malaria caused by Plasmodium malariae in an elderly French patient. Malar J 2021; 20:337. [PMID: 34353333 PMCID: PMC8340512 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium malariae is the cause of the rare but severe form of malaria that sometimes affects individuals travelling to malaria-endemic regions. This report presents the unique case of a patient exhibiting severe malaria symptoms caused by P. malariae with no record of recent travel to any malaria-endemic areas. CASE PRESENTATION An 81-year-old French woman was admitted to the emergency department with sustained fever and severe weakness for the past 5 days. She suffered from anaemia, thrombocytopenia, confusion, somnolence, pulmonary complications, and hypoxaemia. In the absence of any concrete aetiology that could explain the fever together with thrombocytopenia, physicians suspected malaria as a probable diagnosis. The LAMP-PCR and lateral flow test confirmed the presence of malaria parasite, Plasmodium sp. Microscopic examination (May-Grünwald Giemsa-stained thin blood smear) revealed the presence of trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocytes with 0.93 % parasitaemia. Conventional PCR amplification targeting 510 bp DNA fragment of small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA) and bidirectional sequencing identified the parasite as Plasmodium malariae. The travel history of this patient revealed her visits to several countries in Europe (Greece), North Africa (Tunisia and Morocco), and the West Indies (Dominican Republic). Of these, the latter was the only country known to be endemic for malaria at the time (three malaria parasite species were prevalent: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and P. malariae). The patient had most likely got infected when she visited the Dominican Republic in the summer of 2002. This time interval between the initial parasite infection (2002) till the onset of symptoms and its subsequent diagnosis (2020) is a reminder of the ability of P. malariae to persist in the human host for many years. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the persistent nature and ability of P. malariae to cause severe infection in the host even after a prolonged time interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Marteau
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 125, route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France
| | - Elise Ouedraogo
- Infectious diseases Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Guillaume Van der Meersch
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 125, route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France.
| | - Berenice Souhail
- Infectious diseases Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Yves Cohen
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Olivier Bouchaud
- Infectious diseases Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 125, route de Stalingrad, 93009, Bobigny cedex, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
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The Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network (PAVON): Refocusing on Plasmodium vivax, ovale and asymptomatic malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102415. [PMID: 34216801 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent World Malaria report shows that progress in malaria elimination has stalled. Current data acquisition by NMCPs depend on passive case detection and clinical reports focused mainly on Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). In recent times, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reported cases of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) with a considerable number being Duffy negative. The burden of Pv and Plasmodium ovale (Po) appear to be more than acknowledged. Similarly, the contribution of asymptomatic malaria in transmission is hardly considered by NMCPs in Africa. Inclusion of these as targets in malaria elimination agenda is necessary to achieve elimination goal, as these harbor hypnozoites. The Pan African Vivax and Ovale Network (PAVON) is a new consortium of African Scientists working in Africa on the transmission profile of Pv and Po. The group collaborates with African NMCPs to train in Plasmodium molecular diagnostics, microscopy, and interpretation of molecular data from active surveys to translate into policy. Details of the mission, rational and modus operandi of the group are outlined.
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van den Hoogen LL, Herman C, Présumé J, Romilus I, Existe A, Boncy J, Joseph V, Stresman G, Tetteh KKA, Drakeley C, Chang MA, Lemoine JF, Eisele TP, Rogier E, Ashton RA. Rapid Screening for Non-falciparum Malaria in Elimination Settings Using Multiplex Antigen and Antibody Detection: Post Hoc Identification of Plasmodium malariae in an Infant in Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2139-2145. [PMID: 33819177 PMCID: PMC8176464 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Haiti is targeting malaria elimination by 2025. The Grand'Anse department in southwestern Haiti experiences one-third to half of all nationally reported Plasmodium falciparum cases. Although there are historical reports of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae, today, non-falciparum infections would remain undetected because of extensive use of falciparum-specific histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) at health facilities. A recent case-control study was conducted in Grand'Anse to identify risk factors for P. falciparum infection using HRP2-based RDTs (n = 1,107). Post hoc multiplex Plasmodium antigenemia and antibody (IgG) detection by multiplex bead assay revealed one blood sample positive for pan-Plasmodium aldolase, negative for P. falciparum HRP2, and positive for IgG antibodies to P. malariae. Based on this finding, we selected 52 samples with possible P. malariae infection using IgG and antigenemia data and confirmed infection status by species-specific PCR. We confirmed one P. malariae infection in a 6-month-old infant without travel history. Congenital P. malariae could not be excluded. However, our finding-in combination with historical reports of P. malariae-warrants further investigation into the presence and possible extent of non-falciparum malaria in Haiti. Furthermore, we showed the use of multiplex Plasmodium antigen and IgG detection in selecting samples of interest for subsequent PCR analysis, thereby reducing costs as opposed to testing all available samples by PCR. This is of specific use in low-transmission or eliminating settings where infections are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus L. van den Hoogen
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tropical Medicine Department, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Vena Joseph
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tropical Medicine Department, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Gillian Stresman
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin K. A. Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A. Chang
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jean F. Lemoine
- Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Thomas P. Eisele
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tropical Medicine Department, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eric Rogier
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ruth A. Ashton
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tropical Medicine Department, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Akala HM, Watson OJ, Mitei KK, Juma DW, Verity R, Ingasia LA, Opot BH, Okoth RO, Chemwor GC, Juma JA, Mwakio EW, Brazeau N, Cheruiyot AC, Yeda RA, Maraka MN, Okello CO, Kateete DP, Managbanag JR, Andagalu B, Ogutu BR, Kamau E. Plasmodium interspecies interactions during a period of increasing prevalence of Plasmodium ovale in symptomatic individuals seeking treatment: an observational study. LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e141-e150. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mitchell CL, Brazeau NF, Keeler C, Mwandagalirwa MK, Tshefu AK, Juliano JJ, Meshnick SR. Under the Radar: Epidemiology of Plasmodium ovale in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1005-1014. [PMID: 32766832 PMCID: PMC8006425 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium ovale is an understudied malaria species prevalent throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. Little is known about the distribution of ovale malaria and risk factors for infection in areas of high malaria endemicity. METHODS Using the 2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Demographic and Health Survey, we conducted a risk factor analysis for P. ovale infections. We evaluated geographic clustering of infections and speciated to P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri through deep sequencing. RESULTS Of 18 149 adults tested, we detected 143 prevalent P. ovale infections (prevalence estimate 0.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], .59%-.98%). Prevalence ratios (PR) for significant risk factors were: male sex PR = 2.12 (95% CI, 1.38-3.26), coprevalent P. falciparum PR = 3.52 (95% CI, 2.06-5.99), and rural residence PR = 2.19 (95% CI, 1.31-3.66). P. ovale was broadly distributed throughout the DRC; an elevated cluster of infections was detected in the south-central region. Speciation revealed P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri circulating throughout the country. CONCLUSIONS P. ovale persists broadly in the DRC, a high malaria burden country. For successful elimination of all malaria species, P. ovale needs to be on the radar of malaria control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedar L Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas F Brazeau
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corinna Keeler
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melchior Kashamuka Mwandagalirwa
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Antoinette K Tshefu
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven R Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Oriero EC, Amenga-Etego L, Ishengoma DS, Amambua-Ngwa A. Plasmodium malariae, current knowledge and future research opportunities on a neglected malaria parasite species. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:44-56. [PMID: 33507842 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1838440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae is often reported as a benign malaria parasite. There are limited data on its biology and disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) possibly due to the unavailability of specific and affordable tools for routine diagnosis and large epidemiology studies. In addition, P. malariae occurs at low parasite densities and in co-infections with other species, predominately P. falciparum. The paucity of data on P. malariae infections limits the capacity to accurately determine its contribution to malaria and the effect of control interventions against P. falciparum on its prevalence. Here, we summarise the current knowledge on P. malariae epidemiology in sSA - overall prevalence ranging from 0-32%, as detected by different diagnostic methods; seroprevalence ranging from 0-56% in three countries (Mozambique, Benin and Zimbabwe), and explore the future application of next-generation sequencing technologies as a tool for enriching P. malariae genomic epidemiology. This will provide insights into important adaptive mechanisms of this neglected non-falciparum species, including antimalarial drug resistance, local and regional parasite transmission patterns and genomic signatures of selection. Improved diagnosis and genomic surveillance of non-falciparum malaria parasites in Africa would be helpful in evaluating progress towards elimination of all human Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniyou C Oriero
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Deus S Ishengoma
- Tanga Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, The Gambia
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Zhang T, Wang S, Wang D, Auburn S, Lu S, Xu X, Jiang J, Lyu X, Yu C, Tian C, Li S, Li W. Epidemiological profile of Plasmodium ovale spp. imported from Africa to Anhui Province, China, 2012-2019. Malar J 2021; 20:15. [PMID: 33407463 PMCID: PMC7788861 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although autochthonous malaria cases are no longer reported in Anhui Province, China, imported malaria has become a major health concern. The proportion of reported malaria cases caused by Plasmodium ovale spp. increased to levels higher than expected during 2012 to 2019, and showed two peaks, 19.69% in 2015 and 19.35% in 2018. Methods A case-based retrospective study was performed using data collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) and Information System for Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (ISPDCP) from 2012 to 2019 to assess the trends and differences between Plasmodium ovale curtisi (P. o. curtisi) and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri (P. o. wallikeri). Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Plasmodium o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri were found to simultaneously circulate in 14 African countries. Among 128 patients infected with P. ovale spp., the proportion of co-infection cases was 10.16%. Six cases of co-infection with P. ovale spp. and P. falciparum were noted, each presenting with two clinical attacks (the first attack was due to P. falciparum and the second was due to P. ovale spp.) at different intervals. Accurate identification of the infecting species was achieved among only 20.00% of cases of P. ovale spp. infection. At the reporting units, 32.17% and 6.96% of cases of P. ovale spp. infection were misdiagnosed as P. vivax and P. falciparum infections, respectively. Conclusion The present results indicate that the potential of P. ovale spp. to co-infect with other Plasmodium species has been previously underestimated, as is the incidence of P. ovale spp. in countries where malaria is endemic. P. o. curtisi may have a long latency period of > 3 years and potentially cause residual foci, thus posing challenges to the elimination of malaria in P. ovale spp.-endemic areas. Considering the low rate of species identification, more sensitive point-of-care detection methods need to be developed for P. ovale spp. and introduced in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Duoquan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Shenning Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xian Xu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lyu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Cuicui Tian
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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File T, Dinka H. A preliminary study on urban malaria during the minor transmission season: The case of Adama City, Oromia, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00175. [PMID: 32923702 PMCID: PMC7473993 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of malaria shows considerable spatial heterogeneity globally, regionally and locally. For the design of effective malaria control and elimination, and for its implementation in Ethiopia, urban malaria should be given due attention. Therefore, the present study was aimed to examine the status of urban malaria during the minor transmission season in Adama city. A total of 2590 febrile patients were screened using the gold standard microscopy-based blood test for malaria diagnosis from seven purposively selected health facilities found in Adama City from April to July 2018. Socio-demographic data were collected from malaria positive patients to correlate predisposing factors; like previous malaria history, settlement, travel history, age, and other associated risk factors with malaria incidence. Climatological data, such as temperature and relative humidity, recorded during the study period were also collected from the data base of Adama meteorology center for analysis. The microscopic data indicated that from a total of 2590 febrile patients screened for malaria during the study period 3.7% (97/2590) of them were confirmed malaria positive. Adolescents and adults (≥15 years of age) were found to be most affected by Plasmodium vivax (66%) and Plasmodium falciparum (20.5%), and mixed (6%). Analysis of the climatological data revealed a rise in environmental temperature and relative humidity during the study that coincides with the increase of malaria cases, since it creates favorable mosquito breeding for malaria transmission in the city. P. vivax was found as a predominant species in causing malaria burden indicating its public health problem in Adama city affecting the productive age group of the community, adolescents and adults, during the minor transmission season of malaria. In addition to its public health importance by causing morbidity and mortality such kind of scenario may also exacerbates poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen File
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O.Box. 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O.Box. 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
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Large Variations in Malaria Parasite Carriage by Afebrile School Children Living in Nearby Communities in the Central Region of Ghana. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:4125109. [PMID: 33029151 PMCID: PMC7528039 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indicators of successful malaria control interventions include a reduction in the prevalence and densities of malaria parasites contained in both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections as well as a reduction in malaria transmission. Individuals harboring malaria parasites in asymptomatic infections serve as reservoirs for malaria transmission. This study determined the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriage in afebrile children attending six different schools in two districts, the Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly (CCMA) and the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem (KEEA) of the Central Region of Ghana. Methods This cross sectional study recruited afebrile children aged between 3 and 15 years old from six randomly selected schools in the Central Region of Ghana. Finger-pricked blood was collected and used to prepare thick and thin blood smears as well as spot a strip of filter paper (Whatman #3). Nested PCR was used to identify Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax in DNA extracted from the filter paper spots. The multiplicity of P. falciparum infection was determined using merozoite surface protein 2 genotyping. Results Out of the 528 children sampled, PCR identified 27.1% to harbor Plasmodium parasites in asymptomatic infections, whilst microscopy identified malaria parasites in 10.6% of the children. The overall PCR estimated prevalence of P. falciparum and P. malariae was 26.6% and 1.3%, respectively, with no P. ovale or P. vivax identified by PCR or microscopy. The RDT positivity rate ranged from 55.8% in Simiw to 4.5% in Kuful. Children from the Simiw Basic School accounted for 87.5% of all the asymptomatic infections. The multiplicity of P. falciparum infection was predominantly monoclonal and biclonal. Conclusions The low prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriage by the children living in the Cape Coast Metropolis suggests that the malaria control interventions in place in CCMA are highly effective and that additional malaria control interventions are required for the KEEA district to reduce the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriers. No molecular evidence of P. ovale and P. vivax was identified in the afebrile children sampled from the selected schools.
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Subissi L, Kanoi BN, Balikagala B, Egwang TG, Oguike M, Verra F, Proietti C, Bousema T, Drakeley CJ, Sepúlveda N. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale infections and their association with common red blood cell polymorphisms in a highly endemic area of Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:370-378. [PMID: 30953444 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae infections are scarcely studied in sub-Saharan Africa, where the Plasmodium falciparum species predominates. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of P. ovale and P. malariae infections and their relationship with common red blood cell polymorphisms in a cohort of 509 individuals from Uganda. METHODS Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in individuals of 1-10 and >20 y of age from the Apac district at baseline and 6 and 16 weeks after drug treatment. Malaria infections were assessed by polymerase chain reaction and genotyping was performed for the sickle-cell allele, α-thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. RESULTS At baseline, the prevalence of infection was 7.5%, 12.6% and 57.4% for P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum species, respectively. Co-infections were present in 14.1% of individuals, all including P. falciparum parasites. In children 1-5 y of age, the prevalence of P. ovale mono-infections increased significantly from 1.7% to 7.3% over time (p=0.004) while the prevalence of P. malariae and P. falciparum infections declined significantly during this study. After adjusting for confounding and multiple testing, only α-thalassaemia had a statistically significant increase in the odds of P. falciparum infections (odds ratio 1.93 [95% confidence interval 1.26 to 2.94]). CONCLUSIONS Common red blood cell polymorphisms do not show strong effects on mild Plasmodium infections in this Ugandan population. To understand the extent of this result, similar studies should be carried out in other populations using larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Subissi
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Betty Balikagala
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas G Egwang
- Medical Biotechnology laboratories, Plot 39 Lake Drive, Lake Victoria, Uganda
| | - Mary Oguike
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Federica Verra
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Via Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Proietti
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane City QLD, Australia.,Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK.,Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco C6 - Piso 4, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
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Characteristics of imported Plasmodium ovale spp. and Plasmodium malariae in Hubei Province, China, 2014-2018. Malar J 2020; 19:264. [PMID: 32698906 PMCID: PMC7374957 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There have been an increasing number of imported cases of malaria in Hubei Province in recent years. In particular, the number of cases of Plasmodium ovale spp. and Plasmodium malariae significantly increased, which resulted in increased risks during the malaria elimination phase. The purpose of this study was to acquire a better understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae imported to Hubei Province, China, so as to improve case management. Methods Data on all malaria cases from January 2014 to December 2018 in Hubei Province were extracted from the China national diseases surveillance information system (CNDSIS). This descriptive study was conducted to analyse the prevalence trends, latency periods, interval from onset of illness to diagnosis, and misdiagnosis of cases of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae malaria. Results During this period, 634 imported malaria cases were reported, of which 87 P. ovale spp. (61 P. ovale curtisi and 26 P. ovale wallikeri) and 18 P. malariae cases were confirmed. The latency periods of P. ovale spp., P. malariae, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum differed significantly, whereas those of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri were no significant difference. The proportion of correct diagnosis of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae malaria cases were 48.3% and 44.4%, respectively, in the hospital or lower-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the Provincial Reference Laboratory, the sensitivity of microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests was 94.3% and 70.1%, respectively, for detecting P. ovale spp., and 88.9% and 38.9%, respectively, for detecting P. malariae. Overall, 97.7% (85/87) of P. ovale spp. cases and 94.4% (17/18) of P. malariae cases originated from Africa. Conclusion The increase in the number of imported P. ovale spp. and P. malariae cases, long latency periods, and misdiagnosis pose a challenge to this region. Therefore, more attention should be paid to surveillance of imported cases of P. ovale spp. and P. malariae infection to reduce the burden of public health and potential risk of malaria.
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Genetic diversity and immunogenicity analysis of 6-cysteine protein family members in Plasmodium ovale curtisi importess from Africa to China: P12, P38 and P41. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mathema VB, Nakeesathit S, White NJ, Dondorp AM, Imwong M. Genome-wide microsatellite characteristics of five human Plasmodium species, focusing on Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale curtisi. Parasite 2020; 27:34. [PMID: 32410726 PMCID: PMC7227371 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites can be utilized to explore genotypes, population structure, and other genomic features of eukaryotes. Systematic characterization of microsatellites has not been a focus for several species of Plasmodium, including P. malariae and P. ovale, as the majority of malaria elimination programs are focused on P. falciparum and to a lesser extent P. vivax. Here, five human malaria species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, and P. knowlesi) were investigated with the aim of conducting in-depth categorization of microsatellites for P. malariae and P. ovale curtisi. Investigation of reference genomes for microsatellites with unit motifs of 1-10 base pairs indicates high diversity among the five Plasmodium species. Plasmodium malariae, with the largest genome size, displays the second highest microsatellite density (1421 No./Mbp; 5% coverage) next to P. falciparum (3634 No./Mbp; 12% coverage). The lowest microsatellite density was observed in P. vivax (773 No./Mbp; 2% coverage). A, AT, and AAT are the most commonly repeated motifs in the Plasmodium species. For P. malariae and P. ovale curtisi, microsatellite-related sequences are observed in approximately 18-29% of coding sequences (CDS). Lysine, asparagine, and glutamic acids are most frequently coded by microsatellite-related CDS. The majority of these CDS could be related to the gene ontology terms "cell parts," "binding," "developmental processes," and "metabolic processes." The present study provides a comprehensive overview of microsatellite distribution and can assist in the planning and development of potentially useful genetic tools for further investigation of P. malariae and P. ovale curtisi epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Bhakta Mathema
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 10400 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Supatchara Nakeesathit
- Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 10400 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 10400 Bangkok Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford OX1 2JD Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 10400 Bangkok Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford OX1 2JD Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University 10400 Bangkok Thailand
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Mathema VB, Nakeesathit S, Pagornrat W, Smithuis F, White NJ, Dondorp AM, Imwong M. Polymorphic markers for identification of parasite population in Plasmodium malariae. Malar J 2020; 19:48. [PMID: 31992308 PMCID: PMC6988369 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular genotyping in Plasmodium serves many aims including providing tools for studying parasite population genetics and distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection. Microsatellite typing, insertion-deletion (INDEL) and single nucleotide polymorphisms is used for genotyping, but only limited information is available for Plasmodium malariae, an important human malaria species. This study aimed to provide a set of genetic markers to facilitate the study of P. malariae population genetics. Methods Markers for microsatellite genotyping and pmmsp1 gene polymorphisms were developed and validated in symptomatic P. malariae field isolates from Myanmar (N = 37). Fragment analysis was used to determine allele sizes at each locus to calculate multiplicity of infections (MOI), linkage disequilibrium, heterozygosity and construct dendrograms. Nucleotide diversity (π), number of haplotypes, and genetic diversity (Hd) were assessed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Genome-wide microsatellite maps with annotated regions of newly identified markers were constructed. Results Six microsatellite markers were developed and tested in 37 P. malariae isolates which showed sufficient heterozygosity (0.530–0.922), and absence of linkage disequilibrium (IAS=0.03, p value > 0.05) (N = 37). In addition, a tandem repeat (VNTR)-based pmmsp1 INDEL polymorphisms marker was developed and assessed in 27 P. malariae isolates showing a nucleotide diversity of 0.0976, haplotype gene diversity of 0.698 and identified 14 unique variants. The size of VNTR consensus repeat unit adopted as allele was 27 base pairs. The markers Pm12_426 and pmmsp1 showed greatest diversity with heterozygosity scores of 0.920 and 0.835, respectively. Using six microsatellites markers, the likelihood that any two parasite strains would have the same microsatellite genotypes was 8.46 × 10−4 and was further reduced to 1.66 × 10−4 when pmmsp1 polymorphisms were included. Conclusions Six novel microsatellites genotyping markers and a set of pmmsp1 VNTR-based INDEL polymorphisms markers for P. malariae were developed and validated. Each marker could be independently or in combination employed to access genotyping of the parasite. The newly developed markers may serve as a useful tool for investigating parasite diversity, population genetics, molecular epidemiology and for distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in drug efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Bhakta Mathema
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supatchara Nakeesathit
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharee Pagornrat
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Cheaveau J, Mogollon DC, Mohon MAN, Golassa L, Yewhalaw D, Pillai DR. Asymptomatic malaria in the clinical and public health context. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:997-1010. [PMID: 31718324 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1693259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Historically, the global community has focused on the control of symptomatic malaria. However, interest in asymptomatic malaria has been growing, particularly in the context of malaria elimination.Areas covered: We undertook a comprehensive PubMed literature review on asymptomatic malaria as it relates to detection and elimination with emphasis between 2014 and 2019. Diagnostic tools with a low limit of detection (LOD) have allowed us to develop a more detailed understanding of asymptomatic malaria and its impact. These highly sensitive diagnostics have demonstrated that the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria is greater than previously thought. In addition, it is now possible to detect the malaria reservoir in the community, something that was previously not feasible. Asymptomatic malaria has previously not been treated, but research has begun to examine whether treating individuals with asymptomatic malaria may lead to health benefits. Finally, we have begun to understand the importance of asymptomatic malaria in ongoing transmission.Expert opinion: Therefore, with malaria elimination back on the agenda, asymptomatic malaria can no longer be ignored, especially in light of new ultra-sensitive diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cheaveau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Castaneda Mogollon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Md Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Brashear AM, Roobsoong W, Siddiqui FA, Nguitragool W, Sattabongkot J, López-Uribe MM, Miao J, Cui L. A glance of the blood stage transcriptome of a Southeast Asian Plasmodium ovale isolate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007850. [PMID: 31730621 PMCID: PMC6881071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium ovale accounts for a disproportionate number of travel-related malaria cases. This parasite is understudied since there is a reliance on clinical samples. We collected a P. ovale curtisi parasite isolate from a clinical case in western Thailand and performed RNA-seq analysis on the blood stage transcriptomes. Using both de novo assembly and alignment-based methods, we detected the transcripts for 6628 out of 7280 annotated genes. For those lacking evidence of expression, the vast majority belonged to the PIR and STP1 gene families. We identified new splicing patterns for over 2500 genes, and mapped at least one untranslated region for over half of all annotated genes. Our analysis also detected a notable presence of anti-sense transcripts for over 10% of P. ovale curtisi genes. This transcriptomic analysis provides new insights into the blood-stage biology of this neglected parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awtum M. Brashear
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Faiza A. Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Margarita M. López-Uribe
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Frickmann H, Wegner C, Ruben S, Loderstädt U, Tannich E. A comparison of two PCR protocols for the differentiation of Plasmodium ovale species and implications for clinical management in travellers returning to Germany: a 10-year cross-sectional study. Malar J 2019; 18:272. [PMID: 31399031 PMCID: PMC6688346 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the occurrence of Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium ovale curtisi species in travellers returning to Germany, two real-time PCR protocols for the detection and differentiation of the two P. ovale species were compared. Results of parasite differentiation were correlated with patient data. METHODS Residual nucleic acid extractions from EDTA blood samples of patients with P. ovale spp. malaria, collected between 2010 and 2019 at the National Reference Centre for Tropical Pathogens in Germany, were subjected to further parasite discrimination in a retrospective assessment. All samples had been analysed by microscopy and by P. ovale spp.-specific real-time PCR without discrimination on species level. Two different real-time PCR protocols for species discrimination of P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri were carried out. Results were correlated with patient data on gender, age, travel destination, thrombocyte count, and duration of parasite latency. RESULTS Samples from 77 P. ovale spp. malaria patients were assessed, with a male:female ratio of about 2:1 and a median age of 30 years. Parasitaemia was low, ranging from few visible parasites up to 1% infected erythrocytes. Discriminative real-time PCRs revealed 41 cases of P. o. curtisi and 36 cases of P. o. wallikeri infections. Concordance of results by the two PCR approaches was 100%. Assessment of travel destinations confirmed co-existence of P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri over a wide range of countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Latency periods for the two P. ovale species were similar, with median values of 56.0 days for P. o. curtisi and 58.0 days for P. o. wallikeri; likewise, there was no statistically significant difference in thrombocyte count with median values of 138.5/µL for patients with P. o. curtisi and 152.0/µL for P. o. wallikeri-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS Two different real-time PCR protocols were found to be suitable for the discrimination of P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri with only minor differences in sensitivity. Due to the overall low parasitaemia and the lack of differences in severity-related aspects like parasite latency periods or thrombocyte counts, this study supports the use of P. ovale spp. PCR without discrimination on species level to confirm the diagnosis and to inform clinical management of malaria in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, External Site at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, Tropical Microbiology and Entomology, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Christine Wegner
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ruben
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Loderstädt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany
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Genetic dissociation of three antigenic genes in Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217795. [PMID: 31170213 PMCID: PMC6553752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are two sympatric human malaria species prevalent in Africa, Asia and Oceania. The reported prevalence of both P. ovale spp. was relatively low compared to other malaria species, but more sensitive molecular detection techniques have shown that asymptomatic low-density infections are more common than previously thought. Whole genome sequencing of both P. ovale spp. revealed genetic dissociation between P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri suggesting a species barrier. In this study we further evaluate such a barrier by assessing polymorphisms in the genes of three vaccine candidate surface protein: circumsporozoite protein/ thrombospondin-related anonymous-related protein (ctrp), circumsporozoite surface protein (csp) and merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1). The complete coding sequence of ctrp and csp, and a partial fragment of msp1 were isolated from 25 P. ovale isolates and compared to previously reported reference sequences. A low level of nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.02–0.10) was observed in all three genes. Various sizes of tandem repeats were observed in all ctrp, csp and msp1 genes. Both tandem repeat unit and nucleotide polymorphism in all three genes exhibited clear dimorphism between P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri, supporting evidence of non-recombination between these two species.
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Yman V, Wandell G, Mutemi DD, Miglar A, Asghar M, Hammar U, Karlsson M, Lind I, Nordfjell C, Rooth I, Ngasala B, Homann MV, Färnert A. Persistent transmission of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale species in an area of declining Plasmodium falciparum transmission in eastern Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007414. [PMID: 31136585 PMCID: PMC6555537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in the global burden of malaria over the past two decades has encouraged efforts for regional malaria elimination. Despite the need to target all Plasmodium species, current focus is mainly directed towards Plasmodium falciparum, and to a lesser extent P. vivax. There is a substantial lack of data on both global and local transmission patterns of the neglected malaria parasites P. malariae and P. ovale spp. We used a species-specific real-time PCR assay targeting the Plasmodium 18s rRNA gene to evaluate temporal trends in the prevalence of all human malaria parasites over a 22-year period in a rural village in Tanzania.We tested 2897 blood samples collected in five cross-sectional surveys conducted between 1994 and 2016. Infections with P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale spp. were detected throughout the study period, while P. vivax was not detected. Between 1994 and 2010, we found a more than 90% reduction in the odds of infection with all detected species. The odds of P. falciparum infection was further reduced in 2016, while the odds of P. malariae and P. ovale spp. infection increased 2- and 6-fold, respectively, compared to 2010. In 2016, non-falciparum species occurred more often as mono-infections. The results demonstrate the persistent transmission of P. ovale spp., and to a lesser extent P. malariae despite a continued decline in P. falciparum transmission. This illustrates that the transmission patterns of the non-falciparum species do not necessarily follow those of P. falciparum, stressing the need for attention towards non-falciparum malaria in Africa. Malaria elimination will require a better understanding of the epidemiology of P. malariae and P. ovale spp. and improved tools for monitoring the transmission of all Plasmodium species, with a particular focus towards identifying asymptomatic carriers of infection and designing appropriate interventions to enhance malaria control. The reduction in the global burden of malaria has encouraged efforts for elimination. Attempts to control and monitor transmission have mainly focused on the predominant malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. However, eliminating malaria requires the elimination of all human malaria parasites and limited interest has been directed towards estimating the disease burden attributable to the neglected malaria parasites P. ovale spp. and P. malariae. The authors used molecular methods to analyse 2897 blood samples collected in five cross-sectional surveys over a period of 22 years, and described the transmission patterns of all human malaria parasites in a Tanzanian village. They demonstrate a persistent transmission of P. malariae and P. ovale spp. despite a substantial reduction in transmission of P. falciparum, highlighting the need for more attention towards non-falciparum malaria. The authors discuss the implications of these findings in the context of current efforts for regional malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grace Wandell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Doreen D Mutemi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Aurelie Miglar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hammar
- Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Karlsson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Lind
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cleis Nordfjell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Rooth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Billy Ngasala
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manijeh Vafa Homann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Guerra RI, Ore M, Valdivia HO, Bishop DK, Ramos M, Mores CN, Campbell WR. A cluster of the first reported Plasmodium ovale spp. infections in Peru occuring among returning UN peace-keepers, a review of epidemiology, prevention and diagnostic challenges in nonendemic regions. Malar J 2019; 18:176. [PMID: 31113437 PMCID: PMC6530030 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are regarded as less virulent forms of malaria with a geographic distribution including Southeast Asia, Central and West Africa, and is increasingly reported as an infection in returning travellers. A species of malaria that may have delayed or relapsing presentations similar to Plasmodium vivax, the clinical presentation of P. ovale spp. has been described to have prepatent periods of 2 weeks or slightly longer with reports of relapse following primary infection out to 8-9 months. This presentation may be obscured further in the setting of anti-malarial exposure, with report of delayed primary infection out to 4 years. Presented is a cluster of 4 imported P. ovale spp. cases in returning Peruvian military personnel assigned to United Nations peace-keeping operations in the Central African Republic. CASE PRESENTATION From January to December 2016, Peruvian peace-keepers were deployed in support of United Nations (UN) operations in the Central African Republic (CAR). While serving abroad, Navy, Army, and Air Force members experienced 223 episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria following interruption of prophylaxis with mefloquine. Diagnosis was made using rapid diagnostics tests (RDTs) and/or smear with no coinfections identified. Cases of malaria were treated with locally-procured artemether-lumefantrine. Returning to Peru in January 2017, 200 peace-keepers were screened via thick and thin smear while on weekly mefloquine prophylaxis with only 1 showing nucleic acid within red blood cells consistent with Plasmodium spp. and 11 reporting syndromes of ill-defined somatic complaints. Between a period of 5 days to 11 months post return, 4 cases of P. ovale spp. were diagnosed using smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) following febrile complaints. All cases were subsequently treated with chloroquine and primaquine, with cure of clinical disease and documented clearance of parasitaemia. CONCLUSION These patients represent the first imported cases in Peru of this species of malaria as well as highlight the challenges in implementing population level prophylaxis in a deployed environment, and the steps for timely diagnosis and management in a non-endemic region where risk of introduction for local transmission exists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher N Mores
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wesley R Campbell
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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50
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Zhang X, Chu R, Xu S, Fu H, Tang J, Chen L, Shi X, Chen J, Li Y, Zhu G, Han ET, Xuan Y, Cao J, Cheng Y. Immunogenicity analysis of genetically conserved segments in Plasmodium ovale merozoite surface protein-8. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:164. [PMID: 30975200 PMCID: PMC6460738 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium ovale is widely distributed across tropical regions and has two closely related but distinct species, namely P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri. Combining genetic characterization with the immunogenicity of merozoite surface protein-8 (MSP-8) supports considering MSP-8 as a candidate target for blood-stage vaccines against malaria. However, no previous studies have focused on characterizing the genetic diversity and immunogenicity of PoMSP-8. Methods Blood samples were collected from 42 patients infected with P. ovale. The patients were migrant workers returning to the Jiangsu Province from Africa; genomic DNA was extracted from their blood samples for sequencing and protein expression. The recombinant PoMSP-8 (rPoMSP-8) proteins were expressed and purified to assess their immune responses in BALB/c mice. Results The sequences of the P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri msp8 genes were completely conserved in each isolate. The rPoMSP-8 proteins were successfully expressed and purified as ~70 kDa proteins. Antibodies raised against rPoMSP-8 in mice showed appropriate immunoreactivity, as evidenced by immunoblotting. These specific antibodies were detected at day 7 post-immunization, and their levels increased throughout the whole immunization period. rPoMSP-8-raised antibodies had high endpoint titers (1:5,120,000) and high avidity (PocMSP-8: 94.84%, PowMSP-8: 92.69%). Cross-reactivity between rPocMSP-8 and rPowMSP-8 was observed with each anti-PoMSP8-specific antibody. Conclusions Remarkable conservation and high immunogenicity was observed in both rPoMSP-8s. Intriguingly, cross-reaction between rPocMSP-8 and rPowMSP-8 was detected, suggesting that a single PoMSP8-based construction might be applicable for both species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3412-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilin Chu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sui Xu
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitian Fu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxia Tang
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Chen
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoding Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinghua Xuan
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasite Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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