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Verouti S, Aeschlimann G, Wang Q, Del Olmo DA, Peyter AC, Menétrey S, Winter DV, Odermatt A, Pearce D, Hummler E, Vanderriele PE. Salt-sensitive hypertension in GR mutant rats is associated with altered plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and aortic vascular reactivity. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-03014-y. [PMID: 39256246 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-03014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In humans, glucocorticoid resistance is attributed to mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Most of these mutations result in decreased ligand binding, transactivation, and/or translocation, albeit with normal protein abundances. However, there is no clear genotype‒phenotype relationship between the severity or age at disease presentation and the degree of functional loss of the receptor. Previously, we documented that a GR+/- rat line developed clinical features of glucocorticoid resistance, namely, hypercortisolemia, adrenal hyperplasia, and salt-sensitive hypertension. In this study, we analyzed the GR+/em4 rat model heterozygously mutant for the deletion of exon 3, which encompasses the second zinc finger, including the domains of DNA binding, dimerization, and nuclear localization signals. On a standard diet, mutant rats exhibited a trend toward increased corticosterone levels and a normal systolic blood pressure and heart rate but presented with adrenal hyperplasia. They exhibited increased adrenal soluble epoxide hydroxylase (sEH), favoring an increase in less active polyunsaturated fatty acids. Indeed, a significant increase in nonactive omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as 5(6)-DiHETrE or 9(10)-DiHOME, was observed with advanced age (10 versus 5 weeks old) and following a switch to a high-salt diet accompanied by salt-sensitive hypertension. In thoracic aortas, a reduced soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) protein abundance resulted in altered vascular reactivity upon a standard diet, which was blunted upon a high-salt diet. In conclusion, mutations in the GR affecting the ligand-binding domain as well as the dimerization domain resulted in deregulated GR signaling, favoring salt-sensitive hypertension in the absence of obvious mineralocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verouti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Aeschlimann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Q Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Ancin Del Olmo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A C Peyter
- Neonatal Research Laboratory, Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Menétrey
- Neonatal Research Laboratory, Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D V Winter
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Pearce
- Department of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - E Hummler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P E Vanderriele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Role of glucocorticoid receptor mutations in hypertension and adrenal gland hyperplasia. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:829-840. [PMID: 35732960 PMCID: PMC9217122 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of premature death in humans and exhibits a complex aetiology including environmental and genetic factors. Mutations within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can cause glucocorticoid resistance, which is characterized by several clinical features like hypercortisolism, hypokalaemia, adrenal hyperplasia and hypertension. Altered glucocorticoid receptor signalling further affects sodium and potassium homeostasis as well as blood pressure regulation and cell proliferation and differentiation that influence organ development and function. In salt-sensitive hypertension, excessive renal salt transport and sympathetic nervous system stimulation may occur simultaneously, and, thus, both the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the GR-signalling may be implicated or even act interdependently. This review focuses on identified GR mutations in human primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance (PGGR) patients and their related clinical phenotype with specific emphasis on adrenal gland hyperplasia and hypertension. We compare these findings to mouse and rat mutants harbouring genetically engineered mutations to further dissect the cause and/or the consequence of clinical features which are common or different.
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3
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Sato M, Nakamura S, Inada E, Takabayashi S. Recent Advances in the Production of Genome-Edited Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052548. [PMID: 35269691 PMCID: PMC8910656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is an important animal model for understanding gene function and developing human disease models. Knocking out a gene function in rats was difficult until recently, when a series of genome editing (GE) technologies, including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the type II bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) systems were successfully applied for gene modification (as exemplified by gene-specific knockout and knock-in) in the endogenous target genes of various organisms including rats. Owing to its simple application for gene modification and its ease of use, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is now commonly used worldwide. The most important aspect of this process is the selection of the method used to deliver GE components to rat embryos. In earlier stages, the microinjection (MI) of GE components into the cytoplasm and/or nuclei of a zygote was frequently employed. However, this method is associated with the use of an expensive manipulator system, the skills required to operate it, and the egg transfer (ET) of MI-treated embryos to recipient females for further development. In vitro electroporation (EP) of zygotes is next recognized as a simple and rapid method to introduce GE components to produce GE animals. Furthermore, in vitro transduction of rat embryos with adeno-associated viruses is potentially effective for obtaining GE rats. However, these two approaches also require ET. The use of gene-engineered embryonic stem cells or spermatogonial stem cells appears to be of interest to obtain GE rats; however, the procedure itself is difficult and laborious. Genome-editing via oviductal nucleic acids delivery (GONAD) (or improved GONAD (i-GONAD)) is a novel method allowing for the in situ production of GE zygotes existing within the oviductal lumen. This can be performed by the simple intraoviductal injection of GE components and subsequent in vivo EP toward the injected oviducts and does not require ET. In this review, we describe the development of various approaches for producing GE rats together with an assessment of their technical advantages and limitations, and present new GE-related technologies and current achievements using those rats in relation to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-3-3416-0181 (M.S.); +81-53-435-2001 (S.T.)
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan;
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Shuji Takabayashi
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-3-3416-0181 (M.S.); +81-53-435-2001 (S.T.)
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4
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Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in GR +/- Rats Is Accompanied with Dysregulation in Adrenal Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413218. [PMID: 34948014 PMCID: PMC8708190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene locus lead to glucocorticoid resistance which is characterized by several clinical symptoms such as adrenal gland hyperplasia and salt-sensitive hypertension, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. We studied GR haploinsufficient (GR+/−) Sprague Dawley rats which, on a standard diet, showed significantly increased plasma aldosterone and corticosterone levels and an adrenocortex hyperplasia accompanied by a normal systolic blood pressure. Following a high salt diet, these rats developed salt-sensitive hypertension and maintained elevated enzyme-soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in adrenal glands, while sEH was significantly decreased in wild-type rats. Furthermore, GR+/− rats showed dysregulation of the equilibrated linoleic and arachidonic acid pathways, with a significant increase of less active metabolites such as 8,9-DiHETrE. In Sprague Dawley rats, GR haploinsufficiency induced steroid disturbances, which provoked hypertension only in combination with high salt intake, which was accompanied by disturbances in sEH and fatty acid metabolism. Our results suggest that sEH inhibition could be a potential target to treat hypertension in patients with GR haploinsufficiency.
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Chenouard V, Remy S, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Ouisse LH, Cherifi Y, Anegon I. Advances in Genome Editing and Application to the Generation of Genetically Modified Rat Models. Front Genet 2021; 12:615491. [PMID: 33959146 PMCID: PMC8093876 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.615491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has been extensively used as a small animal model. Many genetically engineered rat models have emerged in the last two decades, and the advent of gene-specific nucleases has accelerated their generation in recent years. This review covers the techniques and advances used to generate genetically engineered rat lines and their application to the development of rat models more broadly, such as conditional knockouts and reporter gene strains. In addition, genome-editing techniques that remain to be explored in the rat are discussed. The review also focuses more particularly on two areas in which extensive work has been done: human genetic diseases and immune system analysis. Models are thoroughly described in these two areas and highlight the competitive advantages of rat models over available corresponding mouse versions. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the advantages and potential of rat models for addressing specific scientific questions and to characterize the best genome-engineering tools for developing new projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chenouard
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- genOway, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Yao J, Wang Y, Cao C, Song R, Bi D, Zhang H, Li Y, Qin G, Hou N, Zhang N, Zhang J, Guo W, Yang S, Wang Y, Zhao J. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of MITF homozygous point mutation in a Waardenburg syndrome 2A pig model. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:986-999. [PMID: 34094716 PMCID: PMC8141604 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy for curing congenital human diseases is promising, but the feasibility and safety need to be further evaluated. In this study, based on a pig model that carries the c.740T>C (L247S) mutation in MITF with an inheritance pattern and clinical pathology that mimics Waardenburg syndrome 2A (WS2A), we corrected the point mutation by the CRISPR-Cas9 system in the mutant fibroblast cells using single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) and long donor plasmid DNA as the repair template. By using long donor DNA, precise correction of this point mutation was achieved. The corrected cells were then used as the donor cell for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce piglets, which exhibited a successfully rescued phenotype of WS2A, including anophthalmia and hearing loss. Furthermore, engineered base editors (BEs) were exploited to make the correction in mutant porcine fibroblast cells and early embryos. The correction efficiency was greatly improved, whereas substantial off-targeting mutations were detected, raising a safety concern for their potential applications in gene therapy. Thus, we explored the possibility of precise correction of WS2A-causing gene mutation by the CRISPR-Cas9 system in a large-animal model, suggesting great prospects for its future applications in treating human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ruigao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dengfeng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Naipeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
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7
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CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing of mammalian cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:15-30. [PMID: 34127192 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, ZFNs and TALENs have been used for targeted genome engineering and have gained scientific attention. It has demonstrated huge potential for gene knockout, knock-in, and indels in desired locations of genomes to understand molecular mechanism of diseases and also discover therapy. However, both the genome engineering techniques are still suffering from design, screening and validation in cell and higher organisms. CRISPR-Cas9 is a rapid, simple, specific, and versatile technology and it has been applied in many organisms including mammalian cells. CRISPR-Cas9 has been used for animal models to modify animal cells for understanding human disease for novel drug discovery and therapy. Additionally, base editing has also been discussed herewith for conversion of C/G-to-T/A or A/T-to-G/C without DNA cleavage or donor DNA templates for correcting mutations or altering gene functions. In this chapter, we highlight CRISPR-Cas9 and base editing for desired genome editing in mammalian cells for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications.
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Yan N, Sun Y, Fang Y, Deng J, Mu L, Xu K, Mymryk JS, Zhang Z. A Universal Surrogate Reporter for Efficient Enrichment of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Homology-Directed Repair in Mammalian Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 19:775-789. [PMID: 31955009 PMCID: PMC6970138 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) can be leveraged to precisely engineer mammalian genomes. However, the inherently low efficiency of HDR often hampers to identify the desired modified cells. Here, we developed a novel universal surrogate reporter system that efficiently enriches for genetically modified cells arising from CRISPR/Cas9-induced HDR events (namely, the "HDR-USR" system). This episomally based reporter can be self-cleaved and self-repaired via HDR to create a functional puromycin selection cassette without compromising genome integrity. Co-transfection of the HDR-USR system into host cells and transient puromycin selection efficiently achieves enrichment of HDR-modified cells. We tested the system for precision point mutation at 16 loci in different human cell lines and one locus in two rodent cell lines. This system exhibited dramatic improvements in HDR efficiency at a single locus (up to 20.7-fold) and two loci at once (42% editing efficiency compared to zero in the control), as well as greatly improved knockin efficiency (8.9-fold) and biallelic deletion (35.9-fold) at test loci. Further increases were achieved by co-expression of yeast Rad52 and linear single-/double-stranded DNA donors. Taken together, our HDR-USR system provides a simple, robust and efficient surrogate reporter for the enrichment of CRISPR/Cas9-induced HDR-based precision genome editing across various targeting loci in different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yongsen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingrong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Oncology and Otolaryngology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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9
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Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
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10
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Özdemir BC, Sflomos G, Brisken C. The challenges of modeling hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in mice. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R319-R330. [PMID: 29563191 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors account for 70-80% of all breast cancer (BC) cases and are characterized by estrogen dependency for their growth. Endocrine therapies using estrogen receptor antagonists or aromatase inhibitors represent a key component of the standard of care for these tumors. The occurrence of de novo or acquired resistance to estrogen withdrawal represents an important clinical problem, impacting on patient survival. In addition, despite an initially favorable outcome, a part of ER+ BC patients present with disease recurrence locally or at distant sites years or even decades after apparent remission. In vivo models that closely mimic human disease are urgently needed to study the biology of these tumors, investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying endocrine resistance and identify patients at risk of recurrence. Despite the similarities in the overall hormonal regulation of mammary gland development between mice and humans, the majority of the mammary carcinomas occurring in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are ER negative and most xenograft models are based on few ER+ cancer cell lines. We recently showed that the microenvironment is critical for ER+ cancer cells and discuss in this review the potential of intraductal xenograft model for basic and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna C Özdemir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Sflomos
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Ge W. An efficient platform for generating somatic point mutations with germline transmission in the zebrafish by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6611-6622. [PMID: 29500194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homology-directed recombination (HDR)-mediated genome editing is a powerful approach for both basic functional study and disease modeling. Although some studies have reported HDR-mediated precise editing in nonrodent models, the efficiency of establishing pure mutant animal lines that carry specific amino acid substitutions remains low. Furthermore, because the efficiency of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-induced insertion and deletion (indel) mutations is normally much higher than that of HDR-induced point mutations, it is often difficult to identify the latter in the background of indel mutations. Using zebrafish as the model organism and Y box-binding protein 1 (Ybx1/ybx1) as the model molecule, we have established an efficient platform for precise CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in somatic cells, yielding an efficiency of up to 74% embryos. Moreover, we established a procedure for screening germline transmission of point mutations out of indel mutations even when germline transmission efficiency was low (<2%). To further improve germline transmission of HDR-induced point mutations, we optimized several key factors that may affect HDR efficiency, including the type of DNA donor, suppression of NHEJ, stimulation of HDR pathways, and use of Cas9 protein instead of mRNA. The optimized combination of these factors significantly increased the efficiency of germline transmission of point mutation up to 25%. In summary, we have developed an efficient procedure for creating point mutations and differentiating mutant individuals from those carrying knockouts of entire genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- From the Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- From the Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wei Ge
- From the Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
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12
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Fan HC, Chi CS, Lee YJ, Tsai JD, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. The Role of Gene Editing in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:364-378. [PMID: 29766738 PMCID: PMC6038035 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717753378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), at least including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases, have become the most dreaded maladies because there are no precise diagnostic tools or definite treatments for these debilitating diseases. The increased prevalence and a substantial impact on the social-economic and medical care of NDs propel governments to develop policies to counteract the impact. Although the etiologies of NDs are still unknown, growing evidence suggests that genetic, cellular, and circuit alternations may cause the generation of abnormal misfolded proteins, which uncontrolledly accumulate to damage and eventually overwhelm the protein-disposal mechanisms of these neurons, leading to a common pathological feature of NDs. If the functions and the connectivity can be restored, alterations and accumulated damages may improve. The gene-editing tools including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nucleases (CRISPR/CAS) have emerged as a novel tool not only for generating specific ND animal models for interrogating the mechanisms and screening potential drugs against NDs but also for the editing sequence-specific genes to help patients with NDs to regain function and connectivity. This review introduces the clinical manifestations of three distinct NDs and the applications of the gene-editing technology on these debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jing Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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13
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Woodcock ME, Idoko-Akoh A, McGrew MJ. Gene editing in birds takes flight. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:315-323. [PMID: 28612238 PMCID: PMC5569130 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of gene editing (GE) technology to create precise changes to the genome of bird species will provide new and exciting opportunities for the biomedical, agricultural and biotechnology industries, as well as providing new approaches for producing research models. Recent advances in modifying both the somatic and germ cell lineages in chicken indicate that this species, and conceivably soon other avian species, has joined a growing number of model organisms in the gene editing revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Woodcock
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Alewo Idoko-Akoh
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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14
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Abstract
Since its domestication over 100 years ago, the laboratory rat has been the preferred experimental animal in many areas of biomedical research (Lindsey and Baker The laboratory rat. Academic, New York, pp 1-52, 2006). Its physiology, size, genetics, reproductive cycle, cognitive and behavioural characteristics have made it a particularly useful animal model for studying many human disorders and diseases. Indeed, through selective breeding programmes numerous strains have been derived that are now the mainstay of research on hypertension, obesity and neurobiology (Okamoto and Aoki Jpn Circ J 27:282-293, 1963; Zucker and Zucker J Hered 52(6):275-278, 1961). Despite this wealth of genetic and phenotypic diversity, the ability to manipulate and interrogate the genetic basis of existing phenotypes in rat strains and the methodology to generate new rat models has lagged significantly behind the advances made with its close cousin, the laboratory mouse. However, recent technical developments in stem cell biology and genetic engineering have again brought the rat to the forefront of biomedical studies and enabled researchers to exploit the increasingly accessible wealth of genome sequence information. In this review, we will describe how a breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of self-renewal of the pluripotent founder cells of the mammalian embryo, embryonic stem (ES) cells, enabled the derivation of rat ES cells and their application in transgenesis. We will also describe the remarkable progress that has been made in the development of gene editing enzymes that enable the generation of transgenic rats directly through targeted genetic modifications in the genomes of zygotes. The simplicity, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system, in particular, mean that the ability to engineer the rat genome is no longer a limiting factor. The selection of suitable targets and gene modifications will now become a priority: a challenge where ES culture and gene editing technologies can play complementary roles in generating accurate bespoke rat models for studying biological processes and modelling human disease.
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15
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Moreno-Moral A, Petretto E. From integrative genomics to systems genetics in the rat to link genotypes to phenotypes. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1097-1110. [PMID: 27736746 PMCID: PMC5087832 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary to traditional gene mapping approaches used to identify the hereditary components of complex diseases, integrative genomics and systems genetics have emerged as powerful strategies to decipher the key genetic drivers of molecular pathways that underlie disease. Broadly speaking, integrative genomics aims to link cellular-level traits (such as mRNA expression) to the genome to identify their genetic determinants. With the characterization of several cellular-level traits within the same system, the integrative genomics approach evolved into a more comprehensive study design, called systems genetics, which aims to unravel the complex biological networks and pathways involved in disease, and in turn map their genetic control points. The first fully integrated systems genetics study was carried out in rats, and the results, which revealed conserved trans-acting genetic regulation of a pro-inflammatory network relevant to type 1 diabetes, were translated to humans. Many studies using different organisms subsequently stemmed from this example. The aim of this Review is to describe the most recent advances in the fields of integrative genomics and systems genetics applied in the rat, with a focus on studies of complex diseases ranging from inflammatory to cardiometabolic disorders. We aim to provide the genetics community with a comprehensive insight into how the systems genetics approach came to life, starting from the first integrative genomics strategies [such as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) mapping] and concluding with the most sophisticated gene network-based analyses in multiple systems and disease states. Although not limited to studies that have been directly translated to humans, we will focus particularly on the successful investigations in the rat that have led to primary discoveries of genes and pathways relevant to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Moreno-Moral
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
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16
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Tesson L, Remy S, Ménoret S, Usal C, Thinard R, Savignard C, De Cian A, Giovannangeli C, Concordet JP, Anegon I. Genome Editing in Rats Using TALE Nucleases. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1338:245-59. [PMID: 26443226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2932-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rat is an important animal model to understand gene function and model human diseases. Since recent years, the development of gene-specific nucleases has become important for generating new rat models of human diseases, to analyze the role of genes and to generate human antibodies. Transcription activator-like (TALE) nucleases efficiently create gene-specific knockout rats and lead to the possibility of gene targeting by homology-directed recombination (HDR) and generating knock-in rats. We describe a detailed protocol for generating knockout and knock-in rats via microinjection of TALE nucleases into fertilized eggs. This technology is an efficient, cost- and time-effective method for creating new rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tesson
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France. .,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France.
| | - Séverine Remy
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Usal
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Reynald Thinard
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Chloé Savignard
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
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17
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Yoshimi K, Kunihiro Y, Kaneko T, Nagahora H, Voigt B, Mashimo T. ssODN-mediated knock-in with CRISPR-Cas for large genomic regions in zygotes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10431. [PMID: 26786405 PMCID: PMC4736110 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system is a powerful tool for generating genetically modified animals; however, targeted knock-in (KI) via homologous recombination remains difficult in zygotes. Here we show efficient gene KI in rats by combining CRISPR-Cas with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs). First, a 1-kb ssODN co-injected with guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 messenger RNA produce GFP-KI at the rat Thy1 locus. Then, two gRNAs with two 80-bp ssODNs direct efficient integration of a 5.5-kb CAG-GFP vector into the Rosa26 locus via ssODN-mediated end joining. This protocol also achieves KI of a 200-kb BAC containing the human SIRPA locus, concomitantly knocking out the rat Sirpa gene. Finally, three gRNAs and two ssODNs replace 58-kb of the rat Cyp2d cluster with a 6.2-kb human CYP2D6 gene. These ssODN-mediated KI protocols can be applied to any target site with any donor vector without the need to construct homology arms, thus simplifying genome engineering in living organisms. CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful genome engineering tool but gene knock-in is limited by fragment size and efficiency of recombination. Here the authors used a modified strategy employing single-strand oligonucleotides to efficiently knock-in large DNA fragments and humanise native rat loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshimi
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Mouse Genomics Resource Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kunihiro
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takehito Kaneko
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Birger Voigt
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Inagaki H, Sato J. Air puff-induced 22-kHz calls in F344 rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 155:237-41. [PMID: 26723270 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Air puff-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in adult rats, termed "22-kHz calls," have been applied as a useful animal model to develop psychoneurological and psychopharmacological studies focusing on human aversive affective disorders. To date, all previous studies on air puff-induced 22-kHz calls have used outbred rats. Furthermore, newly developed gene targeting technologies, which are essential for further advancement of biomedical experiments using air puff-induced 22-kHz calls, have enabled the production of genetically modified rats using inbred rat strains. Therefore, we considered it necessary to assess air puff-induced 22-kHz calls in inbred rats. In this study, we assessed differences in air puff-induced 22-kHz calls between inbred F344 rats and outbred Wistar rats. Male F344 rats displayed similar total (summed) duration of air puff-induced 22 kHz vocalizations to that of male Wistar rats, however, Wistar rats emitted fewer calls of longer duration, while F344 rats emitted higher number of vocalizations of shorter duration. Additionally, female F344 rats emitted fewer air puff-induced 22-kHz calls than did males, thus confirming the existence of a sex difference that was previously reported for outbred Wistar rats. The results of this study could confirm the reliability of air puff stimulus for induction of a similar amount of emissions of 22-kHz calls in different rat strains, enabling the use of air puff-induced 22-kHz calls in inbred F344 rats and derived genetically modified animals in future studies concerning human aversive affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Inagaki
- Center for Animal Research and Education, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Jun Sato
- Center for Animal Research and Education, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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19
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Ménoret S, De Cian A, Tesson L, Remy S, Usal C, Boulé JB, Boix C, Fontanière S, Crénéguy A, Nguyen TH, Brusselle L, Thinard R, Gauguier D, Concordet JP, Cherifi Y, Fraichard A, Giovannangeli C, Anegon I. Homology-directed repair in rodent zygotes using Cas9 and TALEN engineered proteins. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14410. [PMID: 26442875 PMCID: PMC4595769 DOI: 10.1038/srep14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of genetically-modified organisms has been revolutionized by the development of new genome editing technologies based on the use of gene-specific nucleases, such as meganucleases, ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPRs-Cas9 systems. The most rapid and cost-effective way to generate genetically-modified animals is by microinjection of the nucleic acids encoding gene-specific nucleases into zygotes. However, the efficiency of the procedure can still be improved. In this work we aim to increase the efficiency of CRISPRs-Cas9 and TALENs homology-directed repair by using TALENs and Cas9 proteins, instead of mRNA, microinjected into rat and mouse zygotes along with long or short donor DNAs. We observed that Cas9 protein was more efficient at homology-directed repair than mRNA, while TALEN protein was less efficient than mRNA at inducing homology-directed repair. Our results indicate that the use of Cas9 protein could represent a simple and practical methodological alternative to Cas9 mRNA in the generation of genetically-modified rats and mice as well as probably some other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ménoret
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Claire Usal
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boulé
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Boix
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Tuan H Nguyen
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France
| | | | - Reynald Thinard
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre &Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, 75006 Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
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20
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Yao H, Ferdaus MZ, Zahid HM, Ohara H, Nakahara T, Nabika T. Focal Ischemic Injury with Complex Middle Cerebral Artery in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Loss-Of-Function in NADPH Oxidases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138551. [PMID: 26389812 PMCID: PMC4577106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
By means of introgressing a loss-of-function mutation in the p22phox gene from the Matsumoto Eosinophilia Shinshu (MES) rat to stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), we constructed the SHRSP-based congenic strain lacking the P22PHOX expression (i.e., lacking NADPH oxidases [NOX] activities) (SHRSP.MES-Cybames/Izm; hereafter referred to as SP.MES). To examine the effects of Nox activities on the focal ischemic injury or stroke, we performed middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in this new congenic strain; the distal MCA was occluded by 561-nm laser-driven photothrombosis. Resting mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in SP.MES when compared with the control PM0/SHRSP (150±11 mmHg vs. 166±11 mmHg). Cerebral blood flow decreased to 37±13% in SP.MES and 35±17% in PM0/SHRSP at 10 min after MCA occlusion (not significant). Infarct volume determined at 24 h after MCA occlusion in SP.MES was 89±39 mm3, which was not significantly different from 83±35 mm3 in PM0/SHRSP. The distal MCA pattern was more complex in SP.MES (median 3, IQR 3–5) than PM0/SHRSP (median 2, IQR 1–3) (p = 0.001). Because more complex distal MCA is known to produce larger infarction after distal MCA occlusion in SHR, we adjusted for the branching pattern in an ANCOVA. The adjusted mean of infarct volume was significantly smaller in SP.MES compared with that in PM0/SHRSP (67 [95% CI 46 to 87] mm3 vs. 100 [95% CI 82 to 118] mm3, p = 0.032). Elimination of the P22PHOX expression induced complex distal MCA, which would suggest the presence of ‘loss of complexity’ induced by enhanced oxidative stress in SHRSP; infarct size in SP.MES—when adjusted for distal MCA complexity—was significantly attenuated compared with that in PM0/SHRSP. Therefore, the present results suggest that Nox is harmful for ischemic brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yao
- Laboratory for Neurochemistry, National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Hasan Md Zahid
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohara
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nakahara
- Laboratory for Neurochemistry, National Hospital Organization Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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21
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The pros and cons of vertebrate animal models for functional and therapeutic research on inherited retinal dystrophies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:137-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Sprink T, Metje J, Hartung F. Plant genome editing by novel tools: TALEN and other sequence specific nucleases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 32:47-53. [PMID: 25448232 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing technologies using sequence specific nucleases (SSNs) became a tremendously powerful and precise tool for reverse genetic approaches and applied biology. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) in particular, consisting of a free designable DNA binding domain and a nuclease, have been exploited today by a huge number of approaches in many different organisms. The convenience of designing the DNA binding domain and straightforward protocols for their assembly, as well as the broad number of applications in different scientific fields made it Natures method of the year 2011. TALENs act as molecular scissors by introducing double strand breaks (DSBs) to the DNA at a given location. The DSBs are subsequently repaired by the cell itself using different repair pathways such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). These mechanisms can lead to deletions, insertions, replacements or larger chromosomal rearrangements. By offering a template DNA it is possible to channel the repair in direction of HR. In this article we review the recent findings in the field of SSN approaches with emphasis on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Sprink
- Julius Kühn Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Janina Metje
- Max Plank Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Autophagy, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Hartung
- Julius Kühn Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany.
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23
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Irving AA, Yoshimi K, Hart ML, Parker T, Clipson L, Ford MR, Kuramoto T, Dove WF, Amos-Landgraf JM. The utility of Apc-mutant rats in modeling human colon cancer. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1215-25. [PMID: 25288683 PMCID: PMC4213726 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the advent of genetic engineering in the mouse, the rat was the model of choice for investigating the etiology of cancer. Now, recent advances in the manipulation of the rat genome, combined with a growing recognition of the physiological differences between mice and rats, have reignited interest in the rat as a model of human cancer. Two recently developed rat models, the polyposis in the rat colon (Pirc) and Kyoto Apc Delta (KAD) strains, each carry mutations in the intestinal-cancer-associated adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene. In contrast to mouse models carrying Apc mutations, in which cancers develop mainly in the small intestine rather than in the colon and there is no gender bias, these rat models exhibit colonic predisposition and gender-specific susceptibility, as seen in human colon cancer. The rat also provides other experimental resources as a model organism that are not provided by the mouse: the structure of its chromosomes facilitates the analysis of genomic events, the size of its colon permits longitudinal analysis of tumor growth, and the size of biological samples from the animal facilitates multiplexed molecular analyses of the tumor and its host. Thus, the underlying biology and experimental resources of these rat models provide important avenues for investigation. We anticipate that advances in disease modeling in the rat will synergize with resources that are being developed in the mouse to provide a deeper understanding of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Irving
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Kazuto Yoshimi
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Marcia L Hart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Taybor Parker
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Madeline R Ford
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - William F Dove
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - James M Amos-Landgraf
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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24
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Remy S, Tesson L, Menoret S, Usal C, De Cian A, Thepenier V, Thinard R, Baron D, Charpentier M, Renaud JB, Buelow R, Cost GJ, Giovannangeli C, Fraichard A, Concordet JP, Anegon I. Efficient gene targeting by homology-directed repair in rat zygotes using TALE nucleases. Genome Res 2014; 24:1371-83. [PMID: 24989021 PMCID: PMC4120090 DOI: 10.1101/gr.171538.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of genetically modified animals is important for both research and commercial purposes. The rat is an important model organism that until recently lacked efficient genetic engineering tools. Sequence-specific nucleases, such as ZFNs, TALE nucleases, and CRISPR/Cas9 have allowed the creation of rat knockout models. Genetic engineering by homology-directed repair (HDR) is utilized to create animals expressing transgenes in a controlled way and to introduce precise genetic modifications. We applied TALE nucleases and donor DNA microinjection into zygotes to generate HDR-modified rats with large new sequences introduced into three different loci with high efficiency (0.62%–5.13% of microinjected zygotes). Two of these loci (Rosa26 and Hprt1) are known to allow robust and reproducible transgene expression and were targeted for integration of a GFP expression cassette driven by the CAG promoter. GFP-expressing embryos and four Rosa26 GFP rat lines analyzed showed strong and widespread GFP expression in most cells of all analyzed tissues. The third targeted locus was Ighm, where we performed successful exon exchange of rat exon 2 for the human one. At all three loci we observed HDR only when using linear and not circular donor DNA. Mild hypothermic (30°C) culture of zygotes after microinjection increased HDR efficiency for some loci. Our study demonstrates that TALE nuclease and donor DNA microinjection into rat zygotes results in efficient and reproducible targeted donor integration by HDR. This allowed creation of genetically modified rats in a work-, cost-, and time-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Remy
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Séverine Menoret
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Claire Usal
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Thepenier
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Reynald Thinard
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Daniel Baron
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Marine Charpentier
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Renaud
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Buelow
- Open Monoclonal Technologies, Palo Alto, California 94303, USA
| | | | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
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25
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Wijshake T, Baker DJ, van de Sluis B. Endonucleases: new tools to edit the mouse genome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1942-1950. [PMID: 24794718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse transgenesis has been instrumental in determining the function of genes in the pathophysiology of human diseases and modification of genes by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells remains a widely used technology. However, this approach harbors a number of disadvantages, as it is time-consuming and quite laborious. Over the last decade a number of new genome editing technologies have been developed, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas). These systems are characterized by a designed DNA binding protein or RNA sequence fused or co-expressed with a non-specific endonuclease, respectively. The engineered DNA binding protein or RNA sequence guides the nuclease to a specific target sequence in the genome to induce a double strand break. The subsequent activation of the DNA repair machinery then enables the introduction of gene modifications at the target site, such as gene disruption, correction or insertion. Nuclease-mediated genome editing has numerous advantages over conventional gene targeting, including increased efficiency in gene editing, reduced generation time of mutant mice, and the ability to mutagenize multiple genes simultaneously. Although nuclease-driven modifications in the genome are a powerful tool to generate mutant mice, there are concerns about off-target cleavage, especially when using the CRISPR/Cas system. Here, we describe the basic principles of these new strategies in mouse genome manipulation, their inherent advantages, and their potential disadvantages compared to current technologies used to study gene function in mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wijshake
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Reichardt HM, Fischer HJ. Generation of Transgenic Rats Using Lentiviral Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1304:25-37. [PMID: 25063498 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Transgenesis is a valuable tool with which to study different aspects of gene function in the context of the intact organism. During the last two decades a tremendous number of transgenic animals have been generated, and the continuous improvement of technology and the development of new systems have fostered their widespread application in biomedical research. Generally, transgenic animals are generated by introducing foreign DNA into fertilized oocytes, which can be achieved either by injecting recombinant DNA into the pronucleus or by transferring lentiviral particles into the perivitelline space. While mice remain the favored species in many laboratories, there are a number of applications where the use of rats is advantageous. One such research area is multiple sclerosis. Here, several experimental models are available that are closely mimicking the human disease, and it is possible to induce neuroinflammation by transferring pathogenic T cells which can then be studied by flow cytometry and 2-photon live imaging. Unlike for mice, the development of transgenic rats has encountered some hurdles in the past, e.g., due to a complicated reproductive biology and the frailty of the fertilized oocytes in vitro. In this chapter we provide a protocol describing how we manipulate single cell embryos in our lab in order to efficiently generate transgenic rats in a variety of different strains using lentiviral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Humboldtallee 34, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
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27
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Fiedler LR, Maifoshie E, Schneider MD. Mouse models of heart failure: cell signaling and cell survival. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 109:171-247. [PMID: 24947238 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397920-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the paramount global causes of morbidity and mortality. Despite this pandemic need, the available clinical counter-measures have not altered substantially in recent decades, most notably in the context of pharmacological interventions. Cell death plays a causal role in heart failure, and its inhibition poses a promising approach that has not been thoroughly explored. In previous approaches to target discovery, clinical failures have reflected a deficiency in mechanistic understanding, and in some instances, failure to systematically translate laboratory findings toward the clinic. Here, we review diverse mouse models of heart failure, with an emphasis on those that identify potential targets for pharmacological inhibition of cell death, and on how their translation into effective therapies might be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna R Fiedler
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Evie Maifoshie
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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