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Kazimirova A, El Yamani N, Rubio L, García-Rodríguez A, Barancokova M, Marcos R, Dusinska M. Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Hprt Gene Mutations in V79 Hamster Cells. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10030465. [PMID: 32150818 PMCID: PMC7153606 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of anatase/rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs, NM105 at 3, 15 and 75 µg/cm2) was assessed with the mammalian in-vitro Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Hprt) gene mutation test in Chinese hamster lung (V79) fibroblasts after 24 h exposure. Two dispersion procedures giving different size distribution and dispersion stability were used to investigate whether the effects of TiO2 NPs depend on the state of agglomeration. TiO2 NPs were fully characterised in the previous European FP7 projects NanoTEST and NanoREG2. Uptake of TiO2 NPs was measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TiO2 NPs were found in cytoplasmic vesicles, as well as close to the nucleus. The internalisation of TiO2 NPs did not depend on the state of agglomeration and dispersion used. The cytotoxicity of TiO2 NPs was measured by determining both the relative growth activity (RGA) and the plating efficiency (PE). There were no substantial effects of exposure time (24, 48 and 72 h), although a tendency to lower RGA at longer exposure was observed. No significant difference in PE values and no increases in the Hprt gene mutant frequency were found in exposed relative to unexposed cultures in spite of evidence of uptake of NPs by cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kazimirova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway;
| | - Laura Rubio
- Nanobiology Laboratory, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, PUCMM, 80677 Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic;
| | - Alba García-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; (A.G.-R.); (R.M.)
| | - Magdalena Barancokova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; (A.G.-R.); (R.M.)
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway;
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.D.)
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Dobrovolsky VN, Shaddock JG, Mittelstaedt RA, Miura D, Heflich RH. Detection of In Vivo Mutation in the Hprt and Pig-a Genes of Rat Lymphocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2031:59-75. [PMID: 31473954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9646-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Assays for in vivo mutation are used to identify genotoxic hazards and phenotypes prone to genomic instability and cancer. The hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Hprt) gene and the phosphatidyl inositol glycan, class A (Pig-a) gene are endogenous X-linked genes that can be used as reporters of mutation in peripheral blood lymphocytes from most mammals. Here we describe methodology for measuring Hprt and Pig-a mutation in rat T-lymphocytes. The identification and selective expansion of mutant lymphocytes is based upon the phenotypic properties of Hprt- and Pig-a-deficient cells, that is, resistance to the purine analog, 6-thioguanine, or to the bacterial toxin, proaerolysin. Expanded mutants can be further analyzed by sequencing cDNA from the target transcripts for identification of small sequence alterations and by multiplex PCR analysis of genomic DNA for the detection of deletions.
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Tesson L, Remy S, Ménoret S, Usal C, Thinard R, Savignard C, De Cian A, Giovannangeli C, Concordet JP, Anegon I. Genome Editing in Rats Using TALE Nucleases. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1338:245-59. [PMID: 26443226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2932-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rat is an important animal model to understand gene function and model human diseases. Since recent years, the development of gene-specific nucleases has become important for generating new rat models of human diseases, to analyze the role of genes and to generate human antibodies. Transcription activator-like (TALE) nucleases efficiently create gene-specific knockout rats and lead to the possibility of gene targeting by homology-directed recombination (HDR) and generating knock-in rats. We describe a detailed protocol for generating knockout and knock-in rats via microinjection of TALE nucleases into fertilized eggs. This technology is an efficient, cost- and time-effective method for creating new rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tesson
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France. .,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France. .,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France.
| | - Séverine Remy
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Usal
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Reynald Thinard
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Chloé Savignard
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA - Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France.,ITUN, CHU Nantes, 30 Bvd J. Monnet, 44093, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
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Lee DD, Schwarz MA. Adapted approach to profile genes while reconciling Vegf-a mRNA expression in the developing and injured lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L1202-11. [PMID: 25868151 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00053.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During lung development and injury, messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript levels of genes fluctuate over both space and time. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a highly sensitive, widely used technique to measure the mRNA levels. The sensitivity of this technique can be disadvantageous and errors amplified when each qPCR assay is not validated. In contrast to other organs, lungs have high RNase activity, resulting in less than optimal RNA integrity. We implemented a strategy to address these limitations in developing and injured lungs. Parameters were established and a filter designed that optimized amplicon length and included or excluded samples based on RNA integrity. This approach was illustrated and validated by measuring mRNA levels including Vegf-a in newborn mouse lungs that were injured by 85% oxygen (hyperoxia) for 12 days and compared with control (normoxia). We demonstrate that, in contrast to contradictory Vegf-a expression when normalized to the least suitable housekeeping genes, application of this filter and normalization to most suitable three housekeeping genes, Hprt, Eef2, and Rpl13a, gave reproducible Vegf-a expression, thus corroborating the sample filter. Accordingly, both short amplicon length and proper normalization to ranked, evaluated genes minimized erroneous fluctuation and qPCR amplification issues associated with nonideal RNA integrity in injured and developing lungs. Furthermore, our work uncovers how RNA integrity, purity, amplicon length, and discovery of stable candidate reference genes enhance precision of qPCR results and utilizes the advantages of qPCR in developmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Margaret A Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
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Joassard OR, Amirouche A, Gallot YS, Desgeorges MM, Castells J, Durieux AC, Berthon P, Freyssenet DG. Regulation of Akt-mTOR, ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways in response to formoterol administration in rat skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2444-55. [PMID: 23916784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Administration of β2-agonists triggers skeletal muscle anabolism and hypertrophy. We investigated the time course of the molecular events responsible for rat skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to 1, 3 and 10 days of formoterol administration (i.p. 2000μg/kg/day). A marked hypertrophy of rat tibialis anterior muscle culminated at day 10. Phosphorylation of Akt, ribosomal protein S6, 4E-BP1 and ERK1/2 was increased at day 3, but returned to control level at day 10. This could lead to a transient increase in protein translation and could explain previous studies that reported increase in protein synthesis following β2-agonist administration. Formoterol administration was also associated with a significant reduction in MAFbx/atrogin-1 mRNA level (day 3), suggesting that formoterol can also affect protein degradation of MAFbx/atrogin1 targeted substrates, including MyoD and eukaryotic initiation factor-3f (eIF3-f). Surprisingly, mRNA level of autophagy-related genes, light chain 3 beta (LC3b) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 (Gabarapl1), as well as lysosomal hydrolases, cathepsin B and cathepsin L, was significantly and transiently increased after 1 and/or 3 days, suggesting that autophagosome formation would be increased in response to formoterol administration. However, this has to be relativized since the mRNA level of Unc-51-like kinase1 (Ulk1), BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein3 (Bnip3), and transcription factor EB (TFEB), as well as the protein content of Ulk1, Atg13, Atg5-Atg12 complex and p62/Sqstm1 remained unchanged or was even decreased in response to formoterol administration. These results demonstrate that the effects of formoterol are mediated, in part, through the activation of Akt-mTOR pathway and that other signaling pathways become more important in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass with chronic administration of β2-agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Roger Joassard
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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Fujii Y, Segawa R, Kimura M, Wang L, Ishii Y, Yamamoto R, Morita R, Mitsumori K, Shibutani M. Inhibitory effect of α-lipoic acid on thioacetamide-induced tumor promotion through suppression of inflammatory cell responses in a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:108-18. [PMID: 23830814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the protective effect of α-lipoic acid (a-LA) on the hepatocarcinogenic process promoted by thioacetamide (TAA), we used a two-stage liver carcinogenesis model in N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated and TAA-promoted rats. We examined the modifying effect of co-administered a-LA on the liver tissue environment surrounding preneoplastic hepatocellular lesions, with particular focus on hepatic macrophages and the mechanism behind the decrease in apoptosis of cells surrounding preneoplastic hepatocellular lesions during the early stages of hepatocellular tumor promotion. TAA increased the number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)(+) liver cell foci and the numbers of proliferating and apoptotic cells in the liver. Co-administration with a-LA suppressed these effects. TAA also increased the numbers of ED2(+), cyclooxygenase-2(+), and heme oxygenase-1(+) hepatic macrophages as well as the number of CD3(+) lymphocytes. These effects were also suppressed by a-LA. Transcript levels of some inflammation-related genes were upregulated by TAA and downregulated by a-LA in real-time RT-PCR analysis. Outside the GST-P(+) foci, a-LA reduced the numbers of apoptotic cells, active caspase-8(+) cells and death receptor (DR)-5(+) cells. These results suggest that hepatic macrophages producing proinflammatory factors may be activated in TAA-induced tumor promotion. a-LA may suppress tumor-promoting activity by suppressing the activation of these macrophages and the subsequent inflammatory responses. Furthermore, a-LA may suppress tumor-promoting activity by suppressing the DR5-mediated extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and the subsequent regeneration of liver cells outside GST-P(+) foci.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG
- 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
- Aldh1a1
- Apoptosis
- B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- BNF
- Bax
- Bcl2
- Bcl2-associated X protein
- Bcl2-like 1
- Bcl2l1
- CMD
- Casp
- Cd4
- Cd4 molecule
- Cd8a
- Cd8a molecule
- Col1a1
- Cox-2
- Cu
- Cx3cl1
- Cxcl10
- DAB
- DEN
- DR5
- Death receptor 5 (DR5)
- EMIQ
- Fadd
- Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain
- Fe
- GST-P
- Gpx2
- Gstm1
- HO-1
- Hprt
- Il1b
- Il4
- Inflammation
- Liver tumor promotion
- Mapk
- Mmp
- N-diethylnitrosamine
- NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1
- Nfe2l2
- Nqo1
- PBS
- PCNA
- Ptgs2
- ROS
- Serpine1
- TAA
- TBARS
- TRAIL
- TUNEL
- Tgfb2
- Thioacetamide (TAA)
- Tnf
- Tnfrsf10b
- Tnfsf10
- Txn1
- a-LA
- aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A1
- caspase
- chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10
- chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1
- choline-methionine-deficient diet
- collagen, type I, alpha 1
- copper
- cyclooxygenase 2
- death receptor 5
- diaminobenzidine
- enzymatically modified isoquercitrin
- glutathione S-transferase mu 1
- glutathione S-transferase placental form
- glutathione peroxidase 2
- heme oxygenase-1
- hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
- interleukin 1 beta
- interleukin 4
- iron
- matrix metalloproteinase
- mitogen activated protein kinase
- nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2
- phosphate buffered solution
- proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
- reactive oxygen species
- serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 1
- terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling
- thioacetamide
- thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
- thioredoxin 1
- transforming growth factor, beta 2
- tumor necrosis factor
- tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10
- tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10b
- tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- α-Lipoic acid (a-LA)
- α-lipoic acid
- β-naphthoflavone
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Sokolović A, van Roomen CPAA, Ottenhoff R, Scheij S, Hiralall JK, Claessen N, Aten J, Oude Elferink RPJ, Groen AK, Sokolović M. Fasting reduces liver fibrosis in a mouse model for chronic cholangiopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1482-91. [PMID: 23707514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cholangiopathies often lead to fibrosis, as a result of a perpetuated wound healing response, characterized by increased inflammation and excessive deposition of proteins of the extracellular matrix. Our previous studies have shown that food deprivation suppresses the immune response, which led us to postulate its beneficial effects on pathology in liver fibrosis driven by portal inflammation. We investigated the consequences of fasting on liver fibrosis in Abcb4(-/-) mice that spontaneously develop it due to a lack of phospholipids in bile. The effect of up to 48h of food deprivation was studied by gene expression profiling, (immuno)histochemistry, and biochemical assessments of biliary output, and hepatic and plasma lipid composition. In contrast to increased biliary output in the wild type counterparts, bile composition in Abcb4(-/-) mice remained unchanged with fasting and did not influence the attenuation of fibrosis. Markers of inflammation, however, dramatically decreased in livers of Abcb4(-/-) mice already after 12h of fasting. Reduced presence of activated hepatic stellate cells and actively increased tissue remodeling further propelled a decrease in parenchymal fibrosis in fasting. This study is the first to show that food deprivation positively influences liver pathology in a fibrotic mouse model for chronic cholangiopathies, opening a door for new strategies to improve liver regeneration in chronic disease.
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