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Katsube M, Ishimoto T, Fukushima Y, Kagami A, Shuto T, Kato Y. Ergothioneine promotes longevity and healthy aging in male mice. GeroScience 2024; 46:3889-3909. [PMID: 38446314 PMCID: PMC11226696 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging has emerged as a crucial issue with the increase in the geriatric population worldwide. Food-derived sulfur-containing amino acid ergothioneine (ERGO) is a potential dietary supplement, which exhibits various beneficial effects in experimental animals although the preventive effects of ERGO on aging and/or age-related impairments such as frailty and cognitive impairment are unclear. We investigated the effects of daily oral supplementation of ERGO dissolved in drinking water on lifespan, frailty, and cognitive impairment in male mice from 7 weeks of age to the end of their lives. Ingestion of 4 ~ 5 mg/kg/day of ERGO remarkably extended the lifespan of male mice. The longevity effect of ERGO was further supported by increase in life and non-frailty spans of Caenorhabditis elegans in the presence of ERGO. Compared with the control group, the ERGO group showed significantly lower age-related declines in weight, fat mass, and average and maximum movement velocities at 88 weeks of age. This was compatible with dramatical suppression by ERGO of the age-related increments in plasma biomarkers (BMs) such as the chemokine ligand 9, creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, urea, asymmetric dimethylarginine, quinolinic acid, and kynurenine. The oral intake of ERGO also rescued age-related impairments in learning and memory ability, which might be associated with suppression of the age-related decline in hippocampal neurogenesis and TDP43 protein aggregation and promotion of microglial shift to the M2 phenotype by ERGO ingestion. Ingestion of ERGO may promote longevity and healthy aging in male mice, possibly through multiple biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Katsube
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Yutaro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Asuka Kagami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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2
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Halliwell B, Cheah I. Are age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by a lack of the diet-derived compound ergothioneine? Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 217:60-67. [PMID: 38492784 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
We propose that the diet-derived compound ergothioneine (ET) is an important nutrient in the human body, especially for maintenance of normal brain function, and that low body ET levels predispose humans to significantly increased risks of neurodegenerative (cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson's disease) and possibly other age-related diseases (including frailty, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease). Hence, restoring ET levels in the body could assist in mitigating these risks, which are rapidly increasing due to ageing populations globally. Prevention of neurodegeneration is especially important, since by the time dementia is usually diagnosed damage to the brain is extensive and likely irreversible. ET and vitamin E from the diet may act in parallel or even synergistically to protect different parts of the brain; both may be "neuroprotective vitamins". The present article reviews the substantial scientific basis supporting these proposals about the role of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01A, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Irwin Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01A, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore.
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3
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Ishimoto T, Yamashita R, Matsumoto R, Matsumoto S, Matsuo Y, Nakao S, Masuo Y, Suzuki M, Kato Y. TrkB phosphorylation in serum extracellular vesicles correlates with cognitive function enhanced by ergothioneine in humans. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:11. [PMID: 38321007 PMCID: PMC10847428 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of the food-derived antioxidant amino acid ergothioneine (ERGO) results in its efficient distribution in the brain and enhances cognitive function. However, effect of ERGO deficiency on cognitive impairment and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We revealed that cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis were lower in mice fed an ERGO-free diet than in those fed the control diet. Furthermore, ERGO supplementation to achieve the control diet ERGO levels reversed these effects and restored ERGO concentrations in the plasma and hippocampus. The ERGO-induced recovery of cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis was blocked by inhibiting the neurotrophic factor receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), with a concomitant reduction in hippocampal phosphorylated TrkB, suggesting the involvement of TrkB in these events in mice. Phosphorylated TrkB was also detected in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from serum of volunteers who had been orally administered placebo or ERGO-containing tablets. Importantly, the ratio of serum EV-derived phosphorylated TrkB was significantly higher in the ERGO-treated group than in the placebo-treated group and was positively correlated with both serum ERGO concentrations and several cognitive domain scores from Cognitrax. Altogether, TrkB phosphorylation is involved in ERGO-induced cognitive enhancement in mice, and TrkB phosphorylation levels in serum EVs may quantitatively represent ERGO-induced cognitive enhancement in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Reiya Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ruri Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsumoto
- L·S Corporation Co. Ltd., 3-10-1 Ningyocho-Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0013, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- L·S Corporation Co. Ltd., 3-10-1 Ningyocho-Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0013, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Pires LB, Peixoto-Rodrigues MC, Eloi JF, Cascabulho CM, Barbosa HS, Santiago MF, Adesse D. Infection of Mouse Neural Progenitor Cells by Toxoplasma gondii Reduces Proliferation, Migration, and Neuronal Differentiation in Vitro. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:977-994. [PMID: 37037285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis constitutes a major cause of pre- and postnatal complications. Fetal infection with Toxoplasma gondii influences development and can lead to microcephaly, encephalitis, and neurologic abnormalities. Systematic studies concerning the effects of neural progenitor cell infection with T. gondii are unavailable. Cortical intermediate progenitor cells cultivated as neurospheres obtained from E16.5 Swiss Webster mice were infected with T. gondii (ME49 strain) tachyzoites to mimic the developing mouse cerebral cortex in vitro. Infection was associated with decreased cell proliferation, detected by Ki-67 staining at 48 and 72 hours after infection in floating neurospheres, and reduced cellularity at 96 hours. Transient decreases in the expression of the neurogenesis-related transcription factors T-box brain protein 1, mouse atonal homolog protein 1, and hairy and enhancer of split protein 1 were found in infected cultures, while the level of transcription factor SOX-2 remained unaltered. Neurogenic potential, assessed in plated neurospheres, was impaired in infected cultures, as indicated by decreased late neuronal marker neurofilament heavy chain immunoreactivity. Infected cultures exhibited decreased overall migration rates at 48 and 120 hours. These findings indicate that T. gondii infection of neural progenitor cells may lead to reduced neurogenesis due to an imbalance in cell proliferation alongside an altered migratory profile. If translated to the in vivo situation, these data could explain, in part, cortical malformations in congenitally infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza B Pires
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C Peixoto-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica F Eloi
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia M Cascabulho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helene S Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Santiago
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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Protective Effect of Ergothioneine Against Stroke in Rodent Models. Neuromolecular Med 2022:10.1007/s12017-022-08727-w. [PMID: 36261765 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08727-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is a naturally occurring antioxidant and cytoprotective agent that is synthesized by fungi and certain bacteria. Recent studies have shown a beneficial effect of ET on neurological functions, including cognition and animal models of depression. The aim of this study is to elucidate a possible effect of ET in rodent models of stroke. Post-ischemic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of ET significantly reduced brain infarct volume by as early as 1 day after infusion in rats, as shown by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) assay. There was a dose-dependent increase in protection, from 50 to 200 ng of ET infusion. These results suggest that ET could have a protective effect on CNS neurons. We next elucidated the effect of systemic ET on brain infarct volume in mice after stroke. Daily i.p. injection of 35 mg/kg ET (the first dose being administered 3 h after stroke) had no significant effect on infarct volume. However, daily i.p. injections of 70 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg ET, with the first dose administered 3 h after stroke, significantly decreased infarct volume at 7 days after vessel occlusion in mice. In order to elucidate at what time interval during the 7 days there could be effective protection, a second set of experiments was carried out in mice, using one of the effective loading protocols, i.e. 125 mg/kg i.p. ET but the brains were analyzed at 1, 4 and 7 days post-stroke by MRI. We found that ET was already protective against neuronal injury and decreased the size of the brain infarct from as early as 1 day post-stroke. Behavioral experiments carried out on a third set of mice (using 125 mg/kg i.p. ET) showed that this was accompanied by significant improvements in certain behaviors (pole test) at 1 day after stroke. Together, results of this study indicate that i.c.v. and systemic ET are effective in reducing brain infarct volume after stroke in rodent models.
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6
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Katsube M, Watanabe H, Suzuki K, Ishimoto T, Tatebayashi Y, Kato Y, Murayama N. Food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine improves sleep difficulties in humans. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Nakamichi N, Tsuzuku S, Shibagaki F. Ergothioneine and central nervous system diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2513-2521. [PMID: 35788879 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERGO) is a thiol contained in the food that exhibits an excellent antioxidant effect similar to that of glutathione. Although mammals lack a biosynthetic pathway for ERGO, the carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which transports ERGO in vivo, is expressed throughout the body, and ERGO is distributed to various organs after oral intake. ERGO is a stable compound that remains in the body for a long time after ingestion. OCTN1 is also expressed in brain parenchymal cells, including neurons, and ERGO in the blood permeates the blood-brain barrier and is distributed to the brain, exhibiting a neuroprotective effect. Recently, the association between central nervous system (CNS) diseases and ERGO has become a research focus. ERGO concentrations in the blood components are lower in patients with cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, and frailty than in healthy subjects. ERGO exerts a protective effect against various neurotoxins and improves the symptoms of cognitive impairment, depression, and epilepsy in animal models. The promotion of neurogenesis and induction of neurotrophic factors, in addition to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of ERGO. This review shows the association between ERGO and CNS diseases, discusses the possible biomarkers of peripheral ERGO in CNS diseases, and the possible preventive and improvement effects of ERGO on CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, 370-0033, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Sota Tsuzuku
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, 370-0033, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumiya Shibagaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, 370-0033, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Significance: Ergothioneine (ET) is an unusual sulfur-containing amino acid derived from histidine, acquired predominantly from food. Its depletion is associated with deleterious consequences in response to stress stimuli in cell culture models, prompting us to classify it as a vitamin in 2010, which was later supported by in vivo studies. ET is obtained from a variety of foods and is taken up by a selective transporter. ET possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that confer cytoprotection. ET crosses the blood-brain barrier and has been reported to have beneficial effects in the brain. In this study, we discuss the cytoprotective and neuroprotective properties of ET, which may be harnessed for combating neurodegeneration and decline during aging. Recent Advances: The designation of ET as a stress vitamin is gaining momentum, opening a new field of investigation involving small molecules that are essential for optimal physiological functioning and maintenance of health span. Critical Issues: Although ET was discovered more than a century ago, its physiological functions are still being elucidated, especially in the brain. As ET is present in most foods, toxicity associated with its deprivation has been difficult to assess. Future Directions: Using genetically engineered cells and mice, it may now be possible to elucidate roles of ET. This coupled with advances in genomics and metabolomics may lead to identification of ET function. As ET is a stable antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties, whose levels decline during aging, supplementing ET in the diet or consuming an ET-rich diet may prove beneficial. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1306-1317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Pan HY, Ye ZW, Zheng QW, Yun F, Tu MZ, Hong WG, Chen BX, Guo LQ, Lin JF. Ergothioneine exhibits longevity-extension effect in Drosophila melanogaster via regulation of cholinergic neurotransmission, tyrosine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. Food Funct 2022; 13:227-241. [PMID: 34877949 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the protective effect of ergothioneine (EGT), the unique sulfur-containing antioxidant found in mushrooms, on several aging-related diseases. Nevertheless, to date, no single study has explored the potential role of EGT in the lifespan of animal models. We show here that EGT consistently extends fly lifespan in diverse genetic backgrounds and both sexes, as well as in a dose and gender-dependent manner. Additionally, EGT is shown to increases the climbing activity of flies, enhance acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, and maintain the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG)of aged flies. The increase in lifespan by EGT is gut microorganism dependent. We proposed potential mechanisms of lifespan extension in Drosophila by EGT through RNA-seq analysis: preservation of the normal status of the central nervous system via the coordination of cholinergic neurotransmission, tyrosine metabolism, and peroxisomal proteins, regulation of autophagic activity by altering the lysosomal protein CTSD, and the preservation of normal mitochondrial function through controlled substrate feeding into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the major energy-yielding metabolic process in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Pan
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Wang Zheng
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fan Yun
- Guangzhou Alchemy Biotechnology Co., Guangzhou 510760, China
| | - Ming-Zhen Tu
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wei-Guo Hong
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bai-Xiong Chen
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Ishimoto T, Kato Y. Ergothioneine in the brain. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1290-1298. [PMID: 34978075 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERGO) is a naturally occurring food-derived antioxidant. Despite its extremely hydrophilic properties, ERGO is easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to various organs, including the brain. This is primarily because its entry into brain cells is mediated by the ERGO-specific transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4. Octn1 gene knockout mice do not have ERGO in the brain, due to the absence of OCTN1 in neurons, neural stem cells, and microglia. The existence of OCTN1 and uptake of ERGO into the brain parenchymal cells may suggest that ERGO and its transporter play a pivotal role in brain function. Oral administration of ERGO has antidepressant activities in mice. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of ERGO and ERGO-containing food extract tablets enhance memory function in mice and humans, respectively. ERGO also protects against stress-induced sleep disturbance and neuronal injury induced by amyloid β in rodents. In vitro observations suggest that ERGO benefits brain function through both its antioxidative activity and by promoting neurogenesis and neuronal maturation. This review discusses the possible involvement of ERGO in brain function and its potential therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Japan
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Gründemann D, Hartmann L, Flögel S. The Ergothioneine Transporter (ETT): Substrates and Locations, an Inventory. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:1252-1269. [PMID: 34958679 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In all vertebrates including mammals, the ergothioneine transporter ETT (obsolete name OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) is a powerful and highly specific transporter for the uptake of ergothioneine (ET). ETT is not expressed ubiquitously and only cells with high ETT cell-surface levels can accumulate ET to high concentration. Without ETT, there is no uptake because the plasma membrane is essentially impermeable to this hydrophilic zwitterion. Here, we review the substrate specificity and localization of ETT, which is prominently expressed in neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and developing erythrocytes. Most sites of strong expression are conserved across species, but there are also major differences. In particular, we critically analyze the evidence for the expression of ETT in the brain as well as recent data suggesting that the transporter SLC22A15 may transport also ET. We conclude that, to date, ETT remains the only well-defined biomarker for intracellular ET activity. In humans, the ability to take up, distribute, and retain ET depends principally on this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lea Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Flögel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Kitsanayanyong L, Pahila J, Ishikawa Y, Koyama T, Kiron V, Ohshima T. Functional identification of ergothioneine transporter in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110631. [PMID: 34089869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(2S)-3-(2-sulfanylidene-1,3-dihydroimidazol-4-yl)-2-(trimethylazaniumyl)propanoate (ergothioneine, ET) is hydrophilic antioxidant produced only by certain low-level organisms, but has been reported in the organs of some animals upon dietary intake, facilitated by the ergothioneine transporter (ETT). In this study, it was hypothesised that ETT is involved in the uptake of ET from diet in salmonids. The mechanism of ET uptake was evaluated through knockdown of candidate gene encoding ETT in a cell line (RTG-2) from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ETT gene expression in blood cells and certain tissues from rainbow trout was also investigated as ET from the diet is expected to be carried over to the muscle. Knockdown of an ETT candidate (E1) in RTG-2 cells resulted in a remarkable decrease in E1 mRNA expression; uptake of ET was lower in the knocked group than in the control group suggesting that E1 functions as an ETT for rainbow trout. Furthermore, the expression of ETT gene in different tissues including the muscle points to ET uptake from the diet to the muscle of salmonids. In conclusion, this study partly reveals the possible pathway underlying ET uptake from the diet and its deposition in the muscle of edible fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitphan Kitsanayanyong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Jade Pahila
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; Regional Research Center, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao 5023, Iloilo, Philippines.
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koyama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Toshiaki Ohshima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine, recent developments. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101868. [PMID: 33558182 PMCID: PMC8113028 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent surge of interest in the unique low molecular weight dietary thiol/thione, ergothioneine. This compound can accumulate at high levels in the body from diet and may play important physiological roles in human health and development, and possibly in prevention and treatment of disease. Blood levels of ergothioneine decline with age and onset of various diseases. Here we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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14
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Ishimoto T, Kato Y. Regulation of Neurogenesis by Organic Cation Transporters: Potential Therapeutic Implications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 266:281-300. [PMID: 33782772 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs), which are cells that have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The process is essential for homeostatic tissue regeneration and the coordination of neural plasticity throughout life, as neurons cannot regenerate once injured. Therefore, defects in neurogenesis are related to the onset and exacerbation of several neuropsychiatric disorders, and therefore, the regulation of neurogenesis is considered to be a novel strategy for treatment. Neurogenesis is regulated not only by NSCs themselves, but also by the functional microenvironment surrounding the NSCs, known as the "neurogenic niche." The neurogenic niche consists of several types of neural cells, including neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells. To allow communication with these cells, transporters may be involved in the secretion and uptake of substrates that are essential for signal transduction. This chapter will focus on the involvement of polyspecific solute carriers transporting organic cations in the possible regulation of neurogenesis by controlling the concentration of several organic cation substrates in NSCs and the neurogenic niche. The potential therapeutic implications of neurogenesis regulation by these transporters will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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Yadav SK, Ir R, Jeewon R, Doble M, Hyde KD, Kaliappan I, Jeyaraman R, Reddi RN, Krishnan J, Li M, Durairajan SSK. A Mechanistic Review on Medicinal Mushrooms-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Potential Mycotherapy Candidates for Alleviating Neurological Disorders. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:1161-1175. [PMID: 32663897 DOI: 10.1055/a-1177-4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating and pose the greatest threats to public health. Diseases of the nervous system are caused by a particular pathological process that negatively affects the central and peripheral nervous systems. These diseases also lead to the loss of neuronal cell function, which causes alterations in the nervous system structure, resulting in the degeneration or death of nerve cells throughout the body. This causes problems with movement (ataxia) and mental dysfunction (dementia), both of which are commonly observed symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with nutraceutical properties and are low in calories and fat. They are also a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and vitamins that have been used in the treatment of many ailments. Medicinal mushrooms such as Pleurotus giganteus, Ganoderma lucidium, and Hericium erinaceus are commonly produced worldwide for use as health supplements and medicine. Medicinal mushrooms and their extracts have a large number of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharide β-glucan, or polysaccharide-protein complexes, like lectins, lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, antibiotics, and metal-chelating agents. This review will focus on the role of the medicinal properties of different medicinal mushrooms that contain bioactive compounds with a protective effect against neuronal dysfunction. This information will facilitate the development of drugs against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar Yadav
- Division of Mycobiology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, India
| | - Reshma Ir
- Division of Mycobiology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, India
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Ilango Kaliappan
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Ravindrian Jeyaraman
- Corrosion and Materials Protection Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
| | - Rambabu N Reddi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jayalakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, India
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siva Sundara Kumar Durairajan
- Division of Mycobiology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, India
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Nishiyama M, Nakamichi N, Yoshimura T, Masuo Y, Komori T, Ishimoto T, Matsuo JI, Kato Y. Homostachydrine is a Xenobiotic Substrate of OCTN1/SLC22A4 and Potentially Sensitizes Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Mice. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2664-2678. [PMID: 32844295 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the underlying mechanism of epilepsy is desired since some patients fail to control their seizures. The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed in brain neurons and transports food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO), L-carnitine, and spermine, all of which may be associated with epilepsy. This study aimed to clarify the possible association of this transporter with epileptic seizures. In both pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizure and kindling models, ocnt1 gene knockout mice (octn1-/-) showed lower seizure scores compared with wild-type mice. Up-regulation of the epilepsy-related genes, c-fos and Arc, and the neurotrophic factor BDNF following PTZ administration was observed in the hippocampus of wild-type, but not octn1-/- mice. To find the OCTN1 substrate associated with the seizure, untargeted metabolomics analysis using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was conducted on extracts from the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and plasma of both strains, leading to the identification of a plant alkaloid homostachydrine as a compound present in a lower concentration in octn1-/- mice. OCTN1-mediated uptake of deuterium-labeled homostachydrine was confirmed in OCTN1-transfected HEK293 cells, suggesting that this compound is a substrate of OCTN1. Homostachydrine administration increased PTZ-induced acute seizure scores and the expression of Arc in the hippocampus and that of Arc, Egr1, and BDNF in the frontal cortex. Conversely, administration of the OCTN1 substrate/inhibitor ERGO inhibited PTZ-induced kindling and reduced the plasma homostachydrine concentration. Thus, these results suggest that OCTN1 is at least partially associated with PTZ-induced seizures, which is potentially deteriorated by treatment with homostachydrine, a newly identified food-derived OCTN1 substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Nishiyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoe Komori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Could Ergothioneine Aid in the Treatment of Coronavirus Patients? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E595. [PMID: 32646061 PMCID: PMC7402156 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic that has, at present, infected more than 11 million people globally. Some COVID-19 patients develop a severe and critical illness, spurred on by excessive inflammation that can lead to respiratory or multiorgan failure. Numerous studies have established the unique array of cytoprotective properties of the dietary amino acid ergothioneine. Based on studies in a range of in vitro and in vivo models, ergothioneine has exhibited the ability to modulate inflammation, scavenge free radicals, protect against acute respiratory distress syndrome, prevent endothelial dysfunction, protect against ischemia and reperfusion injury, protect against neuronal damage, counteract iron dysregulation, hinder lung and liver fibrosis, and mitigate damage to the lungs, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and testis, amongst many others. When compiled, this evidence suggests that ergothioneine has a potential application in the treatment of the underlying pathology of COVID-19. We propose that ergothioneine could be used as a therapeutic to reduce the severity and mortality of COVID-19, especially in the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. This review presents evidence to support that proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K. Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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19
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Oppedisano F, Muscoli C, Musolino V, Carresi C, Macrì R, Giancotta C, Bosco F, Maiuolo J, Scarano F, Paone S, Nucera S, Zito MC, Scicchitano M, Ruga S, Ragusa M, Palma E, Tavernese A, Mollace R, Bombardelli E, Mollace V. The Protective Effect of Cynara Cardunculus Extract in Diet-Induced NAFLD: Involvement of OCTN1 and OCTN2 Transporter Subfamily. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1435. [PMID: 32429274 PMCID: PMC7284543 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and insulin-resistance are often associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) thereby representing a true issue worldwide due to increased risk of developing cardiovascular and systemic disorders. Although clear evidence suggests that circulating fatty acids contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms underlying NAFLD and hyperlipidemia, further studies are required to better identify potential beneficial approaches for counteracting such a disease. Recently, several artichoke extracts have been used for both reducing hyperlipidemia, insulin-resistance and NAFLD, though the mechanism is unclear. Here we used a wild type of Cynara Cardunculus extract (CyC), rich in sesquiterpens and antioxidant active ingredients, in rats fed a High Fat Diet (HFD) compared to a Normal Fat Diet (NFD). In particular, in rats fed HFD for four consecutive weeks, we found a significant increase of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and serum glucose. This effect was accompanied by increased body weight and by histopathological features of liver steatosis. The alterations of metabolic parameters found in HFDs were antagonised dose-dependently by daily oral supplementation of rats with CyC 10 and 20 mg/kg over four weeks, an effect associated to significant improvement of liver steatosis. The effect of CyC (20 mg/kg) was also associated to enhanced expression of both OCTN1 and OCTN2 carnitine-linked transporters. Thus, present data suggest a contribution of carnitine system in the protective effect of CyC in diet-induced hyperlipidemia, insulin-resistance and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
- San Raffaele IRCCS, 00199 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Caterina Giancotta
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Sara Paone
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Monica Ragusa
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Annamaria Tavernese
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Ezio Bombardelli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (C.M.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (F.B.); (J.M.); (F.S.); (S.P.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (E.B.)
- San Raffaele IRCCS, 00199 Rome, Italy
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20
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Pochini L, Pappacoda G, Galluccio M, Pastore F, Scalise M, Indiveri C. Effect of Cholesterol on the Organic Cation Transporter OCTN1 (SLC22A4). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031091. [PMID: 32041338 PMCID: PMC7037232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of cholesterol was investigated on the OCTN1 transport activity measured as [14C]-tetraethylamonium or [3H]-acetylcholine uptake in proteoliposomes reconstituted with native transporter extracted from HeLa cells or the human recombinant OCTN1 over-expressed in E. coli. Removal of cholesterol from the native transporter by MβCD before reconstitution led to impairment of transport activity. A similar activity impairment was observed after treatment of proteoliposomes harboring the recombinant (cholesterol-free) protein by MβCD, suggesting that the lipid mixture used for reconstitution contained some cholesterol. An enzymatic assay revealed the presence of 10 µg cholesterol/mg total lipids corresponding to 1% cholesterol in the phospholipid mixture used for the proteoliposome preparation. On the other way around, the activity of the recombinant OCTN1 was stimulated by adding the cholesterol analogue, CHS to the proteoliposome preparation. Optimal transport activity was detected in the presence of 83 µg CHS/ mg total lipids for both [14C]-tetraethylamonium or [3H]-acetylcholine uptake. Kinetic analysis of transport demonstrated that the stimulation of transport activity by CHS consisted in an increase of the Vmax of transport with no changes of the Km. Altogether, the data suggests a direct interaction of cholesterol with the protein. A further support to this interpretation was given by a docking analysis indicating the interaction of cholesterol with some protein sites corresponding to CARC-CRAC motifs. The observed direct interaction of cholesterol with OCTN1 points to a possible direct influence of cholesterol on tumor cells or on acetylcholine transport in neuronal and non-neuronal cells via OCTN1.
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Nakamichi N, Masuo Y, Kato Y. [Possible Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders by Promotion of Neuronal Differentiation through Organic Cation Transporters]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:847-852. [PMID: 31155524 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons differentiated from neural stem cells mature to form a neuronal network. Neuronal maturation enables neurotransmission that regulates brain function. Therefore, abnormal neuronal differentiation causes dysfunction in neurotransmission, and is involved in the onset of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Most of the drugs currently available for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders act on membrane receptors and reuptake transporters of neurotransmitters, and control neurotransmission. These membrane proteins have a high affinity for a specific neurotransmitter, and are highly expressed in synapses. By contrast, xenobiotic transporters have a relatively lower affinity for neurotransmitters, but widely recognize various organic compounds, and are also expressed in brain neural cells. It has remained largely unknown why such xenobiotic transporters are expressed in neural cells that play a key role in neurotransmission. We have therefore attempted to clarify the physiological roles of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in neural stem cells in order to obtain new insight into the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed at much higher levels in neural stem cells compared with other OCTs, and promotes their differentiation into neurons through the uptake of the food-derived hydrophilic antioxidant ergothioneine after oral administration. In this review, we introduce current topics on the physiological/pathophysiological roles of OCTs in neural stem cells, and discuss their possible application to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Indiveri C. OCTN: A Small Transporter Subfamily with Great Relevance to Human Pathophysiology, Drug Discovery, and Diagnostics. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:89-110. [PMID: 30523710 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCTN is a small subfamily of membrane transport proteins that belongs to the larger SLC22 family. Two of the three members of the subfamily, namely, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are present in humans. OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter. These findings suggest avoiding a strict vegetarian diet during pregnancy and in childhood. Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues. The role of OCTN1 is still unclear, despite the identification of some substrates such as ergothioneine, acetylcholine, and choline. Plausibly, the transporter acts on the control of inflammation and oxidative stress, even though knockout mice do not display phenotypes. A clear role of both transporters has been revealed in drug interaction and delivery. The polyspecificity of the OCTNs is at the base of the interactions with drugs. Interestingly, OCTN2 has been recently exploited in the prodrug approach and in diagnostics. A promising application derives from the localization of OCTN2 in exosomes that represent a noninvasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,2 CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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Ishimoto T, Masuo Y, Kato Y, Nakamichi N. Ergothioneine-induced neuronal differentiation is mediated through activation of S6K1 and neurotrophin 4/5-TrkB signaling in murine neural stem cells. Cell Signal 2018; 53:269-280. [PMID: 30359715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The promotion of neurogenesis is considered to be an effective therapeutic strategy for neuropsychiatric disorders because impairment of neurogenesis is associated with the onset and progression of these disorders. We have previously demonstrated that orally ingested ergothioneine (ERGO), a naturally occurring antioxidant and hydrophilic amino acid, promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) with its abundant neural stem cells (NSCs) and exerts antidepressant-like effects in mice. Independent of its antioxidant activities, ERGO induces in cultured NSCs this differentiation through induction of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Math1. However, the upstream signaling of Math1 in the mechanisms underlying ERGO-induced neuronal differentiation remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the upstream signaling with the aim of discovering novel targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. We focused on neurotrophic factor signaling, as it is important for the promotion of neurogenesis and the induction of antidepressant effects. We also focused on the signaling of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), a known amino acid sensor, and the members of this signaling pathway, mTOR and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Exposure of cultured NSCs to ERGO significantly increased the expression of phosphorylated S6K1 (p-S6K1) at Thr389 in only 1 h, of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) in 6 h, and of the gene product of neurotrophin 4/5 (NT5) which activates tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in 24 h. ERGO increased the population of βIII-tubulin-positive neurons, and this effect was suppressed by the inhibitors of S6K1 (PF4708671), mTORC1 (rapamycin), and TrkB (GNF5837). Oral administration of ERGO to mice significantly increased in the DG the expression of p-S6K1 at Thr389, the gene product of NT5, and phosphorylated TrkB but not that of p-mTOR. Thus, neuronal differentiation of NSCs induced by ERGO is mediated, at least in part, through phosphorylation of S6K1 at Thr389 and subsequent activation of TrkB signaling through the induction of NT5. Thus, S6K1 and NT5 might be promising target molecules for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Combination Metabolomics Approach for Identifying Endogenous Substrates of Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter OCTN1. Pharm Res 2018; 35:224. [PMID: 30280275 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solute carrier SLC22A4 encodes the carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1 and is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, although little is known about how this gene is linked to pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to identify endogenous substrates that are associated with gastrointestinal inflammation. METHODS HEK293/OCTN1 and mock cells were incubated with colon extracts isolated from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice; the subsequent cell lysates were mixed with the amino group selective reagent 3-aminopyridyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (APDS), to selectively label OCTN1 substrates. Precursor ion scanning against the fragment ion of APDS was then used to identify candidate OCTN1 substrates. RESULTS Over 10,000 peaks were detected by precursor ion scanning; m/z 342 had a higher signal in HEK293/OCTN1 compared to mock cells. This peak was detected as a divalent ion that contained four APDS-derived fragments and was identified as spermine. Spermine concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from octn1 gene knockout mice (octn1-/-) was significantly lower than in wild-type mice. Lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in peritoneal macrophages from octn1-/- mice was lower than in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS The combination metabolomics approach can provide a novel tool to identify endogenous substrates of OCTN1.
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Tang RMY, Cheah IKM, Yew TSK, Halliwell B. Distribution and accumulation of dietary ergothioneine and its metabolites in mouse tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1601. [PMID: 29371632 PMCID: PMC5785509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
L-ergothioneine (ET) is a diet-derived amino acid that accumulates at high concentrations in animals and humans. Numerous studies have highlighted its antioxidant abilities in vitro, and possible cytoprotective capabilities in vivo. We investigated the uptake and distribution of ET in various organs by a highly sensitive and specific liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique, both before and after oral administration of pure ET (35 and 70 mg/kg/day for 1, 7, and 28 days) to male C57BL6J mice. ET primarily concentrates in the liver and whole blood, and also in spleen, kidney, lung, heart, intestines, eye, and brain tissues. Strong correlations were found between ET and its putative metabolites - hercynine, ET-sulfonate (ET-SO3H), and S-methyl ET. Hercynine accumulates in the brain after prolonged ET administration. This study demonstrates the uptake and distribution of ET and provides a foundation for future studies with ET to target oxidative damage in a range of tissues in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ming Yi Tang
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irwin Kee-Mun Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terry Shze Keong Yew
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore.
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Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter OCTN1 Negatively Regulates Activation in Murine Cultured Microglial Cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:116-128. [PMID: 28688036 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain immune cells, i.e., microglia, play an important role in the maintenance of brain homeostasis, whereas chronic overactivation of microglia is involved in the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the regulation of microglial activation may contribute to their treatment. The aim of the present study was to clarify the functional expression of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which recognizes the naturally occurring food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO) as a substrate in vivo, in microglia and its role in regulation of microglial activation. Primary cultured microglia derived from wild-type mice (WT-microglia) and mouse microglial cell line BV2 exhibited time-dependent uptake of [3H]- or d9-labeled ERGO. The uptake was markedly decreased in cultured microglia from octn1 gene knockout mice (octn1 -/--microglia) and BV2 cells transfected with small interfering RNA targeting the mouse octn1 gene (siOCTN1). These results demonstrate that OCTN1 is functionally expressed in murine microglial cells. Exposure of WT-microglia to ERGO led to a significant decrease in cellular hypertrophy by LPS-stimulation with concomitant attenuation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that OCTN1-mediated ERGO uptake may suppress cellular hypertrophy via the inhibition of ROS production with microglial activation. The expression of mRNA for interleukin-1β (IL-1β) after LPS-treatment was significantly increased in octn1 -/--microglia and siOCTN1-treated BV2 cells compared to the control cells. Meanwhile, treatment of ERGO minimally affected the induction of IL-1β mRNA by LPS-stimulation in cultured microglia and BV2 cells. Thus, OCTN1 negatively regulated the induction of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, at least in part, via the transport of unidentified substrates other than ERGO in microglial cells.
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Furihata T, Anzai N. Functional Expression of Organic Ion Transporters in Astrocytes and Their Potential as a Drug Target in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1153-1160. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Furihata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
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28
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Phan CW, David P, Sabaratnam V. Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Emerging Brain Food for the Mitigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Food 2017; 20:1-10. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Phan
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pamela David
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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29
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Nakamichi N, Kato Y. Physiological Roles of Carnitine/Organic Cation Transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4 in Neural Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1146-1152. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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30
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Nakamichi N, Nakayama K, Ishimoto T, Masuo Y, Wakayama T, Sekiguchi H, Sutoh K, Usumi K, Iseki S, Kato Y. Food-derived hydrophilic antioxidant ergothioneine is distributed to the brain and exerts antidepressant effect in mice. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00477. [PMID: 27134772 PMCID: PMC4842932 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically used antidepressants suffer from various side effects. Therefore, we searched for a safe antidepressant with minimal side effects among food ingredients that are distributed to the brain. Here, we focused on ERGO (ergothioneine), which is a hydrophilic antioxidant and contained at high levels in edible golden oyster mushrooms. ERGO is a typical substrate of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1/SLC22A4, which is expressed in the brain and neuronal stem cells, although little is known about its permeation through the BBB (blood-brain barrier) or its neurological activity. METHODS To clarify the exposure of ERGO to brain and the possible antidepressant-like effect after oral ingestion, ERGO or GOME (golden oyster mushroom extract) which contains 1.2% (w/w) ERGO was mixed with feed and provided to mice for 2 weeks, and then ERGO concentration and antidepressant-like effect were evaluated by LC-MS/MS and FST (forced swimming test) or TST (tail suspension test), respectively. RESULTS Diet containing ERGO or GOME greatly increased the ERGO concentrations in plasma and brain, and significantly decreased the immobility time in both FST and TST. The required amount of GOME (~37 mg/day) to show the antidepressant-like effect corresponds to at most 8 g/day in humans. In mice receiving GOME-containing diet, doublecortin-positive cells showed a significant increase from the basal level, suggesting promotion of neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSION Thus, orally ingested ERGO is transported across the BBB into the brain, where it may promote neuronal differentiation and alleviate symptoms of depression at plausibly achieved level of daily ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Keigo Nakayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- School of Medicine Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sekiguchi
- Life Science Institute Co. Ltd.2-6-6 Nihombashi-Horidomecho Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0012 Japan; L•S Corporation Co. Ltd.3-10-1 Ningyocho-Nihonbashi Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0013 Japan
| | - Keita Sutoh
- Life Science Institute Co. Ltd.2-6-6 Nihombashi-Horidomecho Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0012 Japan; L•S Corporation Co. Ltd.3-10-1 Ningyocho-Nihonbashi Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0013 Japan
| | - Koji Usumi
- Life Science Institute Co. Ltd. 2-6-6 Nihombashi-Horidomecho Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0012 Japan
| | - Shoichi Iseki
- School of Medicine Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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Halliwell B, Cheah IK, Drum CL. Ergothioneine, an adaptive antioxidant for the protection of injured tissues? A hypothesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:245-250. [PMID: 26772879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is a diet-derived, thiolated derivative of histidine with antioxidant properties. Although ET is produced only by certain fungi and bacteria, it can be found at high concentrations in certain human and animal tissues and is absorbed through a specific, high affinity transporter (OCTN1). In liver, heart, joint and intestinal injury, elevated ET concentrations have been observed in injured tissues. The physiological role of ET remains unclear. We thus review current literature to generate a specific hypothesis: that the accumulation of ET in vivo is an adaptive mechanism, involving the regulated uptake and concentration of an exogenous natural compound to minimize oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chester L Drum
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, 138648, Singapore
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32
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Apáti Á, Szebényi K, Erdei Z, Várady G, Orbán TI, Sarkadi B. The importance of drug transporters in human pluripotent stem cells and in early tissue differentiation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 12:77-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1121382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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Neuroprotective Effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Neural Stem Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6644-6652. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Naka K, Jomen Y, Ishihara K, Kim J, Ishimoto T, Bae EJ, Mohney RP, Stirdivant SM, Oshima H, Oshima M, Kim DW, Nakauchi H, Takihara Y, Kato Y, Ooshima A, Kim SJ. Dipeptide species regulate p38MAPK-Smad3 signalling to maintain chronic myelogenous leukaemia stem cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8039. [PMID: 26289811 PMCID: PMC4560789 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the specific survival of the rare chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) stem cell population could provide a target for therapeutics aimed at eradicating these cells. However, little is known about how survival signalling is regulated in CML stem cells. In this study, we survey global metabolic differences between murine normal haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and CML stem cells using metabolomics techniques. Strikingly, we show that CML stem cells accumulate significantly higher levels of certain dipeptide species than normal HSCs. Once internalized, these dipeptide species activate amino-acid signalling via a pathway involving p38MAPK and the stemness transcription factor Smad3, which promotes CML stem cell maintenance. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of dipeptide uptake inhibits CML stem cell activity in vivo. Our results demonstrate that dipeptide species support CML stem cell maintenance by activating p38MAPK–Smad3 signalling in vivo, and thus point towards a potential therapeutic target for CML treatment. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia contains a stem cell fraction and targeting this population of cells is an attractive therapeutic strategy. Here, the authors demonstrate that the stem cells take up dipeptides and that inhibiting the dipeptide transporter could reduce the number of these stem cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Naka
- Exploratory Project on Cancer Stem Cells, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshie Jomen
- Exploratory Project on Cancer Stem Cells, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishihara
- Exploratory Project on Cancer Stem Cells, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Junil Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-ku, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Eun-Jin Bae
- Exploratory Project on Cancer Stem Cells, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,CHA Cancer Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-ku, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert P Mohney
- Metabolon, Inc., 617 Davis Drive Suite 400, Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Steven M Stirdivant
- Metabolon, Inc., 617 Davis Drive Suite 400, Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shiroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Takihara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Ooshima
- CHA Cancer Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-ku, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute and Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-ku, Seongnam, Kyunggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
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Fu P, MacMillan JB. Spithioneines A and B, Two New Bohemamine Derivatives Possessing Ergothioneine Moiety from a Marine-Derived Streptomyces spinoverrucosus. Org Lett 2015; 17:3046-9. [PMID: 26024315 PMCID: PMC4892649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spithioneines A and B (1 and 2), two new bohemamine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids possessing an unusual ergothioneine moiety, were isolated from a marine-derived Streptomyces spinoverrucosus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, CD spectra, and chemical degradation and synthesis. Compounds 1 and 2 are rare natural products that incorporate the amino acid ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at
Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
| | - John B. MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at
Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United
States
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Shimizu T, Masuo Y, Takahashi S, Nakamichi N, Kato Y. Organic cation transporter Octn1-mediated uptake of food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine into infiltrating macrophages during intestinal inflammation in mice. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:231-9. [PMID: 26003890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OCTN1/SLC22A4 is expressed on apical membranes of small intestine, and is involved in gastrointestinal absorption of its substrates, including the food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine (ERGO). ERGO concentration in circulating blood of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease) is lower than that in healthy volunteers; thus, circulating ERGO is a potential diagnostic marker, although the mechanisms underlying low ERGO concentration in patients are unknown. Here, we focused on intestinal macrophages, which infiltrate sites of inflammation, and examined possible first-pass uptake of ERGO by macrophages. ERGO concentration in blood was lower in mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis than in controls. On the other hand, expression of octn1 gene product and ERGO concentration in intestinal tissues of DSS-treated mice were higher than in controls. Interestingly, lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) isolated from DSS-treated mice contained ERGO and showed [(3)H]ERGO uptake and Octn1 expression, whereas ERGO was undetectable in LPMCs of control mice. Functional expression of OCTN1 was also confirmed in LPS-stimulated human macrophage-like cell line, THP-1. In conclusion, OCTN1 is functionally expressed on activated intestinal macrophages, and ERGO uptake into these immune cells could contribute at least in part to the altered disposition of ERGO in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Nakamichi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Bello MH, Mogannam JC, Morin D, Epstein L. Endogenous ergothioneine is required for wild type levels of conidiogenesis and conidial survival but does not protect against 254 nm UV-induced mutagenesis or kill. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 73:120-7. [PMID: 25446508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine, a histidine derivative, is concentrated in conidia of ascomycetous fungi. To investigate the function of ergothioneine, we crossed the wild type Neurospora crassa (Egt(+)) and an ergothioneine non-producer (Egt(-), Δegt-1, a knockout in NCU04343.5) and used the Egt(+) and Egt(-) progeny strains for phenotypic analyses. Compared to the Egt(+) strains, Egt(-) strains had a 59% reduction in the number of conidia produced on Vogel's agar. After storage of Egt(+) and Egt(-) conidia at 97% and 52% relative humidity (RH) for a time course to either 17 or 98 days, respectively, Egt(-) strains had a 23% and a 18% reduction in life expectancy at 97% and 52% RH, respectively, compared to the Egt(+) strains. Based on a Cu(II) reduction assay with the chelator bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt, ergothioneine accounts for 38% and 33% of water-soluble antioxidant capacity in N. crassa conidia from seven and 20 day-old cultures, respectively. In contrast, ergothioneine did not account for significant (α=0.05) anti-oxidant capacity in mycelia, which have lower concentrations of ergothioneine than conidia. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ergothioneine has an antioxidant function in vivo. In contrast, experiments on the spontaneous mutation rate in Egt(+) and Egt(-) strains and on the effects of 254 nm UV light on mutation rate and conidial viability do not support the hypothesis that ergothioneine protects DNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco H Bello
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States
| | - John C Mogannam
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States
| | - Dexter Morin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States.
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