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Schmid VK, Hobeika E. B cell receptor signaling and associated pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1339620. [PMID: 38469232 PMCID: PMC10926848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1339620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is a key driver of growth and survival in both normal and malignant B cells. Several lines of evidence support an important pathogenic role of the BCR in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The significant improvement of CLL patients' survival with the use of various BCR pathway targeting inhibitors, supports a crucial involvement of BCR signaling in the pathogenesis of CLL. Although the treatment landscape of CLL has significantly evolved in recent years, no agent has clearly demonstrated efficacy in patients with treatment-refractory CLL in the long run. To identify new drug targets and mechanisms of drug action in neoplastic B cells, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of leukemic transformation as well as CLL cell survival is required. In the last decades, studies of genetically modified CLL mouse models in line with CLL patient studies provided a variety of exciting data about BCR and BCR-associated kinases in their role in CLL pathogenesis as well as disease progression. BCR surface expression was identified as a particularly important factor regulating CLL cell survival. Also, BCR-associated kinases were shown to provide a crosstalk of the CLL cells with their tumor microenvironment, which highlights the significance of the cells' milieu in the assessment of disease progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the major findings of recent CLL mouse as well as patient studies in regard to the BCR signalosome and discuss its relevance in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Vieira MC, Palm AKE, Stamper CT, Tepora ME, Nguyen KD, Pham TD, Boyd SD, Wilson PC, Cobey S. Germline-encoded specificities and the predictability of the B cell response. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011603. [PMID: 37624867 PMCID: PMC10484431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies result from the competition of B cell lineages evolving under selection for improved antigen recognition, a process known as affinity maturation. High-affinity antibodies to pathogens such as HIV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 are frequently reported to arise from B cells whose receptors, the precursors to antibodies, are encoded by particular immunoglobulin alleles. This raises the possibility that the presence of particular germline alleles in the B cell repertoire is a major determinant of the quality of the antibody response. Alternatively, initial differences in germline alleles' propensities to form high-affinity receptors might be overcome by chance events during affinity maturation. We first investigate these scenarios in simulations: when germline-encoded fitness differences are large relative to the rate and effect size variation of somatic mutations, the same germline alleles persistently dominate the response of different individuals. In contrast, if germline-encoded advantages can be easily overcome by subsequent mutations, allele usage becomes increasingly divergent over time, a pattern we then observe in mice experimentally infected with influenza virus. We investigated whether affinity maturation might nonetheless strongly select for particular amino acid motifs across diverse genetic backgrounds, but we found no evidence of convergence to similar CDR3 sequences or amino acid substitutions. These results suggest that although germline-encoded specificities can lead to similar immune responses between individuals, diverse evolutionary routes to high affinity limit the genetic predictability of responses to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C. Vieira
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Anna-Karin E. Palm
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Stamper
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Micah E. Tepora
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Khoa D. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Tho D. Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, United States of America
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
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Old and New Facts and Speculations on the Role of the B Cell Receptor in the Origin of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214249. [PMID: 36430731 PMCID: PMC9693457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of the B cell receptor (BcR) on the surface of leukemic cells represents a key event in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) since it can lead to the maintenance and expansion of the neoplastic clone. This notion was initially suggested by observations of the CLL BcR repertoire and of correlations existing between certain BcR features and the clinical outcomes of single patients. Based on these observations, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which block BcR signaling, have been introduced in therapy with the aim of inhibiting CLL cell clonal expansion and of controlling the disease. Indeed, the impressive results obtained with these compounds provided further proof of the role of BcR in CLL. In this article, the key steps that led to the determination of the role of BcR are reviewed, including the features of the CLL cell repertoire and the fine mechanisms causing BcR engagement and cell signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the biological effects of the engagement, which can lead to cell survival/proliferation or apoptosis depending on certain intrinsic cell characteristics and on signals that the micro-environment can deliver to the leukemic cells. In addition, consideration is given to alternative mechanisms promoting cell proliferation in the absence of BcR signaling, which can explain in part the incomplete effectiveness of TKI therapies. The role of the BcR in determining clonal evolution and disease progression is also described. Finally, we discuss possible models to explain the selection of a special BcR set during leukemogenesis. The BcR may deliver activation signals to the cells, which lead to their uncontrolled growth, with the possible collaboration of other still-undefined events which are capable of deregulating the normal physiological response of B cells to BcR-delivered stimuli.
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Novel CD81 Mutations in a Chinese Patient Led to IgA Nephropathy and Impaired BCR Signaling. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1672-1684. [PMID: 35849269 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD81 deficiency is an extremely rare primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by severe and recurrent infections, IgA-related nephropathy, and profound hypogammaglobulinemia. Only one patient has been reported so far, and the pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we identified a new case of CD81 deficiency and described its pathogenesis. METHODS We analyzed the clinical, genetic, and immunological features of the patient with CD81 deficiency, and explored the pathogenesis of her antibody deficiencies. RESULTS The major manifestation of this patient was unexpectedly not recurrent infections but IgA nephropathy with aberrant serum galactose-deficient IgA1. Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel biallelic mutations in CD81 gene that abolished the surface expression of CD81. B cells from the patient lack membrane CD19 and showed reduced switched memory B cells and transitional B cells. Decreased expression of key molecules pY and pBTK in BCR signaling were demonstrated by confocal microscopy. RNA sequencing revealed that genes associated with BCR signaling and immunoglobulins were downregulated in CD81-deficient B cells. In addition, the patient showed increased frequency of T follicular helper cells that biased to Th1-like subsets. CONCLUSION We reported the second patient with CD81 deficiency in the world and illustrated aberrant BCR signaling in the patient, therefore helping to unravel the mechanism of antibody deficiency in CD81-deficient patients.
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Gao H, Yu L, Yan F, Zheng Y, Huang H, Zhuang X, Zeng Y. Landscape of B Cell Receptor Repertoires in COVID-19 Patients Revealed Through CDR3 Sequencing of Immunoglobulin Heavy and Light Chains. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:1994-2008. [PMID: 35797435 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2092407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak and persistence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threaten human health. B cells play a vital role in fighting the infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite many studies on the immune responses in COVID-19 patients, it is still unclear how B cell receptor (BCR) constituents, including immunoglobulin heavy (IGHs) and light chains (IGLs), respond to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with varying symptoms. In this study, we conducted complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequencing of BCR IGHs and IGLs from the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and healthy donors. The results showed significantly reduced clonal diversity, more expanded clones, and longer CDR3 lengths of IGH and IGL in COVID-19 patients than those in healthy individuals. The IGLs had a much higher percentage of VJ skew usage (47.83% IGLV and 42.86% IGLJ were significantly regulated) than the IGHs (12.09% IGHV and 0% IGHJ) between the healthy individuals and patients, which indicated the importance of BCR light chains. Furthermore, we found a largely expanded IGLV3-25 gene cluster mostly pairing with IGLJ1 and ILGJ2 in COVID-19 patients and a newly identified upregulated IGLJ1 gene and IGLJ2+IGLV13-21 recombination, both of which are potential sources of SARS-CoV-2-targeting antibodies. Our findings on specific immune B-cell signatures associated with COVID-19 have clinical implications for vaccine and biomarker development for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Gao
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Liying Yu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Furong Yan
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Youxian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Quanzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Province, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xibin Zhuang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Sangesland M, Lingwood D. Public Immunity: Evolutionary Spandrels for Pathway-Amplifying Protective Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708882. [PMID: 34956170 PMCID: PMC8696009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is seeded by affinity between the B cell receptor (BCR) and cognate antigen. While the BCR is a chimeric display of diverse antigen engagement solutions, we discuss its functional activity as an ‘innate-like’ immune receptor, wherein genetically hardwired antigen complementarity can serve as reproducible templates for pathway-amplifying otherwise immunologically recessive antibody responses. We propose that the capacity for germline reactivity to new antigen emerged as a set of evolutionary spandrels or coupled traits, which can now be exploited by rational vaccine design to focus humoral immunity upon conventionally immune-subdominant antibody targets. Accordingly, we suggest that evolutionary spandrels account for the necessary but unanticipated antigen reactivity of the germline antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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7
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Rodríguez-Caballero A, Fuentes Herrero B, Oliva Ariza G, Criado I, Alcoceba M, Prieto C, Pérez Caro M, García-Montero AC, González Díaz M, Forconi F, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Almeida J, Orfao A. The Hydropathy Index of the HCDR3 Region of the B-Cell Receptor Identifies Two Subgroups of IGHV-Mutated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients With Distinct Outcome. Front Oncol 2021; 11:723722. [PMID: 34765543 PMCID: PMC8577851 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.723722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HCDR3 sequences of the B-cell receptor (BCR) undergo constraints in length, amino acid use, and charge during maturation of B-cell precursors and after antigen encounter, leading to BCR and antibodies with high affinity to specific antigens. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia consists of an expansion of B-cells with a mixed immature and "antigen-experienced" phenotype, with either a mutated (M-CLL) or unmutated (U-CLL) tumor BCR, associated with distinct patient outcomes. Here, we investigated the hydropathy index of the BCR of 138 CLL patients and its association with the IGHV mutational status and patient outcome. Overall, two clearly distinct subgroups of M-CLL patients emerged, based on a neutral (mean hydropathy index of -0.1) vs. negatively charged BCR (mean hydropathy index of -1.1) with molecular features closer to those of B-cell precursors and peripheral/mature B-cells, respectively. Despite that M-CLL with neutral HCDR3 did not show traits associated with a mature B-cell repertoire, important differences in IGHV gene usage of tumor cells and patient outcome were observed in this subgroup of patients once compared to both U-CLL and M-CLL with negatively charged HCDR3 sequences. Compared to M-CLL with negatively charged HCDR3 sequences, M-CLL with neutral HCDR3 sequences showed predominance of men, more advanced stages of the disease, and a greater frequency of genetic alterations-e.g., del(17p)-together with a higher rate of disease progression and shorter time to therapy (TTT), independently of other prognostic factors. Our data suggest that the hydropathy index of the HCDR3 sequences of CLL cells allows the identification of a subgroup of M-CLL with intermediate prognostic features between U-CLL and the more favorable subgroup of M-CLL with a negatively charged BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha Rodríguez-Caballero
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-The Spanish National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Blanca Fuentes Herrero
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-The Spanish National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Guillermo Oliva Ariza
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-The Spanish National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Criado
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-The Spanish National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Alcoceba
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca/Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Pérez Caro
- Spanish National DNA Bank Carlos III, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrés C. García-Montero
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-The Spanish National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marcos González Díaz
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca/Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Haematology Oncology Group, School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Centre and National Institute for Health Research Experimental Cancer Medicine, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Julia Almeida
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-The Spanish National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-The Spanish National Research Council (USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, Nucleus Research Support Platform from University of Salamanca (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- CIBERONC Program of Liquid Biopsy, Hematologic Tumors, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer CB16/12/00400 and CB16/12/00233 (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Biology of Hematologic Tumors, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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Porritt RA, Binek A, Paschold L, Rivas MN, McArdle A, Yonker LM, Alter G, Chandnani HK, Lopez M, Fasano A, Van Eyk JE, Binder M, Arditi M. The autoimmune signature of hyperinflammatory multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e151520. [PMID: 34437303 PMCID: PMC8516454 DOI: 10.1172/jci151520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) manifests as a severe and uncontrolled inflammatory response with multiorgan involvement, occurring weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we utilized proteomics, RNA sequencing, autoantibody arrays, and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire analysis to characterize MIS-C immunopathogenesis and identify factors contributing to severe manifestations and intensive care unit admission. Inflammation markers, humoral immune responses, neutrophil activation, and complement and coagulation pathways were highly enriched in MIS-C patient serum, with a more hyperinflammatory profile in severe than in mild MIS-C cases. We identified a strong autoimmune signature in MIS-C, with autoantibodies targeted to both ubiquitously expressed and tissue-specific antigens, suggesting autoantigen release and excessive antigenic drive may result from systemic tissue damage. We further identified a cluster of patients with enhanced neutrophil responses as well as high anti-Spike IgG and autoantibody titers. BCR sequencing of these patients identified a strong imprint of antigenic drive with substantial BCR sequence connectivity and usage of autoimmunity-associated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) genes. This cluster was linked to a TRBV11-2 expanded T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, consistent with previous studies indicating a superantigen-driven pathogenic process. Overall, we identify a combination of pathogenic pathways that culminate in MIS-C and may inform treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Porritt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Aleksandra Binek
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa Paschold
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Angela McArdle
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Merrick Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Hospital, California, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences and
- Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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9
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Ronsard L, Yousif AS, Peabody J, Okonkwo V, Devant P, Mogus AT, Barnes RM, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Peabody D, Chackerian B, Lingwood D. Engineering an Antibody V Gene-Selective Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730471. [PMID: 34566992 PMCID: PMC8459710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand-binding surface of the B cell receptor (BCR) is formed by encoded and non-encoded antigen complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Genetically reproducible or ‘public’ antibodies can arise when the encoded CDRs play deterministic roles in antigen recognition, notably within human broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV and influenza virus. We sought to exploit this by engineering virus-like-particle (VLP) vaccines that harbor multivalent affinity against gene-encoded moieties of the BCR antigen binding site. As proof of concept, we deployed a library of RNA bacteriophage VLPs displaying random peptides to identify a multivalent antigen that selectively triggered germline BCRs using the human VH gene IGVH1-2*02. This VLP selectively primed IGHV1-2*02 BCRs that were present within a highly diversified germline antibody repertoire within humanized mice. Our approach thus provides methodology to generate antigens that engage specific BCR configurations of interest, in the absence of structure-based information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Julianne Peabody
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Vintus Okonkwo
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pascal Devant
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alemu Tekewe Mogus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Daniel Rohrer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - David Peabody
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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10
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Stevenson FK, Forconi F, Kipps TJ. Exploring the pathways to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2021; 138:827-835. [PMID: 34075408 PMCID: PMC8432043 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), increasing knowledge of the biology of the tumor cells has led to transformative improvements in our capacity to assess and treat patients. The dependence of tumor cells on surface immunoglobulin receptor signaling, survival pathways, and accessory cells within the microenvironment has led to a successful double-barreled attack with designer drugs. Studies have revealed that CLL should be classified based on the mutational status of the expressed IGHV sequences into 2 diseases, either unmutated (U) or mutated (M) CLL, each with a distinctive cellular origin, biology, epigenetics/genetics, and clinical behavior. The origin of U-CLL lies among the natural antibody repertoire, and dominance of IGHV1-69 reveals a superantigenic driver. In both U-CLL and M-CLL, a calibrated stimulation of tumor cells by self-antigens apparently generates a dynamic reiterative cycle as cells, protected from apoptosis, transit between blood and tissue sites. But there are differences in outcome, with the balance between proliferation and anergy favoring anergy in M-CLL. Responses are modulated by an array of microenvironmental interactions. Availability of T-cell help is a likely determinant of cell fate, the dependency on which varies between U-CLL and M-CLL, reflecting the different cells of origin, and affecting clinical behavior. Despite such advances, cell-escape strategies, Richter transformation, and immunosuppression remain as challenges, which only may be met by continued research into the biology of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Southampton Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forconi
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Southampton Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Haematology Department, Cancer Care Directorate, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Center for Novel Therapeutics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Sangesland M, Yousif AS, Ronsard L, Kazer SW, Zhu AL, Gatter GJ, Hayward MR, Barnes RM, Quirindongo-Crespo M, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Kwon D, Shalek AK, Lingwood D. A Single Human V H-gene Allows for a Broad-Spectrum Antibody Response Targeting Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in the Blood. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108065. [PMID: 32846123 PMCID: PMC7446668 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell receptors (BCRs) display a combination of variable (V)-gene-encoded complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and adaptive/hypervariable CDR3 loops to engage antigens. It has long been proposed that the former tune for recognition of pathogens or groups of pathogens. To experimentally evaluate this within the human antibody repertoire, we perform immune challenges in transgenic mice that bear diverse human CDR3 and light chains but are constrained to different human VH-genes. We find that, of six commonly deployed VH sequences, only those CDRs encoded by IGHV1-2∗02 enable polyclonal antibody responses against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when introduced to the bloodstream. The LPS is from diverse strains of gram-negative bacteria, and the VH-gene-dependent responses are directed against the non-variable and universal saccrolipid substructure of this antigen. This reveals a broad-spectrum anti-LPS response in which germline-encoded CDRs naturally hardwire the human antibody repertoire for recognition of a conserved microbial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex Lee Zhu
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - G James Gatter
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayward
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralston M Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd., Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | | | - Daniel Rohrer
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd., Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Douglas Kwon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital. 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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The Pivotal Role of Viruses in the Pathogeny of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Monoclonal (Type 1) IgG K Cryoglobulinemia and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Diagnosis in the Course of a Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010115. [PMID: 33466993 PMCID: PMC7830454 DOI: 10.3390/v13010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Type-1 cryoglobulinemia (CG) is a rare disease associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Some viral infections, such as Epstein–Barr Virus infections, are known to cause malignant lymphoproliferation, like certain B-cell lymphomas. However, their role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is still debatable. Here, we report a unique case of Type-1 CG associated to a CLL transformation diagnosed in the course of a human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection. Case presentation: A 91-year-old man was initially hospitalized for delirium. In a context of febrile rhinorrhea, the diagnosis of hMPV infection was made by molecular assay (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swab. Owing to hyperlymphocytosis that developed during the course of the infection and unexplained peripheral neuropathy, a type-1 IgG Kappa CG secondary to a CLL was diagnosed. The patient was not treated for the CLL because of Binet A stage classification and his poor physical condition. Conclusions: We report the unique observation in the literature of CLL transformation and hMPV infection. We provide a mini review on the pivotal role of viruses in CLL pathophysiology.
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13
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Harb J, Wilson BS, Hermouet S. Editorial: Structure, Isotypes, Targets, and Post-translational Modifications of Immunoglobulins and Their Role in Infection, Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1761. [PMID: 32849630 PMCID: PMC7426392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Harb
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sylvie Hermouet
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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14
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Mechanisms of B Cell Receptor Activation and Responses to B Cell Receptor Inhibitors in B Cell Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061396. [PMID: 32481736 PMCID: PMC7352865 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The B cell receptor (BCR) pathway has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in a number of common B cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. This finding has resulted in the development of numerous drugs that target this pathway, including various inhibitors of the kinases BTK, PI3K, and SYK. Several of these drugs have been approved in recent years for clinical use, resulting in a profound change in the way these diseases are currently being treated. However, the response rates and durability of responses vary largely across the different disease entities, suggesting a different proportion of patients with an activated BCR pathway and different mechanisms of BCR pathway activation. Indeed, several antigen-dependent and antigen-independent mechanisms have recently been described and shown to result in the activation of distinct downstream signaling pathways. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms responsible for the activation of the BCR pathway in different B cell malignancies and to correlate these mechanisms with clinical responses to treatment with BCR inhibitors.
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15
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Bosseboeuf A, Seillier C, Mennesson N, Allain-Maillet S, Fourny M, Tallet A, Piver E, Lehours P, Mégraud F, Berthelot L, Harb J, Bigot-Corbel E, Hermouet S. Analysis of the Targets and Glycosylation of Monoclonal IgAs From MGUS and Myeloma Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:854. [PMID: 32536913 PMCID: PMC7266999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that monoclonal immunoglobulins G (IgGs) of “monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance” (MGUS) and myeloma were hyposialylated, thus presumably pro-inflammatory, and for about half of patients, the target of the monoclonal IgG was either a virus—Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), other herpes viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV)—or a glucolipid, lysoglucosylceramide (LGL1), suggesting antigen-driven disease in these patients. In the present study, we show that monoclonal IgAs share these characteristics. We collected 35 sera of patients with a monoclonal IgA (6 MGUS, 29 myeloma), and we were able to purify 25 of the 35 monoclonal IgAs (6 MGUS, 19 myeloma). Monoclonal IgAs from MGUS and myeloma patients were significantly less sialylated than IgAs from healthy volunteers. When purified monoclonal IgAs were tested against infectious pathogens and LGL1, five myeloma patients had a monoclonal IgA that specifically recognized viral proteins: the core protein of HCV in one case, EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) in four cases (21.1% of IgA myeloma). Monoclonal IgAs from three myeloma patients reacted against LGL1. In summary, monoclonal IgAs are hyposialylated and as described for IgG myeloma, significant subsets (8/19, or 42%) of patients with IgA myeloma may have viral or self (LGL1) antigen-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Bosseboeuf
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Célia Seillier
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Mennesson
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | | | - Maeva Fourny
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Tallet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Eric Piver
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR966, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Inserm U1053, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Reference des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Inserm U1053, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre National de Reference des Campylobacters et des Hélicobacters, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laureline Berthelot
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Harb
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Edith Bigot-Corbel
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvie Hermouet
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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16
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Muggen AF, de Jong M, Wolvers-Tettero ILM, Kallemeijn MJ, Teodósio C, Darzentas N, Stadhouders R, IJspeert H, van der Burg M, van IJcken WF, Verhaar JAN, Abdulahad WH, Brouwer E, Boots AMH, Hendriks RW, van Dongen JJM, Langerak AW. The presence of CLL-associated stereotypic B cell receptors in the normal BCR repertoire from healthy individuals increases with age. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2019; 16:22. [PMID: 31485252 PMCID: PMC6714092 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Aging is known to induce immunosenescence, resulting in alterations in both the innate and adaptive immune system. Here we evaluated the effects of aging on B cell subsets in peripheral blood of 155 immunologically healthy individuals in four age categories (range 20-95y) via multi-parameter flow cytometry. Furthermore, we studied the naive and antigen-experienced B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire of different age groups and compared it to the clonal BCR repertoire of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a disease typically presenting in elderly individuals. Results Total numbers and relative frequencies of B cells were found to decline upon aging, with reductions in transitional B cells, memory cell types, and plasma blasts in the 70 + y group. The BCR repertoire of naive mature B cells and antigen-experienced B cells did not clearly alter until age 70y. Clear changes in IGHV gene usage were observed in naive mature B cells of 70 + y individuals, with a transitional pattern in the 50-70y group. IGHV gene usage of naive mature B cells of the 50-70y, but not the 70 + y, age group resembled that of both younger (50-70y) and older (70 + y) CLL patients. Additionally, CLL-associated stereotypic BCR were found as part of the healthy control BCR repertoire, with an age-associated increase in frequency of several stereotypic BCR (particularly subsets #2 and #5). Conclusion Composition of the peripheral B cell compartment changes with ageing, with clear reductions in non-switched and CD27 + IgG+ switched memory B cells and plasma blasts in especially the 70 + y group. The BCR repertoire is relatively stable until 70y, whereafter differences in IGHV gene usage are seen. Upon ageing, an increasing trend in the occurrence of particular CLL-associated stereotypic BCR is observed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12979-019-0163-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Muggen
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon de Jong
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid L M Wolvers-Tettero
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Kallemeijn
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Teodósio
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,2Present Address: Department Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- 3Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,4Department Internal Medicine, University Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Stadhouders
- 5Department Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna IJspeert
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,6Present Address: Department Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan A N Verhaar
- 8Department Orthopedics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- 9Department Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- 9Department Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M H Boots
- 9Department Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- 5Department Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,2Present Address: Department Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- 1Department Immunology, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Yang Z, Liu X, Sun Z, Li J, Tan W, Yu W, Zhang M. Identification of a HIV Gp41-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody With Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2613. [PMID: 30519238 PMCID: PMC6251304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a major mechanism of protection against viral infections in vivo. Identification of HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with potent ADCC activity may help develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine. In present study, we isolated such human mAb, designated E10, from an HIV-1-infected patient sample by single B cell sorting and single cell PCR. E10 bound to gp140 trimer and linear peptides derived from gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER). E10 epitope (QEKNEQELLEL) overlapped with mAb 2F5 epitope. However, E10 differentiated from 2F5 in neutralization breadth and potency, as well as ADCC activity. E10 showed low neutralization activity and narrow spectrum of neutralization compared to 2F5, but it mediated higher ADCC activity than 2F5 at low antibody concentration. Fine mapping of E10 epitope may potentiate MPER-based subunit vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Department of Tuberculosis Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China.,AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zehua Sun
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jingjing Li
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Weiguo Tan
- Department of Tuberculosis Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiye Yu
- Department of Tuberculosis Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiyun Zhang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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18
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Dunn‐Walters D, Townsend C, Sinclair E, Stewart A. Immunoglobulin gene analysis as a tool for investigating human immune responses. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:132-147. [PMID: 29944755 PMCID: PMC6033188 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human immunoglobulin repertoire is a hugely diverse set of sequences that are formed by processes of gene rearrangement, heavy and light chain gene assortment, class switching and somatic hypermutation. Early B cell development produces diverse IgM and IgD B cell receptors on the B cell surface, resulting in a repertoire that can bind many foreign antigens but which has had self-reactive B cells removed. Later antigen-dependent development processes adjust the antigen affinity of the receptor by somatic hypermutation. The effector mechanism of the antibody is also adjusted, by switching the class of the antibody from IgM to one of seven other classes depending on the required function. There are many instances in human biology where positive and negative selection forces can act to shape the immunoglobulin repertoire and therefore repertoire analysis can provide useful information on infection control, vaccination efficacy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. It can also be used to identify antigen-specific sequences that may be of use in therapeutics. The juxtaposition of lymphocyte development and numerical evaluation of immune repertoires has resulted in the growth of a new sub-speciality in immunology where immunologists and computer scientists/physicists collaborate to assess immune repertoires and develop models of immune action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Sinclair
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Alex Stewart
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
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19
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Gunti S, Herman SEM, Gottumukkala RVSRK, Xiong Y, Sun C, Carmona GN, Wiestner A, Notkins AL. Polyreactive antibodies in CLL correlate with the level of immunoglobulins not the number of B lymphocytes. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 60:242-245. [PMID: 29741135 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1464159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasulu Gunti
- a Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Sarah E M Herman
- b Hematology Branch, National Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Raju V S R K Gottumukkala
- a Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- a Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Clare Sun
- b Hematology Branch, National Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Gilberto N Carmona
- a Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- b Hematology Branch, National Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Abner L Notkins
- a Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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20
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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21
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Thörnqvist L, Ohlin M. The functional 3'-end of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genes. Mol Immunol 2018; 96:61-68. [PMID: 29499482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inference of antibody gene repertoires using transcriptome data has emerged as an alternative approach to the complex process of sequencing of adaptive immune receptor germline gene loci. The diversity introduced during rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV), diversity, and joining genes has however been identified as potentially affecting inference specificity. In this study, we have addressed this issue by analysing the nucleotide composition of unmutated human immunoglobulin heavy chains-encoding transcripts, focusing on the 3ö most bases of 47 IGHV germline genes. Although transcripts derived from some of the germline genes predominately incorporated the germline encoded base even at position 320, the last base of most IGHV genes, transcripts originating in other genes presented other nucleotides to the same extent at this position. In transcripts derived from two of the germline genes, IGHV3-13*01 and IGHV4-30-2*01, the predominating nucleotide (G) was in fact not that of the gene (A). Hence, we suggest that inference of IGHV genes should be limited to bases preceding nucleotide 320, as inference beyond this would jeopardize the specificity of the inference process. The different degree of incorporation of the final base of the IGHV gene directly influences the distribution of amino acids of the ascending strand of the third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain. Thereby it influences the nature of this specificity-determining part of the antibody population. In addition, we also present data that indicate the existence of a common so far un-recognized allelic variant of IGHV3-7 that carries an A318G difference in relation to IGHV3-7*02.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Seaton KE, Vandergrift NA, Deal AW, Rountree W, Bainbridge J, Grebe E, Anderson DA, Sawant S, Shen X, Yates NL, Denny TN, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Robb ML, Parkin N, Santos BR, Garrett N, Price MA, Naniche D, Duerr AC, Keating S, Hampton D, Facente S, Marson K, Welte A, Pilcher CD, Cohen MS, Tomaras GD. Computational analysis of antibody dynamics identifies recent HIV-1 infection. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94355. [PMID: 29263306 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate HIV-1 incidence estimation is critical to the success of HIV-1 prevention strategies. Current assays are limited by high false recent rates (FRRs) in certain populations and a short mean duration of recent infection (MDRI). Dynamic early HIV-1 antibody response kinetics were harnessed to identify biomarkers for improved incidence assays. We conducted retrospective analyses on circulating antibodies from known recent and longstanding infections and evaluated binding and avidity measurements of Env and non-Env antigens and multiple antibody forms (i.e., IgG, IgA, IgG3, IgG4, dIgA, and IgM) in a diverse panel of 164 HIV-1-infected participants (clades A, B, C). Discriminant function analysis identified an optimal set of measurements that were subsequently evaluated in a 324-specimen blinded biomarker validation panel. These biomarkers included clade C gp140 IgG3, transmitted/founder clade C gp140 IgG4 avidity, clade B gp140 IgG4 avidity, and gp41 immunodominant region IgG avidity. MDRI was estimated at 215 day or alternatively, 267 days. FRRs in untreated and treated subjects were 5.0% and 3.6%, respectively. Thus, computational analysis of dynamic HIV-1 antibody isotype and antigen interactions during infection enabled design of a promising HIV-1 recency assay for improved cross-sectional incidence estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron W Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Bainbridge
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eduard Grebe
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil Parkin
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland; Data First Consulting, Belmont, California, USA
| | - Breno R Santos
- The Evaluation of Prevention Methods Linked to Acute and Recent Infection (AMPLIAR) Cohort Group Hospital Conceição is detailed in the Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Matthew A Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Denise Naniche
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ann C Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Science Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Sheila Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dylan Hampton
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shelley Facente
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kara Marson
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex Welte
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christopher D Pilcher
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Jiménez de Oya N, De Giovanni M, Fioravanti J, Übelhart R, Di Lucia P, Fiocchi A, Iacovelli S, Efremov DG, Caligaris-Cappio F, Jumaa H, Ghia P, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Pathogen-specific B-cell receptors drive chronic lymphocytic leukemia by light-chain-dependent cross-reaction with autoantigens. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:1482-1490. [PMID: 28899929 PMCID: PMC5666309 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indirectly suggest that antigenic stimulation through the B-cell receptor (BCR) supports chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) development. In addition to self-antigens, a number of microbial antigens have been proposed to contribute to the selection of the immunoglobulins expressed in CLL. How pathogen-specific BCRs drive CLL development remains, however, largely unexplored. Here, we utilized mouse models of CLL pathogenesis to equip B cells with virus-specific BCRs and study the effect of antigen recognition on leukemia growth. Our results show that BCR engagement is absolutely required for CLL development. Unexpectedly, however, neither acute nor chronic exposure to virus-derived antigens influenced leukemia progression. Rather, CLL clones preferentially selected light chains that, when paired with virus-specific heavy chains, conferred B cells the ability to recognize a broad range of autoantigens. Taken together, our results suggest that pathogens may drive CLL pathogenesis by selecting and expanding pathogen-specific B cells that cross-react with one or more self-antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Fioravanti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rudolf Übelhart
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Amleto Fiocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Iacovelli
- Molecular Hematology Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dimitar G Efremov
- Molecular Hematology Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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24
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Watson CT, Glanville J, Marasco WA. The Individual and Population Genetics of Antibody Immunity. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:459-470. [PMID: 28539189 PMCID: PMC5656258 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) produced by immunoglobulin (IG) genes are the most diverse proteins expressed in humans. While part of this diversity is generated by recombination during B-cell development and mutations during affinity maturation, the germ-line IG loci are also diverse across human populations and ethnicities. Recently, proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated genotype–phenotype correlations between specific IG germ-line variants and the quality of Ab responses during vaccination and disease. However, the functional consequences of IG genetic variation in Ab function and immunological outcomes remain underexplored. In this opinion article, we outline interconnections between IG genomic diversity and Ab-expressed repertoires and structure. We further propose a strategy for integrating IG genotyping with functional Ab profiling data as a means to better predict and optimize humoral responses in genetically diverse human populations, with immediate implications for personalized medicine. Genetic variation in human populations affects how individuals are able to mount functional antibody responses. Different alleles can encode convergent binding motifs that result in successful Ab responses against specific infections and vaccinations. Given the complexity of the IG loci and the diversity of the antibody repertoire, links between IG polymorphism and antibody repertoire variability have not been thoroughly explored. We present a strategy to mine genotype–repertoire–disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, and Computational and Systems Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Foster MH, Buckley ES, Chen BJ, Hwang KK, Clark AG. Uncommon structural motifs dominate the antigen binding site in human autoantibodies reactive with basement membrane collagen. Mol Immunol 2016; 76:123-33. [PMID: 27450516 PMCID: PMC4979994 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies mediate organ destruction in multiple autoimmune diseases, yet their origins in patients remain poorly understood. To probe the genetic origins and structure of disease-associated autoantibodies, we engrafted immunodeficient mice with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and immunized with the non-collagenous-1 (NC1) domain of the alpha3 chain of type IV collagen. This antigen is expressed in lungs and kidneys and is targeted by autoantibodies in anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis and Goodpasture syndrome (GPS), prototypic human organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Using Epstein Barr virus transformation and cell fusion, six human anti-alpha3(IV)NC1 collagen monoclonal autoantibodies (mAb) were recovered, including subsets reactive with human kidney and with epitopes recognized by patients' IgG. Sequence analysis reveals a long to exceptionally long heavy chain complementarity determining region3 (HCDR3), the major site of antigen binding, in all six mAb. Mean HCDR3 length is 25.5 amino acids (range 20-36), generated from inherently long DH and JH genes and extended regions of non-templated N-nucleotides. Long HCDR3 are suited to forming noncontiguous antigen contacts and to binding recessed, immunologically silent epitopes hidden from conventional antibodies, as seen with self-antigen crossreactive broadly neutralizing anti-HIV Ig (bnAb). The anti-alpha3(IV)NC1 collagen mAb also show preferential use of unmutated variable region genes that are enriched among human chronic lymphocytic leukemia antibodies that share features with natural polyreactive Ig. Our findings suggest unexpected relationships between pathogenic anti-collagen Ig, bnAb, and autoreactive Ig associated with malignancy, all of which arise from B cells expressing unconventional structural elements that may require transient escape from tolerance for successful expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Foster
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA.
| | | | - Benny J Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA.
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA.
| | - Amy G Clark
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA; Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA.
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26
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Hayakawa K, Formica AM, Colombo MJ, Shinton SA, Brill-Dashoff J, Morse HC, Li YS, Hardy RR. Loss of a chromosomal region with synteny to human 13q14 occurs in mouse chronic lymphocytic leukemia that originates from early-generated B-1 B cells. Leukemia 2016; 30:1510-9. [PMID: 27055869 PMCID: PMC4979312 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is chromosomal loss of 13q14, containing the miR15a/16-1 locus controlling B-cell proliferation. However, CLL etiology remains unclear. CLL is an adult leukemia with an incidence that increases with advancing age. A unique feature of CLL is biased B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) usage, autoreactivity with polyreactivity and CD5 expression, all suggest a role for the BCR in driving CLL pathogenesis. Among human CLLs, BCRs autoreactive with non-muscle myosin IIA (AMyIIA) are recurrent. Here we identify an unmutated AMyIIA BCR in mouse, with distinctive CDR3 segments capable of promoting leukemogenesis. B cells with this AMyIIA BCR are generated by BCR-dependent signaling during B-1 fetal/neonatal development with CD5 induction, but not in adults. These early-generated AMyIIA B-1 B cells self-renew, increase during aging and can progress to become monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, followed by aggressive CLL in aged mice, often with the loss of a chromosomal region containing the miR15a/16-1 locus of varying length, as in human CLL. Thus, the ability to generate this defined autoreactive BCR by B-1 B cells is a key predisposing step in mice, promoting progression to chronic leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Self Renewal
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIA/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Synteny
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayakawa
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Herbert C. Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852,
USA
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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27
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Ghamlouch H, Darwiche W, Hodroge A, Ouled-Haddou H, Dupont S, Singh AR, Guignant C, Trudel S, Royer B, Gubler B, Marolleau JP. Factors involved in CLL pathogenesis and cell survival are disrupted by differentiation of CLL B-cells into antibody-secreting cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18484-503. [PMID: 26050196 PMCID: PMC4621905 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cells display a strong tendency to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and thus may be amenable to differentiation therapy. However, the effect of this differentiation on factors associated with CLL pathogenesis has not been reported. In the present study, purified CLL B-cells were stimulated to differentiate into ASCs by phorbol myristate acetate or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, in combination with CD40 ligand and cytokines in a two-step, seven-day culture system. We investigated (i) changes in the immunophenotypic, molecular, functional, morphological features associated with terminal differentiation into ASCs, (ii) the expression of factors involved in CLL pathogenesis, and (iii) the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in the differentiated cells. Our results show that differentiated CLL B-cells are able to display the transcriptional program of ASCs. Differentiation leads to depletion of the malignant program and deregulation of the apoptosis/survival balance. Analysis of apoptosis and the cell cycle showed that differentiation is associated with low cell viability and a low rate of cell cycle entry. Our findings shed new light on the potential for differentiation therapy as a part of treatment strategies for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ghamlouch
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Immunology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France.,Department of Clinical Hematology and Cell Therapy, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Walaa Darwiche
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01 Unité mixte INERIS, Amiens, France
| | - Ahmed Hodroge
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Sébastien Dupont
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Clinical Hematology and Cell Therapy, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | | | - Caroline Guignant
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Immunology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Bruno Royer
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Clinical Hematology and Cell Therapy, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Immunology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France.,Department of Molecular Oncobiology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA4666, LNPC, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Department of Clinical Hematology and Cell Therapy, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
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28
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Murira A, Lapierre P, Lamarre A. Evolution of the Humoral Response during HCV Infection: Theories on the Origin of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Implications for Vaccine Design. Adv Immunol 2015; 129:55-107. [PMID: 26791858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, vaccine-induced elicitation of broadly neutralizing (bNt) antibodies (Abs) is gaining traction as a key goal toward the eradication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) pandemic. Previously, the significance of the Ab response against HCV was underappreciated given the prevailing evidence advancing the role of the cellular immune response in clearance and overall control of the infection. However, recent findings have driven growing interest in the humoral arm of the immune response and in particular the role of bNt responses due to their ability to confer protective immunity upon passive transfer in animal models. Nevertheless, the origin and development of bNt Abs is poorly understood and their occurrence is rare as well as delayed with emergence only observed in the chronic phase of infection. In this review, we characterize the interplay between the host immune response and HCV as it progresses from the acute to chronic phase of infection. In addition, we place these events in the context of current hypotheses on the origin of bNt Abs against the HIV-1, whose humoral immune response is better characterized. Based on the increasing significance of the humoral immune response against HCV, characterization of these events may be critical in understanding the development of the bNt responses and, thus, provide strategies toward effective vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armstrong Murira
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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29
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Sutton LA, Rosenquist R. The complex interplay between cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors driving the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Williams WB, Liao HX, Moody MA, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Gao F, Wiehe K, Trama AM, Jones K, Zhang R, Song H, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Sawatzki K, Hua A, Liu P, Tay MZ, Seaton KE, Shen X, Foulger A, Lloyd KE, Parks R, Pollara J, Ferrari G, Yu JS, Vandergrift N, Montefiori DC, Sobieszczyk ME, Hammer S, Karuna S, Gilbert P, Grove D, Grunenberg N, McElrath MJ, Mascola JR, Koup RA, Corey L, Nabel GJ, Morgan C, Churchyard G, Maenza J, Keefer M, Graham BS, Baden LR, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. HIV-1 VACCINES. Diversion of HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies. Science 2015; 349:aab1253. [PMID: 26229114 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An HIV-1 DNA prime vaccine, with a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) boost, failed to protect from HIV-1 acquisition. We studied the nature of the vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) response to HIV-1 envelope (Env). HIV-1-reactive plasma Ab titers were higher to Env gp41 than to gp120, and repertoire analysis demonstrated that 93% of HIV-1-reactive Abs from memory B cells responded to Env gp41. Vaccine-induced gp41-reactive monoclonal antibodies were non-neutralizing and frequently polyreactive with host and environmental antigens, including intestinal microbiota (IM). Next-generation sequencing of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region repertoire before vaccination revealed an Env-IM cross-reactive Ab that was clonally related to a subsequent vaccine-induced gp41-reactive Ab. Thus, HIV-1 Env DNA-rAd5 vaccine induced a dominant IM-polyreactive, non-neutralizing gp41-reactive Ab repertoire response that was associated with no vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley M Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongshuo Song
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dawn J Marshall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John F Whitesides
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kaitlin Sawatzki
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Axin Hua
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Z Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Yu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott Hammer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Doug Grove
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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31
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ten Hacken E, Burger JA. Microenvironment dependency in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The basis for new targeted therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:338-48. [PMID: 25050922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a prototype microenvironment-dependent B-cell malignancy, in which the neoplastic B cells co-evolve together with a supportive tissue microenvironment, which promotes leukemia cell survival, growth, and drug-resistance. Chemo-immunotherapy is an established treatment modality for CLL patients, resulting in high rates of responses and improved survival, especially in low-risk CLL. New, alternative treatments target B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and the Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Receptor 4 (CXCR4)-Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 12 (CXCL12) axis, which are key pathways of CLL-microenvironment cross talk. The remarkable clinical efficacy of inhibitors targeting the BCR-associated kinases Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) challenges established therapeutic paradigms and corroborates the central role of BCR signaling in CLL pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular components of the CLL microenvironment. We also describe the emerging therapeutic options for CLL patients, with a focus on inhibitors of CXCR4-CXCL12 and BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa ten Hacken
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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32
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Tharakaraman K, Subramanian V, Cain D, Sasisekharan V, Sasisekharan R. Broadly neutralizing influenza hemagglutinin stem-specific antibody CR8020 targets residues that are prone to escape due to host selection pressure. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:644-51. [PMID: 24832457 PMCID: PMC4258880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) that target a conserved region of a viral antigen hold significant therapeutic promise. CR8020 is a bNAb that targets the stem region of influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA). CR8020 is currently being evaluated for prophylactic use against group 2 IAVs in phase II studies. Structural and computational analyses reported here indicate that CR8020 targets HA residues that are prone to antigenic drift and host selection pressure. Critically, CR8020 escape mutation is seen in certain H7N9 viruses from recent outbreaks. Furthermore, the ability of the bNAb Fc region to effectively engage activating Fcγ receptors (FCγR) is essential for antibody efficacy. In this regard, our data indicate that the membrane could sterically hinder the formation of HA-CR8020-FcγRIIa/HA-IgG-FcγRIIIa ternary complexes. Altogether, our analyses suggest that epitope mutability and accessibility to immune complex assembly are important attributes to consider when evaluating bNAb candidates for clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Epitope Mapping
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Models, Molecular
- Neutralization Tests
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Tharakaraman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Skolkovo-MIT Center for Biomedical Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vidya Subramanian
- Department of Biological Engineering, Skolkovo-MIT Center for Biomedical Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Cain
- Department of Biological Engineering, Skolkovo-MIT Center for Biomedical Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Viswanathan Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Skolkovo-MIT Center for Biomedical Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Skolkovo-MIT Center for Biomedical Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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