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Fazekas LA, Szabo B, Szegeczki V, Filler C, Varga A, Godo ZA, Toth G, Reglodi D, Juhasz T, Nemeth N. Impact Assessment of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Hemostatic Sponge on Vascular Anastomosis Regeneration in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16695. [PMID: 38069018 PMCID: PMC10706260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper regeneration of vessel anastomoses in microvascular surgery is crucial for surgical safety. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can aid healing by decreasing inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. In addition to hematological and hemorheological tests, we examined the biomechanical and histological features of vascular anastomoses with or without PACAP addition and/or using a hemostatic sponge (HS). End-to-end anastomoses were established on the right femoral arteries of rats. On the 21st postoperative day, femoral arteries were surgically removed for evaluation of tensile strength and for histological and molecular biological examination. Effects of PACAP were also investigated in tissue culture in vitro to avoid the effects of PACAP degrading enzymes. Surgical trauma and PACAP absorption altered laboratory parameters; most notably, the erythrocyte deformability decreased. Arterial wall thickness showed a reduction in the presence of HS, which was compensated by PACAP in both the tunica media and adventitia in vivo. The administration of PACAP elevated these parameters in vitro. In conclusion, the application of the neuropeptide augmented elastin expression while HS reduced it, but no significant alterations were detected in collagen type I expression. Elasticity and tensile strength increased in the PACAP group, while it decreased in the HS decreased. Their combined use was beneficial for vascular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Adam Fazekas
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond ut 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.A.F.); (B.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Balazs Szabo
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond ut 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.A.F.); (B.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.S.); (C.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Csaba Filler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.S.); (C.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Adam Varga
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond ut 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.A.F.); (B.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Zoltan Attila Godo
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, Kassai ut 26, H-4028 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Gabor Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dom ter 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Dora Reglodi
- HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti ut 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (V.S.); (C.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Norbert Nemeth
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zsigmond ut 22, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.A.F.); (B.S.); (A.V.)
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Blümm C, Bonaterra GA, Schwarzbach H, Eiden LE, Weihe E, Kinscherf R. PAC1 deficiency reduces chondrogenesis in atherosclerotic lesions of hypercholesterolemic ApoE-deficient mice. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:566. [PMID: 37980508 PMCID: PMC10657554 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of chondrogenesis is associated with progressive atherosclerosis. Deficiency of the ADCYAP1 gene encoding pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) aggravates atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. PACAP signaling regulates chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during cartilage and bone development. Therefore, this study aimed to decipher whether PACAP signaling is related to atherogenesis-related chondrogenesis in the ApoE-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis and under the influence of a high-fat diet. METHODS For this purpose, PACAP-/-/ApoE-/-, PAC1-/-/ApoE-/-, and ApoE-/- mice, as well as wildtype (WT) mice, were studied under standard chow (SC) or cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) for 20 weeks. The amount of cartilage matrix in atherosclerotic lesions of the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) with maximal lumen stenosis was monitored by alcian blue and collagen II staining on deparaffinized cross sections. The chondrogenic RUNX family transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), macrophages [(MΦ), Iba1+], and smooth muscle cells (SMC, sm-α-actin) were immunohistochemically analyzed and quantified. RESULTS ApoE-/- mice fed either SC or CED revealed an increase of alcian blue-positive areas within the media compared to WT mice. PAC1-/-/ApoE-/- mice under CED showed a reduction in the alcian blue-positive plaque area in the BT compared to ApoE-/- mice. In contrast, PACAP deficiency in ApoE-/- mice did not affect the chondrogenic signature under either diet. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that PAC1 deficiency reduces chondrogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques exclusively under conditions of CED-induced hypercholesterolemia. We conclude that CED-related chondrogenesis occurs in atherosclerotic plaques via transdifferentiation of SMCs and MΦ, partly depending on PACAP signaling through PAC1. Thus, PAC1 antagonists or PACAP agonists may offer therapeutic potential against pathological chondrogenesis in atherosclerotic lesions generated under hypercholesterolemic conditions, especially in familial hypercholesterolemia. This discovery opens therapeutic perspectives to be used in the treatment against the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blümm
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - G A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - H Schwarzbach
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - L E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - E Weihe
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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PACAP-38 Induces Transcriptomic Changes in Rat Trigeminal Ganglion Cells Related to Neuroinflammation and Altered Mitochondrial Function Presumably via PAC1/VPAC2 Receptor-Independent Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042120. [PMID: 35216232 PMCID: PMC8874739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a broadly expressed neuropeptide which has diverse effects in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. While its neuroprotective effects have been shown in a variety of disease models, both animal and human data support the role of PACAP in migraine generation. Both PACAP and its truncated derivative PACAP(6-38) increased calcium influx in rat trigeminal ganglia (TG) primary sensory neurons in most experimental settings. PACAP(6-38), however, has been described as an antagonist for PACAP type I (known as PAC1), and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Receptor 2 (also known as VPAC2) receptors. Here, we aimed to compare the signaling pathways induced by the two peptides using transcriptomic analysis. Rat trigeminal ganglion cell cultures were incubated with 1 µM PACAP-38 or PACAP(6-38). Six hours later RNA was isolated, next-generation RNA sequencing was performed and transcriptomic changes were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes. Functional analysis was performed for gene annotation using the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome databases. We found 200 common differentially expressed (DE) genes for these two neuropeptides. Both PACAP-38 and PACAP(6-38) treatments caused significant downregulation of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B6 and upregulation of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8. The common signaling pathways induced by both peptides indicate that they act on the same target, suggesting that PACAP activates trigeminal primary sensory neurons via a mechanism independent of the identified and cloned PAC1/VPAC2 receptor, either via another target structure or a different splice variant of PAC1/VPAC2 receptors. Identification of the target could help to understand key mechanisms of migraine.
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Lei Y, Wang Y, Shen J, Cai Z, Zhao C, Chen H, Luo X, Hu N, Cui W, Huang W. Injectable hydrogel microspheres with self-renewable hydration layers alleviate osteoarthritis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6449. [PMID: 35108047 PMCID: PMC8809544 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Introducing hydration layers to hydrogel microspheres (HMs) by coating the surface with liposomes can effectively reduce friction. However, the lubrication can be inactivated when the surface coatings are damaged. To endow HMs with the ability to form self-renewable hydration layers and maintain cellular homeostasis, rapamycin-liposome-incorporating hyaluronic acid-based HMs (RAPA@Lipo@HMs) were created using microfluidic technology and photopolymerization processes. The RAPA@Lipo@HMs improve joint lubrication by using a smooth rolling mechanism and continuously exposing liposomes on the outer surface to form self-renewable hydration layers via frictional wear. In addition, the released autophagy activator (rapamycin)-loaded cationic liposomes can target negatively charged cartilage through electrostatic interactions and maintain cellular homeostasis by increasing autophagy. Furthermore, the in vivo data showed that the RAPA@Lipo@HMs can alleviate joint wear and delay the progression of osteoarthritis. The RAPA@Lipo@HMs can provide efficient lubrication and potentially alleviate friction-related diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Jieliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoji Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (N.H.); (W.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (N.H.); (W.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (N.H.); (W.C.); (W.H.)
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Karunia J, Niaz A, Mandwie M, Thomas Broome S, Keay KA, Waschek JA, Al-Badri G, Castorina A. PACAP and VIP Modulate LPS-Induced Microglial Activation and Trigger Distinct Phenotypic Changes in Murine BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010947. [PMID: 34681607 PMCID: PMC8535941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two structurally related immunosuppressive peptides. However, the underlying mechanisms through which these peptides regulate microglial activity are not fully understood. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory challenge, we tested whether PACAP or VIP differentially affected microglial activation, morphology and cell migration. We found that both peptides attenuated LPS-induced expression of the microglial activation markers Iba1 and iNOS (### p < 0.001), as well as the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, Itgam and CD68 (### p < 0.001). In contrast, treatment with PACAP or VIP exerted distinct effects on microglial morphology and migration. PACAP reversed LPS-induced soma enlargement and increased the percentage of small-sized, rounded cells (54.09% vs. 12.05% in LPS-treated cells), whereas VIP promoted a phenotypic shift towards cell subpopulations with mid-sized, spindle-shaped somata (48.41% vs. 31.36% in LPS-treated cells). Additionally, PACAP was more efficient than VIP in restoring LPS-induced impairment of cell migration and the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in BV2 cells compared with VIP. These results suggest that whilst both PACAP and VIP exert similar immunosuppressive effects in activated BV2 microglia, each peptide triggers distinctive shifts towards phenotypes of differing morphologies and with differing migration capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Karunia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Aram Niaz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Mawj Mandwie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Sarah Thomas Broome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Kevin A. Keay
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Centre, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour/Neuropsychiatric Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ghaith Al-Badri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (J.K.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (S.T.B.); (G.A.-B.)
- School of Medical Science, [Neuroscience] and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Hajdú T, Kovács P, Zsigrai E, Takács R, Vágó J, Cho S, Sasi-Szabó L, Becsky D, Keller-Pinter A, Emri G, Rácz K, Reglodi D, Zákány R, Juhász T. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Has Inhibitory Effects on Melanoma Cell Proliferation and Migration In Vitro. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681603. [PMID: 34616669 PMCID: PMC8488289 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous neuropeptide which is distributed throughout the body. PACAP influences development of various tissues and exerts protective function during cellular stress and in some tumour formation. No evidence is available on its role in neural crest derived melanocytes and its malignant transformation into melanoma. Expression of PACAP receptors was examined in human skin samples, melanoma lesions and in a primary melanocyte cell culture. A2058 and WM35 melanoma cell lines, representing two different stages of melanoma progression, were used to investigate the effects of PACAP. PAC1 receptor was identified in melanocytes in vivo and in vitro and in melanoma cell lines as well as in melanoma lesions. PACAP administration did not alter viability but decreased proliferation of melanoma cells. With live imaging random motility, average speed, vectorial distance and maximum distance of migration of cells were reduced upon PACAP treatment. PACAP administration did not alter viability but decreased proliferation capacity of melanoma cells. On the other hand, PACAP administration decreased the migration of melanoma cell lines towards fibronectin chemoattractant in the Boyden chamber. Furthermore, the presence of the neuropeptide inhibited the invasion capability of melanoma cell lines in Matrigel chambers. In summary, we provide evidence that PACAP receptors are expressed in melanocytes and in melanoma cells. Our results also prove that various aspects of the cellular motility were inhibited by this neuropeptide. On the basis of these results, we propose PACAP signalling as a possible target in melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hajdú
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emese Zsigrai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sinyoung Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - László Sasi-Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Becsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aniko Keller-Pinter
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Rácz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Pohóczky K, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Kemény Á, Helyes Z, Czeglédi L. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide concentrations in the sheep mammary gland, milk, and in the lamb blood plasma after suckling. Physiol Int 2021; 107:92-105. [PMID: 32491290 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is involved in development and reproduction. We previously described elevated PACAP levels in the milk compared to the plasma, and the presence of its specific PAC1 receptor in the mammary gland. This study aimed to determine PACAP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels in female suckling lambs compared to ewe plasma and mammary gland, as well as their age-dependent alterations. mRNA expressions of PACAP, VIP, PAC1 receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were quantified in the milk whey and mammary gland. PACAP38-like immunoreactivity (PACAP38-LI) was measured in plasma, milk whey and mammary gland by radioimmunoassay, VIP-LI by enzyme-linked immunoassay. PACAP38-LI was 5, 6 times higher in the milk compared to the plasma of lactating sheep. It significantly increased in the lamb plasma 1 h, but returned to basal level 2 h after suckling. However, VIP mRNA was not present in the mammary gland, we detected the VIP protein in the milk whey. BDNF mRNA significantly decreased with age to approximately 60% and 25% in the 3- and 10-year-old sheep respectively, compared to the 3-month-old lambs. No differences were found between mammary and jugular vein plasma PACAP and VIP concentrations, or during the daily cycle. We propose a rapid absorption of PACAP38 from the milk and/or its release in suckling lambs. PACAP accumulated in the milk might be synthesized in the mammary gland or secreted from the plasma of the mothers. PACAP is suggested to have differentiation/proliferation promoting and immunomodulatory effects in the newborns and/or a local function in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pohóczky
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,2János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,3Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs Faculty of Pharmacy, Pécs, Hungary
| | - A Tamás
- 4Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - D Reglődi
- 4Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Á Kemény
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,5Department of Medical Biology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zs Helyes
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.,2János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L Czeglédi
- 6Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of the Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Deng Z, Hu X, Alahdal M, Liu J, Zhao Z, Chen X, Xie J, Duan L, Wang D, Li W. High expression of MAPK-14 promoting the death of chondrocytes is an important signal of osteoarthritis process. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10656. [PMID: 33520453 PMCID: PMC7812924 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative diseases worldwide. Many researchers are studying the pathogenesis of OA, however, it is still unclear. Methods Screening and validation of OA relevant hub genes are an important part of exploring their potential molecular mechanism. Therefore, this study aims to explore and verify the mechanisms of hub genes in the OA by bioinformatics, qPCR, fluorescence and propidium iodide staining. Results Microarray datasets GSE43923, GSE55457 and GSE12021 were collected in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), including 45 samples, which divided into 23 osteoarthritis knee joint samples and 22 samples of normal knee joint. Thereafter, 265 differentiallyexpressedgenes (DEGs) were identified in all, which divided into 199 upregulated genes and 66 downregulated genes. The hub genes MAPK-14, PTPRC, PTPN12 were upregulated, while B9D1 was downregulated. In order to further confirm the expression of screening differential genes in human chondrocytes, the human chondrocytes were extracted from a joint replacement surgery and stained with toluidine blue for identification. Compared with normal chondrocytes, OA chondrocytes had high expression of COL I protein and low expression of COL II protein. The expression levels of MAPK-14, PTPRC and PTPN12 in OA chondrocytes were significantly higher than the expression levels of B9D1 in normal chondrocytes. Moreover, the inflammatory necrosis of OA chondrocytes was increased compared with the normal chondrocytes by propidium iodide staining. Conclusions The high expression of MAPK-14 works as a promoter of chondrocytes death and an important signal of the osteoarthritis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Deng
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Murad Alahdal
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxiong Xie
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Duan
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wencui Li
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Shi L, Wang C, Yan Y, Wang G, Zhang J, Feng L, Yang X, Li G. Function study of vasoactive intestinal peptide on chick embryonic bone development. Neuropeptides 2020; 83:102077. [PMID: 32839008 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic bone development is a complicated procedure and modulated by neuro-osteogenic interaction. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was first identified as a neural vasodilator and further proved to possess multiple biological functions such as neurotransmitter and immune regulator. However, as a key peptide regulator presented in skeletal nerve fibers, the function of VIP on innervation and early bone development regulation has not fully been uncovered yet. In this study, the chick embryo has been used as an experimental model to address the effect of VIP on embryonic bone development. Our study results confirmed the innervation of peripheral nerve fibers into limb bone tissue, which was revealed by the detection of neurofilament (NF) and class III β-tubulin (TUJ-1) in bone tissue at various developing stages. The VIP mRNA and peptide expression level in bone tissue were also increased upon innervation progress. A chick embryonic chemical sympathectomy model was constructed by exposing chick embryos with neurotoxin 6-OHDA. The 6-OHDA exposure of the early chick embryo caused the reduction of neural crest formation and NF expression. 6-OHDA treatment also inhibited distal limb bone development as well as VIP expression. Furthermore, co-application of VIP with 6-OHDA exposure could rescue the inhibited osteogenesis activity and delayed bone development during embryogenesis. Taken together, these results reveal that VIP played an important role during innervation at early stage of bone development. VIP could restore chemical sympathectomy induced osteogenesis inhibition and bone development impair in chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, PR China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Laboratory of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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10
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Perényi H, Szegeczki V, Horváth G, Hinnah B, Tamás A, Radák Z, Ábrahám D, Zákány R, Reglodi D, Juhász T. Physical Activity Protects the Pathological Alterations of Alzheimer's Disease Kidneys via the Activation of PACAP and BMP Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:243. [PMID: 32922265 PMCID: PMC7457084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with typical amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregations. Elimination of the Aβ precursors via the kidneys makes the organ a potential factor in the systemic degeneration leading to AD. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts neuroprotective effects in AD and plays a protective role in kidney pathologies. Increased physical activity is preventive of the formation of AD, but its detailed mechanism and possible connections with PACAP have not been clarified. In the kidneys of AD mice, the effects of physical activity were investigated by comparing wild-type and AD organs. Aβ plaque formation was reduced in AD kidneys after increased training (TAD). Mechanotransduction elevated PACAP receptor expression in TAD mice and normalized the protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated pathways. BMP4/BMPR1 elevation activated Smad1 expression and normalized collagen type IV in TAD animals. In conclusion, our data suggest that elevated physical activity can prevent the AD-induced pathological changes in the kidneys via, at least in part, the activation of PACAP-BMP signaling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Perényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horváth
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Barbara Hinnah
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Ábrahám
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Alzheimer's Disease Mouse as a Model of Testis Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165726. [PMID: 32785075 PMCID: PMC7460847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with protective functions in the central nervous system and various peripheral organs. PACAP has the highest expression level in the testes, among the peripheral organs, and has a positive regulative role in spermatogenesis and in sperm motility. In the present study, we explored testicular degenerative alterations in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/J) and demonstrated changes in PACAP-regulated signaling pathways. In addition, the effects of increased physical activity of AD (trained AD (TAD)) mice on testis were also followed. Reduced cell number and decreased thickness of basement membrane were detected in AD samples. These changes were compensated by physical activity. Expression of PACAP receptors and canonical signaling elements such as PKA, P-PKA, PP2A significantly decreased in AD mice, and altered Sox transcription factor expression was also detected. Via this signaling mechanism, physical activity compensated the negative effects of AD on the expression of type IV collagen. Our findings suggest that the testes of AD mice can be a good model of testis degeneration. Moreover, it can be an appropriate organ to follow the effects of various interventions such as physical activity on tissue regeneration and signaling alterations.
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12
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Lauretta G, Ravalli S, Szychlinska MA, Castorina A, Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Musumeci G. Current knowledge of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in articular cartilage. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1251-1262. [PMID: 32542641 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an evolutionally well conserved neuropeptide, mainly expressed by neuronal and peripheral cells. It proves to be an interesting object of study both for its trophic functions during the development of several tissues and for its protective effects against oxidative stress, hypoxia, inflammation and apoptosis in different degenerative diseases. This brief review summarises the recent findings concerning the role of PACAP in the articular cartilage. PACAP and its receptors are expressed during chondrogenesis and are shown to activate the pathways involved in regulating cartilage development. Moreover, this neuropeptide proves to be chondroprotective against those stressors that determine cartilage degeneration and contribute to the onset of osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of degenerative joint disease. Indeed, the degenerated cartilage exhibits low levels of PACAP, suggesting that its endogenous levels in adult cartilage may play an essential role in maintaining physiological properties. Thanks to its peculiar characteristics, exogenous administration of PACAP could be suggested as a potential tool to slow down the progression of OA and for cartilage regeneration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lauretta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. .,Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Toth D, Szabo E, Tamas A, Juhasz T, Horvath G, Fabian E, Opper B, Szabo D, Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Vicena V, Reglodi D. Protective Effects of PACAP in Peripheral Organs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:377. [PMID: 32765418 PMCID: PMC7381171 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system, where it exerts strong neuroprotective effects. PACAP is also expressed in peripheral organs but its peripheral protective effects have not been summarized so far. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review the existing literature regarding the cytoprotective effects of PACAP in non-neuronal cell types, peripheral tissues, and organs. Among others, PACAP has widespread expression in the digestive system, where it shows protective effects in various intestinal pathologies, such as duodenal ulcer, small bowel ischemia, and intestinal inflammation. PACAP is present in both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas as well as liver where it reduces inflammation and steatosis by interfering with hepatic pathology related to obesity. It is found in several exocrine glands and also in urinary organs, where, with its protective effects being mainly published regarding renal pathologies, PACAP is protective in numerous conditions. PACAP displays anti-inflammatory effects in upper and lower airways of the respiratory system. In the skin, it is involved in the development of inflammatory pathology such as psoriasis and also has anti-allergic effects in a model of contact dermatitis. In the non-neuronal part of the visual system, PACAP showed protective effects in pathological conditions of the cornea and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The positive role of PACAP has been demonstrated on the formation and healing processes of cartilage and bone where it also prevents osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis development. The protective role of PACAP was also demonstrated in the cardiovascular system in different pathological processes including hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and age-related vascular changes. In the heart, PACAP protects against ischemia, oxidative stress, and cardiomyopathies. PACAP is also involved in the protection against the development of pre-senile systemic amyloidosis, which is presented in various peripheral organs in PACAP-deficient mice. The studies summarized here provide strong evidence for the cytoprotective effects of the peptide. The survival-promoting effects of PACAP depend on a number of factors which are also shortly discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata G. D'Amico
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi
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14
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Li FXZ, Xu F, Lin X, Wu F, Zhong JY, Wang Y, Guo B, Zheng MH, Shan SK, Yuan LQ. The Role of Substance P in the Regulation of Bone and Cartilage Metabolic Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:77. [PMID: 32180759 PMCID: PMC7059306 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is released from sensory nerve endings and is widely present in nerve fibers. It acts on bones and related tissues by binding to receptors, thereby regulating bone metabolism, cartilage metabolism, and fracture healing. SP has attracted widespread attention as a signaling substance that can be recognized by both the immune system and the nervous system. Previous studies have shown that bone and chondrocytes can synthesize and secrete sensory neuropeptides and express their receptors, and can promote proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, matrix synthesis, and the degradation of target cells through autocrine/paracrine modes. In this paper, we review the research progress made in this field in recent years in order to provide a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of bone and cartilage physiology and pathological metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan
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15
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Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Lamana A, Mellado M, González-Álvaro I, Gomariz RP. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E65. [PMID: 31861827 PMCID: PMC6982157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP's discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - David Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
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16
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Lack of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Disturbs Callus Formation. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 71:1543-1555. [PMID: 31808034 PMCID: PMC8349325 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a naturally secreted signaling peptide and has important regulatory roles in the differentiation of the central nervous system and its absence results in disorders in femur development. PACAP has an important function in prevention of oxidative stress or mechanical stress in chondrogenesis but little is known about its function in bone regeneration. A new callus formation model was set to investigate its role in bone remodeling. Fracturing was 5 mm distal from the proximal articular surface of the tibia and the depth was 0.5 mm. Reproducibility of callus formation was investigated with CT 3, 7, and 21 days after the operation. Absence of PACAP did not alter the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activation in PACAP KO healing process. In developing callus, the expression of collagen type I increased in wild-type (WT) and PACAP KO mice decreased to the end of healing process. Expression of the elements of BMP signaling was disturbed in the callus formation of PACAP KO mice, as bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and 6 showed an early reduction in bone regeneration. However, elevated Smad1 expression was demonstrated in PACAP KO mice. Our results indicate that PACAP KO mice show various signs of disturbed bone healing and suggest PACAP compensatory and fine tuning effects in proper bone regeneration.
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Szegeczki V, Bauer B, Jüngling A, Fülöp BD, Vágó J, Perényi H, Tarantini S, Tamás A, Zákány R, Reglődi D, Juhász T. Age-related alterations of articular cartilage in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene-deficient mice. GeroScience 2019; 41:775-793. [PMID: 31655957 PMCID: PMC6925077 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an evolutionarly conserved neuropeptide which is produced by various neuronal and non-neuronal cells, including cartilage and bone cells. PACAP has trophic functions in tissue development, and it also plays a role in cellular and tissue aging. PACAP takes part in the regulation of chondrogenesis, which prevents insufficient cartilage formation caused by oxidative and mechanical stress. PACAP knockout (KO) mice have been shown to display early aging signs affecting several organs. In the present work, we investigated articular cartilage of knee joints in young and aged wild-type (WT) and PACAP KO mice. A significant increase in the thickness of articular cartilage was detected in aged PACAP gene-deficient mice. Amongst PACAP receptors, dominantly PAC1 receptor was expressed in WT knee joints and a remarkable decrease was found in aged PACAP KO mice. Expression of PKA-regulated transcription factors, Sox5, Sox9 and CREB, decreased both in young and aged gene deficient mice, while Sox6, collagen type II and aggrecan expressions were elevated in young but were reduced in aged PACAP KO animals. Increased expression of hyaluronan (HA) synthases and HA-binding proteins was detected parallel with an elevated presence of HA in aged PACAP KO mice. Expression of bone related collagens (I and X) was augmented in young and aged animals. These results suggest that loss of PACAP signaling results in dysregulation of cartilage matrix composition and may transform articular cartilage in a way that it becomes more prone to degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bauer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adél Jüngling
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Balázs Daniel Fülöp
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Judit Vágó
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Helga Perényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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18
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Sun BY, Sun ZP, Pang ZC, Huang WT, Wu SP. Decreased synovial fluid pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) levels may reflect disease severity in post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Peptides 2019; 116:22-29. [PMID: 31039374 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury-induced cartilage degeneration is the key risk factor for post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTKOA).Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a common neuropeptide exerting a wide spectrum of functions, has been proved to inhibit inflammation and prevent cartilage degeneration. OBJECTIVE The current study was performed to investigate circulating and synovial fluid PACAP concentrations in ACL injury patients to determine their relationship with the disease progression of the severity of post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTKOA). METHODS 72 ACL injury patients receiving arthroscopical examination and surgery were enrolled in the study. Meanwhile, 60 gender-and-age non-traumatic patellar dislocation patients were enrolled as controls. The VAS score, Lysholm Score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score were all recorded to evaluate the clinical severity. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) PACAP levels were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The IL-1β and TNF-α levels were also investigated. The degree of meniscus injury was assessed by MR imaging. The modified Mankin score was recorded to examine the cartilage histopathological alternations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to discuss the diagnostic value of PACAP levels for the prediction of the radiographic grading in comparison with IL-1β and TNF-α. RESULTS Serum PACAP levels between PTKOA patients and patellar dislocation did not reach significant differences. However, SF PACAP levels were significantly lower in PTKOA patients than controls. In addition, SF PACAP levels were negatively associated with MRI imaging grade for meniscus injury and VAS score, and were positively associated with Lysholm and IKDC scores. In addition, SF PACAP levels were negatively related to Mankin score as well as the expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α. ROC analysis curve showed that attenuated PACAP may serve as a favorable marker for the diagnosis of MRI for meniscus injury. CONCLUSIONS SF PACAP concentrations showed an independent and negative association with disease severity in PTKOA following ACL injury. Local treatment with PACAP may act as a possible adjuvant therapy for delaying the process of PTKOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guang Dong Province Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guang Dong Province, 510095, China
| | - Zu-Cai Pang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Wei-Tao Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Shao-Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guang Dong Province Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guang Dong Province, 510095, China.
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19
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Szentléleky E, Szegeczki V, Karanyicz E, Hajdú T, Tamás A, Tóth G, Zákány R, Reglődi D, Juhász T. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Reduces Oxidative and Mechanical Stress-Evoked Matrix Degradation in Chondrifying Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010168. [PMID: 30621194 PMCID: PMC6337298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous neuropeptide also secreted by non-neural cells, including chondrocytes. PACAP signaling is involved in the regulation of chondrogenesis, but little is known about its connection to matrix turnover during cartilage formation and under cellular stress in developing cartilage. We found that the expression and activity of hyaluronidases (Hyals), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and aggrecanase were permanent during the course of chondrogenesis in primary chicken micromass cell cultures, although protein levels changed daily, along with moderate and relatively constant enzymatic activity. Next, we investigated whether PACAP influences matrix destructing enzyme activity during oxidative and mechanical stress in chondrogenic cells. Exogenous PACAP lowered Hyals and aggrecanase expression and activity during cellular stress. Expression and activation of the majority of cartilage matrix specific MMPs such as MMP1, MMP7, MMP8, and MMP13, were also decreased by PACAP addition upon oxidative and mechanical stress, while the activity of MMP9 seemed not to be influenced by the neuropeptide. These results suggest that application of PACAP can help to preserve the integrity of the newly synthetized cartilage matrix via signaling mechanisms, which ultimately inhibit the activity of matrix destroying enzymes under cellular stress. It implies the prospect that application of PACAP can ameliorate articular cartilage destruction in joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szentléleky
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Edina Karanyicz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Hajdú
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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20
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Tumurbaatar T, Kanasaki H, Oride A, Okada H, Hara T, Tumurgan Z, Kyo S. Effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the regulation of hypothalamic kisspeptin expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 270:60-66. [PMID: 30316762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor are broadly distributed in the brain, and PACAP is known to work as a multifunctional peptide. However, it is still largely unknown how PACAP affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In this study, we examined the effect of PACAP on hypothalamic kisspeptin expression, a known regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. We used two hypothalamic cell models, mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55, which were originated from kisspeptin-expressing neuron in anterioventral periventricular nucleus and arcuate nucleus regions in the hypothalamus, respectively. Expression of Kiss-1 gene, which encodes kisspeptin, was significantly increased by PACAP stimulation in both mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55 cells, by up to 2.69 ± 0.93-fold and 4.89 ± 1.13-fold, respectively. PACAP6-38, a PACAP receptor antagonist did not antagonize the action of PACAP on Kiss-1 gene expression but increased Kiss-1 gene by itself in these cells. PACAP-induced Kiss-1 gene expression in both mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55 cells was almost completely prevented in the presence of H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor. PACAP was expressed in both these hypothalamic cell models and its expression was up-regulated by estradiol in mHypoA-50 cells but not in mHypoA-55 cells. Stimulation of mHypoA-50 and mHypoA-55 cells with PACAP increased the expression levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and neurotensin, both of which could modulate HPG axis. Our present observations suggest that hypothalamic PACAP might modulate the HPG axis by directly or indirectly modulating Kiss-1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuvshintugs Tumurbaatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Aki Oride
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroe Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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21
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Józsa G, Szegeczki V, Pálfi A, Kiss T, Helyes Z, Fülöp B, Cserháti C, Daróczi L, Tamás A, Zákány R, Reglődi D, Juhász T. Signalling Alterations in Bones of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Gene Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092538. [PMID: 30150589 PMCID: PMC6163297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with diverse developmental roles, including differentiation of skeletal elements. It is a positive regulatory factor of chondrogenesis and osteogenic differentiation in vitro, but little is known about its in vivo role in bone formation. In our experiments, diaphyses of long bones from hind limbs of PACAP gene-deficient mice showed changes in thickness and increased staining intensity. Our main goal was to perform a detailed morphological and molecular biological analysis of femurs from PACAP knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. Transverse diameter and anterior cortical bone thickness of KO femurs showed significant alterations with disturbed Ca2+ accumulation and collagen type I expression. Higher expression and activity of alkaline phosphatase were also observed, accompanied by increased fragility PACAP KO femurs. Increased expression of the elements of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and hedgehog signalling was also observed, and are possibly responsible for the compensation mechanism accounting for the slight morphological changes. In summary, our results show that lack of PACAP influences molecular and biomechanical properties of bone matrix, activating various signalling cascade changes in a compensatory fashion. The increased fragility of PACAP KO femur further supports the role of endogenous PACAP in in vivo bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Józsa
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Vince Szegeczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Pálfi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Fülöp
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Cserháti
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Daróczi
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdeikrt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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22
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Altered Notch Signaling in Developing Molar Teeth of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Deficient Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:377-388. [PMID: 30094580 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. This suggests its influence on the development of teeth, which are, similarly to the nervous system, ectoderm and neural crest derivatives. Our earlier studies have shown morphological differences between wild-type (WT) and PACAP-deficient mice, with upregulated sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the lack of PACAP. Notch signaling is a key element of proper tooth development by regulating apoptosis and cell proliferation. In this study, our main goal was to evaluate the possible effects of PACAP on Notch signaling pathway. Immunohistochemical staining was performed of Notch receptors (Notch1, 2, 3, 4), their ligands [delta-like protein (DLL)1, 3, 4, Jagged1, 2], and intracellular target molecules [CSL (CBF1 humans/Su (H) Drosophila/LAG1 Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor); TACE (TNF-α converting enzyme), NUMB] in molar teeth of 5-day-old WT, and homozygous and heterozygous PACAP-deficient mice. We measured immunopositivity in the enamel-producing ameloblasts and dentin-producing odontoblasts. Notch2 receptor and DLL1 expression were elevated in ameloblasts of PACAP-deficient mice compared to those in WT ones. The expression of CSL showed similar results both in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Jagged1 ligand expression was elevated in the odontoblasts of homozygous PACAP-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Other Notch pathway elements did not show significant differences between the genotype groups. The lack of PACAP leads to upregulation of Notch pathway elements in the odontoblast and ameloblast cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be elucidated; however, we propose SHH-dependent and independent processes. We hypothesize that this compensatory upregulation of Notch signaling by the lack of PACAP could represent a salvage pathway in PACAP-deficient animals.
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23
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Ohtaki H, Yagura K, Xu Z. [New function of PACAP on hematopoiesis through PACAP specific receptor (PAC1R)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:244-248. [PMID: 29887573 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide, and exists diverse physiological functions such as a cell protection, anti-inflammation, and neuronal proliferation and differentiation. There are many evidences that PACAP contributes to the neuronal developmental processes during embryonic periods and after the birth, and that PACAP is involved in the development in ectodermal origin including nervous system. However, few evidences have been reported that PACAP contributes to the development of the other germ layer. In here, we introduced our recent study that PACAP was involved in the hematopoiesis. Moreover, we have showed prospective functions of PACAP on the homeostatic and pathological conditions through the autonomic nerve innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhifang Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Showa Univerisity School of Medicine.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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24
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Do Neuroendocrine Peptides and Their Receptors Qualify as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Osteoarthritis? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020367. [PMID: 29373492 PMCID: PMC5855589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint tissues like synovium, articular cartilage, meniscus and subchondral bone, are targets for neuropeptides. Resident cells of these tissues express receptors for various neuroendocrine-derived peptides including proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, i.e., α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-endorphin (β-ED), and sympathetic neuropeptides like vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide y (NPY). Melanocortins attained particular attention due to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in several tissues and organs. In particular, α-MSH, ACTH and specific melanocortin-receptor (MCR) agonists appear to have promising anti-inflammatory actions demonstrated in animal models of experimentally induced arthritis and osteoarthritis (OA). Sympathetic neuropeptides have obtained increasing attention as they have crucial trophic effects that are critical for joint tissue and bone homeostasis. VIP and NPY are implicated in direct and indirect activation of several anabolic signaling pathways in bone and synovial cells. Additionally, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) proved to be chondroprotective and, thus, might be a novel target in OA. Taken together, it appears more and more likely that the anabolic effects of these neuroendocrine peptides or their respective receptor agonists/antagonists may be exploited for the treatment of patients with inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases in the future.
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25
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Reglodi D, Cseh S, Somoskoi B, Fulop BD, Szentleleky E, Szegeczki V, Kovacs A, Varga A, Kiss P, Hashimoto H, Tamas A, Bardosi A, Manavalan S, Bako E, Zakany R, Juhasz T. Disturbed spermatogenic signaling in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-deficient mice. Reproduction 2017; 155:129-139. [PMID: 29101268 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PACAP is a neuropeptide with diverse functions in various organs, including reproductive system. It is present in the testis in high concentrations, and in addition to the stage-specific expression within the seminiferous tubules, PACAP affects spermatogenesis and the functions of Leydig and Sertoli cells. Mice lacking endogenous PACAP show reduced fertility, but the possibility of abnormalities in spermatogenic signaling has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we performed a detailed morphological analysis of spermatozoa, sperm motility and investigated signaling pathways that play a role during spermatogenesis in knockout mice. No significant alterations were found in testicular morphology or motility of sperm in homozygous and heterozygous PACAP-deficient mice in spite of the moderately increased number of severely damaged sperms. However, we found robust changes in mRNA and/or protein expression of several factors that play an important role in spermatogenesis. Protein kinase A expression was markedly reduced, while downstream phospho-ERK and p38 were elevated in knockout animals. Expression of major transcription factors, such as Sox9 and phospho-Sox9, was decreased, while that of Sox10, as a redundant factor, was increased in PACAP-deficient mice. The reduced phospho-Sox9 expression was partly due to increased expression and activity of phosphatase PP2A in knockout mice. Targets of Sox transcription factors, such as collagen type IV, were reduced in knockout mice. In summary, our results show that lack of PACAP leads to disturbed signaling in spermatogenesis, which could be a factor responsible for reduced fertility in PACAP knockout mice, and further support the role of PACAP in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reglodi
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Cseh
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Somoskoi
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B D Fulop
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szentleleky
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - V Szegeczki
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A Kovacs
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Varga
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kiss
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - H Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuropharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental DevelopmentUnited Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of BioscienceInstitute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Tamas
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Bardosi
- MVZ für HistologieZytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Trier, Germany
| | - S Manavalan
- Department of Basic SciencesNational University of Health Sciences, Pinellas Park, Florida, USA
| | - E Bako
- Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesDepartment of Medical Chemistry, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R Zakany
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - T Juhasz
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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26
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Illes A, Opper B, Reglodi D, Kerenyi M, Czetany P, Boronkai A, Schafer E, Toth G, Fabian E, Horvath G. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide on small intestinal INT 407 cells. Neuropeptides 2017; 65:106-113. [PMID: 28698051 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous neuropeptide having a widespread distribution both in the nervous system and peripheral organs including the gastrointestinal tract. It has been shown to exert actions on intestinal functions, mainly affecting glandular secretion and motility. PACAP has several different effects on cell survival depending on the cell type and the applied stimulus. Its influences on small intestinal epithelial cells are not yet elucidated, therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PACAP on intestinal epithelial cells having high turnover (INT 407) against different harmful stimuli, such as oxidative stress, in vitro hypoxia and gamma radiation. We tested the effect of PACAP on proliferation and cell survival using MTT assay. Moreover, various cancer-related factors were evaluated by oncology array. PACAP did not influence the proliferation rate of INT 407 cells. Its cell survival-enhancing effect could be detected against oxidative stress, but not against in vitro hypoxia or gamma irradiation. Clonogenic survival assay was performed to analyze the effect of PACAP on clonogenic potential of cells exposed to gamma radiation. Surprisingly, PACAP enhanced the clone-forming ability decrease induced by irradiation. Western blot analysis of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was performed in order to obtain further information on the molecular background. Our data showed phospho-ERK1/2 suppression of PACAP in irradiated cells. Furthermore, the role of endogenous PACAP against oxidative stress was also investigated performing ADCYAP1 small interfering RNA transfection. We found significant difference in the cell vulnerability between cells undergoing silencing and cells without transfection suggesting the protective role of the endogenously present PACAP against oxidative stress in INT 407 cells. In summary, PACAP seems to be able to exert contradictory effects in INT 407 cells depending on the applied stressor, suggesting its regulatory role in the cellular household.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Illes
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary; 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - B Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - M Kerenyi
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Czetany
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Boronkai
- Oncotherapy, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Schafer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Toth
- Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - E Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - G Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary.
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Xu Z, Ohtaki H, Watanabe J, Miyamoto K, Murai N, Sasaki S, Matsumoto M, Hashimoto H, Hiraizumi Y, Numazawa S, Shioda S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) contributes to the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in murine bone marrow via PACAP-specific receptor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22373. [PMID: 26925806 PMCID: PMC4772629 DOI: 10.1038/srep22373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP, encoded by adcyap1) plays an important role in ectodermal development. However, the involvement of PACAP in the development of other germ layers is still unclear. This study assessed the expression of a PACAP-specific receptor (PAC1) gene and protein in mouse bone marrow (BM). Cells strongly expressing PAC1+ were large in size, had oval nuclei, and merged with CD34+ cells, suggesting that the former were hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Compared with wild-type mice, adcyap1−/− mice exhibited lower multiple potential progenitor cell populations and cell frequency in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Exogenous PACAP38 significantly increased the numbers of colony forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) with two peaks in semi-solid culture. PACAP also increased the expression of cyclinD1 and Ki67 mRNAs. These increases were completely and partially inhibited by the PACAP receptor antagonists, PACAP6-38 and VIP6-28, respectively. Little or no adcyap1 was expressed in BM and the number of CFU-GM colonies was similar in adcyap1−/− and wild-type mice. However, PACAP mRNA and protein were expressed in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, which innervate tibial BM, and in the sympathetic fibers of BM cavity. These results suggested that sympathetic nerve innervation may be responsible for PACAP-regulated hematopoiesis in BM, mainly via PAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.,Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.,Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ohtaki
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.,Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Miyamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Murai
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shun Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Minako Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hiraizumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Numazawa
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.,Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Papp T, Hollo K, Meszar-Katona E, Nagy Z, Polyak A, Miko E, Bai P, Felszeghy S. TLR signalling can modify the mineralization of tooth germ. Acta Odontol Scand 2016; 74:307-14. [PMID: 26763602 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2015.1130853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work is to investigate the possible role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) during the development of mouse tooth germ. TLR4 is well known to inhibit mineralization and cause inflammation in mature odontoblasts and dental pulp cells. However, unlike these pathological functions of TLR4, little is known about the developmental function(s) of TLR4 during tooth development. MATERIALS AND METHODS TLR4 expression was studied via Western blot in developing lower mouse incisors from E13.5 to E18.5. To generate functional data about the effects of TLR4, a specific agonist (LPS) was applied to the medium of in vitro tooth germ cultures, followed by Western blot, histochemical staining, ELISA assay, in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR. RESULTS Increased accumulation of biotin-labelled LPS was detected in the enamel organ and in preodontoblasts. LPS treatment induced degradation of the inhibitor molecule (IκB) of the NF-κB signalling pathway. However, no morphological alterations were detected in cultured tissue after LPS addition at the applied dosage. Activation of TLR4 inhibited the mineralization of enamel and dentin, as demonstrated by alizarin red staining and as decreased levels of collagen type X. mRNA expression of ameloblastin was elevated after LPS administration. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that TLR4 may decrease the mineralization of hard tissues of the tooth germ and may trigger the maturation of ameloblasts; it can give valuable information to understand better congenital tooth abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Papp
- a Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Krisztina Hollo
- a Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Eva Meszar-Katona
- a Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- a Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Angela Polyak
- a Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Edit Miko
- b Department of Medical Chemistry , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
- c MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group , Debrecen , Hungary
- d Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Peter Bai
- b Department of Medical Chemistry , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
- c MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group , Debrecen , Hungary
- d Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Felszeghy
- a Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
- e Department of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
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29
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Sághy É, Payrits M, Helyes Z, Reglődi D, Bánki E, Tóth G, Couvineau A, Szőke É. Stimulatory effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 6-38, M65 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 6-28 on trigeminal sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 308:144-56. [PMID: 26321242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) acts on G protein-coupled receptors: the specific PAC1 and VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors. PACAP6-38 was described as a potent PAC1/VPAC2 antagonist in several models, but recent studies reported its agonistic behaviors proposing novel receptorial mechanisms. Since PACAP in migraine is an important research tool, we investigated the effect of PACAP and its peptide fragments on trigeminal primary sensory neurons. Effect of the peptides was studied with ratiometric Ca-imaging technique using the fluorescent indicator fura-2 AM on primary cultures of rat and mouse trigeminal ganglia (TRGs) neurons. Specificity testing was performed on PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor-expressing cell lines with both fluorescent and radioactive Ca-uptake methods. Slowly increasing intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca(2+)]i was detected after PACAP1-38, PACAP1-27, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the selective PAC1 receptor agonist maxadilan administration on TRG neurons, but interestingly, PACAP6-38, VIP6-28 and the PAC1 receptor antagonist M65 also caused similar activation. The VPAC2 receptor agonist BAY 55-9837 induced similar activation, while the VPAC1 receptor agonist Ala(11,22,28)VIP had no significant effect on [Ca(2+)]i. It was proven that the Ca(2+)-influx originated from intracellular stores using radioactive calcium-45 uptake experiment and Ca-free solution. On the specific receptor-expressing cell lines the antagonists inhibited the stimulating actions of the respective agonists, but had no effects by themselves. PACAP6-38, M65 and VIP6-28, which were described as antagonists in numerous studies in several model systems, act as agonists on TRG primary sensory neurons. Currently unknown receptors or splice variants linked to distinct signal transduction pathways might explain these differences.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetulus
- Humans
- Insect Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/pharmacology
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/agonists
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects
- Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology
- Sensory System Agents/pharmacology
- TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism
- Trigeminal Ganglion/drug effects
- Trigeminal Ganglion/physiology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
- Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- É Sághy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - M Payrits
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - Zs Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - D Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - E Bánki
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - G Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged-6720, Dugonics Street 13, Hungary.
| | - A Couvineau
- UMR 1149 INSERM/Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculte de Medecine Paris 7 - Site Bichat, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, 75890 Paris Cedex 18, France.
| | - É Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
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Juhász T, Szentléleky E, Somogyi CS, Takács R, Dobrosi N, Engler M, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Pathway Is Induced by Mechanical Load and Reduces the Activity of Hedgehog Signaling in Chondrogenic Micromass Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17344-67. [PMID: 26230691 PMCID: PMC4581197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurohormone exerting protective function during various stress conditions either in mature or developing tissues. Previously we proved the presence of PACAP signaling elements in chicken limb bud-derived chondrogenic cells in micromass cell cultures. Since no data can be found if PACAP signaling is playing any role during mechanical stress in any tissues, we aimed to investigate its contribution in mechanotransduction during chondrogenesis. Expressions of the mRNAs of PACAP and its major receptor, PAC1 increased, while that of other receptors, VPAC1, VPAC2 decreased upon mechanical stimulus. Mechanical load enhanced the expression of collagen type X, a marker of hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and PACAP addition attenuated this elevation. Moreover, exogenous PACAP also prevented the mechanical load evoked activation of hedgehog signaling: protein levels of Sonic and Indian Hedgehogs and Gli1 transcription factor were lowered while expressions of Gli2 and Gli3 were elevated by PACAP application during mechanical load. Our results suggest that mechanical load activates PACAP signaling and exogenous PACAP acts against the hypertrophy inducing effect of mechanical load.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Mechanical
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Szentléleky
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Szűcs Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Dobrosi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Máté Engler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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31
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Tóth A, Fodor J, Vincze J, Oláh T, Juhász T, Zákány R, Csernoch L, Zádor E. The Effect of SERCA1b Silencing on the Differentiation and Calcium Homeostasis of C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123583. [PMID: 25893964 PMCID: PMC4404259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPases (SERCAs) are the main Ca2+ pumps which decrease the intracellular Ca2+ level by reaccumulating Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The neonatal SERCA1b is the major Ca2+ pump in myotubes and young muscle fibers. To understand its role during skeletal muscle differentiation its synthesis has been interfered with specific shRNA sequence. Stably transfected clones showing significantly decreased SERCA1b expression (cloneC1) were selected for experiments. The expression of the regulatory proteins of skeletal muscle differentiation was examined either by Western-blot at the protein level for MyoD, STIM1, calsequestrin (CSQ), and calcineurin (CaN) or by RT-PCR for myostatin and MCIP1.4. Quantitative analysis revealed significant alterations in CSQ, STIM1, and CaN expression in cloneC1 as compared to control cells. To examine the functional consequences of the decreased expression of SERCA1b, repeated Ca2+-transients were evoked by applications of 120 mM KCl. The significantly higher [Ca2+]i measured at the 20th and 40th seconds after the beginning of KCl application (112±3 and 110±3 nM vs. 150±7 and 135±5 nM, in control and in cloneC1 cells, respectively) indicated a decreased Ca2+-uptake capability which was quantified by extracting the maximal pump rate (454±41 μM/s vs. 144±24 μM/s, in control and in cloneC1 cells). Furthermore, the rate of calcium release from the SR (610±60 vs. 377±64 μM/s) and the amount of calcium released (843±75 μM vs. 576±80 μM) were also significantly suppressed. These changes were also accompanied by a reduced activity of CaN in cells with decreased SERCA1b. In parallel, cloneC1 cells showed inhibited cell proliferation and decreased myotube nuclear numbers. Moreover, while cyclosporineA treatment suppressed the proliferation of parental cultures it had no effect on cloneC1 cells. SERCA1b is thus considered to play an essential role in the regulation of [Ca2+]i and its ab ovo gene silencing results in decreased skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Vincze
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Ernő Zádor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Peptides 2015; 66:51-7. [PMID: 25701761 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development is a complex process regulated by multifactorial signaling cascades that govern proper tissue specific cell differentiation and matrix production. The influence of certain regulatory peptides on cartilage or bone development can be predicted but are not widely studied. In this review, we aimed to assemble and overview those signaling pathways which are modulated by PACAP and VIP neuropeptides and are involved in cartilage and bone formation. We discuss recent experimental data suggesting broad spectrum functions of these neuropeptides in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, including the canonical downstream targets of PACAP and VIP receptors, PKA or MAPK pathways, which are key regulators of chondro- and osteogenesis. Recent experimental data support the hypothesis that PACAP is a positive regulator of chondrogenesis, while VIP has been reported playing an important role in the inflammatory reactions of surrounding joint tissues. Regulatory function of PACAP and VIP in bone development has also been proved, although the source of the peptides is not obvious. Crosstalk and collateral connections of the discussed signaling mechanisms make the system complicated and may obscure the pure effects of VIP and PACAP. Chondro-protective properties of PACAP during oxidative stress observed in our experiments indicate a possible therapeutic application of this neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Solveig Lind Helgadottir
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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33
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Giunta S, Castorina A, Marzagalli R, Szychlinska MA, Pichler K, Mobasheri A, Musumeci G. Ameliorative effects of PACAP against cartilage degeneration. Morphological, immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence from in vivo and in vitro models of rat osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5922-44. [PMID: 25782157 PMCID: PMC4394513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA); the most common form of degenerative joint disease, is associated with variations in pro-inflammatory growth factor levels, inflammation and hypocellularity resulting from chondrocyte apoptosis. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide endowed with a range of trophic effects in several cell types; including chondrocytes. However; its role in OA has not been studied. To address this issue, we investigated whether PACAP expression is affected in OA cartilage obtained from experimentally-induced OA rat models, and then studied the effects of PACAP in isolated chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β in vitro to mimic the inflammatory milieu of OA cartilage. OA induction was established by histomorphometric and histochemical analyses. Changes in PACAP distribution in cartilage, or its concentration in synovial fluid (SF), were assessed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Results showed that PACAP abundance in cartilage tissue and SF was high in healthy controls. OA induction decreased PACAP levels both in affected cartilage and SF. Invitro, PACAP prevented IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, as determined by MTT assay; Hoechst staining and western blots of apoptotic-related proteins. These changes were also accompanied by decreased i-NOS and COX-2 levels, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. Altogether, these findings support a potential role for PACAP as a chondroprotective agent for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giunta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rubina Marzagalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Karin Pichler
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinic for Pediatrics I Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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34
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Botz B, Bölcskei K, Kereskai L, Kovács M, Németh T, Szigeti K, Horváth I, Máthé D, Kovács N, Hashimoto H, Reglődi D, Szolcsányi J, Pintér E, Mócsai A, Helyes Z. Differential regulatory role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the serum-transfer arthritis model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2739-50. [PMID: 25048575 PMCID: PMC4320777 DOI: 10.1002/art.38772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide (PACAP) expressed in capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons and immune cells has divergent functions in inflammatory and pain processes. This study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of PACAP in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Arthritis was induced in PACAP−/− and wild-type (PACAP+/+) mice by K/BxN serum transfer. General features of the disease were investigated by semiquantitative scoring, plethysmometry, and histopathologic analysis. Mechano- and thermonociceptive thresholds and motor functions were also evaluated. Metabolic activity was assessed by positron emission tomography. Bone morphology was measured by in vivo micro–computed tomography, myeloperoxidase activity and superoxide production by bioluminescence imaging with luminol and lucigenin, respectively, and vascular permeability by fluorescent indocyanine green dye study. Results PACAP+/+ mice developed notable joint swelling, reduced grasping ability, and mechanical (but not thermal) hyperalgesia after K/BxN serum transfer. In PACAP−/− mice clinical scores and edema were significantly reduced, and mechanical hyperalgesia and motor impairment were absent, throughout the 2-week period of observation. Metabolic activity and superoxide production increased in the tibiotarsal joints of wild-type mice but were significantly lower in PACAP−/− animals. Myeloperoxidase activity in the ankle joints of PACAP−/− mice was significantly reduced in the early phase of arthritis, but increased in the late phase. Synovial hyperplasia was also significantly increased, and progressive bone spur formation was observed in PACAP-deficient mice only. Conclusion In PACAP-deficient mice with serum-transfer arthritis, joint swelling, vascular leakage, hyperalgesia, and early inflammatory cell accumulation are reduced; in the later phase of the disease, immune cell function and bone neoformation are increased. Elucidation of the underlying pathways of PACAP activity may open promising new avenues for development of therapy in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, and Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Signalling Enhances Osteogenesis in UMR-106 Cell Line. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:555-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Matta C, Mobasheri A, Gergely P, Zákány R. Ser/Thr-phosphoprotein phosphatases in chondrogenesis: neglected components of a two-player game. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2175-85. [PMID: 25007994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a determining role in the regulation of chondrogenesis in vitro. While signalling pathways governed by protein kinases including PKA, PKC, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been mapped in great details, published data relating to the specific role of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPs) in differentiating chondroprogenitor cells or in mature chondrocytes is relatively sparse. This review discusses the known functions of Ser/Thr-specific PPs in the molecular signalling pathways of chondrogenesis. PPs are clearly equally important as protein kinases to counterbalance the effect of reversible protein phosphorylation. Of the main Ser/Thr PPs, some of the functions of PP1, PP2A and PP2B have been characterised in the context of chondrogenesis. While PP1 and PP2A appear to negatively regulate chondrogenic differentiation and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype, calcineurin is an important stimulatory mediator during chondrogenesis but becomes inhibitory in mature chondrocytes. Furthermore, PPs are implicated to be mediators during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis that makes them potential therapeutic targets to be exploited in the close future. Among the many yet unexplored targets of PPs, modulation of plasma membrane ion channel function and participation in mechanotransduction pathways are emerging novel aspects of signalling during chondrogenesis that should be further elucidated. Besides the regulation of cellular ion homeostasis, other potentially significant novel roles for PPs during the regulation of in vitro chondrogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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