1
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Tanaka K, Hayasaka H, Matsusaka T. Dach1 is essential for maintaining normal mature podocytes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303910. [PMID: 38805434 PMCID: PMC11132487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dach1 is highly expressed in normal podocytes, but this expression rapidly disappears after podocyte injury. To investigate the role of Dach1 in podocytes in vivo, we analyzed global, podocyte-specific, and inducible Dach1 knockout mice. Global Dach1 knockout (Dach1-/-) mice were assessed immediately after birth because they die within a day. The kidneys of Dach1-/- mice were slightly smaller than those of control mice but maintained a normal structure and normal podocyte phenotypes, including ultrastructure. To study the role of Dach1 in mature podocytes, we generated Dach1 knockout mice by mating Dach1fl/fl mice with Nphs1-Cre or ROSA-CreERT2 mice. Due to inefficient Cre recombination, only a small number of podocytes lacked Dach1 staining in these mice. However, all eleven Nphs1-Cre/Dach1fl/fl mice displayed abnormal albuminuria, and seven (63%) of them developed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Among 13 ROSA-CreERT2/Dach1fl/fl mice, eight (61%) exhibited abnormal albuminuria after treatment with tamoxifen, and five (38%) developed early sclerotic lesions. These results indicate that while Dach1 does not determine the fate of differentiation into podocytes, it is indispensable for maintaining the normal integrity of mature podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tanaka
- Departments of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruko Hayasaka
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Departments of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Raja R, Dumontier E, Phen A, Cloutier JF. Insertion of a neomycin selection cassette in the Amigo1 locus alters gene expression in the olfactory epithelium leading to region-specific defects in olfactory receptor neuron development. Genesis 2024; 62:e23594. [PMID: 38590146 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
During development of the nervous system, neurons connect to one another in a precisely organized manner. Sensory systems provide a good example of this organization, whereby the composition of the outside world is represented in the brain by neuronal maps. Establishing correct patterns of neural circuitry is crucial, as inaccurate map formation can lead to severe disruptions in sensory processing. In rodents, olfactory stimuli modulate a wide variety of behaviors essential for survival. The formation of the olfactory glomerular map is dependent on molecular cues that guide olfactory receptor neuron axons to broad regions of the olfactory bulb and on cell adhesion molecules that promote axonal sorting into specific synaptic units in this structure. Here, we demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule Amigo1 is expressed in a subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons, and we investigate its role in the precise targeting of olfactory receptor neuron axons to the olfactory bulb using a genetic loss-of-function approach in mice. While ablation of Amigo1 did not lead to alterations in olfactory sensory neuron axonal targeting, our experiments revealed that the presence of a neomycin resistance selection cassette in the Amigo1 locus can lead to off-target effects that are not due to loss of Amigo1 expression, including unexpected altered gene expression in olfactory receptor neurons and reduced glomerular size in the ventral region of the olfactory bulb. Our results demonstrate that insertion of a neomycin selection cassette into the mouse genome can have specific deleterious effects on the development of the olfactory system and highlight the importance of removing antibiotic resistance cassettes from genetic loss-of-function mouse models when studying olfactory system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reesha Raja
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alina Phen
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Grgic O, Prijatelj V, Dudakovic A, Vucic S, Dhamo B, Trajanoska K, Monnereau C, Zrimsek M, Gautvik K, Reppe S, Shimizu E, Haworth S, Timpson N, Jaddoe V, Jarvelin MR, Evans D, Uitterlinden A, Ongkosuwito E, van Wijnen A, Medina-Gomez C, Rivadeneira F, Wolvius E. Novel Genetic Determinants of Dental Maturation in Children. J Dent Res 2023; 102:349-356. [PMID: 36437532 PMCID: PMC10083589 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221132268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental occlusion requires harmonious development of teeth, jaws, and other elements of the craniofacial complex, which are regulated by environmental and genetic factors. We performed the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) on dental development (DD) using the Demirjian radiographic method. Radiographic assessments from participants of the Generation R Study (primary study population, N1 = 2,793; mean age of 9.8 y) were correlated with ~30 million genetic variants while adjusting for age, sex, and genomic principal components (proxy for population stratification). Variants associated with DD at genome-wide significant level (P < 5 × 10-8) mapped to 16q12.2 (IRX5) (lead variant rs3922616, B = 0.16; P = 2.2 × 10-8). We used Fisher's combined probability tests weighted by sample size to perform a meta-analysis (N = 14,805) combining radiographic DD at a mean age of 9.8 y from Generation R with data from a previous GWAS (N2 = 12,012) on number of teeth (NT) in infants used as proxy of DD at a mean age of 9.8 y (including the ALSPAC and NFBC1966). This GWAS meta-analysis revealed 3 novel loci mapping to 7p15.3 (IGF2BP3: P = 3.2 × 10-8), 14q13.3 (PAX9: P = 1.9 × 10-8), and 16q12.2 (IRX5: P = 1.2 × 10-9) and validated 8 previously reported NT loci. A polygenic allele score constructed from these 11 loci was associated with radiographic DD in an independent Generation R set of children (N = 703; B = 0.05, P = 0.004). Furthermore, profiling of the identified genes across an atlas of murine and human stem cells observed expression in the cells involved in the formation of bone and/or dental tissues (>0.3 frequency per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads), likely reflecting functional specialization. Our findings provide biological insight into the polygenic architecture of the pediatric dental maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Grgic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V. Prijatelj
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S. Vucic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. Dhamo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K. Trajanoska
- Department of Human Genetics McGill
University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in
Genomic Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - C. Monnereau
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Zrimsek
- Department of Pathology, Medical
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K.M. Gautvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Shimizu
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers
School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S. Haworth
- Department of Population Health
Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of
Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - N.J. Timpson
- Department of Population Health
Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - V.W.V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M.-R. Jarvelin
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life
Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public
Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - D. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Diamantina Institute, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience,
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - E.M. Ongkosuwito
- Dentistry, Section Orthodontics and
Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - A.J. van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry,
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - C. Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. Rivadeneira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E.B. Wolvius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study, ErasmusMC,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Ebrahimnezhaddarzi S, Bird CH, Allison CC, Tuipulotu DE, Kostoulias X, Macri C, Stutz MD, Abraham G, Kaiserman D, Pang SS, Man SM, Mintern JD, Naderer T, Peleg AY, Pellegrini M, Whisstock JC, Bird PI. Mpeg1 is not essential for antibacterial or antiviral immunity, but is implicated in antigen presentation. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:529-546. [PMID: 35471730 PMCID: PMC9545170 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To control infections phagocytes can directly kill invading microbes. Macrophage‐expressed gene 1 (Mpeg1), a pore‐forming protein sometimes known as perforin‐2, is reported to be essential for bacterial killing following phagocytosis. Mice homozygous for the mutant allele Mpeg1tm1Pod succumb to bacterial infection and exhibit deficiencies in bacterial killing in vitro. Here we describe a new Mpeg mutant allele Mpeg1tm1.1Pib on the C57BL/6J background. Mice homozygous for the new allele are not abnormally susceptible to bacterial or viral infection, and irrespective of genetic background show no perturbation in bacterial killing in vitro. Potential reasons for these conflicting findings are discussed. In further work, we show that cytokine responses to inflammatory mediators, as well as antibody generation, are also normal in Mpeg1tm1.1Pib/tm1.1Pib mice. We also show that Mpeg1 is localized to a CD68‐positive endolysosomal compartment, and that it exists predominantly as a processed, two‐chain disulfide‐linked molecule. It is abundant in conventional dendritic cells 1, and mice lacking Mpeg1 do not present the model antigen ovalbumin efficiently. We conclude that Mpeg1 is not essential for innate antibacterial protection or antiviral immunity, but may play a focused role early in the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salimeh Ebrahimnezhaddarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Catherina H Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Cody C Allison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Daniel E Tuipulotu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Xenia Kostoulias
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Christophe Macri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Michael D Stutz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Gilu Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Dion Kaiserman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Siew Siew Pang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School Monash University Prahran VIC Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
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5
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Birling MC, Fray MD, Kasparek P, Kopkanova J, Massimi M, Matteoni R, Montoliu L, Nutter LMJ, Raspa M, Rozman J, Ryder EJ, Scavizzi F, Voikar V, Wells S, Pavlovic G, Teboul L. Importing genetically altered animals: ensuring quality. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:100-107. [PMID: 34536110 PMCID: PMC8913481 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reproducibility of research using laboratory animals requires reliable management of their quality, in particular of their genetics, health and environment, all of which contribute to their phenotypes. The point at which these biological materials are transferred between researchers is particularly sensitive, as it may result in a loss of integrity of the animals and/or their documentation. Here, we describe the various aspects of laboratory animal quality that should be confirmed when sharing rodent research models. We also discuss how repositories of biological materials support the scientific community to ensure the continuity of the quality of laboratory animals. Both the concept of quality and the role of repositories themselves extend to all exchanges of biological materials and all networks that support the sharing of these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Birling
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67404, Strasbourg, France.
| | - M D Fray
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RD, Oxon, UK
| | - P Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - J Kopkanova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - M Massimi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - R Matteoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - L Montoliu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) Madrid and CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - L M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - J Rozman
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - E J Ryder
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,LGC, Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, Fordham, UK
| | - F Scavizzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - V Voikar
- Neuroscience Center and Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Wells
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RD, Oxon, UK
| | - G Pavlovic
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67404, Strasbourg, France.
| | - L Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RD, Oxon, UK.
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6
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Lindner L, Cayrou P, Rosahl TW, Zhou HH, Birling MC, Herault Y, Pavlovic G. Droplet digital PCR or quantitative PCR for in-depth genomic and functional validation of genetically altered rodents. Methods 2021; 191:107-119. [PMID: 33838271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting and additive (random) transgenesis have proven to be powerful technologies with which to decipher the mammalian genome. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, the ability to inactivate or modify the function of a gene has become even more accessible. However, the impact of each generated modification may be different from what was initially desired. Minimal validation of mutant alleles from genetically altered (GA) rodents remains essential to guarantee the interpretation of experimental results. The protocol described here combines design strategies for genomic and functional validation of genetically modified alleles with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR) for target DNA or mRNA quantification. In-depth analysis of the results obtained with GA models through the analysis of target DNA and mRNA quantification is also provided, to evaluate which pitfalls can be detected using these two methods, and we propose recommendations for the characterization of different type of mutant allele (knock-out, knock-in, conditional knock-out, FLEx, IKMC model or transgenic). Our results also highlight the possibility that mRNA expression of any mutated allele can be different from what might be expected in theory or according to common assumptions. For example, mRNA analyses on knock-out lines showed that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay is generally not achieved with a critical-exon approach. Likewise, comparison of multiple conditional lines crossed with the same CreERT2 deleter showed that the inactivation outcome was very different for each conditional model. DNA quantification by ddPCR of G0 to G2 generations of transgenic rodents generated by pronuclear injection showed an unexpected variability, demonstrating that G1 generation rodents cannot be considered as established lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Lindner
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Pauline Cayrou
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Thomas W Rosahl
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Heather H Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Yann Herault
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France.
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7
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Bodmer D, Kern P, Bächinger D, Monge Naldi A, Levano Huaman S. STAT1 deficiency predisposes to spontaneous otitis media. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239952. [PMID: 32991625 PMCID: PMC7523960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is known to be an important player in inflammatory responses. STAT1 as a transcription factor regulates the expression of multiple proinflammatory genes. Inflammatory response is one of the common effects of ototoxicity. Our group reported that hair cells of STAT1 knockout (STAT1-KO) mice are less sensitive to ototoxic agents in-vitro. The effect of inflammatory responses in STAT1-KO mice has primarily been studied challenging them with several pathogens and analyzing different organs of those mice. However, the effect of STAT1 ablation in the mouse inner ear has not been reported. Therefore, we evaluated the cochlear function of wild type and STAT1-KO mice via auditory brain stem response (ABR) and performed histopathologic analysis of their temporal bones. We found ABR responses were affected in STAT1-KO mice with cases of bilateral and unilateral hearing impairment. Histopathologic examination of the middle and inner ears showed bilateral and unilateral otitis media. Otitis media was characterized by effusion of middle and inner ear that varied between the mice in volume and inflammatory cell content. In addition, the thickness of the middle ear mucosae in STAT1-KO mice were more pronounced than those in wild type mice. The degree of middle and inner ear inflammation correlated with ABR threshold elevation in STAT1-KO mice. It appears that a number of mice with inflammation underwent spontaneous resolution. The ABR thresholds were variable and showed a tendency to increase in homozygous and heterozygous STAT1-KO mice. These findings suggest that STAT1 ablation confers an increased susceptibility to otitis media leading to hearing impairment. Thus, the study supports the new role of STAT1 as otitis media predisposition gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bodmer
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kern
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Bächinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arianne Monge Naldi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Soledad Levano Huaman
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinic for Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Giese APJ, Ali S, Isaiah A, Aziz I, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Genomics of Otitis Media (OM): Molecular Genetics Approaches to Characterize Disease Pathophysiology. Front Genet 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 32391049 PMCID: PMC7191070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an infective and inflammatory disorder known to be a major cause of hearing impairment across all age groups. Both acute and chronic OM result in substantial healthcare utilization related to antibiotic prescription and surgical procedures necessary for its management. Although several studies provided evidence of genetics playing a significant role in the susceptibility to OM, we had limited knowledge about the genes associated with OM until recently. Here we have summarized the known genetic factors that confer susceptibility to various forms of OM in mice and in humans and their genetic load, along with associated cellular signaling pathways. Spotlighted in this review are fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of OM. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of OM-associated genes may provide potential opportunities for its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud P J Giese
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Saadat Ali
- The Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amal Isaiah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ishrat Aziz
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Santos-Cortez RLP, Bhutta MF, Earl JP, Hafrén L, Jennings M, Mell JC, Pichichero ME, Ryan AF, Tateossian H, Ehrlich GD. Panel 3: Genomics, precision medicine and targeted therapies. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109835. [PMID: 32007292 PMCID: PMC7155947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the most recent advances in human and bacterial genomics as applied to pathogenesis and clinical management of otitis media. DATA SOURCES PubMed articles published since the last meeting in June 2015 up to June 2019. REVIEW METHODS A panel of experts in human and bacterial genomics of otitis media was formed. Each panel member reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a merged draft was created. The panel met at the 20th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2019, discussed the review and refined the content. A final draft was made, circulated, and approved by the panel members. CONCLUSION Trans-disciplinary approaches applying pan-omic technologies to identify human susceptibility to otitis media and to understand microbial population dynamics, patho-adaptation and virulence mechanisms are crucial to the development of novel, personalized therapeutics and prevention strategies for otitis media. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE In the future otitis media prevention strategies may be augmented by mucosal immunization, combination vaccines targeting multiple pathogens, and modulation of the middle ear microbiome. Both treatment and vaccination may be tailored to an individual's otitis media phenotype as defined by molecular profiles obtained by using rapidly developing techniques in microbial and host genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regie Lyn P. Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mahmood F. Bhutta
- Department of ENT, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Joshua P. Earl
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8A, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Joshua C. Mell
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael E. Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, 1425 Portland Ave., Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Allen F. Ryan
- Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hilda Tateossian
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxford, Didcot OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15 St., Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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10
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Ingham NJ, Rook V, Di Domenico F, James E, Lewis MA, Girotto G, Buniello A, Steel KP. Functional analysis of candidate genes from genome-wide association studies of hearing. Hear Res 2020; 387:107879. [PMID: 31927188 PMCID: PMC6996162 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The underlying causes of age-related hearing loss (ARHL) are not well understood, but it is clear from heritability estimates that genetics plays a role in addition to environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in human populations can point to candidate genes that may be involved in ARHL, but follow-up analysis is needed to assess the role of these genes in the disease process. Some genetic variants may contribute a small amount to a disease, while other variants may have a large effect size, but the genetic architecture of ARHL is not yet well-defined. In this study, we asked if a set of 17 candidate genes highlighted by early GWAS reports of ARHL have detectable effects on hearing by knocking down expression levels of each gene in the mouse and analysing auditory function. We found two of the genes have an impact on hearing. Mutation of Dclk1 led to late-onset progressive increase in ABR thresholds and the A430005L14Rik (C1orf174) mutants showed worse recovery from noise-induced damage than controls. We did not detect any abnormal responses in the remaining 15 mutant lines either in thresholds or from our battery of suprathreshold ABR tests, and we discuss the possible reasons for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Ingham
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Victoria Rook
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Elysia James
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Morag A Lewis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen P Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
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11
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Ingham NJ. Evoked Potential Recordings of Auditory Brainstem Activity in the Mouse: An Optimized Method for the Assessment of Hearing Function of Mice. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3447. [PMID: 33654942 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common sensory deficiency suffered by millions worldwide. It is a heterogeneous condition and genetics plays a critical role in its etiology. Gene variants can fundamentally alter hearing function, or predispose the auditory system towards loss of function resulting from other factors. In mouse studies of hearing loss and gene function, an evoked potential electrophysiological recording, the auditory brainstem response (ABR), is now considered the optimal way to screen large numbers of individuals, either with normal hearing sensitivity or with hearing impairment. Other routinely used methods to assess hearing function (such as acoustic startle responses, or otoacoustic emissions) do not allow assessment of the same broad spectrum of dysfunction nor readily allow the threshold sensitivity of the neural output of the cochlea to be assessed and are less ideal. An optimized recording system to rapidly and reproducibly record high-quality ABRs from mutant mice as part of a high-throughput phenotyping pipeline was developed. Click-evoked ABRs and ABRs evoked by pure-tone frequencies over a range of sound levels from 0 dB to 95 dB, sound pressure levels (SPL) are recorded. This takes approximately 15-20 min per mouse (with 5 tone frequencies), allowing a large number of mutant mice to be screened. This method has been used to measure ABRs on a high-throughput mutant mouse phenotyping pipeline and in laboratory tests to follow-up the hearing loss phenotypes identified on that pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Ingham
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, UK
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12
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Huang L, Jia Z, Shi Y, Du Q, Shi J, Wang Z, Mou Y, Wang Q, Zhang B, Wang Q, Ma S, Lin H, Duan S, Yin B, Lin Y, Wang Y, Jiang D, Hao F, Zhang L, Wang H, Jiang S, Xu H, Yang C, Li C, Li J, Shi B, Yang Z. Genetic factors define CPO and CLO subtypes of nonsyndromicorofacial cleft. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008357. [PMID: 31609978 PMCID: PMC6812857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (NSOFC) is a severe birth defect that occurs early in embryonic development and includes the subtypes cleft palate only (CPO), cleft lip only (CLO) and cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP). Given a lack of specific genetic factor analysis for CPO and CLO, the present study aimed to dissect the landscape of genetic factors underlying the pathogenesis of these two subtypes using 6,986 cases and 10,165 controls. By combining a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for specific subtypes of CPO and CLO, as well as functional gene network and ontology pathway analysis, we identified 18 genes/loci that surpassed genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) responsible for NSOFC, including nine for CPO, seven for CLO, two for both conditions and four that contribute to the CLP subtype. Among these 18 genes/loci, 14 are novel and identified in this study and 12 contain developmental transcription factors (TFs), suggesting that TFs are the key factors for the pathogenesis of NSOFC subtypes. Interestingly, we observed an opposite effect of the genetic variants in the IRF6 gene for CPO and CLO. Moreover, the gene expression dosage effect of IRF6 with two different alleles at the same single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) plays important roles in driving CPO or CLO. In addition, PAX9 is a key TF for CPO. Our findings define subtypes of NSOFC using genetic factors and their functional ontologies and provide a clue to improve their diagnosis and treatment in the future. Although GWAS have discovered 43 genes/loci associated with NSOFC, most previous studies used mixed samples of CL/P subtypes rather than CPO or CLO separately. Our findings define the CPO and CLO subtypes using genetic factors and their functional ontologies based on CPO and CLO GWAS data. In this study, we identified 18 genes/loci that contribute to CPO, CLO or CLP. Fourteen of them are novel and identified, and 12 contain developmental transcription factors (TFs), suggesting that TFs are the key factors for the pathogenesis of NSOFC subtypes. We observed an opposite effect in the strongest associated locus IRF6 for CPO and CLO; this information was omitted by previous CL/P GWAS. Furthermore, we reveal that the gene expression dosage of IRF6 plays important roles in driving CPO or CLO. In addition, we found that PAX9 is a strong genetic factor for CPO. These results suggest that transcription factors are the key genetic reason for the pathogenesis of NSOFC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Huang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Shi
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Du
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Department of basic medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yandong Mou
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Ma
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - He Lin
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yansong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Hao
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haixin Wang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Suyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of basic medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wu SRJ, Khoriaty R, Kim SH, O'Shea KS, Zhu G, Hoenerhoff M, Zajac C, Oravecz-Wilson K, Toubai T, Sun Y, Ginsburg D, Reddy P. SNARE protein SEC22B regulates early embryonic development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11434. [PMID: 31391476 PMCID: PMC6685974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved SNARE protein SEC22B mediates diverse and critical functions, including phagocytosis, cell growth, autophagy, and protein secretion. However, these characterizations have thus far been limited to in vitro work. Here, we expand our understanding of the role Sec22b plays in vivo. We utilized Cre-Lox mice to delete Sec22b in three tissue compartments. With a germline deletion of Sec22b, we observed embryonic death at E8.5. Hematopoietic/endothelial cell deletion of Sec22b also resulted in in utero death. Notably, mice with Sec22b deletion in CD11c-expressing cells of the hematopoietic system survive to adulthood. These data demonstrate Sec22b contributes to early embryogenesis through activity both in hematopoietic/endothelial tissues as well as in other tissues yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Rong J Wu
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Stephanie H Kim
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Guojing Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mark Hoenerhoff
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Cynthia Zajac
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Tomomi Toubai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Yaping Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - David Ginsburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA.
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14
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Ingham NJ, Pearson SA, Vancollie VE, Rook V, Lewis MA, Chen J, Buniello A, Martelletti E, Preite L, Lam CC, Weiss FD, Powis Z, Suwannarat P, Lelliott CJ, Dawson SJ, White JK, Steel KP. Mouse screen reveals multiple new genes underlying mouse and human hearing loss. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000194. [PMID: 30973865 PMCID: PMC6459510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset hearing loss is very common, but we know little about the underlying molecular pathogenesis impeding the development of therapies. We took a genetic approach to identify new molecules involved in hearing loss by screening a large cohort of newly generated mouse mutants using a sensitive electrophysiological test, the auditory brainstem response (ABR). We review here the findings from this screen. Thirty-eight unexpected genes associated with raised thresholds were detected from our unbiased sample of 1,211 genes tested, suggesting extreme genetic heterogeneity. A wide range of auditory pathophysiologies was found, and some mutant lines showed normal development followed by deterioration of responses, revealing new molecular pathways involved in progressive hearing loss. Several of the genes were associated with the range of hearing thresholds in the human population and one, SPNS2, was involved in childhood deafness. The new pathways required for maintenance of hearing discovered by this screen present new therapeutic opportunities. This study uses an electrophysiological screen of over a thousand new mutant mouse lines to identify 38 new genes underlying deafness, some associated with human hearing function, revealing a wide range of molecular and pathological mechanisms. Progressive hearing loss with age is extremely common in the population, leading to difficulties in understanding speech, increased social isolation, and associated depression. We know it has a significant heritability, but so far we know very little about the molecular pathways leading to hearing loss, hampering the development of treatments. Here, we describe a large-scale screen of 1,211 new targeted mouse mutant lines, resulting in the identification of 38 genes underlying hearing loss that were not previously suspected of involvement in hearing. Some of these genes reveal molecular pathways that may be useful targets for drug development. Our further analysis of the genes identified and the varied pathological mechanisms within the ear resulting from the mutations suggests that hearing loss is an extremely heterogeneous disorder and may have as many as 1,000 genes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J. Ingham
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Victoria Rook
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Morag A. Lewis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Chen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Martelletti
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Preite
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chi Chung Lam
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix D. Weiss
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zӧe Powis
- Department of Emerging Genetics Medicine, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, United States of America
| | - Pim Suwannarat
- Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sally J. Dawson
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen P. Steel
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Reevaluation of the Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 3 in Perinatal Survival and Postnatal Growth Using New Genetically Engineered Mouse Models. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00527-18. [PMID: 30642949 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00527-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of the atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) remain poorly characterized. Previous analysis of mice with a targeted insertion of the lacZ reporter in the Mapk6 locus (Mapk6lacZ ) showed that inactivation of ERK3 in Mapk6lacZ mice leads to perinatal lethality associated with intrauterine growth restriction, defective lung maturation, and neuromuscular anomalies. To further explore the role of ERK3 in physiology and disease, we generated novel mouse models expressing a catalytically inactive (Mapk6KD ) or conditional (Mapk6Δ ) allele of ERK3. Surprisingly, we found that mice devoid of ERK3 kinase activity or expression survive the perinatal period without any observable lung or neuromuscular phenotype. ERK3 mutant mice reached adulthood, were fertile, and showed no apparent health problem. However, analysis of growth curves revealed that ERK3 kinase activity is necessary for optimal postnatal growth. To gain insight into the genetic basis underlying the discrepancy in phenotypes of different Mapk6 mutant mouse models, we analyzed the regulation of genes flanking the Mapk6 locus by quantitative PCR. We found that the expression of several Mapk6 neighboring genes is deregulated in Mapk6lacZ mice but not in Mapk6KD or Mapk6Δ mutant mice. Our genetic analysis suggests that off-target effects of the targeting construct on local gene expression are responsible for the perinatal lethality phenotype of Mapk6lacZ mutant mice.
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16
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Brommage R, Ohlsson C. High Fidelity of Mouse Models Mimicking Human Genetic Skeletal Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:934. [PMID: 32117046 PMCID: PMC7010808 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The 2019 International Skeletal Dysplasia Society nosology update lists 441 genes for which mutations result in rare human skeletal disorders. These genes code for enzymes (33%), scaffolding proteins (18%), signal transduction proteins (16%), transcription factors (14%), cilia proteins (8%), extracellular matrix proteins (5%), and membrane transporters (4%). Skeletal disorders include aggrecanopathies, channelopathies, ciliopathies, cohesinopathies, laminopathies, linkeropathies, lysosomal storage diseases, protein-folding and RNA splicing defects, and ribosomopathies. With the goal of evaluating the ability of mouse models to mimic these human genetic skeletal disorders, a PubMed literature search identified 260 genes for which mutant mice were examined for skeletal phenotypes. These mouse models included spontaneous and ENU-induced mutants, global and conditional gene knockouts, and transgenic mice with gene over-expression or specific base-pair substitutions. The human X-linked gene ARSE and small nuclear RNA U4ATAC, a component of the minor spliceosome, do not have mouse homologs. Mouse skeletal phenotypes mimicking human skeletal disorders were observed in 249 of the 260 genes (96%) for which comparisons are possible. A supplemental table in spreadsheet format provides PubMed weblinks to representative publications of mutant mouse skeletal phenotypes. Mutations in 11 mouse genes (Ccn6, Cyp2r1, Flna, Galns, Gna13, Lemd3, Manba, Mnx1, Nsd1, Plod1, Smarcal1) do not result in similar skeletal phenotypes observed with mutations of the homologous human genes. These discrepancies can result from failure of mouse models to mimic the exact human gene mutations. There are no obvious commonalities among these 11 genes. Body BMD and/or radiologic dysmorphology phenotypes were successfully identified for 28 genes by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). Forward genetics using ENU mouse mutagenesis successfully identified 37 nosology gene phenotypes. Since many human genetic disorders involve hypomorphic, gain-of-function, dominant-negative and intronic mutations, future studies will undoubtedly utilize CRISPR/Cas9 technology to examine transgenic mice having genes modified to exactly mimic variant human sequences. Mutant mice will increasingly be employed for drug development studies designed to treat human genetic skeletal disorders. SIGNIFICANCE Great progress is being made identifying mutant genes responsible for human rare genetic skeletal disorders and mouse models for genes affecting bone mass, architecture, mineralization and strength. This review organizes data for 441 human genetic bone disorders with regard to heredity, gene function, molecular pathways, and fidelity of relevant mouse models to mimic the human skeletal disorders. PubMed weblinks to citations of 249 successful mouse models are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brommage
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Robert Brommage
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Kim H, Kim YG, Choi W, Moon JH, Hwang I, Kim K, Yadav VK, Karsenty G, Jeong JS, Kim H. Generation of a highly efficient and tissue-specific tryptophan hydroxylase 1 knockout mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17642. [PMID: 30518775 PMCID: PMC6281741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on tissue-autonomous serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) function have identified new roles for 5-HT in peripheral organs. Most of these studies were performed by crossing mice carrying the Tph1tm1Kry allele with tissue specific Cre mice. In the present study, we found that 5-HT production was not completely abolished in Tph1tm1Kry KO mice. The residual 5-HT production in Tph1tm1Kry KO mice is attributed to the expression of a truncated form of TPH1 containing the catalytic domain. Hence, in an effort to obtain mice with a Tph1 null phenotype, we generated mice harboring a new Tph1 floxed allele, Tph1tm1c, targeting exons 5 and 6 which encode the catalytic domain of TPH1. By crossing the new Tph1 floxed mice with villin-Cre or insulin-Cre mice, we observed near-complete ablation of 5-HT production in the intestine and β cells. In conclusion, this improved Tph1 floxed mouse model will serve as useful and accurate tool for analyzing peripheral 5-HT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongseok Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Gi Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsuk Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseon Hwang
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuho Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay K Yadav
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ji-Seon Jeong
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Krebs MP, Collin GB, Hicks WL, Yu M, Charette JR, Shi LY, Wang J, Naggert JK, Peachey NS, Nishina PM. Mouse models of human ocular disease for translational research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183837. [PMID: 28859131 PMCID: PMC5578669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models provide a valuable tool for exploring pathogenic mechanisms underlying inherited human disease. Here, we describe seven mouse models identified through the Translational Vision Research Models (TVRM) program, each carrying a new allele of a gene previously linked to retinal developmental and/or degenerative disease. The mutations include four alleles of three genes linked to human nonsyndromic ocular diseases (Aipl1tvrm119, Aipl1tvrm127, Rpgrip1tvrm111, RhoTvrm334) and three alleles of genes associated with human syndromic diseases that exhibit ocular phentoypes (Alms1tvrm102, Clcn2nmf289, Fkrptvrm53). Phenotypic characterization of each model is provided in the context of existing literature, in some cases refining our current understanding of specific disease attributes. These murine models, on fixed genetic backgrounds, are available for distribution upon request and may be useful for understanding the function of the gene in the retina, the pathological mechanisms induced by its disruption, and for testing experimental approaches to treat the corresponding human ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gayle B. Collin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Wanda L. Hicks
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Minzhong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Lan Ying Shi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jieping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Neal S. Peachey
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
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19
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Lin J, Hafrén H, Kerschner J, Jian-Dong L, Brown S, Zheng QY, Preciado D, Nakamura Y, Huang Q, Zhang Y. Panel 3: Genetics and Precision Medicine of Otitis Media. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:S41-S50. [PMID: 28372532 PMCID: PMC6211190 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816685559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective is to perform a comprehensive review of the literature up to 2015 on the genetics and precision medicine relevant to otitis media. Data Sources PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. Review Methods Two subpanels were formed comprising experts in the genetics and precision medicine of otitis media. Each of the panels reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a merged draft was created. The entire panel met at the 18th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2015 and discussed the review and refined the content. A final draft was made, circulated, and approved by the panel members. Conclusion Many genes relevant to otitis media have been identified in the last 4 years in advancing our knowledge regarding the predisposition of the middle ear mucosa to commensals and pathogens. Advances include mutant animal models and clinical studies. Many signaling pathways are involved in the predisposition of otitis media. Implications for Practice New knowledge on the genetic background relevant to otitis media forms a basis of novel potential interventions, including potential new ways to treat otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hena Hafrén
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Kerschner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Li Jian-Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steve Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Qing Y. Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego Preciado
- Shiekh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Qiuhong Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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20
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West DB, Engelhard EK, Adkisson M, Nava AJ, Kirov JV, Cipollone A, Willis B, Rapp J, de Jong PJ, Lloyd KC. Transcriptome Analysis of Targeted Mouse Mutations Reveals the Topography of Local Changes in Gene Expression. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005691. [PMID: 26839965 PMCID: PMC4739719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The unintended consequences of gene targeting in mouse models have not been thoroughly studied and a more systematic analysis is needed to understand the frequency and characteristics of off-target effects. Using RNA-seq, we evaluated targeted and neighboring gene expression in tissues from 44 homozygous mutants compared with C57BL/6N control mice. Two allele types were evaluated: 15 targeted trap mutations (TRAP); and 29 deletion alleles (DEL), usually a deletion between the translational start and the 3' UTR. Both targeting strategies insert a bacterial beta-galactosidase reporter (LacZ) and a neomycin resistance selection cassette. Evaluating transcription of genes in +/- 500 kb of flanking DNA around the targeted gene, we found up-regulated genes more frequently around DEL compared with TRAP alleles, however the frequency of alleles with local down-regulated genes flanking DEL and TRAP targets was similar. Down-regulated genes around both DEL and TRAP targets were found at a higher frequency than expected from a genome-wide survey. However, only around DEL targets were up-regulated genes found with a significantly higher frequency compared with genome-wide sampling. Transcriptome analysis confirms targeting in 97% of DEL alleles, but in only 47% of TRAP alleles probably due to non-functional splice variants, and some splicing around the gene trap. Local effects on gene expression are likely due to a number of factors including compensatory regulation, loss or disruption of intragenic regulatory elements, the exogenous promoter in the neo selection cassette, removal of insulating DNA in the DEL mutants, and local silencing due to disruption of normal chromatin organization or presence of exogenous DNA. An understanding of local position effects is important for understanding and interpreting any phenotype attributed to targeted gene mutations, or to spontaneous indels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. West
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric K. Engelhard
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Adkisson
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - A. J. Nava
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Julia V. Kirov
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Andreanna Cipollone
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Willis
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jared Rapp
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Pieter J. de Jong
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Kent C. Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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21
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Kerr N, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Vanderplank P, Leard A, Balthasar N, Wynick D. The generation of knock-in mice expressing fluorescently tagged galanin receptors 1 and 2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:258-71. [PMID: 26292267 PMCID: PMC4604734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin has diverse roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems, by activating the G protein-coupled receptors Gal1, Gal2 and the less studied Gal3 (GalR1-3 gene products). There is a wealth of data on expression of Gal1-3 at the mRNA level, but not at the protein level due to the lack of specificity of currently available antibodies. Here we report the generation of knock-in mice expressing Gal1 or Gal2 receptor fluorescently tagged at the C-terminus with, respectively, mCherry or hrGFP (humanized Renilla green fluorescent protein). In dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons expressing the highest levels of Gal1-mCherry, localization to the somatic cell membrane was detected by live-cell fluorescence and immunohistochemistry, and that fluorescence decreased upon addition of galanin. In spinal cord, abundant Gal1-mCherry immunoreactive processes were detected in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn, and highly expressing intrinsic neurons of the lamina III/IV border showed both somatic cell membrane localization and outward transport of receptor from the cell body, detected as puncta within cell processes. In brain, high levels of Gal1-mCherry immunofluorescence were detected within thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala, with a high density of nerve endings in the external zone of the median eminence, and regions with lesser immunoreactivity included the dorsal raphe nucleus. Gal2-hrGFP mRNA was detected in DRG, but live-cell fluorescence was at the limits of detection, drawing attention to both the much lower mRNA expression than to Gal1 in mice and the previously unrecognized potential for translational control by upstream open reading frames (uORFs).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neurons/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Kerr
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Hobson
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Penny Vanderplank
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alan Leard
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Nina Balthasar
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David Wynick
- Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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22
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Tuck E, Estabel J, Oellrich A, Maguire AK, Adissu HA, Souter L, Siragher E, Lillistone C, Green AL, Wardle-Jones H, Carragher DM, Karp NA, Smedley D, Adams NC, Bussell JN, Adams DJ, Ramírez-Solis R, Steel KP, Galli A, White JK. A gene expression resource generated by genome-wide lacZ profiling in the mouse. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1467-78. [PMID: 26398943 PMCID: PMC4631787 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the expression profile of a gene is a critical piece of information required to build an understanding of the normal and essential functions of that gene and any role it may play in the development or progression of disease. High-throughput, large-scale efforts are on-going internationally to characterise reporter-tagged knockout mouse lines. As part of that effort, we report an open access adult mouse expression resource, in which the expression profile of 424 genes has been assessed in up to 47 different organs, tissues and sub-structures using a lacZ reporter gene. Many specific and informative expression patterns were noted. Expression was most commonly observed in the testis and brain and was most restricted in white adipose tissue and mammary gland. Over half of the assessed genes presented with an absent or localised expression pattern (categorised as 0-10 positive structures). A link between complexity of expression profile and viability of homozygous null animals was observed; inactivation of genes expressed in ≥ 21 structures was more likely to result in reduced viability by postnatal day 14 compared with more restricted expression profiles. For validation purposes, this mouse expression resource was compared with Bgee, a federated composite of RNA-based expression data sets. Strong agreement was observed, indicating a high degree of specificity in our data. Furthermore, there were 1207 observations of expression of a particular gene in an anatomical structure where Bgee had no data, indicating a large amount of novelty in our data set. Examples of expression data corroborating and extending genotype-phenotype associations and supporting disease gene candidacy are presented to demonstrate the potential of this powerful resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tuck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jeanne Estabel
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anika Oellrich
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Hibret A Adissu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Luke Souter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Siragher
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Angela L Green
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | - Natasha A Karp
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Damian Smedley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Niels C Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - James N Bussell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Karen P Steel
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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23
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Reporter Gene Silencing in Targeted Mouse Mutants Is Associated with Promoter CpG Island Methylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134155. [PMID: 26275310 PMCID: PMC4537176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted mutations in mouse disrupt local chromatin structure and may lead to unanticipated local effects. We evaluated targeted gene promoter silencing in a group of six mutants carrying the tm1a Knockout Mouse Project allele containing both a LacZ reporter gene driven by the native promoter and a neo selection cassette. Messenger RNA levels of the reporter gene and targeted gene were assessed by qRT-PCR, and methylation of the promoter CpG islands and LacZ coding sequence were evaluated by sequencing of bisulfite-treated DNA. Mutants were stratified by LacZ staining into presumed Silenced and Expressed reporter genes. Silenced mutants had reduced relative quantities LacZ mRNA and greater CpG Island methylation compared with the Expressed mutant group. Within the silenced group, LacZ coding sequence methylation was significantly and positively correlated with CpG Island methylation, while promoter CpG methylation was only weakly correlated with LacZ gene mRNA. The results support the conclusion that there is promoter silencing in a subset of mutants carrying the tm1a allele. The features of targeted genes which promote local silencing when targeted remain unknown.
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24
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Ruegg TA, Cooper ME, Leslie EJ, Ford MD, Wehby GL, Deleyiannis FWB, Czeizel AE, Hecht JT, Marazita ML, Weinberg SM. Ear Infection in Isolated Cleft Lip: Etiological Implications. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2015; 54:189-192. [PMID: 26153759 DOI: 10.1597/15-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Chronic ear infections are a common occurrence in children with orofacial clefts involving the secondary palate. Less is known about the middle ear status of individuals with isolated clefts of the lip, although several studies have reported elevated rates of ear infection in this group. The purpose of this retrospective study was to test the hypothesis that chronic ear infections occur more frequently in isolated cleft lip cases (n = 94) compared with controls (n = 183). METHODS A questionnaire was used to obtain information on history of chronic ear infection. The association between ear infection status (present/absent) and cleft lip status (cleft lip case/control) was tested using both chi-square and logistic regression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The reported occurrence of chronic ear infection was significantly greater in cleft lip cases (31%) compared with unaffected controls (11%). After adjusting for age and sex, having a cleft lip increased the odds of being positive for ear infection by a factor greater than 3 (odds ratio = 3.698; 95% confidence interval = 1.91 to 7.14). Within cleft lip cases, there was no difference in the occurrence of ear infection by defect laterality or by the type of clefting present in the family history. Although velopharyngeal insufficiency was present in 18.4% of our cleft lip sample, there was no statistical association between ear infection and abnormal speech patterns. These results may have potential implications both for the clinical management of isolated cleft lip cases and for understanding the etiology of orofacial clefting.
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25
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Abstract
Mammalian tooth development is a precise and complicated procedure. Several signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB and WNT, are key regulators of tooth development. Any disturbance of these signaling pathways can potentially affect or block normal tooth development, and presently, there are more than 150 syndromes and 80 genes known to be related to tooth agenesis. Clarifying the interaction and crosstalk among these genes will provide important information regarding the mechanisms underlying missing teeth. In the current review, we summarize recently published findings on genes related to isolated and syndromic tooth agenesis; most of these genes function as positive regulators of cell proliferation or negative regulators of cell differentiation and apoptosis. Furthermore, we explore the corresponding networks involving these genes in addition to their implications for the clinical management of tooth agenesis. We conclude that this requires further study to improve patients' quality of life in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Department of Endodontics & Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Z Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Adissu HA, Estabel J, Sunter D, Tuck E, Hooks Y, Carragher DM, Clarke K, Karp NA, Newbigging S, Jones N, Morikawa L, White JK, McKerlie C. Histopathology reveals correlative and unique phenotypes in a high-throughput mouse phenotyping screen. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:515-24. [PMID: 24652767 PMCID: PMC4007403 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Genetics Project (MGP) at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute aims to generate and phenotype over 800 genetically modified mouse lines over the next 5 years to gain a better understanding of mammalian gene function and provide an invaluable resource to the scientific community for follow-up studies. Phenotyping includes the generation of a standardized biobank of paraffin-embedded tissues for each mouse line, but histopathology is not routinely performed. In collaboration with the Pathology Core of the Centre for Modeling Human Disease (CMHD) we report the utility of histopathology in a high-throughput primary phenotyping screen. Histopathology was assessed in an unbiased selection of 50 mouse lines with (n=30) or without (n=20) clinical phenotypes detected by the standard MGP primary phenotyping screen. Our findings revealed that histopathology added correlating morphological data in 19 of 30 lines (63.3%) in which the primary screen detected a phenotype. In addition, seven of the 50 lines (14%) presented significant histopathology findings that were not associated with or predicted by the standard primary screen. Three of these seven lines had no clinical phenotype detected by the standard primary screen. Incidental and strain-associated background lesions were present in all mutant lines with good concordance to wild-type controls. These findings demonstrate the complementary and unique contribution of histopathology to high-throughput primary phenotyping of mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibret A Adissu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
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