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Xu D, Powell AE, Utz A, Sanyal M, Do J, Patten JJ, Moliva JI, Sullivan NJ, Davey RA, Kim PS. Design of universal Ebola virus vaccine candidates via immunofocusing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316960121. [PMID: 38319964 PMCID: PMC10873634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316960121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and poses a significant threat to global public health. Although two viral vector vaccines have been approved to prevent Ebola virus disease, they are distributed in the limited ring vaccination setting and only indicated for prevention of infection from orthoebolavirus zairense (EBOV)-one of three orthoebolavirus species that have caused previous outbreaks. Ebola virus glycoprotein GP mediates viral infection and serves as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe a universal Ebola virus vaccine approach using a structure-guided design of candidates with hyperglycosylation that aims to direct antibody responses away from variable regions and toward conserved epitopes of GP. We first determined the hyperglycosylation landscape on Ebola virus GP and used that to generate hyperglycosylated GP variants with two to four additional glycosylation sites to mask the highly variable glycan cap region. We then created vaccine candidates by displaying wild-type or hyperglycosylated GP variants on ferritin nanoparticles (Fer). Immunization with these antigens elicited potent neutralizing antisera against EBOV in mice. Importantly, we observed consistent cross-neutralizing activity against Bundibugyo virus and Sudan virus from hyperglycosylated GP-Fer with two or three additional glycans. In comparison, elicitation of cross-neutralizing antisera was rare in mice immunized with wild-type GP-Fer. These results demonstrate a potential strategy to develop universal Ebola virus vaccines that confer cross-protective immunity against existing and emerging filovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Ashley Utz
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jonathan Do
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - J. J. Patten
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Juan I. Moliva
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
| | - Robert A. Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA94158
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2
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Shi H, Ross TM. Inactivated recombinant influenza vaccine: the promising direction for the next generation of influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:409-418. [PMID: 38509022 PMCID: PMC11056089 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2333338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is the most effective method to control the prevalence of seasonal influenza and the most widely used influenza vaccine is the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). Each season, the influenza vaccine must be updated to be most effective against current circulating variants. Therefore, developing a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) that can elicit both broad and durable protection is of the utmost importance. AREA COVERED This review summarizes and compares the available influenza vaccines in the market and inactivation methods used for manufacturing IIVs. Then, we discuss the latest progress of the UIV development in the IIV format and the challenges to address for moving these vaccine candidates to clinical trials and commercialization. The literature search was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the PubMed databases. EXPERT OPINION The unmet need for UIV is the primary aim of developing the next generation of influenza vaccines. The IIV has high antigenicity and a refined manufacturing process compared to most other formats. Developing the UIV in IIV format is a promising direction with advanced biomolecular technologies and next-generation adjuvant. It also inspires the development of universal vaccines for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Hulbert SW, Desai P, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP, Williams AJ. Glycovaccinology: The design and engineering of carbohydrate-based vaccine components. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108234. [PMID: 37558188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines remain one of the most important pillars in preventative medicine, providing protection against a wide array of diseases by inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity. Of the many possible candidate antigens for subunit vaccine development, carbohydrates are particularly appealing because of their ubiquitous presence on the surface of all living cells, viruses, and parasites as well as their known interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Indeed, several licensed vaccines leverage bacterial cell-surface carbohydrates as antigens for inducing antigen-specific plasma cells secreting protective antibodies and the development of memory T and B cells. Carbohydrates have also garnered attention in other aspects of vaccine development, for example, as adjuvants that enhance the immune response by either activating innate immune responses or targeting specific immune cells. Additionally, carbohydrates can function as immunomodulators that dampen undesired humoral immune responses to entire protein antigens or specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. In this review, we highlight how the interplay between carbohydrates and the adaptive and innate arms of the immune response is guiding the development of glycans as vaccine components that act as antigens, adjuvants, and immunomodulators. We also discuss how advances in the field of synthetic glycobiology are enabling the design, engineering, and production of this new generation of carbohydrate-containing vaccine formulations with the potential to prevent infectious diseases, malignancies, and complex immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia W Hulbert
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Asher J Williams
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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4
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Xu D, Powell AE, Utz A, Sanyal M, Do J, Patten J, Moliva JI, Sullivan NJ, Davey RA, Kim PS. Design of universal Ebola virus vaccine candidates via immunofocusing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.14.562364. [PMID: 37904982 PMCID: PMC10614775 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.14.562364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and poses a significant threat to global public health. Although two viral vector vaccines have been approved to prevent Ebola virus disease, they are distributed in the limited ring vaccination setting and only indicated for prevention of infection from orthoebolavirus zairense (EBOV) - one of three orthoebolavirus species that have caused previous outbreaks. Ebola virus glycoprotein GP mediates viral infection and serves as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe a universal Ebola virus vaccine approach using structure-guided design of candidates with hyperglycosylation that aims to direct antibody responses away from variable regions and toward conserved epitopes of GP. We first determined the hyperglycosylation landscape on Ebola virus GP and used that to generate hyperglycosylated GP variants with two to four additional glycosylation sites to mask the highly variable glycan cap region. We then created vaccine candidates by displaying wild-type or hyperglycosylated GP variants on ferritin nanoparticles (Fer). Immunization with these antigens elicited potent neutralizing antisera against EBOV in mice. Importantly, we observed consistent cross-neutralizing activity against Bundibugyo virus and Sudan virus from hyperglycosylated GP-Fer with two or three additional glycans. In comparison, elicitation of cross-neutralizing antisera was rare in mice immunized with wild-type GP-Fer. These results demonstrate a potential strategy to develop universal Ebola virus vaccines that confer cross-protective immunity against existing and emerging filovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley Utz
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Do
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J.J. Patten
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Juan I. Moliva
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Robert A. Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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5
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Martina CE, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Glycan masking in vaccine design: Targets, immunogens and applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126034. [PMID: 37033915 PMCID: PMC10076883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan masking is a novel technique in reverse vaccinology in which sugar chains (glycans) are added on the surface of immunogen candidates to hide regions of low interest and thus focus the immune system on highly therapeutic epitopes. This shielding strategy is inspired by viruses such as influenza and HIV, which are able to escape the immune system by incorporating additional glycosylation and preventing the binding of therapeutic antibodies. Interestingly, the glycan masking technique is mainly used in vaccine design to fight the same viruses that naturally use glycans to evade the immune system. In this review we report the major successes obtained with the glycan masking technique in epitope-focused vaccine design. We focus on the choice of the target antigen, the strategy for immunogen design and the relevance of the carrier vector to induce a strong immune response. Moreover, we will elucidate the different applications that can be accomplished with glycan masking, such as shifting the immune response from hyper-variable epitopes to more conserved ones, focusing the response on known therapeutic epitopes, broadening the response to different viral strains/sub-types and altering the antigen immunogenicity to elicit higher or lower immune response, as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Status and Challenges for Vaccination against Avian H9N2 Influenza Virus in China. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091326. [PMID: 36143363 PMCID: PMC9505450 DOI: 10.3390/life12091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 AIV continuously infects humans, and its six internal genes frequently reassort with other influenza viruses to generate novel influenza viruses that infect humans, threatening public health. Inactivated whole-virus vaccines have been used to control H9N2 AIV in China for more than 20 years, and they can alleviate clinical symptoms after immunization, greatly reducing economic losses. However, H9N2 AIVs can still be isolated from immunized chickens and have recently become the main epidemic subtype. A more effective vaccine prevention strategy might be able to address the current situation. Herein, we analyze the current status and vaccination strategy against H9N2 AIV and summarize the progress in vaccine development to provide insight for better H9N2 prevention and control.
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7
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Bozhanova NG, Flyak AI, Brown BP, Ruiz SE, Salas J, Rho S, Bombardi RG, Myers L, Soto C, Bailey JR, Crowe JE, Bjorkman PJ, Meiler J. Computational identification of HCV neutralizing antibodies with a common HCDR3 disulfide bond motif in the antibody repertoires of infected individuals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3178. [PMID: 35676279 PMCID: PMC9177688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent success in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment using antivirals, an HCV vaccine is still needed to prevent reinfections in treated patients, to avert the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and to provide protection for people with no access to the antiviral therapeutics. The early production of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) associates with HCV clearance. Several potent bNAbs bind a conserved HCV glycoprotein E2 epitope using an unusual heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) containing an intra-loop disulfide bond. Isolation of additional structurally-homologous bNAbs would facilitate the recognition of key determinants of such bNAbs and guide rational vaccine design. Here we report the identification of new antibodies containing an HCDR3 disulfide bond motif using computational screening with the Rosetta software. Using the newly-discovered and already-known members of this antibody family, we review the required HCDR3 amino acid composition and propose determinants for the bent versus straight HCDR3 loop conformation observed in these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Bozhanova
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Andrew I Flyak
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin P Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Stormy E Ruiz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jordan Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Semi Rho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, SAC, 04103, Germany.
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8
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Lin WS, Chen IC, Chen HC, Lee YC, Wu SC. Glycan Masking of Epitopes in the NTD and RBD of the Spike Protein Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Front Immunol 2021; 12:795741. [PMID: 34925381 PMCID: PMC8674692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan-masking the vaccine antigen by mutating the undesired antigenic sites with an additional N-linked glycosylation motif can refocus B-cell responses to desired epitopes, without affecting the antigen's overall-folded structure. This study examined the impact of glycan-masking mutants of the N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, and found that the antigenic design of the S protein increases the neutralizing antibody titers against the Wuhan-Hu-1 ancestral strain and the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2). Our results demonstrated that the use of glycan-masking Ad-S-R158N/Y160T in the NTD elicited a 2.8-fold, 6.5-fold, and 4.6-fold increase in the IC-50 NT titer against the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, respectively. Glycan-masking of Ad-S-D428N in the RBD resulted in a 3.0-fold and 2.0-fold increase in the IC-50 neutralization titer against the Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) variants, respectively. The use of glycan-masking in Ad-S-R158N/Y160T and Ad-S-D428N antigen design may help develop universal COVID-19 vaccines against current and future emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shuo Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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9
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Isakova-Sivak I, Stepanova E, Mezhenskaya D, Matyushenko V, Prokopenko P, Sychev I, Wong PF, Rudenko L. Influenza vaccine: progress in a vaccine that elicits a broad immune response. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1097-1112. [PMID: 34348561 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1964961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The licensed seasonal influenza vaccines predominantly induce neutralizing antibodies against immunodominant hypervariable epitopes of viral surface proteins, with limited protection against antigenically distant influenza viruses. Strategies have been developed to improve vaccines' performance in terms of broadly reactive and long-lasting immune response induction. AREAS COVERED We have summarized the advancements in the development of cross-protective influenza vaccines and discussed the challenges in evaluating them in preclinical and clinical trials. Here, the literature regarding the current stage of development of universal influenza vaccine candidates was reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Although various strategies aim to redirect adaptive immune responses from variable immunodominant to immunosubdominant antigens, more conserved epitopes are being investigated. Approaches that improve antibody responses to conserved B cell epitopes have increased the protective efficacy of vaccines within a subtype or phylogenetic group of influenza viruses. Vaccines that elicit significant levels of T cells recognizing highly conserved viral epitopes possess a high cross-protective potential and may cover most circulating influenza viruses. However, the development of T cell-based universal influenza vaccines is challenging owing to the diversity of MHCs in the population, unpredictable degree of immunodominance, lack of adequate animal models, and difficulty in establishing T cell immunity in humans. ABBREVIATIONS cHA: chimeric HA; HBc: hepatitis B virus core protein; HA: hemagglutinin; HLA: human leucocyte antigen; IIV: inactivated influenza vaccine; KLH: keyhole limpet hemocyanin; LAH: long alpha helix; LAIV: live attenuated influenza vaccine; M2e: extracellular domain of matrix 2 protein; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; NA: neuraminidase; NS1: non-structural protein 1; qNIV: quadrivalent nanoparticle influenza vaccine; TRM: tissue-resident memory T cells; VE: vaccine effectiveness; VLP: virus-like particles; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Sychev
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pei-Fong Wong
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Chen TH, Yang YL, Jan JT, Chen CC, Wu SC. Site-Specific Glycan-Masking/Unmasking Hemagglutinin Antigen Design to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing and Stem-Binding Antibodies Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692700. [PMID: 34335603 PMCID: PMC8317614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses with the capability of transmission from birds to humans have a serious impact on public health. To date, HPAI H5N1 viruses have evolved into ten antigenically distinct clades that could cause a mismatch of vaccine strains and reduce vaccine efficacy. In this study, the glycan masking and unmasking strategies on hemagglutinin antigen were used for designing two antigens: H5-dm/st2 and H5-tm/st2, and investigated for their elicited immunity using two-dose recombinant H5 (rH5) immunization and a first-dose adenovirus vector prime, followed by a second-dose rH5 protein booster immunization. The H5-dm/st2 antigen was found to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against different H5N1 clade/subclade viruses, as well as more stem-binding antibodies to inhibit HA-facilitated membrane fusion activity. Mice immunized with the H5-dm/st2 antigen had a higher survival rate when challenged with homologous and heterologous clades of H5N1 viruses. Mutant influenza virus replaced with the H5-dm/st2 gene generated by reverse genetics (RG) technology amplified well in MDCK cells and embryonated chicken eggs. Again, the inactivated H5N1-dm/st2 RG virus elicited more potent cross-clade neutralizing and anti-fusion antibodies in sera. Therefore, the H5N1-dm/st2 RG virus with the site-specific glycan-masking on the globular head and the glycan-unmasking on the stem region of H5 antigen can be used for further development of cross-protective H5N1 vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/blood
- Chick Embryo
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/blood
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Polysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Teaching Center of Natural Science, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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11
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Narkhede YB, Gonzalez KJ, Strauch EM. Targeting Viral Surface Proteins through Structure-Based Design. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071320. [PMID: 34372526 PMCID: PMC8310314 DOI: 10.3390/v13071320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel viral infections of zoonotic origin and mutations of existing human pathogenic viruses represent a serious concern for public health. It warrants the establishment of better interventions and protective therapies to combat the virus and prevent its spread. Surface glycoproteins catalyzing the fusion of viral particles and host cells have proven to be an excellent target for antivirals as well as vaccines. This review focuses on recent advances for computational structure-based design of antivirals and vaccines targeting viral fusion machinery to control seasonal and emerging respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh B Narkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Karen J Gonzalez
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Eva-Maria Strauch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Targeting Antigens for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060973. [PMID: 34073996 PMCID: PMC8225176 DOI: 10.3390/v13060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional influenza vaccines generate strain-specific antibodies which cannot provide protection against divergent influenza virus strains. Further, due to frequent antigenic shifts and drift of influenza viruses, annual reformulation and revaccination are required in order to match circulating strains. Thus, the development of a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) is critical for long-term protection against all seasonal influenza virus strains, as well as to provide protection against a potential pandemic virus. One of the most important strategies in the development of UIVs is the selection of optimal targeting antigens to generate broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive T cell responses against divergent influenza virus strains. However, each type of target antigen for UIVs has advantages and limitations for the generation of sufficient immune responses against divergent influenza viruses. Herein, we review current strategies and perspectives regarding the use of antigens, including hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix proteins, and internal proteins, for universal influenza vaccine development.
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13
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Strategies Targeting Hemagglutinin as a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030257. [PMID: 33805749 PMCID: PMC7998911 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has significant viral diversity, both through antigenic drift and shift, which makes development of a vaccine challenging. Current influenza vaccines are updated yearly to include strains predicted to circulate in the upcoming influenza season, however this can lead to a mismatch which reduces vaccine efficacy. Several strategies targeting the most abundant and immunogenic surface protein of influenza, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, have been explored. These strategies include stalk-directed, consensus-based, and computationally derived HA immunogens. In this review, we explore vaccine strategies which utilize novel antigen design of the HA protein to improve cross-reactive immunity for development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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14
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Kerstetter LJ, Buckley S, Bliss CM, Coughlan L. Adenoviral Vectors as Vaccines for Emerging Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607333. [PMID: 33633727 PMCID: PMC7901974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that the emergence of infectious diseases, which have the potential for spillover from animal reservoirs, pose an ongoing threat to global health. Zoonotic transmission events have increased in frequency in recent decades due to changes in human behavior, including increased international travel, the wildlife trade, deforestation, and the intensification of farming practices to meet demand for meat consumption. Influenza A viruses (IAV) possess a number of features which make them a pandemic threat and a major concern for human health. Their segmented genome and error-prone process of replication can lead to the emergence of novel reassortant viruses, for which the human population are immunologically naïve. In addition, the ability for IAVs to infect aquatic birds and domestic animals, as well as humans, increases the likelihood for reassortment and the subsequent emergence of novel viruses. Sporadic spillover events in the past few decades have resulted in human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, with high mortality. The application of conventional vaccine platforms used for the prevention of seasonal influenza viruses, such as inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), in the development of vaccines for HPAI viruses is fraught with challenges. These issues are associated with manufacturing under enhanced biosafety containment, and difficulties in propagating HPAI viruses in embryonated eggs, due to their propensity for lethality in eggs. Overcoming manufacturing hurdles through the use of safer backbones, such as low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAI), can also be a challenge if incompatible with master strain viruses. Non-replicating adenoviral (Ad) vectors offer a number of advantages for the development of vaccines against HPAI viruses. Their genome is stable and permits the insertion of HPAI virus antigens (Ag), which are expressed in vivo following vaccination. Therefore, their manufacture does not require enhanced biosafety facilities or procedures and is egg-independent. Importantly, Ad vaccines have an exemplary safety and immunogenicity profile in numerous human clinical trials, and can be thermostabilized for stockpiling and pandemic preparedness. This review will discuss the status of Ad-based vaccines designed to protect against avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Kerstetter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Buckley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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15
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Tang N, Lu CY, Sue SC, Chen TH, Jan JT, Huang MH, Huang CH, Chen CC, Chiang BL, Huang LM, Wu SC. Type IIb Heat Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit as a Mucosal Adjuvant to Enhance Protective Immunity against H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040710. [PMID: 33266210 PMCID: PMC7768441 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses persist as a major global health concern. Vaccination remains the primary protective strategy against H5N1 and other novel avian influenza virus infections. We investigated the use of E. coli type IIb heat labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTIIb-B5) as a mucosal adjuvant for intranasal immunizations with recombinant HA proteins against H5N1 avian influenza viruses. Use of LTIIb-B5 adjuvant elicited more potent IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibody titers in both sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, thus increasing protection against lethal virus challenges. LTIIb-B5 mucosal adjuvanticity was found to trigger stronger Th17 cellular response in spleen lymphocytes and cervical lymph nodes. Studies of anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody depletion and IL-17A knockout mice also suggest the contribution from Th17 cellular response to anti-H5N1 protective immunity. Our results indicate a link between improved protection against H5N1 live virus challenges and increased Th17 response due to the use of LTIIb-B5 mucosal adjuvant with HA subunit proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neos Tang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (N.T.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Chun-Yi Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (B.-L.C.); (L.-M.H.)
| | - Shih-Che Sue
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (N.T.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Chu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Teaching Center of Natural Science, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 202301, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (B.-L.C.); (L.-M.H.)
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (B.-L.C.); (L.-M.H.)
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (N.T.); (T.-H.C.)
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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16
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Hariharan V, Kane RS. Glycosylation as a tool for rational vaccine design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2556-2570. [PMID: 32330286 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that can neutralize multiple strains or subtypes of a pathogen has renewed interest in the development of broadly protective vaccines. To that end, there has been an interest in designing immunofocusing strategies to direct the immune response to specific, conserved regions on antigenic proteins. Modulation of glycosylation is one such immunofocusing strategy; extensive glycosylation is often exploited by pathogens for immune evasion. Masking epitopes on protein immunogens with "self" glycans can also shield the underlying protein surface from humoral immune surveillance. We review recent advances in applying glycosylation as an immunofocusing tool. We also highlight recent interesting work in the HIV-1 field involving the identification and elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies that incorporate glycans into their binding epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Hariharan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Hemagglutinin Fused with the A Subunit of Type IIb Escherichia coli Heat Labile Enterotoxin Elicited Protective Immunity and Neutralization by Intranasal Immunization in Mouse and Chicken Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040193. [PMID: 31766677 PMCID: PMC6963717 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as causes of devastating avian diseases. This study aimed to develop type IIb Escherichiacoli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTIIb) as novel mucosal adjuvants for mucosal vaccine development. The fusion protein of H5 and LTIIb-A subunit was expressed and purified for mouse and chicken intranasal immunizations. Intranasal immunization with the H5-LTIIb-A fusion protein in mice elicited potent neutralizing antibodies in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, induced stronger Th1 and Th17 cellular responses in spleen and cervical lymph nodes, and improved protection against H5N1 influenza virus challenge. More interestingly, intranasal immunization with the H5-LTIIb-A fusion protein in chickens elicited high titers of IgY, IgA, hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI), and neutralizing antibodies in their antisera. This study employed the novel adjuvants of LTIIb for the development of a new generation of mucosal vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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18
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Jang YH, Seong BL. The Quest for a Truly Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31649895 PMCID: PMC6795694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly protective antibodies and cross-reactive T cells directed to influenza viral targets present a promising prospect for the development of a UIV. Multiple targets for cross-protection have been identified in the stalk and head of hemagglutinin (HA) to develop a UIV. Recently, neuraminidase (NA) has received significant attention as a critical component for increasing the breadth of protection. The HA stalk-based approaches have shown promising results of broader protection in animal studies, and their feasibility in humans are being evaluated in clinical trials. Mucosal immune responses and cross-reactive T cell immunity across influenza A and B viruses intrinsic to live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have emerged as essential features to be incorporated into a UIV. Complementing the weakness of the stand-alone approaches, prime-boost vaccination combining HA stalk, and LAIV is under clinical evaluation, with the aim to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of protection. Preexisting immunity in humans established by prior exposure to influenza viruses may affect the hierarchy and magnitude of immune responses elicited by an influenza vaccine, limiting the interpretation of preclinical data based on naive animals, necessitating human challenge studies. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the spectrum of protection, efficacy, target population, and duration of protection to define a “universal” vaccine. This review discusses the recent advancements in the development of UIVs, rationales behind cross-protection and vaccine designs, and challenges faced in obtaining balanced protection potency, a wide spectrum of protection, and safety relevant to UIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Gebauer M, Hürlimann HC, Behrens M, Wolff T, Behrens SE. Subunit vaccines based on recombinant yeast protect against influenza A virus in a one-shot vaccination scheme. Vaccine 2019; 37:5578-5587. [PMID: 31399274 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on new subunit vaccines based on recombinant yeast of the type Kluyveromyces lactis (K. lactis), which protect mice from a lethal influenza A virus infection. Applying a genetic system that enables the rapid generation of transgenic yeast, we have developed K. lactis strains that express the influenza A virus hemagglutinin, HA, either individually or in combination with the viral M1 matrix protein. Subcutaneous application of the inactivated, but otherwise non-processed yeast material shows a complete protection of BALB/c mice in prime/boost and even one-shot/single dose vaccination schemes against a subsequent, lethal challenge with the cognate influenza virus. The yeast vaccines induce titers of neutralizing antibodies that are readily comparable to those induced by an inactivated virus vaccine. These data suggest that HA and M1 are produced with a high antigenicity in the yeast cells. Based on these findings, multivalent, DIVA-capable, yeast-based subunit vaccines may be developed as promising alternatives to conventional virus-based anti-flu vaccines for veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Gebauer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans C Hürlimann
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Institute of Biology, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martina Behrens
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Robert Koch Institute, Unit 17 "Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses", Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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20
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Protect, modify, deprotect (PMD): A strategy for creating vaccines to elicit antibodies targeting a specific epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9947-9952. [PMID: 31028143 PMCID: PMC6525525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822062116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) against infectious agents such as influenza virus and HIV-1 has sparked interest in creating vaccines that focus an Ab response toward a particular epitope of a protein. These “immunofocusing” strategies have shown promise but are also burdened with inherent limitations. We introduce an immunofocusing method called protect, modify, deprotect (PMD) that uses a bnAb as a molecular stencil to create vaccine candidates that direct the immune response toward the epitope of the bnAb. PMD has the potential to provide epitope-specific immunofocusing, in a generalizable manner. In creating vaccines against infectious agents, there is often a desire to direct an immune response toward a particular conformational epitope on an antigen. We present a method, called protect, modify, deprotect (PMD), to generate immunogenic proteins aimed to direct a vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) response toward an epitope defined by a specific monoclonal Ab (mAb). The mAb is used to protect the target epitope on the protein. Then the remaining exposed surfaces of the protein are modified to render them nonimmunogenic. Finally, the epitope is deprotected by removal of the mAb. The resultant protein is modified at surfaces other than the target epitope. We validate PMD using a well-characterized antigen, hen egg white lysozyme, then demonstrate the utility of PMD using influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). We use an mAb to protect a highly conserved epitope on the stem domain of HA. Exposed surface amines are then modified with short polyethylene glycol chains. The resultant antigen shows markedly reduced binding to mAbs that target the head region of HA, while maintaining binding to mAbs at the epitope of interest. This antigenic preference is also observed with yeast cells displaying Ab fragments. Antisera from guinea pigs immunized with the PMD-modified HA show increased cross-reactivity with HAs from other influenza strains, compared with antisera obtained with unmodified HA trimers. PMD has the potential to direct an Ab response at high resolution and could be used in combination with other such strategies. There are many attractive targets for the application of PMD.
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21
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Chen TH, Liu WC, Lin CY, Liu CC, Jan JT, Spearman M, Butler M, Wu SC. Glycan-masking hemagglutinin antigens from stable CHO cell clones for H5N1 avian influenza vaccine development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:598-609. [PMID: 30080931 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Refocusing of B-cell responses can be achieved by preserving the overall fold of the antigen structure but selectively mutating the undesired antigenic sites with additional N-linked glycosylation motifs for glycan masking the vaccine antigen. We previously reported that glycan-masking recombinant H5 hemagglutinin (rH5HA) antigens on residues 83, 127, and 138 (g127 + g138 or g83 + g127 + 138 rH5HA) elicited broader neutralizing antibodies and protection against heterologous clades/subclades of high pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. In this study, we engineered the stably expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell clones for producing the glycan-masking g127 + g138 and g83 + g127 + g138 rH5HA antigens. All of these glycan-masking rH5HA antigens produced in stable CHO cell clones were found to be mostly oligomeric structures. Only the immunization with the glycan-masking g127 + g138 but not g83 + g127 + g138 rH5HA antigens elicited more potent neutralizing antibody titers against four out of five heterologous clades/subclades of H5N1 viral strains. The increased neutralizing antibody titers against these heterologous viral strains were correlated with the increased amounts of stem-binding antibodies, only the glycan-masking g127 + g138 rH5HA antigens can translate into more protection against live viral challenges. The stable CHO cell line-produced glycan-masking g127 + g138 rH5HA can be used for H5N1 subunit vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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22
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Duan H, Chen X, Boyington JC, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Jafari AJ, Stephens T, Tsybovsky Y, Kalyuzhniy O, Zhao P, Menis S, Nason MC, Normandin E, Mukhamedova M, DeKosky BJ, Wells L, Schief WR, Tian M, Alt FW, Kwong PD, Mascola JR. Glycan Masking Focuses Immune Responses to the HIV-1 CD4-Binding Site and Enhances Elicitation of VRC01-Class Precursor Antibodies. Immunity 2018; 49:301-311.e5. [PMID: 30076101 PMCID: PMC6896779 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An important class of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies, termed the VRC01 class, targets the conserved CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env). An engineered Env outer domain (OD) eOD-GT8 60-mer nanoparticle has been developed as a priming immunogen for eliciting VRC01-class precursors and is planned for clinical trials. However, a substantial portion of eOD-GT8-elicited antibodies target non-CD4bs epitopes, potentially limiting its efficacy. We introduced N-linked glycans into non-CD4bs surfaces of eOD-GT8 to mask irrelevant epitopes and evaluated these mutants in a mouse model that expressed diverse immunoglobulin heavy chains containing human IGHV1-2∗02, the germline VRC01 VH segment. Compared to the parental eOD-GT8, a mutant with five added glycans stimulated significantly higher proportions of CD4bs-specific serum responses and CD4bs-specific immunoglobulin G+ B cells including VRC01-class precursors. These results demonstrate that glycan masking can limit elicitation of off-target antibodies and focus immune responses to the CD4bs, a major target of HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Duan
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tyler Stephens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Avian Influenza A Virus Pandemic Preparedness and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030046. [PMID: 30044370 PMCID: PMC6161001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses can infect a wide range of hosts, creating opportunities for zoonotic transmission, i.e., transmission from animals to humans, and placing the human population at constant risk of potential pandemics. In the last hundred years, four influenza A virus pandemics have had a devastating effect, especially the 1918 influenza pandemic that took the lives of at least 40 million people. There is a constant risk that currently circulating avian influenza A viruses (e.g., H5N1, H7N9) will cause a new pandemic. Vaccines are the cornerstone in preparing for and combating potential pandemics. Despite exceptional advances in the design and development of (pre-)pandemic vaccines, there are still serious challenges to overcome, mainly caused by intrinsic characteristics of influenza A viruses: Rapid evolution and a broad host range combined with maintenance in animal reservoirs, making it near impossible to predict the nature and source of the next pandemic virus. Here, recent advances in the development of vaccination strategies to prepare against a pandemic virus coming from the avian reservoir will be discussed. Furthermore, remaining challenges will be addressed, setting the agenda for future research in the development of new vaccination strategies against potentially pandemic influenza A viruses.
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Mini-hemagglutinin vaccination induces cross-reactive antibodies in pre-exposed NHP that protect mice against lethal influenza challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:25. [PMID: 29977611 PMCID: PMC6030213 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal vaccines are currently the most effective countermeasure against influenza. However, seasonal vaccines are only effective against strains closely related to the influenza strains contained in the vaccine. Recently a new hemagglutinin (HA) stem-based antigen, the so-called “mini-HA”, has been shown to induce a cross-protective immune response in influenza-naive mice and non-human primates (NHP). However, prior exposure to influenza can have a profound effect on the immune response to subsequent influenza infection and the protective efficacy of vaccination. Here we show that mini-HA, compared to a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), elicits a broadened influenza-specific humoral immune response in NHP previously exposed to influenza. Serum transfer experiments showed that antibodies induced by both mini-HA and seasonal vaccine protected mice against lethal challenge with a H1N1 influenza strain heterologous to the H1 HA included in the TIV. However, antibodies elicited by mini-HA showed an additional benefit of protecting mice against lethal heterosubtypic H5N1 influenza challenge, associated with H5 HA-specific functional antibodies. A vaccine candidate developed from a novel flu-based protein induces antibodies able to protect against multiple influenza strains. Alongside a team of Dutch researchers, Janssen’s Joan van der Lubbe created a vaccine, dubbed “mini-HA”, based on a recently discovered influenza protein that induced neutralizing antibodies to many related influenza virus strains in non-human primates. Mini-HA vaccination targeted a surface protein region that is highly conserved between influenza strains and offered protection regardless of previous exposure to the disease, which is known to greatly affect vaccine efficacy. The immune response elicited by the novel vaccine surpassed that of a standard seasonal influenza vaccine. Future research is now warranted to verify whether mini-HA can act as a universal seasonal flu vaccine, potentially even effective against emergent virus strains.
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Crowe JE. Is It Possible to Develop a "Universal" Influenza Virus Vaccine? Potential for a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029496. [PMID: 28663208 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of optimal vaccines for influenza is challenging, in part as a result of the high antigenic variability in field strains associated with genetic shift from reassortment and genetic drift from point mutations. Discovery of conserved antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein for neutralizing antibodies suggested the possibility that influenza vaccines could be developed that induce focused antibody responses to the conserved neutralizing determinants, especially the HA stem region. Recent studies have focused on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of such domains, using monoclonal antibodies and candidate-engineered HA stem-based vaccines. Much progress has been made, but we still do not fully understand the biology of the immune response to this unique antigenic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0417
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26
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Krammer F. Strategies to induce broadly protective antibody responses to viral glycoproteins. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:503-513. [PMID: 28277797 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1299576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, several universal/broadly protective influenza virus vaccine candidates are under development. Many of these vaccines are based on strategies to induce protective antibody responses against the surface glycoproteins of antigenically and genetically diverse influenza viruses. These strategies might also be applicable to surface glycoproteins of a broad range of other important viral pathogens. Areas covered: Common strategies include sequential vaccination with divergent antigens, multivalent approaches, vaccination with glycan-modified antigens, vaccination with minimal antigens and vaccination with antigens that have centralized/optimized sequences. Here we review these strategies and the underlying concepts. Furthermore, challenges, feasibility and applicability to other viral pathogens are discussed. Expert commentary: Several broadly protective/universal influenza virus vaccine strategies will be tested in humans in the coming years. If successful in terms of safety and immunological readouts, they will move forward into efficacy trials. In the meantime, successful vaccine strategies might also be applied to other antigenically diverse viruses of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krammer
- a Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Unmasking Stem-Specific Neutralizing Epitopes by Abolishing N-Linked Glycosylation Sites of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Proteins for Vaccine Design. J Virol 2016; 90:8496-508. [PMID: 27440889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00880-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein consists of two components, i.e., a globular head region and a stem region that are folded within six disulfide bonds, plus several N-linked glycans that produce a homotrimeric complex structure. While N-linked glycosylation sites on the globular head are variable among different strains and different subtypes, N-linked glycosylation sites in the stem region are mostly well conserved among various influenza virus strains. Targeting highly conserved HA stem regions has been proposed as a useful strategy for designing universal influenza vaccines. Since the HA stem region is constituted by an HA1 N-terminal part and a full HA2 part, we expressed a series of recombinant HA mutant proteins with deleted N-linked glycosylation sites in the HA1 stem and HA2 stem regions of H5N1 and pH1N1 viruses. Unmasking N-glycans in the HA2 stem region (H5 N484A and H1 N503A) was found to elicit more potent neutralizing antibody titers against homologous, heterologous, and heterosubtypic viruses. Unmasking the HA2 stem N-glycans of H5HA but not H1HA resulted in more CR6261-like and FI6v3-like antibodies and also correlated with the increase of cell fusion inhibition activity in antisera. Only H5 N484A HA2 stem mutant protein immunization increased the numbers of antibody-secreting cells, germinal center B cells, and memory B cells targeting the stem helix A epitopes in splenocytes. Unmasking the HA2 stem N-glycans of H5HA mutant proteins showed a significantly improvement in the protection against homologous virus challenges but did so to a less degree for the protection against heterosubtypic pH1N1 virus challenges. These results may provide useful information for designing more effective influenza vaccines. IMPORTANCE N-linked glycosylation sites in the stem regions of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins are mostly well conserved among various influenza virus strains. Targeting highly conserved HA stem regions has been proposed as a useful strategy for designing universal influenza vaccines. Our studies indicate that unmasking the HA2 stem N-glycans of recombinant HA proteins from H5N1 and pH1N1 viruses induced more potent neutralizing antibody titers against homologous and heterosubtypic viruses. However, only immunization with the H5N1 HA2 stem mutant protein can refocus B antibody responses to the helix A epitope for inducing more CR6261-like/FI6v3-like and fusion inhibition antibodies in antisera, resulting in a significant improvement for the protection against lethal H5N1 virus challenges. These results may provide useful information for designing more effective influenza vaccines.
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Abstract
Antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses and the occasional introduction of influenza viruses of novel subtypes into the human population complicate the timely production of effective vaccines that antigenically match the virus strains that cause epidemic or pandemic outbreaks. The development of game-changing vaccines that induce broadly protective immunity against a wide variety of influenza viruses is an unmet need, in which recombinant viral vectors may provide. Use of viral vectors allows the delivery of any influenza virus antigen, or derivative thereof, to the immune system, resulting in the optimal induction of virus-specific B- and T-cell responses against this antigen of choice. This systematic review discusses results obtained with vectored influenza virus vaccines and advantages and disadvantages of the currently available viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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29
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Cox F, Juraszek J, Stoop EJM, Goudsmit J. Universal influenza vaccine design: directing the antibody repertoire. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infections are responsible for a large health and economic burden. Vaccination is the best strategy to reduce influenza-related disease burden, but current vaccines have limited breadth and need near-annual reformulation. Developing new influenza vaccines that provide broad and long-lasting protection is an important goal. This review represents an overview of the current knowledge of the universal vaccine approach that focuses on the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) stem of influenza viruses. Adjuvation of existing influenza vaccines has so far had limited effect on the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies. HA stem-based immunogens that lack the immunodominant HA head have shown promising results in preclinical models, providing evidence that a universal influenza vaccine is within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek Cox
- Infectious Diseases & Vaccines Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jarek Juraszek
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther JM Stoop
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Traditional vaccination with whole pathogens or pathogen-derived subunits has completely eliminated diseases like smallpox, and has greatly limited the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with many other infectious diseases. Unfortunately, a large burden of infectious disease remains that may be preventable through vaccination. For many of these, more focused and innovative approaches may be essential for the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Oscherwitz
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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31
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Krammer F. Novel universal influenza virus vaccine approaches. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:95-103. [PMID: 26927813 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus vaccines have to be re-formulated and re-administered on an annual basis due to antigenic drift of the influenza virus surface glycoproteins. In addition, seasonal vaccines show limited efficacy against novel pandemic influenza virus strains, and producing tailored vaccines for these strains in a timely manner is challenging. Several novel broadly protective vaccine candidates targeting the conserved stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin have been developed. Here we review these novel constructs and discuss several important findings and considerations regarding the protective efficacy of stalk-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Xiang K, Ying G, Yan Z, Shanshan Y, Lei Z, Hongjun L, Maosheng S. Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1209-22. [PMID: 25876176 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IFV) infection causes serious health problems and heavy financial burdens each year worldwide. The classical inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IIVV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) must be updated regularly to match the new strains that evolve due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift. However, with the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved antigens, and the CD8(+) T cell responses targeting viral internal proteins nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1), it is possible to develop a universal influenza vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, NP, and matrix proteins. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) is an ideal influenza vaccine vector because it has an ideal stability and safety profile, induces balanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses due to activation of innate immunity, provides 'self-adjuvanting' activity, can mimic natural IFV infection, and confers seamless protection against mucosal pathogens. Moreover, this vector can be developed as a low-cost, rapid-response vaccine that can be quickly manufactured. Therefore, an adenovirus vector encoding conserved influenza antigens holds promise in the development of a universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the progress in adenovirus-vectored universal flu vaccines and discuss future novel approaches.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ad: adenovirus
- CAR, Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, lung dendritic cells
- DVD, drug–vaccine duo
- FcγRs, Fc receptors for IgG
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HDAd, helper-dependent adenoviral
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cell
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IF-γ, interferon-γ
- IFV, Influenza virus
- IIVV, inactivated influenza virus vaccine
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- ITRs, inverted terminal repeats
- LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine
- M1, matrix protein 1
- M2, matrix protein 2
- MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- NA, neuraminidase
- NP, nucleoprotein
- RCA, replication competent adenovirus
- VAERD, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease
- adenovirus vector
- broadly neutralizing antibodies
- cellular immunity
- flu, influenza
- hemagglutinin
- humoral immunity
- influenza
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mucosal immunity
- rAd, recombinant adenovirus
- universal vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiang
- a Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
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Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Prospects for antibody-based universal influenza vaccines in the context of widespread pre-existing immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1227-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1068125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kenneth Wheatley
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 2 The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen John Kent
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 2 The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 3 Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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kumar SR, Prabakaran M, Ashok raj KV, He F, Kwang J. Amino Acid Substitutions Improve the Immunogenicity of H7N7HA Protein and Protect Mice against Lethal H7N7 Viral Challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128940. [PMID: 26030920 PMCID: PMC4452345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A H7N7/NL/219/03 virus creates a serious pandemic threat to human health because it can transmit directly from domestic poultry to humans and from human to human. Our previous vaccine study reported that mice when immunized intranasally (i.n) with live Bac-HA were protected from lethal H7N7/NL/219/03 challenge, whereas incomplete protection was obtained when administered subcutaneously (s.c) due to the fact that H7N7 is a poor inducer of neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, our recent vaccine studies reported that mice when vaccinated subcutaneously with Bac-HA (H7N9) was protected against both H7N9 (A/Sh2/2013) and H7N7 virus challenge. HA1 region of both H7N7 and H7N9 viruses are differ at 15 amino acid positions. Among those, we selected three amino acid positions (T143, T198 and I211) in HA1 region of H7N7. These amino acids are located within or near the receptor binding site. Following the selection, we substituted the amino acid at these three positions with amino acids found on H7N9HA wild-type. In this study, we evaluate the impact of amino acid substitutions in the H7N7 HA-protein on the immunogenicity. We generated six mutant constructs from wild-type influenza H7N7HA cDNA by site directed mutagenesis, and individually expressed mutant HA protein on the surface of baculovirus (Bac-HAm) and compared their protective efficacy of the vaccines with Bac-H7N7HA wild-type (Bac-HA) by lethal H7N7 viral challenge in a mouse model. We found that mice immunized subcutaneously with Bac-HAm constructs T143A or T198A-I211V or I211V-T143A serum showed significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization titer against H7N7 and H7N9 viruses when compared to Bac-HA vaccinated mice groups. We also observed low level of lung viral titer, negligible weight loss and complete protection against lethal H7N7 viral challenge. Our results indicated that amino acid substitution at position 143 or 211 improve immunogenicity of H7N7HA vaccine against H7N7/NL/219/03 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subaschandrabose Rajesh kumar
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kattur Venkatachalam Ashok raj
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail:
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35
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Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a major public health concern and cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current influenza virus vaccines are an effective countermeasure against infection but need to be reformulated almost every year owing to antigenic drift. Furthermore, these vaccines do not protect against novel pandemic strains, and the timely production of pandemic vaccines remains problematic because of the limitations of current technology. Several improvements have been made recently to enhance immune protection induced by seasonal and pandemic vaccines, and to speed up production in case of a pandemic. Importantly, vaccine constructs that induce broad or even universal influenza virus protection are currently in preclinical and clinical development.
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Prospects of HA-based universal influenza vaccine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:414637. [PMID: 25785268 PMCID: PMC4345066 DOI: 10.1155/2015/414637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines afford substantial protection in humans by inducing strain-specific neutralizing antibodies (Abs). Most of these Abs target highly variable immunodominant epitopes in the globular domain of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Therefore, current vaccines may not be able to induce heterosubtypic immunity against the divergent influenza subtypes. The identification of broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) against influenza HA using recent technological advancements in antibody libraries, hybridoma, and isolation of single Ab-secreting plasma cells has increased the interest in developing a universal influenza vaccine as it could provide life-long protection. While these BnAbs can serve as a source for passive immunotherapy, their identification represents an important step towards the design of such a universal vaccine. This review describes the recent advances and approaches used in the development of universal influenza vaccine based on highly conserved HA regions identified by BnAbs.
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Lei H, Peng X, Ouyang J, Zhao D, Jiao H, Shu H, Ge X. Intranasal immunization of recombinant Lactococcus lactis induces protection against H5N1 virus in ferrets. Virus Res 2015; 196:56-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hurt AC, Hui DS, Hay A, Hayden FG. Overview of the 3rd isirv-Antiviral Group Conference--advances in clinical management. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9:20-31. [PMID: 25399715 PMCID: PMC4280814 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the main points which emerged from the presentations and discussions at the 3rd isirv-Antiviral Group Conference - advances in clinical management. The conference covered emerging and potentially pandemic influenza viruses and discussed novel/pre-licensure therapeutics and currently approved antivirals and vaccines for the control of influenza. Current data on approved and novel treatments for non-influenza respiratory viruses such as MERS-CoV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinoviruses and the challenges of treating immunocompromised patients with respiratory infections was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Zhang N, Zheng BJ, Lu L, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Du L. Advancements in the development of subunit influenza vaccines. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:123-34. [PMID: 25529753 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing threat of influenza epidemics and pandemics has emphasized the importance of developing safe and effective vaccines against infections from divergent influenza viruses. In this review, we first introduce the structure and life cycle of influenza A viruses, describing major influenza A virus-caused pandemics. We then compare different types of influenza vaccines and discuss current advancements in the development of subunit influenza vaccines, particularly those based on nucleoprotein (NP), extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins. We also illustrate potential strategies for improving the efficacy of subunit influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
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