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Strzalkowski P, Schuster AK, Strzalkowska A, Steinberg JS, Dithmar S. Semi-automated quantification of vitreal hyperreflective foci in SD-OCT and their relevance in patients with peripheral retinal breaks. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:324. [PMID: 37460946 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal breaks (RB) are emergencies that require treatment to prevent progression of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Vitreal hyperreflective foci (VHF) representing migration of RPE cell clusters or interphotoreceptor matrix from the RB are potential biomarkers. The aim of this study is to investigate VHF in RB-patients using SD-OCT. METHODS The retrospective cross-sectional study included RB patients from our Department of Ophthalmology, HSK Wiesbaden who underwent macular SD-OCT (SPECTRALIS®, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) on both eyes. VHF, defined and quantified as foci that differ markedly in size and reflectivity from the background speckle pattern, were assessed for presence and frequency. The RB-affected eyes were the study group (G1), the partner eyes the control group (G2). RESULTS 160 consecutive patients with RB were included. Age was 60 ± 10.2 years (52% female). 89.4% of G1 and 87.5% of G2 were phakic (p = 0.73). 94.4% (n = 151) were symptomatic. Symptom duration was 8.0 ± 10.1 days in G1, 94.4% (n = 151) showed VHF versus 5.6% (p < 0.0001) in G2, of which 75% (n = 6) showed asymptomatic lattice degenerations. Detectable VHF showed a strong association of OR = 320 (95% CI, 110-788, p < 0.0001)) with respect to symptomatic RB. Sensitivity and specificity were 94.7% and 94.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Most eyes with symptomatic RB show vitreal VHF in SD-OCT. Detected VHF are strongly associated with RB, and our semi-automated greyscale reflectivity analysis indicates that VHF likely originate from photoreceptor complexes torn out of the RB area that migrate into the vitreous cavity. The presence of VHF may indicate RB and should lead to a thorough fundus examination in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Strzalkowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helios HSK Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - A K Schuster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Strzalkowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J S Steinberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helios HSK Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - S Dithmar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helios HSK Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Zhang C, Qin S, Xie H, Qiu Q, Wang H, Zhang J, Luo D, Zhang J. RO4929097, a Selective γ-Secretase Inhibitor, Inhibits Subretinal Fibrosis Via Suppressing Notch and ERK1/2 Signaling in Laser-Induced Mouse Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:14. [PMID: 36155746 PMCID: PMC9526367 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore whether RO4929097 (RO), a specific γ-secretase inhibitor, could inhibit the subretinal fibrosis in laser-induced mouse model and the relevant molecular mechanisms. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were used to produce choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and subretinal fibrosis by laser photocoagulation, and RO was administered intravitreally 1 day after laser induction. The sizes of CNV and subretinal fibrosis were measured and quantified in both 2D and 3D constructions. The ARPE-19 cell line and primary human RPE (phRPE) cells were treated with TGFβ1, in combination with or without RO, to examine Notch related molecules, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell viability, migration, and contractile function, as well as the crosstalk between Notch and other EMT relevant signaling pathways. Results Intravitreal injection of RO reduced the sizes of both CNV and subretinal fibrosis in laser-induced young and old mice at day 7 and day 14 after laser induction. Moreover, EMT and Notch activation in RPE-choroid complexes from laser-induced mice were significantly attenuated by RO. In vitro, TGFβ1 activated Notch signaling and induced EMT in ARPE-19 cells, accompanied by enhanced EMT-related function, which were inhibited by RO. The inhibition of RO on EMT was further confirmed in TGFβ1-treated phRPE cells. Blockage of Notch signaling by RO could inhibit ERK1/2 signaling; whereas ERK1/2 inhibition had no effect on Notch. The action of RO was independent of Smad2/3 or p38, and co-inhibition of Notch and Smad2/3 showed synergistic effect on EMT inhibition. Conclusions RO exerts its antifibrotic effect by directly inhibiting Notch signaling and indirectly suppressing ERK1/2 signaling. Targeting Notch signaling might provide a therapeutic strategy in prevention and treatment of subretinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyue Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People's Hospital, Xizang, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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3
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da Silva RA, Roda VMDP, Matsuda M, Siqueira PV, Lustoza-Costa GJ, Wu DC, Hamassaki DE. Cellular components of the idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1435-1444. [PMID: 34842983 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is a fibrocellular proliferation on the inner surface of the retina, which leads to decreased visual acuity and even central visual loss. As iERM is associated to advanced age and posterior vitreous detachment, a higher prevalence is expected with increasing life expectancy and aging of the global population. Although various cell types of retinal and extra-retinal origin have been described in iERMs (Müller glial cells, astrocytes, hyalocytes, retinal pigment epithelium cells, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts), myofibroblasts have a central role in collagen production and contractile activity. Thus, myofibroblast differentiation is considered a key event for the iERM formation and progression, and fibroblasts, Müller glial cells, hyalocytes, and retinal pigment epithelium have been identified as myofibroblast precursors. On the other side, the different cell types synthesize growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix, which have a crucial role in ERM pathogenesis. In the present review, the major cellular components and their functions are summarized, and their possible roles in the iERM formation are discussed. By exploring in detail the cellular and molecular aspects of iERM, we seek to contribute for better understanding of this fibrotic disease and the origin of myofibroblasts, which may eventually drive to more targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael André da Silva
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Moraes de Paiva Roda
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Veloso Siqueira
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Jesus Lustoza-Costa
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Davi Chen Wu
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Irmandade de Misericórdia da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dânia Emi Hamassaki
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Zhao Y, Liu S, Li X, Xu Z, Hao L, Cui Z, Bi K, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Cross-talk of Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Allergic Asthma and Cataract. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:810-822. [PMID: 32031062 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200207113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, which involves many cellular and cellular components. Cataract is a condition that affects the transparency of the lens, which the opacity of the lens caused by any innate or acquired factor degrades its transparency or changes in color. Both of them belong to diseases induced by immune disorders or inflammation. We want to confirm the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of asthma and cataract simultaneously, and provide reference for the later related experiments. So we conducted a scoping review of many databases and searched for studies (Academic research published in Wiley, Springer and Bentham from 2000 to 2019) about the possible relationship between asthma and cataract. It was found that during the onset of asthma and cataract, Rho/Rock signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, JAK/STAT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway are all active, so they may have a certain correlation in pathogenesis. Asthma may be associated with cataract through the eight signaling pathways, causing inflammation or immune imbalance based on allergy that can lead to cataract. According to these studies, we speculated that the three most likely signaling pathways are PI3K/AKT, MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Sumei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, No. 2 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiangsheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Lifang Hao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kewei Bi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yanfen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China,Offices of Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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Zou H, Shan C, Ma L, Liu J, Yang N, Zhao J. Polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10136. [PMID: 33150072 PMCID: PMC7583629 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a cellular monolayer composed of mitotically quiescent cells. Tight junctions and adherens junctions maintain the polarity of RPE cells, and are required for cellular functions. In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), upon retinal tear, RPE cells lose cell-cell contact, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and ultimately transform into myofibroblasts, leading to the formation of fibrocellular membranes on both surfaces of the detached retina and on the posterior hyaloids, which causes tractional retinal detachment. In PVR, RPE cells are crucial contributors, and multiple signaling pathways, including the SMAD-dependent pathway, Rho pathway, MAPK pathways, Jagged/Notch pathway, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are activated. These pathways mediate the EMT of RPE cells, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of PVR. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the polarized phenotype of RPE, the role of cell-cell contact, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the RPE EMT in PVR, emphasizing key insights into potential approaches to prevent PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zou
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenli Shan
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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6
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Abstract
PURPOSE Mitogen-activates protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, particularly MEK inhibitors, have shifted the treatment paradigm for metastatic BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma; however, oncologists, ophthalmologists, and patients have noticed different toxicities of variable importance. This review aims to provide an update of the ocular adverse events (OAEs), especially retinal toxicity, associated with the use of MEK inhibitors. METHODS We conducted a scientific literature search using the PubMed database up to July 2018 with the terms "MEK inhibitors" with a "review" filter and "MEK inhibitors" with a "clinical trials" filter. Phase I-III experimental studies and reviews were selected. Current principles and techniques for diagnosing and managing MEK inhibitor retinopathy and other OAEs are discussed. RESULTS In patients treated with MEK inhibitors, including asymptomatic patients, OAEs occur with an incidence of up to 90%. Mild to severe ophthalmic toxicities are described, including visual disturbances, a 2-line decrease in Snellen visual acuity, dry eye symptoms, ocular adnexal abnormalities, visual field defects, panuveitis, and retinal toxicities, such as different degrees of MEK-associated retinopathy, vascular injury, and retinal vein occlusion. CONCLUSION MEK inhibitors can lead to different degrees of retinal, uveal, and adnexal OAE, causing visual disturbances or discomfort. One of the most relevant OAE of MEK therapy is MEK inhibitor-associated retinopathy (MEKAR), which is usually mild, self-limited, and may subside after continuous use of the drug for weeks or months, or discontinuation, thereby restoring the normal visual function of the retina, with some exceptions. Ocular adverse events are often associated with other systemic adverse effects that can modify the dosage of treatment, so the communication with the oncologist is fundamental.
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EMT and EndMT: Emerging Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124271. [PMID: 32560057 PMCID: PMC7349630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT) are physiological processes required for normal embryogenesis. However, these processes can be hijacked in pathological conditions to facilitate tissue fibrosis and cancer metastasis. In the eye, EMT and EndMT play key roles in the pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis, the end-stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that leads to profound and permanent vision loss. Predominant in subretinal fibrotic lesions are matrix-producing mesenchymal cells believed to originate from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) through EMT and EndMT, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that EMT of RPE may also be implicated during the early stages of AMD. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a key cytokine orchestrating both EMT and EndMT. Investigations in the molecular mechanisms underpinning EMT and EndMT in AMD have implicated a myriad of contributing factors including signaling pathways, extracellular matrix remodelling, oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Questions arise as to differences in the mesenchymal cells derived from these two processes and their distinct mechanistic contributions to the pathogenesis of AMD. Detailed discussion on the AMD microenvironment highlights the synergistic interactions between RPE and CECs that may augment the EMT and EndMT processes in vivo. Understanding the differential regulatory networks of EMT and EndMT and their contributions to both the dry and wet forms of AMD can aid the development of therapeutic strategies targeting both RPE and CECs to potentially reverse the aberrant cellular transdifferentiation processes, regenerate the retina and thus restore vision.
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Khan F, Singh VK, Saeed M, Kausar MA, Ansari IA. Carvacrol Induced Program Cell Death and Cell Cycle Arrest in Androgen-Independent Human Prostate Cancer Cells via Inhibition of Notch Signaling. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:1588-1608. [PMID: 31364516 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190731152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have revealed that abnormal activation of Notch signaling is closely related with the development and progression of prostate cancer. Although there are numerous therapeutic strategies, a more effective modality with least side effects is urgently required for the treatment of prostate cancer. Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol and majorly present in the essential oils of Lamiaceae family plants. Many previous reports have shown various biological activities of carvacrol like antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer properties. Recently, we have shown potent anticancer property of carvacrol against prostate cancer cell line DU145. In the current study, we report the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of carvacrol against another prostate cancer cell line PC-3 with its detailed mechanism of action. METHODS To determine the effect of the carvacrol on prostate cancer cells, the cell viability was estimated by MTT assay and cell death was estimated by LDH release assay. The apoptotic assay was performed by DAPI staining and FITC-Annexin V assay. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was estimated by DCFDA method. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real time PCR. RESULTS Our results suggested that the carvacrol treatment significantly reduced the cell viability of PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The antiproliferative action of carvacrol was correlated with apoptosis which was confirmed by nuclear condensation, FITC-Annexin V assay, modulation in expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase activation. The mechanistic insight into carvacrol-induced apoptosis leads to finding of elevated level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption. Cell cycle analysis revealed that carvacrol prevented cell cycle in G0/G1 that was associated with decline in expression of cyclin D1 and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) and augmented expression of CDK inhibitor p21. Having been said the role of hyperactivation of Notch signaling in prostate cancer, we also deciphered that carvacrol could inhibit Notch signaling in PC-3 cells via downregulation of Notch-1, and Jagged-1. CONCLUSION Thus, our previous and current findings have established the strong potential of carvacrol as a chemopreventive agent against androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.,Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Vipendra K Singh
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd A Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan A Ansari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
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Curcumin Inhibits Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lens Epithelial Cells through Multiple Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6061894. [PMID: 32337261 PMCID: PMC7154973 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6061894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Posterior capsule opacification (PCO), a complication of extracapsular lens extraction surgery that causes visual impairment, is characterized by aberrant proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs). Curcumin, exerting inhibitive effects on cell proliferation and EMT in cancer, serves as a possible antidote towards PCO. Methods Cellular proliferation of LECs after treatment of curcumin was measured with MTT assay and flow cytometry. The transcriptional and expressional levels of proteins related to proliferation and EMT of LECs were quantified by western blotting and real-time PCR. Results Curcumin was found to suppress the proliferation of LECs by inducing G2/M arrest via possible inhibition of cell cycle-related proteins including CDK1, cyclin B1, and CDC25C. It had also inactivated proliferation pathways involving ERK1/2 and Akt pathways in LECs. On the other hand, curcumin downregulated the EMT of LECs through blocking the TGF-β/Smad pathway and interfering Notch pathway which play important roles in PCO. Conclusions This study shows that curcumin could suppress the proliferation and EMT in LECs, and it might be a potential therapeutic protection against visual loss induced by PCO.
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Yang IH, Lee JJ, Wu PC, Kuo HK, Kuo YH, Huang HM. Oxidative stress enhanced the transforming growth factor-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through chemokine ligand 1 on ARPE-19 cell. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4000. [PMID: 32132577 PMCID: PMC7055234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like transformation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is a pathological feature of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) that may cause blindness. The effect of oxidative stress alone or together with transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is not fully understood in RPE. TGF-β2 induced the upregulation EMT markers including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Snail, and Slug and downregulation of E-cadherin (E-cad) in ARPE-19 cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) not only upregulated α-SMA but also enhanced the effect of TGF-β2 on the expression of Snail and Slug. The CXCL family of cytokines could be the mediators of EMT induced by H2O2 and TGF-β2. H2O2 induced CXCL1, that upregulated α-SMA and fibronectin. Both SB225002, an inhibitor of CXCR2, and antioxidant N-acetylcysteine suppressed the TGF-β2-induced EMT in ARPE-19 cells. Taken together, the results suggest that oxidative stress enhanced TGF-β2-induced EMT through the possible autocrine effect of CXCL1 on CXCR2 in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hui Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Jer Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Kung Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsia Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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11
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Mudhar HS. A brief review of the histopathology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:246-250. [PMID: 31792351 PMCID: PMC7002513 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is thought to represent an exaggerated and protracted scarring process following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) and following RD surgery. Following detachment, a combination of retinal ischaemia, inflammation and cell proliferation lead to the formation of tractional membranes on the epiretinal and subretinal surfaces and to marked gliosis within the retina that leads to retinal shortening. Both of these factors convert a rhegmatogenous RD into a tractional one are a major feature of RD surgery failure. The major cell types that are involved in PVR are retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), glial cells (principally Muller cells) and inflammatory cells (macrophages and lymphocytes). These cells interact with numerous growth factors and cytokines derived from the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and from vitreous contact that trigger a cascade of cellular processes, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration, chemotaxis, proliferation, elaboration of basement membrane and collagen and cellular contraction, that lead to overt retinal pathology. This review covers the histopathology of PVR and touches upon the cellular processes involved in the pathogenesis of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Mudhar
- National Specialist Ophthalmic Pathology Service (NSOPS), Department of Histopathlogy, E-Floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK.
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Wang LP, Chen BX, Sun Y, Chen JP, Huang S, Liu YZ. Celastrol inhibits migration, proliferation and transforming growth factor-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1517-1523. [PMID: 31637185 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of celastrol in inhibiting lens epithelial cells (LECs) fibrosis, which is the pathological basis of cataract. METHODS Human LEC line SRA01/04 was treated with celastrol and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2). Wound-healing assay, proliferation assay, flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot and immunocytochemical staining were used to detect the pathological changes of celastrol on LECs. Then, we cultured Sprague-Dawley rat lens in medium as a semi-in vivo model to find the function of celastrol further. RESULTS We found that celastrol inhibited the migration of LECs, as well as proliferation (P<0.05). In addition, it induced the G2/M phase arrest by cell cycle-related proteins (P<0.01). Moreover, celastrol inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by the blockade of TGF-β/Smad and Jagged/Notch signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that celastrol could inhibit TGF-β2-induced lens fibrosis and raises the possibility that celastrol could be a potential novel drug in prevention and treatment of fibrotic cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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Utility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium for an In Vitro Model of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1186:33-53. [PMID: 31654385 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28471-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of stem cell technology, including the technology to induce pluripotency in somatic cells, and direct differentiation of stem cells into specific somatic cell types, has created an exciting new field of scientific research. Much of the work with pluripotent stem (PS) cells has been focused on the exploration and exploitation of their potential as cells/tissue replacement therapies for personalized medicine. However, PS and stem cell-derived somatic cells are also proving to be valuable tools to study disease pathology and tissue-specific responses to injury. High-throughput drug screening assays using tissue-specific injury models have the potential to identify specific and effective treatments that will promote wound healing. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-RPE) are well characterized cells that exhibit the phenotype and functions of in vivo RPE. In addition to their role as a source of cells to replace damaged or diseased RPE, iPS-RPE provide a robust platform for in vitro drug screening to identify novel therapeutics to promote healing and repair of ocular tissues after injury. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is an abnormal wound healing process that occurs after retinal tears or detachments. In this chapter, the role of iPS-RPE in the development of an in vitro model of PVR is described. Comprehensive analyses of the iPS-RPE response to injury suggests that these cells provide a physiologically relevant tool to investigate the cellular mechanisms of the three phases of PVR pathology: migration, proliferation, and contraction. This in vitro model will provide valuable information regarding cellular wound healing responses specific to RPE and enable the identification of effective therapeutics.
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Li Y, Zhu G, Zhai H, Jia J, Yang W, Li X, Liu L. Simultaneous stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer cells via the NF-κB pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6873-6880. [PMID: 29725419 PMCID: PMC5920468 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical in the progression of numerous types of carcinoma, and endows invasive and metastatic properties upon cancer cells. The tumor microenvironment facilitates tumor metastasis to distant organs. Various signaling pathways contribute to this process. In the present study, SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells were treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1; 10 ng/ml) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 20 ng/ml), alone or in combination, for 72 h, and EMT was assessed using immunofluorescence, western blot analysis and migration assays. The functions of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways in EMT were examined. It was demonstrated that the cooperation of TGF-β1 and TNF-α signaling promoted the morphological conversion of the SW480 cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, simultaneous exposure to TNF-α and TGF-β1 downregulated the expression of E-cadherin (an epithelial marker) and increased the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin (mesenchymal markers). Additionally, the migratory capacity of the SW480 cells increased. The inhibition of p38 and ERK signaling exhibited no effect on EMT, whereas the inhibition of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit β blocked the EMT induced by TGF-β1 and TNF-α. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that TNF-α and TGF-β1 synergistically promoted EMT in SW480 cells via the NF-κB pathway, independent of p38 activation and ERK1/2 signaling. These results suggest a novel function of TGF-β1 and TNF-α during EMT in colon carcinoma and, thus, provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The 264th Hospital of the PLA, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Huihong Zhai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Junmei Jia
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Clinical Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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15
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Zhang P, Zhao G, Ji L, Yin J, Lu L, Li W, Zhou G, Chaum E, Yue J. Knockdown of survivin results in inhibition of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells by attenuating the TGFβ pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29522718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a common complication of open globe injury and the most common cause of failed retinal detachment surgery. The response by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells liberated into the vitreous includes proliferation and migration; most importantly, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of RPE plays a central role in the development and progress of PVR. For the first time, we show that knockdown of BIRC5, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, using either lentiviral vector based CRISPR/Cas9 nickase gene editing or inhibition of survivin using the small-molecule inhibitor YM155, results in the suppression of EMT in RPE cells. Knockdown of survivin or inhibition of survivin significantly reduced TGFβ-induced cell proliferation and migration. We further demonstrated that knockdown or inhibition of survivin attenuated the TGFβ signaling by showing reduced phospho-SMAD2 in BIRC5 knockdown or YM155-treated cells compared to controls. Inhibition of the TGFβ pathway using TGFβ receptor inhibitor also suppressed survivin expression in RPE cells. Our studies demonstrate that survivin contributes to EMT by cross-talking with the TGFβ pathway in RPE cells. Targeting survivin using small-molecule inhibitors may provide a novel approach to treat PVR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guannan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Liang Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jinggang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Guomin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Edward Chaum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Meel MH, Schaper SA, Kaspers GJL, Hulleman E. Signaling pathways and mesenchymal transition in pediatric high-grade glioma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:871-887. [PMID: 29164272 PMCID: PMC5809527 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG), are the most lethal types of cancer in children. In recent years, it has become evident that these tumors are driven by epigenetic events, mainly mutations involving genes encoding Histone 3, setting them apart from their adult counterparts. These tumors are exceptionally resistant to chemotherapy and respond only temporarily to radiotherapy. Moreover, their delicate location and diffuse growth pattern make complete surgical resection impossible. In many other forms of cancer, chemo- and radioresistance, in combination with a diffuse, invasive phenotype, are associated with a transcriptional program termed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Activation of this program allows cancer cells to survive individually, invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. It also enables them to survive exposure to cytotoxic therapy, including chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation. We here suggest that EMT plays an important, yet poorly understood role in the biology and therapy resistance of pHGG and DIPG. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the major signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer in general and in pediatric HGG and DIPG in particular. Despite the fact that the mesenchymal transition has not yet been specifically studied in pHGG and DIPG, activation of pathways and high levels of transcription factors involved in EMT have been described. We conclude that the mesenchymal transition is likely to be an important element of the biology of pHGG and DIPG and warrants further investigation for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël H Meel
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie A Schaper
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wu J, Chen X, Liu X, Huang S, He C, Chen B, Liu Y. Autophagy regulates TGF-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3607-3614. [PMID: 29286127 PMCID: PMC5802162 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells has an important role in the pathophysiology of intraocular fibrotic disorders, which may cause vision impairment and blindness. Autophagy, an intracellular homeostatic pathway, contributes to the physiological and pathological processes of RPE. Furthermore, autophagy has previously been reported to function in the EMT process in numerous tissue and cell types. However, the association between autophagy and the EMT process in RPE cells has not yet been fully determined. The present study demonstrated that TGF-β2-treated human RPE cells (ARPE-19 cell line) exhibited a significantly increased autophagic flux compared with control cells, as determined by western blot analysis of the protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and p62 (also termed sequestosome 1). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that autophagy activation enhanced the TGF-β2-induced EMT process in ARPE-19 cells, and inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine administration attenuated TGF-β2-induced EMT, which was determined by analyzing the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial markers by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and/or western blotting. A transwell migration and invasion assays was also performed that demonstrated that autophagy activation by rapamycin enhanced TGF-β2-stimulated RPE cell migration and invasion, and inhibition of autophagy reduced TGF-β2-stimulated RPE cell migration and invasion. These results also demonstrated that autophagy activation enhanced the TGF-β2-induced EMT process in ARPE-19 cells, and inhibition of autophagy attenuated TGF-β2-induced EMT. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that TGF-β2-induced EMT may be regulated by autophagy, thus indicating that autophagy may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the attenuation of EMT in intraocular fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Chang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Baoxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Cheng HR, He SR, Wu BQ, Li DC, Hu TY, Chen L, Deng ZH. Deep Illumina sequencing reveals differential expression of long non-coding RNAs in hyperoxia induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a rat model. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:5696-5707. [PMID: 29312522 PMCID: PMC5752920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants is a predominantly secondary occurrence to intrauterine inflammation/infection and postpartum mechanical ventilation; The purpose of this study is to explore the biological roles of lincRNA in the pathogenesis of BPD. METHODS Newborn rats were randomly assigned to hyperoxia (85% O2) or the control group: the normoxia group (21% O2). Lung tissues were collected on days 1-14. The BPD animal model was validated using HE staining, Masson staining, and real-time RT-PCR. Deep Illumina sequencing was used to reveal the differential expression of long non-coding RNAs in hyperoxia bronchopulmonary dysplasia rat models. KEGG and GO functions were predicted. Nine possible BPD-related target lincRNAs were verified by RTq-PCR. RESULTS The histopathologic changes in lung tissues manifested as hyperaemia, edema, hemorrhage, and inflammation cell infiltration after continuous exposure to hyperoxia for 3 days, and became aggravated after 7 days of hyperoxic exposure. The above lung tissue inflammatory manifestations were alleviated and taken over by pulmonary interstitia hyperplasia and fibrocyte proliferation after 14 days of hyperoxic exposure. The expressions of lincRNA differed between the hyperoxia bronchopulmonary dysplasia model group and the normoxia group. 1175 different lincRNAs were detected in the hyperoxia group and the normoxia group, of which 544 were up-regulated and 631 were down-regulated. 673 moleculars related to GO functions were enriched, including cell location and biological process. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that lincRNA was involved in 257 KEGG pathways. 9 lincRNA were validated in the sample, and the difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION LincRNAs were identified differently between the BPD model and the normoxia group. Many target genes were involved in the developmental process, including cell component biogenesis, biological regulation, transcription regulator, and translation regulator. The BPD might be caused by the activation of the pathways of the EMC-receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell cycle, and cell adhesion molecules. The present study provides new insight into the pathogenesis mechanism of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Rong Cheng
- Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan UniversityShenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Ru He
- Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ben-Qing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan UniversityShenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Cai Li
- Longgang ENT Hospital, Institute of ENT and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENTShenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Yong Hu
- Longgang ENT Hospital, Institute of ENT and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENTShenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan UniversityShenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu-Hui Deng
- Longgang ENT Hospital, Institute of ENT and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENTShenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: The dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:44-65. [PMID: 28807717 PMCID: PMC5600870 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex biological processes to occur in life. Repair of tissue following injury involves dynamic interactions between multiple cell types, growth factors, inflammatory mediators and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant and uncontrolled wound healing leads to a non-functional mass of fibrotic tissue. In the eye, fibrotic disease disrupts the normally transparent ocular tissues resulting in irreversible loss of vision. A common feature in fibrotic eye disease is the transdifferentiation of cells into myofibroblasts that can occur through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Myofibroblasts rapidly produce excessive amounts of ECM and exert tractional forces across the ECM, resulting in the distortion of tissue architecture. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays a major role in myofibroblast transdifferentiation and has been implicated in numerous fibrotic eye diseases including corneal opacification, pterygium, anterior subcapsular cataract, posterior capsular opacification, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, fibrovascular membrane formation associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, submacular fibrosis, glaucoma and orbital fibrosis. This review serves to introduce the pathological functions of the myofibroblast in fibrotic eye disease. We also highlight recent developments in elucidating the multiple signaling pathways involved in fibrogenesis that may be exploited in the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies to reduce ocular morbidity due to scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y Shu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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20
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Sonoi R, Kim MH, Yamada K, Kino-oka M. Phenotypic heterogeneity of human retinal pigment epithelial cells in passaged cell populations. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:227-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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21
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Zhu JN, Jiang L, Jiang JH, Yang X, Li XY, Zeng JX, Shi RY, Shi Y, Pan XR, Han ZP, Wei LX. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta enhances the stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of the Notch pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4793. [PMID: 28684878 PMCID: PMC5500528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta plays an important role in the development and progression of liver cancer. In recent years, the expression of HNF-1β has been reported to be associated with risk for a variety of cancers. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the expression of HNF-1β promotes the malignancy of HCC and its mechanism. We retrospectively investigated the expression of HNF-1β in 90 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and found that the high expression of HNF-1β indicated poor prognosis. We overexpressed HNF-1β in liver cancer cell lines and found the expression of liver progenitor cell markers and stemness were upregulated. The invasion ability and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes were also significantly higher in liver cancer cells overexpressing HNF-1β than in the control group. A mechanistic study suggested the activation of the Notch signalling pathway probably plays a key role downstream of HNF-1β. More importantly, HNF-1β promoted tumourigenesis of HCC cells in vivo. In conclusion, high expression of HNF-1β not only promoted the de-differentiation of HCC cells into liver cancer stem cells through activating the Notch pathway but also enhanced the invasive potential of HCC cells and EMT occurrence, which would contribute to the enhancement of cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ni Zhu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Center of Digestive Endoscopy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Jing-Hua Jiang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Li
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yang Shi
- Department of general surgery, Chinese PLA 82nd Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Zhi-Peng Han
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Down-regulated notch signaling in arpe-19 cells Cultured on denuded human Amniotic membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.22376/ijpbs.2017.8.1.b316-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Por ED, Greene WA, Burke TA, Wang HC. Trichostatin A Inhibits Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Activation in an In Vitro Model of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:415-24. [PMID: 27494828 PMCID: PMC5011631 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blinding disorder that develops after a retinal tear or detachment. Activation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is implicated in PVR; however, the mechanisms leading to enhanced RPE proliferation, migration, and contraction remain largely unknown. This study utilized an in vitro model of PVR to investigate the role of acetylation in RPE activation and its contribution to the progression of this disease. Methods: ARPE-19 cells, primary cultures of porcine RPE, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE (iPS-RPE) were utilized for cellular and molecular analyses. Cells treated with transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2; 10 ng/mL) alone or in the presence of the broad-spectrum histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA; 0.1 μM), were assessed for contraction and migration through collagen contraction and scratch assays, respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to assess α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and β-catenin expression after TGFβ2 treatment alone or in combination with TSA. Results: TGFβ2 significantly increased RPE cell contraction in collagen matrix and this effect was inhibited in the presence of TSA (0.1 μM). In agreement with these data, immunofluorescence analysis of TSA-treated iPS-RPE wounded monolayers revealed decreased α-SMA as compared with control. Scratch assays to assess wound healing revealed TSA inhibited TGFβ2-mediated iPS-RPE cell migration. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a role of acetylation in RPE activation. Specifically, the HDAC inhibitor TSA decreased RPE cell proliferation and TGFβ2-mediated cell contraction and migration. Further investigation of pharmacological compounds that modulate acetylation may hold promise as therapeutic agents for PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Por
- Ocular Trauma, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Whitney A Greene
- Ocular Trauma, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa A Burke
- Ocular Trauma, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Heuy-Ching Wang
- Ocular Trauma, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research , JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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Tan X, Zhu Y, Chen C, Chen X, Qin Y, Qu B, Luo L, Lin H, Wu M, Chen W, Liu Y. Sprouty2 Suppresses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Lens Epithelial Cells through Blockade of Smad2 and ERK1/2 Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159275. [PMID: 27415760 PMCID: PMC4944964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and capsule opacification. In mouse lens, Sprouty2 (Spry2) has a negative regulatory role on TGFβ signaling. However, the regulation of Spry2 during ASC development and how Spry2 modulates TGFβ signaling pathway in human LECs have not been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that Spry2 expression level is decreased in anterior capsule LECs of ASC patients. Spry2 negatively regulates TGFβ2-induced EMT and migration of LECs through inhibition of Smad2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Also, blockade of Smad2 or ERK1/2 activation suppresses EMT caused by Spry2 downregulation. Collectively, our results for the first time show in human LECs that Spry2 has an inhibitory role in TGFβ signaling pathway. Our findings in human lens tissue and epithelial cells suggest that Spry2 may become a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of ASC and capsule opacification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the retinal pigment epithelium causes choriocapillaris atrophy. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:769-780. [PMID: 27372654 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is commonly observed at sites of choroidal neovascularization in patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration. To learn in an experimental model how RPE EMT affects the biology of the choroidal vasculature, we studied transgenic mice (βB1-TGF-β1) with ocular overexpression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). RPE EMT was detectable at postnatal day (P)1 and included marked structural and functional alterations such as loss of the outer blood-retina barrier and reduced mRNA expression of the RPE-characteristic molecules Rlbp1, Rpe65, Rbp1 and Vegfa. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was not detectable by immunohistochemistry at the RPE/choroid interface, while RPE cells stained intensely for α-smooth muscle actin. The choriocapillaris, the characteristic choroidal capillary network adjacent to the RPE, developed normally and was not obviously changed in embryonic transgenic eyes but was absent at P1 indicating its atrophy. At around the same time, photoreceptors stopped to differentiate and photoreceptor apoptosis was abundant in the second week of life. Structural changes were also seen in the retinal vasculature of transgenic animals, which did not form intraretinal vessels, and the hyaloid vasculature, which did not regress. In addition, the amounts of retinal HIF-1α and its mRNA were markedly reduced. We conclude that high amounts of active TGF-β1 in the mouse eye cause transdifferentiation of the RPE to a mesenchymal phenotype. The loss of epithelial differentiation leads to the diminished synthesis of RPE-characteristic molecules including that of VEGF. Lack of RPE-derived VEGF causes atrophy of the choriocapillaris, a scenario that disrupts photoreceptor differentiation and finally results in photoreceptor apoptosis. Lack of retinal vessel formation and of hyaloid vessel regression might be caused by the decrease in the metabolic requirements of the neuroretina leading to low amounts of retinal HIF-1α. In summary, our data indicate that failure of RPE differentiation may well precede and cause atrophy of the choriocapillaris. In contrast, RPE EMT is not sufficient to cause choroidal neovascularization.
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Small Interfering RNA Targeted to ASPP2 Promotes Progression of Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7920631. [PMID: 27378826 PMCID: PMC4917715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7920631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is vital in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) development. Apoptosis-stimulating proteins of p53 (ASPP2) have recently been reported to participate in EMT. However, the role of ASPP2 in PVR pathogenesis has not been identified. Methods. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of ASPP2 in epiretinal membranes of PVR patients. ARPE-19 cells were transfected with ASPP2-siRNA, followed with measurement of cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, and migration ability. EMT markers and related inflammatory and fibrosis cytokines were measured by western blot or flow cytometry. Additionally, PVR rat models were induced by intravitreal injection of ARPE-19 cells transfected with ASPP2-siRNA and evaluated accordingly. Results. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed less intense expression of ASPP2 in PVR membranes. ASPP2 knockdown facilitated the proliferation and migration of RPE cells and enhanced the expression of mesenchymal markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and ZEB1. Meanwhile, ASPP2-siRNA increased EMT-related and inflammatory cytokines, including TGF-β, CTGF, VEGF, TNF-α, and interleukins. PVR severities were more pronounced in the rat models with ASPP2-siRNA treatment. Conclusions. ASPP2 knockdown promoted EMT of ARPE-19 cells in vitro and exacerbated the progression of experimental PVR in vivo, possibly via inflammatory and fibrosis cytokines.
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van Dijk EHC, Duits DEM, Versluis M, Luyten GPM, Bergen AAB, Kapiteijn EW, de Lange MJ, Boon CJF, van der Velden PA. Loss of MAPK Pathway Activation in Post-Mitotic Retinal Cells as Mechanism in MEK Inhibition-Related Retinopathy in Cancer Patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3457. [PMID: 27149444 PMCID: PMC4863761 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, treatment with MEK inhibitors has been shown to be an effective treatment option for metastatic melanoma. Treatment efficacy is dependent on inhibition of MAPK-related melanoma proliferation. However, targeting of MEK can be accompanied by a time-dependent and reversible serous retinopathy of unknown origin.We analyzed the molecular mechanism by which the MEK inhibitor binimetinib may lead to retinopathy, using neuroretina and cell models of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).Binimetinib inhibited the MAPK pathway while discontinuation of treatment resulted in reactivation. However, cell proliferation was not inhibited correspondingly during binimetinib treatment of ARPE19 cells. Remarkably, post-mitotic neuroretinal tissue displayed a strong MAPK activation that was lost after binimetinib treatment.We propose that binimetinib-associated retinopathy is correlated with inhibition of the MAPK pathway in multiple retinal components. Retinal cells are able to regain the activation after binimetinib treatment, mimicking the reversibility of the retinopathy. As most retinal cells are nonregenerating, other mechanisms than stimulation of proliferation must be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elon H C van Dijk
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (EHCVD, DEMD, MV, GPML, MJDL, CJFB, PAVDV), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Department of Ophthalmology (AABB); Department of Clinical Genetics (AABB), Academic Medical Center; Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics (AABB), The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences/Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam; and Department of Medical Oncology (EWK), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Choudhary P, Gutteridge A, Impey E, Storer RI, Owen RM, Whiting PJ, Bictash M, Benn CL. Targeting the cAMP and Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathway Increases Proliferation to Promote Re-Epithelialization of Human Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:925-37. [PMID: 27112176 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell integrity is critical to the maintenance of retinal function. Many retinopathies such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are caused by the degeneration or malfunction of the RPE cell layer. Replacement of diseased RPE with healthy, stem cell-derived RPE is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating AMD. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiated into RPE progeny have the potential to provide an unlimited supply of cells for transplantation, but challenges around scalability and efficiency of the differentiation process still remain. Using hESC-derived RPE as a cellular model, we sought to understand mechanisms that could be modulated to increase RPE yield after differentiation. We show that RPE epithelialization is a density-dependent process, and cells seeded at low density fail to epithelialize. We demonstrate that activation of the cAMP pathway increases proliferation of dissociated RPE in culture, in part through inhibition of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. This results in enhanced uptake of epithelial identity, even in cultures seeded at low density. In line with these findings, targeted manipulation of the TGF-β pathway with small molecules produces an increase in efficiency of RPE re-epithelialization. Taken together, these data highlight mechanisms that promote epithelial fate acquisition in stem cell-derived RPE. Modulation of these pathways has the potential to favorably impact scalability and clinical translation of hESC-derived RPE as a cell therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is currently being evaluated as a cell-replacement therapy for macular degeneration. This work shows that the process of generating RPE in vitro is regulated by the cAMP and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. Modulation of these pathways by small molecules, as identified by phenotypic screening, leads to an increased efficiency of generating RPE cells with a higher yield. This can have a potential impact on manufacturing transplantation-ready cells at large scale and is advantageous for clinical studies using this approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Choudhary
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Gutteridge
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Impey
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Ian Storer
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Owen
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Whiting
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Bictash
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline L Benn
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Ltd., Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Yang S, Yao H, Li M, Li H, Wang F. Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1 Mediates Transforming Growth Factor Beta1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152687. [PMID: 27019196 PMCID: PMC4809592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS ARPE-19 cells were cultured and exposed to TGF-β1. The EMT of APRE-19 cells is confirmed by morphological change, as well as the increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and fibronectin, and the down-regulation of E-cadherin and Zona occludin-1(ZO-1) at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in RPE cells were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Knockdown of MALAT1 was achieved by transfecting a small interfering RNA (SiRNA). The effect of inhibition of MALAT1 on EMT, migration, proliferation, and TGFβ signalings were observed. MALAT1 expression was also detected in primary RPE cells incubated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) vitreous samples. RESULTS The expression of MALAT1 is significantly increased in RPE cells incubated with TGFβ1. MALAT1 silencing attenuates TGFβ1-induced EMT, migration, and proliferation of RPE cells, at least partially through activating Smad2/3 signaling. MALAT1 is also significantly increased in primary RPE cells incubated with PVR vitreous samples. CONCLUSION LncRNA MALAT1 is involved in TGFβ1-induced EMT of human RPE cells and provides new understandings for the pathogenesis of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Haipei Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- * E-mail:
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Goswami R, Kaplan MH. Essential vitamins for an effective T cell response. World J Immunol 2016; 6:39-59. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v6.i1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective adaptive immune responses rely upon appropriate activation of T cells by antigenic peptide-major histocompatibility complex on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Activation relies on additional signals including co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of the APCs that promote T cell expansion. The immune response is further sculpted by the cytokine environment. However, T cells also respond to other environmental signals including hormones, neurotransmitters, and vitamins. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms through which vitamins A and D impact immune responses, particularly in the context of T cell responses.
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Cofer ZC, Cui S, EauClaire SF, Kim C, Tobias JW, Hakonarson H, Loomes KM, Matthews RP. Methylation Microarray Studies Highlight PDGFA Expression as a Factor in Biliary Atresia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151521. [PMID: 27010479 PMCID: PMC4806872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory disorder that is the leading indication for liver transplantation in children. Although there is evidence implicating genetic, infectious, environmental, and inflammatory causes, the etiology of BA remains unknown. We have recently reported that cholangiocytes from BA patients showed decreased DNA methylation relative to disease- and non-disease controls, supporting a potential role for DNA hypomethylation in BA etiopathogenesis. In the current study, we examined the methylation status of specific genes in human BA livers using methylation microarray technology. We found global DNA hypomethylation in BA samples as compared to disease- and non-disease controls at specific genetic loci. Hedgehog pathway members, SHH and GLI2, known to be upregulated in BA, were both hypomethylated, validating this approach as an investigative tool. Another region near the PDGFA locus was the most significantly hypomethylated in BA, suggesting potential aberrant expression. Validation assays confirmed increased transcriptional and protein expression of PDGFA in BA livers. We also show that PDGF-A protein is specifically localized to cholangiocytes in human liver samples. Injection of PDGF-AA protein dimer into zebrafish larvae caused biliary developmental and functional defects. In addition, activation of the Hedgehog pathway caused increased expression of PDGF-A in zebrafish larvae, providing a previously unrecognized link between PDGF and the Hedgehog pathway. Our findings implicate DNA hypomethylation as a specific factor in mediating overexpression of genes associated with BA and identify PDGF as a new candidate in BA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia C. Cofer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shuang Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven F. EauClaire
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Randolph P. Matthews
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Gamal W, Borooah S, Smith S, Underwood I, Srsen V, Chandran S, Bagnaninchi PO, Dhillon B. Real-time quantitative monitoring of hiPSC-based model of macular degeneration on Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing microelectrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:445-455. [PMID: 25950942 PMCID: PMC4456427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. Humanized disease models are required to develop new therapies for currently incurable forms of AMD. In this work, a tissue-on-a-chip approach was developed through combining human induced pluripotent stem cells, Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) and reproducible electrical wounding assays to model and quantitatively study AMD. Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells generated from a patient with an inherited macular degeneration and from an unaffected sibling were used to test the model platform on which a reproducible electrical wounding assay was conducted to model RPE damage. First, a robust and reproducible real-time quantitative monitoring over a 25-day period demonstrated the establishment and maturation of RPE layers on the microelectrode arrays. A spatially controlled RPE layer damage that mimicked cell loss in AMD disease was then initiated. Post recovery, significant differences (P < 0.01) in migration rates were found between case (8.6 ± 0.46 μm/h) and control cell lines (10.69 ± 0.21 μm/h). Quantitative data analysis suggested this was achieved due to lower cell-substrate adhesion in the control cell line. The ECIS cell-substrate adhesion parameter (α) was found to be 7.8 ± 0.28 Ω(1/2)cm for the case cell line and 6.5 ± 0.15 Ω(1/2)cm for the control. These findings were confirmed using cell adhesion biochemical assays. The developed disease model-on-a-chip is a powerful platform for translational studies with considerable potential to investigate novel therapies by enabling real-time, quantitative and reproducible patient-specific RPE cell repair studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gamal
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, United Kingdom
| | - S Borooah
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - S Smith
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, United Kingdom
| | - I Underwood
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JF, United Kingdom
| | - V Srsen
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, United Kingdom
| | - S Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - P O Bagnaninchi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, United Kingdom.
| | - B Dhillon
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; School of Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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Chen Z, Shao Y, Li X. The roles of signaling pathways in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of PVR. Mol Vis 2015; 21:706-10. [PMID: 26109834 PMCID: PMC4478053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the major cause of failure in patients undergoing surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Characterized by the formation of an abnormal contractile membrane within the eye, PVR can cause tractional retinal redetachment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which epithelial cells morphologically and phenotypically transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells, is the major pathological process implicated in PVR. Among the various cell types involved in the process, retinal pigment epithelium cells are primary contributors although, after decades of research, the mechanisms underlying EMT have remained elusive. Recently, signaling pathways, some involving growth factors, have been demonstrated to contribute to EMT. In this article, we review research to date about the roles of such signaling, including including transforming growth factor-beta-, hepatocyte growth factor-, platelet-derived growth factor-, and Notch-, Wnt/β-catenin-, and Hippo-signaling pathways, in the EMT of PVR.
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Suzuki A, Maeda T, Baba Y, Shimamura K, Kato Y. Acidic extracellular pH promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition in Lewis lung carcinoma model. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:129. [PMID: 25493076 PMCID: PMC4260188 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be an essential feature of malignant tumor cells when they spread into the stroma. Despite the extracellular acidity of tumor tissues, the effect of acidic extracellular pH (pHe) on EMT in carcinoma models, including the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model, remains unclear. Methods High and low metastatic LLC variants were generated by repeated tail vein injection of metastatic cells. DMEM/F12 medium, which has been supplemented with 15 mM HEPES, 4 mM phosphoric acid, and 1 g/L NaHCO3 and adjusted to the desire pH with HCl or NaOH, was used for cell culture. EMT marker gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Migration and invasion activities were analyzed by wound healing assay and the Boyden chamber assay through Matrigel®, respectively. Results Low metastatic variant LLCm1 cells showed a cobble-stone like morphology at pHe 7.4. At pHe 6.8, however, their morphology became fibroblastic, similar in shape to high metastatic variant LLCm4 cells. Steady state levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp9) mRNA were induced by acidic pHe, maximizing at pH 6.8, with the levels of Mmp9 mRNA higher in LLCm4 than in LLCm1 cells. Both variants showed decreased levels of E-cadherin and increased levels of vimentin at pHe 6.8. Acidic pHe also induced expression of mRNAs encoding the E-cadherin repressors, Zeb2, Twist1 and Twist2, as well as enhancing cell motility and in vitro invasion through Matrigel®. Conclusions Acidic pHe can induce EMT in some types of carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Suzuki
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan ; Department of Oral Physiology and Biochemistry, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Toyonobu Maeda
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Yuh Baba
- Department of General Clinical Medicine, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shimamura
- Department of Oral Growth and Development, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kato
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan ; Department of Oral Physiology and Biochemistry, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
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Kuznetsova AV, Kurinov AM, Aleksandrova MA. Cell models to study regulation of cell transformation in pathologies of retinal pigment epithelium. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:801787. [PMID: 25177495 PMCID: PMC4142280 DOI: 10.1155/2014/801787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a key role in the development of many eye diseases leading to visual impairment and even blindness. Cell culture models of pathological changes in the RPE make it possible to study factors responsible for these changes and signaling pathways coordinating cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell interactions under pathological conditions. Moreover, they give an opportunity to reveal target cells and develop effective specific treatment for degenerative and dystrophic diseases of the retina. In this review, data are presented on RPE cell sources for culture models, approaches to RPE cell culturing, phenotypic changes of RPE cells in vitro, the role of signal pathways, and possibilities for their regulation in pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V. Kuznetsova
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Kurinov
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Maria A. Aleksandrova
- N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
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