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Scesa PD, Schmidt EW. Brewing coral terpenes-A yeast based approach to soft coral terpene cyclases. Methods Enzymol 2024; 699:373-394. [PMID: 38942511 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Coral terpenes are important molecules with numerous applications. Here, we describe a robust and simple method to produce coral terpene scaffolds at scale. As an example of the approach, here we discover, express, and characterize further klysimplexin R synthases, expanding the known enzymology of soft coral terpene cyclases. We hope that the underlying method described will enable widespread basic research into the functions of coral terpenes and their biosynthetic genes, as well as the commercial development of biomedically and technologically important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Scesa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang N, Yan J, Li C, Zeng N, Wang D, Li Z, Li B, An Y. The Property of a Key Amino Acid Determines the Function of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase in Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3108-3121. [PMID: 38666925 PMCID: PMC11048977 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the synthesis of C15 farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) from C5 dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and two or three C5 isopentenyl diphosphates (IPPs). FPP is an important precursor for the synthesis of isoprenoids and is involved in multiple metabolic pathways. Here, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR (SpFPPS) was isolated and expressed by the prokaryotic expression system. The SpFPPS full-length genomic DNA and cDNA are 1566 bp and 1053 bp, respectively. This gene encodes a 350-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 40.33 kDa and a molecular weight of 58.03 kDa (40.33 kDa + 17.7 kDa), as detected by SDS-PAGE. The function of SpFPPS was identified by induction, purification, protein concentration and in vitro enzymatic activity experiments. Structural analysis showed that Y90 was essential for chain termination and changing the substrate scope. Site-directed mutation of Y90 to the smaller side-chain amino acids alanine (A) and lysine (K) showed in vitro that wt-SpFPPS catalyzed the condensation of the substrate DMAPP or geranyl diphosphate (GPP) with IPP at apparent saturation to synthesize FPP as the sole product and that the mutant protein SpFPPS-Y90A synthesized FPP and C20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), while SpFPPS-Y90K hydrolyzed the substrate GGPP. Our results showed that FPPS in S. pararoseus encodes the SpFPPS protein and that the amino acid substitution at Y90 changed the distribution of SpFPPS-catalyzed products. This provides a baseline for potentially regulating SpFPPS downstream products and improving the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Jianyu Yan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Chunwang Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Nan Zeng
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Zijing Li
- Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Bingxue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Yingfeng An
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (N.Z.); (J.Y.); (C.L.); (D.W.)
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Chen J, Tan X, Guo G, Wang P, Zhang H, Lv S, Xu H, Hou D. Cloning and Expression Analysis of Key Enzyme Gene CoGPPS Involved in Iridoid Glycoside Synthesis in Cornus officinalis. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:125-131. [PMID: 38350140 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cornus iridoid glycosides (CIGs), including loganin and morroniside, are the main active components of Cornus officinalis. As one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of CIGs, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) catalyzes the formation of geranyl pyrophosphate, which is the direct precursor of CIGs. In this study, the C. officinalis geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (CoGPPS) sequence was cloned from C. officinalis and analyzed. The cDNA sequence of the CoGPPS gene was 915 bp (GenBank No. OR725699). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CoGPPS was closely related to the GPPS sequence of Actinidia chinensis and Camellia sinensis, but relatively distantly related to Paeonia lactiflora and Tripterygium wilfordii. Results from the quantitative real-time PCR showed the spatiotemporal expression pattern of CoGPPS; that is, CoGPPS was specifically expressed in the fruits. Subcellular localization assay proved that CoGPPS was specifically found in chloroplasts. Loganin and morroniside contents in the tissues were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography, and both compounds were found to be at higher levels in the fruits than in leaves. Thus, this study laid the foundation for further studies on the synthetic pathway of CIGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chen
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinjie Tan
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Guangyang Guo
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Hongxiao Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Shufang Lv
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Huawei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
| | - Dianyun Hou
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Evaluation and Innovative Utilization of Homology of Medicine and Food, Luoyang, China
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Cavalcante SB, Dos Santos Biscaino C, Kreusch MG, da Silva AF, Duarte RTD, Robl D. The hidden rainbow: the extensive biotechnological potential of Antarctic fungi pigments. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1675-1687. [PMID: 37286926 PMCID: PMC10484874 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic continent is an extreme environment recognized mainly by its subzero temperatures. Fungi are ubiquitous microorganisms that stand out even among Antarctic organisms, primarily due to secondary metabolites production with several biological activities. Pigments are examples of such metabolites, which mainly occur in response to hostile conditions. Various pigmented fungi have been isolated from the Antarctic continent, living in the soil, sedimentary rocks, snow, water, associated with lichens, mosses, rhizospheres, and zooplankton. Physicochemical extreme environments provide a suitable setup for microbial pigment production with unique characteristics. The biotechnological potential of extremophiles, combined with concerns over synthetic pigments, has led to a great interest in natural pigment alternatives. Besides biological activities provided by fungal pigments for surviving in extreme environments (e.g., photoprotection, antioxidant activity, and stress resistance), it may present an opportunity for biotechnological industries. This paper reviews the biotechnological potential of Antarctic fungal pigments, with a detailed discussion over the biological role of fungal pigments, potential industrial production of pigments from extremophilic fungi, pigments toxicity, current market perspective and published intellectual properties related to pigmented Antarctic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Barros Cavalcante
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitlogy, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Dos Santos Biscaino
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitlogy, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marianne Gabi Kreusch
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitlogy, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - André Felipe da Silva
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi, TO, Brazil
| | - Rubens Tadeu Delgado Duarte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitlogy, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Robl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitlogy, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Shi S, Chang Y, Yu J, Chen H, Wang Q, Bi Y. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Novel Genes-Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene ( AlGGPPS) and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Isomerase Gene ( AlIDI)-from Aurantiochytrium limacinum Significantly Enhance De Novo β-Carotene Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040249. [PMID: 37103388 PMCID: PMC10141969 DOI: 10.3390/md21040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor regulation has been an effective strategy to improve carotenoid production and the availability of novel precursor synthases facilitates engineering improvements. In this work, the putative geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoding gene (AlGGPPS) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase encoding gene (AlIDI) from Aurantiochytrium limacinum MYA-1381 were isolated. We applied the excavated AlGGPPS and AlIDI to the de novo β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for functional identification and engineering application. Results showed that the two novel genes both functioned in the synthesis of β-carotene. Furthermore, AlGGPPS and AlIDI performed better than the original or endogenous one, with 39.7% and 80.9% increases in β-carotene production, respectively. Due to the coordinated expression of the 2 functional genes, β-carotene content of the modified carotenoid-producing E. coli accumulated a 2.99-fold yield of the initial EBIY strain in 12 h, reaching 10.99 mg/L in flask culture. This study helped to broaden current understanding of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Aurantiochytrium and provided novel functional elements for carotenoid engineering improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinhui Yu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
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Bijlani S, Parker C, Singh NK, Sierra MA, Foox J, Wang CCC, Mason CE, Venkateswaran K. Genomic Characterization of the Titan-like Cell Producing Naganishia tulchinskyi, the First Novel Eukaryote Isolated from the International Space Station. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020165. [PMID: 35205919 PMCID: PMC8875396 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple strains of a novel yeast belonging to genus Naganishia were isolated from environmental surfaces aboard the International Space Station (ISS). These strains exhibited a phenotype similar to Titan cell (~10 µm diameter) morphology when grown under a combination of simulated microgravity and 5% CO2 conditions. Confocal, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy revealed distinct morphological differences between the microgravity-grown cells and the standard Earth gravity-grown cells, including larger cells and thicker cell walls, altered intracellular morphology, modifications to extracellular fimbriae, budding, and the shedding of bud scars. Phylogenetic analyses via multi-locus sequence typing indicated that these ISS strains represented a single species in the genus Naganishia and were clustered with Naganishia diffluens. The name Naganishia tulchinskyi is proposed to accommodate these strains, with IF6SW-B1T as the holotype. The gene ontologies were assigned to the cell morphogenesis, microtubule-based response, and response to UV light, suggesting a variety of phenotypes that are well suited to respond to microgravity and radiation. Genomic analyses also indicated that the extracellular region, outer membrane, and cell wall were among the highest cellular component results, thus implying a set of genes associated with Titan-like cell plasticity. Finally, the highest molecular function matches included cytoskeletal motor activity, microtubule motor activity, and nuclear export signal receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bijlani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.B.); (C.C.C.W.)
| | - Ceth Parker
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (C.P.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Nitin K. Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (C.P.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Maria A. Sierra
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.B.); (C.C.C.W.)
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: (C.E.M.); (K.V.); Tel.: +1-(203)-668-1448 (C.E.M.); +1-(818)-393-1481 (K.V.); Fax: +1-(646)-962-00383 (C.E.M.); +1-(818)-393-4176 (K.V.)
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (C.P.); (N.K.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.E.M.); (K.V.); Tel.: +1-(203)-668-1448 (C.E.M.); +1-(818)-393-1481 (K.V.); Fax: +1-(646)-962-00383 (C.E.M.); +1-(818)-393-4176 (K.V.)
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González AM, Venegas M, Barahona S, Gómez M, Gutiérrez MS, Sepúlveda D, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Damage response protein 1 (Dap1) functions in the synthesis of carotenoids and sterols in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100175. [PMID: 35120994 PMCID: PMC8953664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are heme-containing proteins involved in several cellular functions, including biosynthesis of steroidal hormones, detoxification of xenobiotic compounds, among others. Damage response protein 1 (Dap1) has been described as a positive regulator of P450s through protein-protein interactions in organisms such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Three P450s in the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous have thus far been characterized: Cyp51 and Cyp61, which are involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, and CrtS (astaxanthin synthase), which is involved in biosynthesis of the carotenoid astaxanthin. In this work, we describe the X. dendrorhous DAP1 gene, deletion of which affected yeast pigmentation by decreasing the astaxanthin fraction and increasing the β-carotene (a substrate of CrtS) fraction, which is consistent with the known role of CrtS. We found that the proportion of ergosterol was also decreased in the Δdap1 mutant. However, even though the fractions of the end products of these two pathways (the synthesis of carotenoids and sterols) were decreased in the Δdap1 mutant, the transcript levels of genes from the P450 systems involved were higher than those in the wild-type strain. We demonstrate that Dap1 coimmunoprecipitates with these three P450s, suggesting that Dap1 interacts with these three proteins. We propose that Dap1 regulates the synthesis of astaxanthin and ergosterol in X. dendrorhous, probably by regulating the P450s involved in both biosynthetic pathways at the protein level. This work suggests a new role for Dap1 in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-María González
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Soledad Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Flores-Cotera LB, Chávez-Cabrera C, Martínez-Cárdenas A, Sánchez S, García-Flores OU. Deciphering the mechanism by which the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma responds adaptively to environmental, nutritional, and genetic cues. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab048. [PMID: 34302341 PMCID: PMC8788774 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phaffia rhodozyma is a basidiomycetous yeast that synthesizes astaxanthin (ASX), which is a powerful and highly valuable antioxidant carotenoid pigment. P. rhodozyma cells accrue ASX and gain an intense red-pink coloration when faced with stressful conditions such as nutrient limitations (e.g., nitrogen or copper), the presence of toxic substances (e.g., antimycin A), or are affected by mutations in the genes that are involved in nitrogen metabolism or respiration. Since cellular accrual of ASX occurs under a wide variety of conditions, this yeast represents a valuable model for studying the growth conditions that entail oxidative stress for yeast cells. Recently, we proposed that ASX synthesis can be largely induced by conditions that lead to reduction-oxidation (redox) imbalances, particularly the state of the NADH/NAD+ couple together with an oxidative environment. In this work, we review the multiple known conditions that elicit ASX synthesis expanding on the data that we formerly examined. When considered alongside the Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis, the study served to rationalize the induction of ASX synthesis and other adaptive cellular processes under a much broader set of conditions. Our aim was to propose an underlying mechanism that explains how a broad range of divergent conditions converge to induce ASX synthesis in P. rhodozyma. The mechanism that links the induction of ASX synthesis with the occurrence of NADH/NAD+ imbalances may help in understanding how other organisms detect any of a broad array of stimuli or gene mutations, and then adaptively respond to activate numerous compensatory cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Flores-Cotera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Cipriano Chávez-Cabrera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Anahi Martínez-Cárdenas
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México city 04510, México
| | - Oscar Ulises García-Flores
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
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Yang X, Jiang X, Yan W, Huang Q, Sun H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ye W, Wu Y, Govers F, Liang Y. The Mevalonate Pathway Is Important for Growth, Spore Production, and the Virulence of Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772994. [PMID: 36338274 PMCID: PMC9635365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate (MVA) pathway in eukaryotic organisms produces isoprenoids, sterols, ubiquinone, and dolichols. These molecules are vital for diverse cellular functions, ranging from signaling to membrane integrity, and from post-translational modification to energy homeostasis. However, information on the MVA pathway in Phytophthora species is limited. In this study, we identified the MVA pathway genes and reconstructed the complete pathway in Phytophthora sojae in silico. We characterized the function of the MVA pathway of P. sojae by treatment with enzyme inhibitor lovastatin, deletion of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene (PsBTS1), and transcriptome profiling analysis. The MVA pathway is ubiquitously conserved in Phytophthora species. Under lovastatin treatment, mycelial growth, spore production, and virulence of P. sojae were inhibited but the zoospore encystment rate increased. Heterozygous mutants of PsBTS1 showed slow growth, abnormal colony characteristics, and mycelial morphology. Mutants showed decreased numbers of sporangia and oospores as well as reduced virulence. RNA sequencing analysis identified the essential genes in sporangia formation were influenced by the enzyme inhibitor lovastatin. Our findings elucidate the role of the MVA pathway in P. sojae and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the development, reproduction, and virulence of P. sojae and possibly other oomycetes. Our results also provide potential chemical targets for management of plant Phytophthora diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiqi Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qifeng Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Gómez M, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. The SREBP (Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein) pathway: a regulatory bridge between carotenogenesis and sterol biosynthesis in the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Biol Res 2021; 54:34. [PMID: 34702374 PMCID: PMC8549280 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basidiomycete yeast that naturally produces the red–orange carotenoid astaxanthin, which has remarkable antioxidant properties. The biosynthesis of carotenoids and sterols share some common elements that have been studied in X. dendrorhous. For example, their synthesis requires metabolites derived from the mevalonate pathway and in both specific pathways, cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved that share a single cytochrome P450 reductase, CrtR, which is essential for astaxanthin biosynthesis, but is replaceable for ergosterol biosynthesis. Research on the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis is still limited in X. dendrorhous; however, it is known that the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) pathway, which is a conserved regulatory pathway involved in the control of lipid metabolism, also regulates carotenoid production in X. dendrorhous. This review addresses the similarities and differences that have been observed between mammal and fungal SREBP pathways and what it is known about this pathway regarding the regulation of the production of carotenoids and sterols in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile.
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Liu KH, Ding XW, Narsing Rao MP, Zhang B, Zhang YG, Liu FH, Liu BB, Xiao M, Li WJ. Morphological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Osmoadaptive Response of Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus montevidensis ZYD4 to High Salt Stress. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1789. [PMID: 28983284 PMCID: PMC5613514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophilic fungi have evolved unique osmoadaptive strategies, enabling them to thrive in hypersaline habitats. Here, we conduct morphological and transcriptomic response of endophytic fungus (Aspergillus montevidensis ZYD4) in both the presence and absence of salt stress. Under salt stress, the colony morphology of the A. montevidensis ZYD4 changed drastically and exhibited decreased colony pigmentation. Extensive conidiophores development was observed under salt stress; conidiophores rarely developed in the absence of salt stress. Under salt stress, yellow cleistothecium formation was inhibited, while glycerol and compatible sugars continued to accumulate. Among differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs), 733 of them were up-regulated while 1,619 unigenes were down-regulated. We discovered that genes involved in the accumulation of glycerol, the storage of compatible sugars, organic acids, pigment production, and asexual sporulation were differentially regulated under salt stress. These results provide further understanding of the molecular basis of osmoadaptive mechanisms of halophilic endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hui Liu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhong, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ding
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhong, China
| | - Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhong, China
| | - Yong-Gui Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhong, China
| | - Fei-Hu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan UniversityKunming, China
| | - Bing-Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of SciencesÜrűmqi, China
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Werner N, Gómez M, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Functional characterization of thiolase-encoding genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and their effects on carotenoid synthesis. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:278. [PMID: 27871246 PMCID: PMC5117609 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basidiomycetous yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous has been described as a potential biofactory for terpenoid-derived compounds due to its ability to synthesize astaxanthin. Functional knowledge of the genes involved in terpenoid synthesis would create opportunities to enhance carotenoid production. A thiolase enzyme catalyzes the first step in terpenoid synthesis. RESULTS Two potential thiolase-encoding genes were found in the yeast genome; bioinformatically, one was identified as an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (ERG10), and the other was identified as a 3-ketoacyl Co-A thiolase (POT1). Heterologous complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that the ERG10 gene from X. dendrorhous could complement the lack of the endogenous ERG10 gene in S. cerevisiae, thereby allowing cellular growth and sterol synthesis. X. dendrorhous heterozygous mutants for each gene were created, and a homozygous POT1 mutant was also obtained. This mutant exhibited changes in pigment composition and higher ERG10 transcript levels than the wild type strain. CONCLUSIONS The results support the notion that the ERG10 gene in X. dendrorhous is a functional acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase essential for the synthesis of mevalonate in yeast. The POT1 gene would encode a functional 3-ketoacyl Co-A thiolase that is non-essential for cell growth, but its mutation indirectly affects pigment production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Werner
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Córdova P, Alcaíno J, Bravo N, Barahona S, Sepúlveda D, Fernández-Lobato M, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. Regulation of carotenogenesis in the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous: the role of the transcriptional co-repressor complex Cyc8-Tup1 involved in catabolic repression. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:193. [PMID: 27842591 PMCID: PMC5109733 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous produces carotenoids of commercial interest, including astaxanthin and β-carotene. Although carotenogenesis in this yeast and the expression profiles of the genes controlling this pathway are known, the mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly understood. Several studies have demonstrated that glucose represses carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous, suggesting that this pathway could be regulated by catabolic repression. Catabolic repression is a highly conserved regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes and has been widely studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose-dependent repression is mainly observed at the transcriptional level and depends on the DNA-binding regulator Mig1, which recruits the co-repressor complex Cyc8-Tup1, which then represses the expression of target genes. In this work, we studied the regulation of carotenogenesis by catabolic repression in X. dendrorhous, focusing on the role of the co-repressor complex Cyc8-Tup1. RESULTS The X. dendrorhous CYC8 and TUP1 genes were identified, and their functions were demonstrated by heterologous complementation in S. cerevisiae. In addition, cyc8 - and tup1 - mutant strains of X. dendrorhous were obtained, and both mutations were shown to prevent the glucose-dependent repression of carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous, increasing the carotenoid production in both mutant strains. Furthermore, the effects of glucose on the transcript levels of genes involved in carotenogenesis differed between the mutant strains and wild-type X. dendrorhous, particularly for genes involved in the synthesis of carotenoid precursors, such as HMGR, idi and FPS. Additionally, transcriptomic analyses showed that cyc8 - and tup1 - mutations affected the expression of over 250 genes in X. dendrorhous. CONCLUSIONS The CYC8 and TUP1 genes are functional in X. dendrorhous, and their gene products are involved in catabolic repression and carotenogenesis regulation. This study presents the first report involving the participation of Cyc8 and Tup1 in carotenogenesis regulation in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Córdova
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, calle Nicolás Cabrera No 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Yamamoto K, Hara KY, Morita T, Nishimura A, Sasaki D, Ishii J, Ogino C, Kizaki N, Kondo A. Enhancement of astaxanthin production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by efficient method for the complete deletion of genes. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:155. [PMID: 27624332 PMCID: PMC5022159 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is the only yeast known to produce astaxanthin, an anti-oxidant isoprenoid (carotenoid) widely used in the aquaculture, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The potential of this microorganism as a platform cell factory for isoprenoid production has been recognized because of high flux through its native terpene pathway. Recently, we developed a multiple gene expression system in X. dendrorhous and enhanced the mevalonate synthetic pathway to increase astaxanthin production. In contrast, the mevalonate synthetic pathway is suppressed by ergosterol through feedback inhibition. Therefore, releasing the mevalonate synthetic pathway from this inhibition through the deletion of genes involved in ergosterol synthesis is a promising strategy to improve isoprenoid production. An efficient method for deleting diploid genes in X. dendrorhous, however, has not yet been developed. Results Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was cultivated under gradually increasing concentrations of antibiotics following the introduction of antibiotic resistant genes to be replaced with target genes. Using this method, double CYP61 genes encoding C-22 sterol desaturases relating to ergosterol biosynthesis were deleted sequentially. This double CYP61 deleted strain showed decreased ergosterol biosynthesis compared with the parental strain and single CYP61 disrupted strain. Additionally, this double deletion of CYP61 genes showed increased astaxanthin production compared with the parental strain and the single CYP61 knockout strain. Finally, astaxanthin production was enhanced by 1.4-fold compared with the parental strain, although astaxanthin production was not affected in the single CYP61 knockout strain. Conclusions In this study, we developed a system to completely delete target diploid genes in X. dendrorhous. Using this method, we deleted diploid CYP61 genes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol that inhibits the pathway for mevalonate, which is a common substrate for isoprenoid biosynthesis. The resulting decrease in ergosterol biosynthesis increased astaxanthin production. The efficient method for deleting diploid genes developed in this study has the potential to improve industrial production of various isoprenoids in X. dendrorhous. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0556-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.,Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Morita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Medical Device Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Takasago, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kizaki
- Biotechnology Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Takasago, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Alcaíno J, Bravo N, Córdova P, Marcoleta AE, Contreras G, Barahona S, Sepúlveda D, Fernández-Lobato M, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. The Involvement of Mig1 from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in Catabolic Repression: An Active Mechanism Contributing to the Regulation of Carotenoid Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162838. [PMID: 27622474 PMCID: PMC5021340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The red yeast X. dendrorhous is one of the few natural sources of astaxanthin, a carotenoid used in aquaculture for salmonid fish pigmentation and in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its antioxidant properties. Genetic control of carotenogenesis is well characterized in this yeast; however, little is known about the regulation of the carotenogenesis process. Several lines of evidence have suggested that carotenogenesis is regulated by catabolic repression, and the aim of this work was to identify and functionally characterize the X. dendrorhous MIG1 gene encoding the catabolic repressor Mig1, which mediates transcriptional glucose-dependent repression in other yeasts and fungi. The identified gene encodes a protein of 863 amino acids that demonstrates the characteristic conserved features of Mig1 proteins, and binds in vitro to DNA fragments containing Mig1 boxes. Gene functionality was demonstrated by heterologous complementation in a S. cerevisiae mig1- strain; several aspects of catabolic repression were restored by the X. dendrorhous MIG1 gene. Additionally, a X. dendrorhous mig1- mutant was constructed and demonstrated a higher carotenoid content than the wild-type strain. Most important, the mig1- mutation alleviated the glucose-mediated repression of carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous: the addition of glucose to mig1- and wild-type cultures promoted the growth of both strains, but carotenoid synthesis was observed only in the mutant strain. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that several genes were differentially expressed between X. dendrorhous mig1- and the wild-type strain when cultured with glucose as the sole carbon source. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that catabolic repression in X. dendrorhous is an active process in which the identified MIG1 gene product plays a central role in the regulation of several biological processes, including carotenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alcaíno
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Córdova
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés E. Marcoleta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Contreras
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Cantoblanco, España
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Zhao L, Chen T, Wang C, Li G, Zhi W, Yin J, Wan Q, Chen L. Atorvastatin in improvement of cognitive impairments caused by amyloid β in mice: involvement of inflammatory reaction. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:18. [PMID: 26846170 PMCID: PMC4743318 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The production of inflammatory cytokines resulting from amyloid β (Aβ) is associated with the initiation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Atorvastatin (ATV) has been reported to improve AD, however, it is unclear how the anti-inflammatory mechanism is linked with its protection against the impairment of spatial cognitive function in AD. The present study was designed to explore what mechanism was possibly involved in the anti-inflammatory pathway in regard to the ATV treatment of AD. Methods We used an AD model induced by the administration of Aβ25–35 in male C57BL/6 mice and an in vitro culture system to study the protective effects of ATV on the spatial cognitive deficits, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment and inflammatory reaction. Results The intragastric administration of ATV (5 mg/kg) in Aβ25–35-treated mice significantly ameliorated the spatial cognitive deficits and prevented the LTP impairment in hippocampal CA1. The increased Iba-1 positive cells and inflammatory components in the hippocampus were reduced after the ATV treatment. The anti-inflammatory and LTP protection of ATV were abolished using the replenishment of farnesyl pyrophosphate by the administration of farnesol (FOH). The hippocampal slices culture showed Aβ25–35-induced neurotoxicity in the absence of the presence of ATV. Treatment with ATV (0.5, 1, 2.5 μmol/L) dose-dependently prevented the cell damage in hippocampus induced by Aβ25–35. Conclusion The administration of ATV ameliorated the cognitive deficits, depressed the inflammatory responses, improved the LTP impairment, and prevents Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. These protective functions of ATV involved the pathway of reducing farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liandong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Huaian, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223002, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chonghui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenhui Zhi
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, China.
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Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally occurring red, orange and yellow pigments that are synthesized by plants and some microorganisms and fulfill many important physiological functions. This chapter describes the distribution of carotenoid in microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, microalgae, filamentous fungi and yeasts. We will also focus on their functional aspects and applications, such as their nutritional value, their benefits for human and animal health and their potential protection against free radicals. The central metabolic pathway leading to the synthesis of carotenoids is described as the three following principal steps: (i) the synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and the formation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, (ii) the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and (iii) the synthesis of carotenoids per se, highlighting the differences that have been found in several carotenogenic organisms and providing an evolutionary perspective. Finally, as an example, the synthesis of the xanthophyll astaxanthin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile
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18
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Gutiérrez MS, Rojas MC, Sepúlveda D, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Cytochrome b5 Reductase (CBR) Encoding Genes from the Carotenogenic Yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140424. [PMID: 26466337 PMCID: PMC4605618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic microsomal cytochrome P450 systems consist of a cytochrome P450 enzyme (P450) and a cytochrome P450 redox partner, which generally is a cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) that supplies electrons from NADPH. However, alternative electron donors may exist such as cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5 (CBR and CYB5, respectively) via, which is NADH-dependent and are also anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum. In the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, three P450-encoding genes have been described: crtS is involved in carotenogenesis and the CYP51 and CYP61 genes are both implicated in ergosterol biosynthesis. This yeast has a single CPR (encoded by the crtR gene), and a crtR- mutant does not produce astaxanthin. Considering that this mutant is viable, the existence of alternative cytochrome P450 electron donors like CBR and CYB5 could operate in this yeast. The aim of this work was to characterize the X. dendrorhous CBR encoding gene and to study its involvement in P450 reactions in ergosterol and carotenoid biosynthesis. Two CBRs genes were identified (CBR.1 and CBR.2), and deletion mutants were constructed. The two mutants and the wild-type strain showed similar sterol production, with ergosterol being the main sterol produced. The crtR- mutant strain produced a lower proportion of ergosterol than did the parental strain. These results indicate that even though one of the two CBR genes could be involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, crtR complements their absence in the cbr- mutant strains, at least for ergosterol production. The higher NADH-dependent cytochrome c reductase activity together with the higher transcript levels of CBR.1 and CYB5 in the crtR- mutant as well as the lower NADH-dependent activity in CBS-cbr.1- strongly suggest that CBR.1-CYB5 via participates as an alternative electron donor pathway for P450 enzymes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Cecilia Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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19
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Castelblanco-Matiz LM, Barbachano-Torres A, Ponce-Noyola T, Ramos-Valdivia AC, Cerda García-Rojas CM, Flores-Ortiz CM, Barahona-Crisóstomo SK, Baeza-Cancino ME, Alcaíno-Gorman J, Cifuentes-Guzmán VH. Carotenoid production and gene expression in an astaxanthin-overproducing Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous mutant strain. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:1129-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Sharifirad A, Mohammadian S, Yakhchali B, Mehrpooyan S, Fatemi SSA. Characterization of a farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene from Penicillium brevicompactum MUCL 19011. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:71-9. [PMID: 26334936 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Farnesyl diphosphate synthase is a critical enzyme in the isoprenoids biosynthesis pathway responsible for ergosterol and secondary metabolites biosynthesis in fungi. RESULTS Characterization of fds from Penicillium brevicompactum (Pbfds) was performed using TAIL-PCR and RT-PCR followed by complementation tests in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and determination of its expression profile by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Promoter analysis suggests some binding sites for transcription factors some of which are involved in fungal growth and response to environmental stress. The Pbfds ORF encodes a cytosolic 39.7 kDa protein with a high conservation among Eurotiomycetes and the highest identity (96 %) with Pen. chrysogenum. Homology-based structural modeling suggests that the PbFDS is formed by the arrangement of 15 core helices around a large central cavity where the catalytic reaction takes place. Superimposition of the predicted 3D structure of the enzyme on its ortholog in human reveals the same folding pattern in the counterparts. CONCLUSION The Pbfds expression may be stimulated in response to the environmental stresses and fungal growth and encodes the PBFDS--a cytosolic enzyme which with a key role in ergosterol and secondary metabolites biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Sharifirad
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Mohammadian
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Yakhchali
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sina Mehrpooyan
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Safa-ali Fatemi
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Chávez-Cabrera C, Marsch R, Bartolo-Aguilar Y, Flores-Bustamante ZR, Hidalgo-Lara ME, Martínez-Cárdenas A, Cancino-Díaz JC, Sánchez S, Flores-Cotera LB. Molecular cloning and characterization of the ATP citrate lyase from carotenogenic yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov054. [PMID: 26122278 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACL), is a key cytosolic source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis and appear to be involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in yeasts. Three homologous DNA sequences encoding ACLs in Phaffia rhodozyma were isolated i.e two genes and one cDNA. The two genes were multi-intronic, with 3450-bp-coding sequences and both genes, as the cDNA, encoded identical 120.1-kDa polypeptides. Full-length amino acid sequences of these ACLs showed the two multidomains, PLN02235 and PLN02522, which are necessary for activity. The ACLs showed 82-87% similarity to putative ACLs from other basidiomycetes and 71% similarity to human ACL. The acl cDNA was used to express the heterologous ACL 6XHis-tagged which was identified using MALDI-TOF-MS. The sequenced peptides with 42.2% coverage showed 100% identity to the amino acid sequence generated in silico. The recombinant ACL purified to homogeneity showed an activity of 2 U. This is the first study to characterize a recombinant ACL from a carotenogenic yeast. The present study provides a key foundation for future studies to assess (a) the possible occurrence of alternative splicing, (b) identify the promoter(s) sequence(s) and (c) the involvement of ACL in the differential regulation of fatty acid and carotenoid biosynthesis in yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cipriano Chávez-Cabrera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D.F. 07360, México
| | - Rodolfo Marsch
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D.F. 07360, México
| | - Yaneth Bartolo-Aguilar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D.F. 07360, México
| | - Zoila Rosa Flores-Bustamante
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D.F. 07360, México
| | - María Eugenia Hidalgo-Lara
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D.F. 07360, México
| | - Anahí Martínez-Cárdenas
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D.F. 07360, México
| | - Juan Carlos Cancino-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, National School of Biological Sciences -IPN, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Santo Tomás, México D.F. 11340, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Luis Bernardo Flores-Cotera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México D.F. 07360, México
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22
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Zhao YJ, Chen X, Zhang M, Su P, Liu YJ, Tong YR, Wang XJ, Huang LQ, Gao W. Molecular Cloning and Characterisation of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase from Tripterygium wilfordii. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125415. [PMID: 25938487 PMCID: PMC4418688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesylpyrophosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an important precursor of sesquiterpenoids such as artemisinin and wilfordine. In the present study, we report the molecular cloning and characterization of two full-length cDNAs encoding FPSs from Tripterygium wilfordii (TwFPSs). TwFPSs maintained their capability to synthesise FPP in vitro when purified as recombinant proteins from E. coli. Consistent with the endogenous role of FPS in FPP biosynthesis, TwFPSs were highly expressed in T. wilfordii roots, and were up-regulated upon methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The global gene expression profiles suggested that the TwFPSs might play an important regulatory role interpenoid biosynthesis in T. wilfordii, laying the groundwork for the future study of the synthetic biology of natural terpene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Zhao
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
| | - Meng Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Su
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jia Liu
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ru Tong
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Juan Wang
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
| | - Wei Gao
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
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23
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Leiva K, Werner N, Sepúlveda D, Barahona S, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Identification and functional characterization of the CYP51 gene from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous that is involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:89. [PMID: 25906980 PMCID: PMC4415319 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basidiomycetous yeast that synthesizes astaxanthin, a carotenoid with great biotechnological impact. The ergosterol and carotenoid synthetic pathways derive from the mevalonate pathway and involve cytochrome P450 enzymes. Among these enzymes, the CYP51 family, which is involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, is one of the most remarkable that has C14-demethylase activity. RESULTS In this study, the CYP51 gene from X. dendrorhous was isolated and its function was analyzed. The gene is composed of ten exons and encodes a predicted 550 amino acid polypeptide that exhibits conserved cytochrome P450 structural characteristics and shares significant identity with the sterol C14-demethylase from other fungi. The functionality of this gene was confirmed by heterologous complementation in S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, a CYP51 gene mutation in X. dendrorhous reduced sterol production by approximately 40% and enhanced total carotenoid production by approximately 90% compared to the wild-type strain after 48 and 120 h of culture, respectively. Additionally, the CYP51 gene mutation in X. dendrorhous increased HMGR (hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, involved in the mevalonate pathway) and crtR (cytochrome P450 reductase) transcript levels, which could be associated with reduced ergosterol production. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the CYP51 gene identified in X. dendrorhous encodes a functional sterol C14-demethylase that is involved in ergosterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsye Leiva
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Nicole Werner
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas y Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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Martinez-Moya P, Niehaus K, Alcaíno J, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous using different carbon sources. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:289. [PMID: 25887121 PMCID: PMC4404605 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant with increasing biotechnological interest. In Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, a natural source of this pigment, carotenogenesis is a complex process regulated through several mechanisms, including the carbon source. X. dendrorhous produces more astaxanthin when grown on a non-fermentable carbon source, while decreased astaxanthin production is observed in the presence of high glucose concentrations. In the present study, we used a comparative proteomic and metabolomic analysis to characterize the yeast response when cultured in minimal medium supplemented with glucose (fermentable) or succinate (non-fermentable). Results A total of 329 proteins were identified from the proteomic profiles, and most of these proteins were associated with carotenogenesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and redox and stress responses. The metabolite profiles revealed 92 metabolites primarily associated with glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acids, organic acids, sugars and phosphates. We determined the abundance of proteins and metabolites of the central pathways of yeast metabolism and examined the influence of these molecules on carotenogenesis. Similar to previous proteomic-stress response studies, we observed modulation of abundance from several redox, stress response, carbohydrate and lipid enzymes. Additionally, the accumulation of trehalose, absence of key ROS response enzymes, an increased abundance of the metabolites of the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle suggested an association between the accumulation of astaxanthin and oxidative stress in the yeast. Moreover, we observed the increased abundance of late carotenogenesis enzymes during astaxanthin accumulation under succinate growth conditions. Conclusions The use of succinate as a carbon source in X. dendrorhous cultures increases the availability of acetyl-CoA for the astaxanthin production compared with glucose, likely reflecting the positive regulation of metabolic enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles. The high metabolite level generated in this pathway could increase the cellular respiration rate, producing reactive oxygen species, which induces carotenogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1484-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martinez-Moya
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Centro de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Department of Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Centro de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Centro de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Centro de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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25
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Sharma R, Gassel S, Steiger S, Xia X, Bauer R, Sandmann G, Thines M. The genome of the basal agaricomycete Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous provides insights into the organization of its acetyl-CoA derived pathways and the evolution of Agaricomycotina. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:233. [PMID: 25887949 PMCID: PMC4393869 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basal agaricomycete with uncertain taxonomic placement, known for its unique ability to produce astaxanthin, a carotenoid with antioxidant properties. It was the aim of this study to elucidate the organization of its CoA-derived pathways and to use the genomic information of X. dendrorhous for a phylogenomic investigation of the Basidiomycota. Results The genome assembly of a haploid strain of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous revealed a genome of 19.50 Megabases with 6385 protein coding genes. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted including 48 fungal genomes. These revealed Ustilaginomycotina and Agaricomycotina as sister groups. In the latter a well-supported sister-group relationship of two major orders, Polyporales and Russulales, was inferred. Wallemia occupies a basal position within the Agaricomycotina and X. dendrorhous represents the basal lineage of the Tremellomycetes, highlighting that the typical tremelloid parenthesomes have either convergently evolved in Wallemia and the Tremellomycetes, or were lost in the Cystofilobasidiales lineage. A detailed characterization of the CoA-related pathways was done and all genes for fatty acid, sterol and carotenoid synthesis have been assigned. Conclusions The current study ascertains that Wallemia with tremelloid parenthesomes is the most basal agaricomycotinous lineage and that Cystofilobasidiales without tremelloid parenthesomes are deeply rooted within Tremellomycetes, suggesting that parenthesomes at septal pores might be the core synapomorphy for the Agaricomycotina. Apart from evolutionary insights the genome sequence of X. dendrorhous will facilitate genetic pathway engineering for optimized astaxanthin or oxidative alcohol production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1380-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Sören Gassel
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Sabine Steiger
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Xiaojuan Xia
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Robert Bauer
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Marco Thines
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
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Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) promotes the growth and migration of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6173-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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