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Victoria B, Noureddine SA, Shehat MG, Jewett TJ, Jewett MW. Borrelia burgdorferi-mediated induction of miR146a-5p fine tunes the inflammatory response in human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286959. [PMID: 37319241 PMCID: PMC10270362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of a localized area of human skin by Borrelia burgdorferi after a bite from an infected tick is the first step in the development of Lyme disease. The initial interaction between the pathogen and the human host cells is suggested to impact later outcomes of the infection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well known to be important regulators of host inflammatory and immune responses. While miRNAs have been shown to play a role in the inflammatory response to B. burgdorferi at late stages of infection in the joints, the contributions of miRNAs to early B. burgdorferi infection have yet to be explored. To address this knowledge gap, we used the published host transcriptional responses to B. burgdorferi in erythema migrans skin lesions of early Lyme disease patients and a human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs)/B. burgdorferi co-culture model to predict putative upstream regulator miRNAs. This analysis predicted a role for miR146a-5p in both, B. burgdorferi-infected skin and -stimulated HDFs. miR146a-5p was confirmed to be significantly upregulated in HDF stimulated with B. burgdorferi for 24 hours compared to uninfected control cells. Furthermore, manipulation of miR146a-5p expression (overexpression or inhibition) altered the B. burgdorferi driven inflammatory profile of HDF cells. Our results suggest that miR146a-5p is an important upstream regulator of the transcriptional and immune early response to early B. burgdorferi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Victoria
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Noureddine
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Shehat
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Travis J. Jewett
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mollie W. Jewett
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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Farris LC, Torres-Odio S, Adams LG, West AP, Hyde JA. Borrelia burgdorferi Engages Mammalian Type I IFN Responses via the cGAS-STING Pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1761-1770. [PMID: 37067290 PMCID: PMC10192154 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, is a spirochete that modulates numerous host pathways to cause a chronic, multisystem inflammatory disease in humans. B. burgdorferi infection can lead to Lyme carditis, neurologic complications, and arthritis because of the ability of specific borrelial strains to disseminate, invade, and drive inflammation. B. burgdorferi elicits type I IFN (IFN-I) responses in mammalian cells and tissues that are associated with the development of severe arthritis or other Lyme-related complications. However, the innate immune sensors and signaling pathways controlling IFN-I induction remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether intracellular nucleic acid sensing is required for the induction of IFN-I to B. burgdorferi. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that B. burgdorferi associates with mouse and human cells in culture, and we document that internalized spirochetes colocalize with the pattern recognition receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Moreover, we report that IFN-I responses in mouse macrophages and murine embryonic fibroblasts are significantly attenuated in the absence of cGAS or its adaptor stimulator of IFN genes (STING), which function to sense and respond to intracellular DNA. Longitudinal in vivo tracking of bioluminescent B. burgdorferi revealed similar dissemination kinetics and borrelial load in C57BL/6J wild-type, cGAS-deficient, or STING-deficient mice. However, infection-associated tibiotarsal joint pathology and inflammation were modestly reduced in cGAS-deficient compared with wild-type mice. Collectively, these results indicate that the cGAS-STING pathway is a critical mediator of mammalian IFN-I signaling and innate immune responses to B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Farris
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - L. Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - A. Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Jenny A. Hyde
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
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3
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Mukherjee PG, Liveris D, Hanincova K, Iyer R, Wormser GP, Huang W, Schwartz I. Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Protein C Is Not the Sole Determinant of Dissemination in Mammals. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0045622. [PMID: 36880751 PMCID: PMC10112133 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00456-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease in the United States is most often caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. After a tick bite, the patient may develop erythema migrans at that site. If hematogenous dissemination occurs, the patient may then develop neurologic manifestations, carditis, or arthritis. Host-pathogen interactions include factors that contribute to hematogenous dissemination to other body sites. Outer surface protein C (OspC), a surface-exposed lipoprotein of B. burgdorferi, is essential during the early stages of mammalian infection. There is a high degree of genetic variation at the ospC locus, and certain ospC types are more frequently associated with hematogenous dissemination in patients, suggesting that OspC may be a major contributing factor to the clinical outcome of B. burgdorferi infection. In order to evaluate the role of OspC in B. burgdorferi dissemination, ospC was exchanged between B. burgdorferi isolates with different capacities to disseminate in laboratory mice, and these strains were then tested for their ability to disseminate in mice. The results indicated that the ability of B. burgdorferi to disseminate in mammalian hosts does not depend on OspC alone. The complete genome sequences of two closely related strains of B. burgdorferi with differing dissemination phenotypes were determined, but a specific genetic locus that could explain the differences in the phenotypes could not be definitively identified. The animal studies performed clearly demonstrated that OspC is not the sole determinant of dissemination. Future studies of the type described here with additional borrelial strains will hopefully clarify the genetic elements associated with hematogenous dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka G. Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Dionysios Liveris
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Klára Hanincova
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Radha Iyer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Gary P. Wormser
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Weihua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Ira Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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4
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Tkáčová Z, Bhide K, Mochnáčová E, Petroušková P, Hruškovicová J, Kulkarni A, Bhide M. Comprehensive Mapping of the Cell Response to Borrelia bavariensis in the Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells in vitro Using RNA-Seq. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:760627. [PMID: 34819924 PMCID: PMC8606740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia bavariensis can invade the central nervous system (CNS) by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It is predicted that B. bavariensis evokes numerous signaling cascades in the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and exploits them to traverse across the BBB. The complete picture of signaling events in hBMECs induced by B. bavariensis remains uncovered. Using RNA sequencing, we mapped 11,398 genes and identified 295 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 251 upregulated genes and 44 downregulated genes) in B. bavariensis challenged hBMECs. The results obtained from RNA-seq were validated with qPCR. Gene ontology analysis revealed the participation of DEGs in a number of biological processes like cell communication, organization of the extracellular matrix, vesicle-mediated transport, cell response triggered by pattern recognition receptors, antigen processing via MHC class I, cellular stress, metabolism, signal transduction, etc. The expression of several non-protein coding genes was also evoked. In this manuscript, we discuss in detail the correlation between several signaling cascades elicited and the translocation of BBB by B. bavariensis. The data revealed here may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms employed by B. bavariensis to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Evelina Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Hruškovicová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Bobe JR, Jutras BL, Horn EJ, Embers ME, Bailey A, Moritz RL, Zhang Y, Soloski MJ, Ostfeld RS, Marconi RT, Aucott J, Ma'ayan A, Keesing F, Lewis K, Ben Mamoun C, Rebman AW, McClune ME, Breitschwerdt EB, Reddy PJ, Maggi R, Yang F, Nemser B, Ozcan A, Garner O, Di Carlo D, Ballard Z, Joung HA, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Baumgarth N, Fallon BA. Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:666554. [PMID: 34485323 PMCID: PMC8416313 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.666554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with an estimated 476,000 cases per year. While historically, the long-term impact of Lyme disease on patients has been controversial, mounting evidence supports the idea that a substantial number of patients experience persistent symptoms following treatment. The research community has largely lacked the necessary funding to properly advance the scientific and clinical understanding of the disease, or to develop and evaluate innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the many outstanding questions raised into the diagnosis, clinical presentation and treatment of Lyme disease, and the underlying molecular mechanisms that trigger persistent disease, there is an urgent need for more support. This review article summarizes progress over the past 5 years in our understanding of Lyme and tick-borne diseases in the United States and highlights remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Bobe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brandon L. Jutras
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Monica E. Embers
- Tulane University Health Sciences, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Allison Bailey
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Richard T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - John Aucott
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Kim Lewis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Alison W. Rebman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mecaila E. McClune
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Ricardo Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bennett Nemser
- Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation, Stamford, CT, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omai Garner
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zachary Ballard
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hyou-Arm Joung
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Albert Garcia-Romeu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian A. Fallon
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Thompson D, Sorenson J, Greenmyer J, Brissette CA, Watt JA. The Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, stimulates an inflammatory response in human choroid plexus epithelial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234993. [PMID: 32645014 PMCID: PMC7347220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main functions of the choroid plexus (CP) are the production of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), the formation of the blood-CSF barrier, and regulation of immune response. This barrier allows for the exchange of specific nutrients, waste, and peripheral immune cells between the blood stream and CSF. Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the causative bacteria of Lyme disease, is associated with neurological complications including meningitis-indeed, Bb has been isolated from the CSF of patients. While it is accepted that B. burgdorferi can enter the central nervous system (CNS) of patients, it is unknown how the bacteria crosses this barrier and how the pathogenesis of the disease leads to the observed symptoms in patients. We hypothesize that during infection Borrelia burgdorferi will induce an immune response conducive to the chemotaxis of immune cells and subsequently lead to a pro-inflammatory state with the CNS parenchyma. Primary human choroid plexus epithelial cells were grown in culture and infected with B. burgdorferi strain B31 MI-16 for 48 hours. RNA was isolated and used for RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR validation. Secreted proteins in the supernatant were analyzed via ELISA. Transcriptome analysis based on RNA sequencing determined a total of 160 upregulated genes and 98 downregulated genes. Pathway and biological process analysis determined a significant upregulation in immune and inflammatory genes specifically in chemokine and interferon related pathways. Further analysis revealed downregulation in genes related to cell to cell junctions including tight and adherens junctions. These results were validated via RT-qPCR. Protein analysis of secreted factors showed an increase in inflammatory chemokines, corresponding to our transcriptome analysis. These data further demonstrate the role of the CP in the modulation of the immune response in a disease state and give insight into the mechanisms by which Borrelia burgdorferi may disseminate into, and act upon, the CNS. Future experiments aim to detail the impact of B. burgdorferi on the blood-CSF-barrier (BCSFB) integrity and inflammatory response within animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jordyn Sorenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jacob Greenmyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Brissette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - John A. Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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Danchinova GA, Khasnatinov MA, Lyapunova NA, Solovarov IS, Manzarova EL, Lyapunov AV, Petrova IV. Cytokine Profiling of Subclinical Tick-Borne Infections in Humans. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:622-625. [PMID: 30903500 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over many years, tick-borne infections remain one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide. The immune response to these infections in a human after confirmed bite by an infected carrier at the early stages of infection in the absence of clinical symptoms can be the first indicator of the presence of the infectious agent in the body. During viral infection, the concentration of IL-1α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and IFNγ increases; superoxide dismutase also increases, in contrast to bacterial infections. A slight decrease in the concentration is observed only for receptor antagonist IL-1Ra. During the infection caused by bacterial pathogens, very similar profiles of the innate human immune response are observed: activation of IL-1α, IL-8, and IFNα and suppression of superoxide dismutase, IL-1Ra, and IL-17A production. It has been demonstrated, that the immune response is triggered immediately after infection, and changes in the concentration of the main cytokines in the blood plasma can be detected as early as on days 2-5 after tick bite. These results can be useful in developing new methods of emergency diagnosis and prevention of tick-borne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Danchinova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | - M A Khasnatinov
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - N A Lyapunova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - I S Solovarov
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E L Manzarova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A V Lyapunov
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - I V Petrova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
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Casjens SR, Di L, Akther S, Mongodin EF, Luft BJ, Schutzer SE, Fraser CM, Qiu WG. Primordial origin and diversification of plasmids in Lyme disease agent bacteria. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:218. [PMID: 29580205 PMCID: PMC5870499 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With approximately one-third of their genomes consisting of linear and circular plasmids, the Lyme disease agent cluster of species has the most complex genomes among known bacteria. We report here a comparative analysis of plasmids in eleven Borreliella (also known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) species. RESULTS We sequenced the complete genomes of two B. afzelii, two B. garinii, and individual B. spielmanii, B. bissettiae, B. valaisiana and B. finlandensis isolates. These individual isolates carry between seven and sixteen plasmids, and together harbor 99 plasmids. We report here a comparative analysis of these plasmids, along with 70 additional Borreliella plasmids available in the public sequence databases. We identify only one new putative plasmid compatibility type (the 30th) among these 169 plasmid sequences, suggesting that all or nearly all such types have now been discovered. We find that the linear plasmids in the non-B. burgdorferi species have undergone the same kinds of apparently random, chaotic rearrangements mediated by non-homologous recombination that we previously discovered in B. burgdorferi. These rearrangements occurred independently in the different species lineages, and they, along with an expanded chromosomal phylogeny reported here, allow the identification of several whole plasmid transfer events among these species. Phylogenetic analyses of the plasmid partition genes show that a majority of the plasmid compatibility types arose early, most likely before separation of the Lyme agent Borreliella and relapsing fever Borrelia clades, and this, with occasional cross species plasmid transfers, has resulted in few if any species-specific or geographic region-specific Borreliella plasmid types. CONCLUSIONS The primordial origin and persistent maintenance of the Borreliella plasmid types support their functional indispensability as well as evolutionary roles in facilitating genome diversity. The improved resolution of Borreliella plasmid phylogeny based on conserved partition-gene clusters will lead to better determination of gene orthology which is essential for prediction of biological function, and it will provide a basis for inferring detailed evolutionary mechanisms of Borreliella genomic variability including homologous gene and plasmid exchanges as well as non-homologous rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwood R. Casjens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department and Biology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Biology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 2200K Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Lia Di
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Saymon Akther
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Emmanuel F. Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Benjamin J. Luft
- Department of Medicine, Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Steven E. Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Claire M. Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Wei-Gang Qiu
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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9
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Odendall C, Voak AA, Kagan JC. Type III IFNs Are Commonly Induced by Bacteria-Sensing TLRs and Reinforce Epithelial Barriers during Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3270-3279. [PMID: 28954888 PMCID: PMC5679450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type III IFNs (IFN-λs) are secreted factors that are well-known for their antiviral activities. However, their regulation and functions during bacterial infections are unclear. In this article, we report that the regulation of IFN-λ genes did not track with mechanisms that control type I IFN expression in response to TLRs. Whereas type I IFNs were only expressed from TLRs present on endosomes, type III IFNs could be induced by TLRs that reside at the plasma membrane and that detect various bacterial products. The mechanisms that regulate type III IFN gene expression tracked with those that promote inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression. Importantly, rIFN-λs enhanced epithelial barriers in vitro, preventing transcellular bacteria dissemination. We therefore propose that in addition to their functions in cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity, type III IFNs protect epithelial barrier integrity, an activity that would benefit the host during any infectious encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Odendall
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Voak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
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10
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Paquette JK, Ma Y, Fisher C, Li J, Lee SB, Zachary JF, Kim YS, Teuscher C, Weis JJ. Genetic Control of Lyme Arthritis by Borrelia burgdorferi Arthritis-Associated Locus 1 Is Dependent on Localized Differential Production of IFN-β and Requires Upregulation of Myostatin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3525-3534. [PMID: 28986440 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previously, using a forward genetic approach, we identified differential expression of type I IFN as a positional candidate for an expression quantitative trait locus underlying Borrelia burgdorferi arthritis-associated locus 1 (Bbaa1). In this study, we show that mAb blockade revealed a unique role for IFN-β in Lyme arthritis development in B6.C3-Bbaa1 mice. Genetic control of IFN-β expression was also identified in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with B. burgdorferi, and it was responsible for feed-forward amplification of IFN-stimulated genes. Reciprocal radiation chimeras between B6.C3-Bbaa1 and C57BL/6 mice revealed that arthritis is initiated by radiation-sensitive cells, but orchestrated by radiation-resistant components of joint tissue. Advanced congenic lines were developed to reduce the physical size of the Bbaa1 interval, and confirmed the contribution of type I IFN genes to Lyme arthritis. RNA sequencing of resident CD45- joint cells from advanced interval-specific recombinant congenic lines identified myostatin as uniquely upregulated in association with Bbaa1 arthritis development, and myostatin expression was linked to IFN-β production. Inhibition of myostatin in vivo suppressed Lyme arthritis in the reduced interval Bbaa1 congenic mice, formally implicating myostatin as a novel downstream mediator of the joint-specific inflammatory response to B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie K Paquette
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Colleen Fisher
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Sang Beum Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - James F Zachary
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820; and
| | - Yong Soo Kim
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Janis J Weis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;
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11
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Syedbasha M, Egli A. Interferon Lambda: Modulating Immunity in Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28293236 PMCID: PMC5328987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon lambdas (IFN-λs; IFNL1-4) modulate immunity in the context of infections and autoimmune diseases, through a network of induced genes. IFN-λs act by binding to the heterodimeric IFN-λ receptor (IFNLR), activating a STAT phosphorylation-dependent signaling cascade. Thereby hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes are induced, which modulate various immune functions via complex forward and feedback loops. When compared to the well-characterized IFN-α signaling cascade, three important differences have been discovered. First, the IFNLR is not ubiquitously expressed: in particular, immune cells show significant variation in the expression levels of and susceptibilities to IFN-λs. Second, the binding affinities of individual IFN-λs to the IFNLR varies greatly and are generally lower compared to the binding affinities of IFN-α to its receptor. Finally, genetic variation in the form of a series of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to genes involved in the IFN-λ signaling cascade has been described and associated with the clinical course and treatment outcomes of hepatitis B and C virus infection. The clinical impact of IFN-λ signaling and the SNP variations may, however, reach far beyond viral hepatitis. Recent publications show important roles for IFN-λs in a broad range of viral infections such as human T-cell leukemia type-1 virus, rotaviruses, and influenza virus. IFN-λ also potentially modulates the course of bacterial colonization and infections as shown for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the immunological processes involved in controlling viral and bacterial infections are distinct, IFN-λs may interfere at various levels: as an innate immune cytokine with direct antiviral effects; or as a modulator of IFN-α-induced signaling via the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 inhibitory feedback loops. In addition, the modulation of adaptive immune functions via macrophage and dendritic cell polarization, and subsequent priming, activation, and proliferation of pathogen-specific T- and B-cells may also be important elements associated with infectious disease outcomes. This review summarizes the emerging details of the IFN-λ immunobiology in the context of the host immune response and viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammedyaseen Syedbasha
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Casjens SR, Gilcrease EB, Vujadinovic M, Mongodin EF, Luft BJ, Schutzer SE, Fraser CM, Qiu WG. Plasmid diversity and phylogenetic consistency in the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:165. [PMID: 28201991 PMCID: PMC5310021 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria from the genus Borrelia are known to harbor numerous linear and circular plasmids. We report here a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of 236 plasmids present in fourteen independent isolates of the Lyme disease agent B. burgdorferi. Results We have sequenced the genomes of 14 B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolates that carry a total of 236 plasmids. These individual isolates carry between seven and 23 plasmids. Their chromosomes, the cp26 and cp32 circular plasmids, as well as the lp54 linear plasmid, are quite evolutionarily stable; however, the remaining plasmids have undergone numerous non-homologous and often duplicative recombination events. We identify 32 different putative plasmid compatibility types among the 236 plasmids, of which 15 are (usually) circular and 17 are linear. Because of past rearrangements, any given gene, even though it might be universally present in these isolates, is often found on different linear plasmid compatibility types in different isolates. For example, the arp gene and the vls cassette region are present on plasmids of four and five different compatibility types, respectively, in different isolates. A majority of the plasmid types have more than one organizationally different subtype, and the number of such variants ranges from one to eight among the 18 linear plasmid types. In spite of this substantial organizational diversity, the plasmids are not so variable that every isolate has a novel version of every plasmid (i.e., there appears to be a limited number of extant plasmid subtypes). Conclusions Although there have been many past recombination events, both homologous and nonhomologous, among the plasmids, particular organizational variants of these plasmids correlate with particular chromosomal genotypes, suggesting that there has not been rapid horizontal transfer of whole linear plasmids among B. burgdorferi lineages. We argue that plasmid rearrangements are essentially non-revertable and are present at a frequency of only about 0.65% that of single nucleotide changes, making rearrangement-derived novel junctions (mosaic boundaries) ideal phylogenetic markers in the study of B. burgdorferi population structure and plasmid evolution and exchange. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3553-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwood R Casjens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department and Biology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 2200 K Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Biology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Eddie B Gilcrease
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department and Biology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 2200 K Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Marija Vujadinovic
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department and Biology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 2200 K Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Present Address: Janssen Disease and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland BioPark, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin J Luft
- Department of Medicine, Health Science Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Steven E Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Claire M Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland BioPark, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Gang Qiu
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York City, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College of the City University of New York City, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Meddeb M, Carpentier W, Cagnard N, Nadaud S, Grillon A, Barthel C, De Martino SJ, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N, Schramm F. Homogeneous Inflammatory Gene Profiles Induced in Human Dermal Fibroblasts in Response to the Three Main Species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164117. [PMID: 27706261 PMCID: PMC5051687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Lyme borreliosis, the skin is the key site for bacterial inoculation by the infected tick and for cutaneous manifestations. We previously showed that different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto isolated from tick and from different clinical stages of the Lyme borreliosis (erythema migrans, and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) elicited a very similar transcriptional response in normal human dermal fibroblasts. In this study, using whole transcriptome microarray chips, we aimed to compare the transcriptional response of normal human dermal fibroblasts stimulated by 3 Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains belonging to 3 main pathogenic species (B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto) in order to determine whether “species-related” inflammatory pathways could be identified. The three Borrelia strains tested exhibited similar transcriptional profiles, and no species-specific fingerprint of transcriptional changes in fibroblasts was observed. Conversely, a common core of chemokines/cytokines (CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL6, CXCL10, IL-6, IL-8) and interferon-related genes was stimulated by all the 3 strains. Dermal fibroblasts appear to play a key role in the cutaneous infection with Borrelia, inducing a homogeneous inflammatory response, whichever Borrelia species was involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Meddeb
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wassila Carpentier
- Plate-forme Post-Génomique P3S, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Plateforme Bio-informatique, Université Paris Descartes, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- INSERM UMR 1166, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Grillon
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Josiane De Martino
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center for Borrelia, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Schramm
- EA7290 Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jayaraman PA, Devlin AA, Miller JC, Scholle F. The adaptor molecule Trif contributes to murine host defense during Leptospiral infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:964-74. [PMID: 27259371 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease and is caused by pathogenic species of the Leptospira genus, including Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). Humans, domestic and wild animals are susceptible to acute or chronic infection. The innate immune response is a critical defense mechanism against Leptospira interrogans, and has been investigated in mouse models. Murine Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to be key factors in sensing and responding to L. interrogans infection. Specifically, TLR2, TLR4 and the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 are essential for host defense against L. interrogans; however, the role of the TLR adaptor molecule TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon β (TRIF) in the response to L. interrogans has not been previously determined. In the present study, TRIF was found to play an important role during leptospiral infection. Following challenge with L. interrogans, Trif(-/-) mice exhibited delayed weight gain compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, Trif(-/-) mice exhibited an increase in L. interrogans burden in the kidneys, lungs, and blood at early time points (less than 7days post infection). Multiple components of the innate immune responses were dampened in response to leptospiral infection including transcription and production of cytokines, and the humoral response, which suggested that TRIF contributes to expression and production of cytokines important for the host defense against L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya A Jayaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Amy A Devlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer C Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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15
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Borrelia burgdorferi induces a type I interferon response during early stages of disseminated infection in mice. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:29. [PMID: 26957120 PMCID: PMC4784397 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme borrelia genotypes differ in their capacity to cause disseminated disease. Gene array analysis was employed to profile the host transcriptome induced by Borrelia burgdorferi strains with different capacities for causing disseminated disease in the blood of C3H/HeJ mice during early infection. RESULTS B. burgdorferi B515, a clinical isolate that causes disseminated infection in mice, differentially regulated 236 transcripts (P < 0.05 by ANOVA, with fold change of at least 2). The 216 significantly induced transcripts included interferon (IFN)-responsive genes and genes involved in immunity and inflammation. In contrast, B. burgdorferi B331, a clinical isolate that causes transient skin infection but does not disseminate in C3H/HeJ mice, stimulated changes in only a few genes (1 induced, 4 repressed). Transcriptional regulation of type I IFN and IFN-related genes was measured by quantitative RT-PCR in mouse skin biopsies collected from the site of infection 24 h after inoculation with B. burgdorferi. The mean values for transcripts of Ifnb, Cxcl10, Gbp1, Ifit1, Ifit3, Irf7, Mx1, and Stat2 were found to be significantly increased in B. burgdorferi strain B515-infected mice relative to the control group. In contrast, transcription of these genes was not significantly changed in response to B. burgdorferi strain B331 or B31-4, a mutant that is unable to disseminate. CONCLUSIONS These results establish a positive association between the disseminating capacity of B. burgdorferi and early type I IFN induction in a murine model of Lyme disease.
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16
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Microbial pathogenesis and type III interferons. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:45-51. [PMID: 26987613 PMCID: PMC4899229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system possesses a multitude of pathways to sense and respond to microbial pathogens. One such family are the interferons (IFNs), a family of cytokines that are involved in several cellular functions. Type I IFNs are appreciated to be important in several viral and bacterial diseases, while the recently identified type III IFNs (IFNL1, IFNL2, IFNL3, IFNL4) have been studied primarily in the context of viral infection. Viral and bacterial infections however are not mutually exclusive, and often the presence of a viral pathogen increases the pathogenesis of bacterial infection. The role of type III IFN in bacterial and viral-bacterial co-infections has just begun to be explored. In this mini review we discuss type III IFN signaling and its role in microbial pathogenesis with an emphasis on the work that has been conducted with bacterial pathogens.
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17
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Mason LM, Herkes EA, Krupna-Gaylord MA, Oei A, Poll TVD, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Petzke MM, Hovius JW. Borrelia burgdorferi clinical isolates induce human innate immune responses that are not dependent on genotype. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the tick-borne etiologic agent of Lyme disease. The spirochete must negotiate numerous barriers in order to establish a disseminated infection in a mammalian host. These barriers include migration from the feeding tick midgut to the salivary glands, deposition in skin, manipulation or evasion of the localized host immune response, adhesion to and extravasation through an endothelial barrier, hematogenous dissemination, and establishment of infection in distal tissue sites. Borrelia burgdorferi proteins that mediate many of these processes and the nature of the host response to infection are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Petzke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Ira Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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19
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Love AC, Schwartz I, Petzke MM. Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by Borrelia burgdorferi in human immune cells correlates with pathogenic potential. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:379-90. [PMID: 25420916 PMCID: PMC4304421 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0714-339r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial agent of Lyme disease, induces the production of type I IFNs by human DCs through TLR7 and TLR9 signaling. This type I IFN response occurs in a genotype-dependent manner, with significantly higher levels of IFN-α elicited by B. burgdorferi strains that have a greater capacity for causing disseminated infection. A B. burgdorferi strain that was previously shown to induce IFN-α was found to elicit significantly higher levels of IDO1 protein and its downstream metabolite, kynurenine, compared with a B. burgdorferi mutant that lacks a single linear plasmid (lp36); this mutant is unable to induce IFN-α and is severely attenuated for infectivity in mice. Production of IDO by mDC and pDC populations, present within human PBMCs, was concomitant with increased expression of the DC maturation markers, CD83 and CCR7. The defects in IDO production and expression of CD83 and CCR7 could be restored by complementation of the mutant with lp36. Maximal IDO production in response to the wild-type strain was dependent on contributions by both type I IFN and IFN-γ, the type II IFN. Induction of IDO was mediated by the same TLR7-dependent recognition of B. burgdorferi RNA that contributes to the production of type I IFNs by human DCs. The ability of IFN-α-inducing B. burgdorferi strains to stimulate production of IDO and kynurenines may be a mechanism that is used by the pathogen to promote localized immunosuppression and facilitate hematogenous dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Love
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Ira Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Mary M Petzke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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