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Guo J, Chen S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Jiang L, Hu L, Yao K, Yu Y, Chen X. Cholesterol metabolism: physiological regulation and diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e476. [PMID: 38405060 PMCID: PMC10893558 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is crucial for cellular and systemic function. The disorder of cholesterol metabolism not only accelerates the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but is also the fundamental cause of other ailments. The regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the human is an extremely complex process. Due to the dynamic balance between cholesterol synthesis, intake, efflux and storage, cholesterol metabolism generally remains secure. Disruption of any of these links is likely to have adverse effects on the body. At present, increasing evidence suggests that abnormal cholesterol metabolism is closely related to various systemic diseases. However, the exact mechanism by which cholesterol metabolism contributes to disease pathogenesis remains unclear, and there are still unknown factors. In this review, we outline the metabolic process of cholesterol in the human body, especially reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Then, we discuss separately the impact of abnormal cholesterol metabolism on common diseases and potential therapeutic targets for each disease, including CVD, tumors, neurological diseases, and immune system diseases. At the end of this review, we focus on the effect of cholesterol metabolism on eye diseases. In short, we hope to provide more new ideas for the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases from the perspective of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Guo
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Silong Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
- Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Luyang Jiang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Lidan Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthThe Children's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Yibo Yu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
- Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
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2
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Dias IHK, Shokr H. Oxysterols as Biomarkers of Aging and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:307-336. [PMID: 38036887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols derive from either enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. Even though they are produced as intermediates of bile acid synthesis pathway, they are recognised as bioactive compounds in cellular processes. Therefore, their absence or accumulation have been shown to be associated with disease phenotypes. This chapter discusses the contribution of oxysterol to ageing, age-related diseases such as neurodegeneration and various disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic and ocular disorders. It is clear that oxysterols play a significant role in development and progression of these diseases. As a result, oxysterols are being investigated as suitable markers for disease diagnosis purposes and some drug targets are in development targeting oxysterol pathways. However, further research will be needed to confirm the suitability of these potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika H K Dias
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Hala Shokr
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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3
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Pariente A, Peláez R, Ochoa R, Pérez-Sala Á, Villanueva-Martínez Á, Bobadilla M, Larráyoz IM. Targeting 7KCh-Induced Cell Death Response Mediated by p38, P2X7 and GSDME in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells with Sterculic Acid. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2590. [PMID: 38004569 PMCID: PMC10675123 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of blindness in developed countries. AMD is characterized by the formation of drusen, which are lipidic deposits, between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid. One of the main molecules accumulated in drusen is 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh), an oxidized-cholesterol derivative. It is known that 7KCh induces inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in different cell types and the study of its mechanism of action is interesting in order to understand the development of AMD. Sterculic acid (SA) counteracts 7KCh response in RPE cells and could represent an alternative to improve currently used AMD treatments, which are not efficient enough. In the present study, we determine that 7KCh induces a complex cell death signaling characterized by the activation of necrosis and an alternative pyroptosis mediated by P2X7, p38 and GSDME, a new mechanism not yet related to the response to 7KCh until now. On the other hand, SA treatment can successfully attenuate the activation of both necrosis and pyroptosis, highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pariente
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Rodrigo Ochoa
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
- Proteomics Research Core Facility, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pérez-Sala
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Ángela Villanueva-Martínez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Miriam Bobadilla
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Ignacio M. Larráyoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
- Biomarkers, Artificial Intelligence and Signaling (BIAS), Department of Nursing, University of La Rioja, Duquesa de la Victoria 88, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Latifi-Navid H, Barzegar Behrooz A, Jamehdor S, Davari M, Latifinavid M, Zolfaghari N, Piroozmand S, Taghizadeh S, Bourbour M, Shemshaki G, Latifi-Navid S, Arab SS, Soheili ZS, Ahmadieh H, Sheibani N. Construction of an Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecular Network Using Multi-Layer Network Analysis, a Fuzzy Logic Model, and Deep Learning Techniques: Are Retinal and Brain Neurodegenerative Disorders Related? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1555. [PMID: 38004422 PMCID: PMC10674956 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The current management of nAMD is limited and involves regular intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). However, the effectiveness of these treatments is limited by overlapping and compensatory pathways leading to unresponsiveness to anti-VEGF treatments in a significant portion of nAMD patients. Therefore, a system view of pathways involved in pathophysiology of nAMD will have significant clinical value. The aim of this study was to identify proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), various metabolites, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a significant role in the pathogenesis of nAMD. To accomplish this goal, we conducted a multi-layer network analysis, which identified 30 key genes, six miRNAs, and four lncRNAs. We also found three key metabolites that are common with AMD, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified nine key SNPs and their related genes that are common among AMD, AD, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, our findings suggest that there exists a connection between nAMD and the aforementioned neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, our study also demonstrates the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence, specifically the LSTM network, a fuzzy logic model, and genetic algorithms, to identify important metabolites in complex metabolic pathways to open new avenues for the design and/or repurposing of drugs for nAMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Saleh Jamehdor
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran;
| | - Maliheh Davari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Masoud Latifinavid
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, 06790 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Narges Zolfaghari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Somayeh Piroozmand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Sepideh Taghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mahsa Bourbour
- Department of Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran;
| | - Golnaz Shemshaki
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570005, India;
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran;
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran;
| | - Zahra-Soheila Soheili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1666673111, Iran;
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Shi Q, Zhan T, Bi X, Ye BC, Qi N. Cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites in host defense against infectious diseases. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350501. [PMID: 37369622 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized to oxysterols by enzymatic or nonenzymatic ways. Nonenzymatic cholesterol metabolites, also called cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites, are formed dependent on the oxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as OH• or reactive nitrogen species, such as ONOO- . Cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites are abundantly produced in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerosis, which are associated with oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown that cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites can further regulate the immune system. Here, we review the literature and summarize how cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), 7α/β-OHC, and 7-ketocholesterol, deal with the occurrence and development of infectious diseases through pattern recognition receptors, inflammasomes, ROS production, nuclear receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor 183, and lipid availability. In addition, we include the research regarding the roles of these metabolites in COVID-19 infection and discuss our viewpoints on the future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingzhu Zhan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobao Bi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Wang H, Ramshekar A, Cung T, Wallace-Carrete C, Zaugg C, Nguyen J, Stoddard GJ, Hartnett ME. 7-Ketocholesterol Promotes Retinal Pigment Epithelium Senescence and Fibrosis of Choroidal Neovascularization via IQGAP1 Phosphorylation-Dependent Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10276. [PMID: 37373423 PMCID: PMC10299509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) occurs in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and was found previously to promote fibrosis, an untreatable cause of vision loss, partly through induction of endothelial-mesenchymal transition. To address the hypothesis that 7KC causes mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE), we exposed human primary RPE (hRPE) to 7KC or a control. 7KC-treated hRPE did not manifest increased mesenchymal markers, but instead maintained RPE-specific proteins and exhibited signs of senescence with increased serine phosphorylation of histone H3, serine/threonine phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), p16 and p21, β-galactosidase labeling, and reduced LaminB1, suggesting senescence. The cells also developed senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) determined by increased IL-1β, IL-6, and VEGF through mTOR-mediated NF-κB signaling, and reduced barrier integrity that was restored by the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin. 7KC-induced p21, VEGF, and IL-1β were inhibited by an inhibitor of protein kinase C. The kinase regulates IQGAP1 serine phosphorylation. Furthermore, after 7KC injection and laser-induced injury, mice with an IQGAP1 serine 1441-point mutation had significantly reduced fibrosis compared to littermate control mice. Our results provide evidence that age-related accumulation of 7KC in drusen mediates senescence and SASP in RPE, and IQGAP1 serine phosphorylation is important in causing fibrosis in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (H.W.); (A.R.); (T.C.); (C.W.-C.); (C.Z.); (J.N.)
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Aniket Ramshekar
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (H.W.); (A.R.); (T.C.); (C.W.-C.); (C.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Thaonhi Cung
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (H.W.); (A.R.); (T.C.); (C.W.-C.); (C.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Chris Wallace-Carrete
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (H.W.); (A.R.); (T.C.); (C.W.-C.); (C.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Chandler Zaugg
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (H.W.); (A.R.); (T.C.); (C.W.-C.); (C.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Jasmine Nguyen
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (H.W.); (A.R.); (T.C.); (C.W.-C.); (C.Z.); (J.N.)
| | - Gregory J. Stoddard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
| | - M. Elizabeth Hartnett
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (H.W.); (A.R.); (T.C.); (C.W.-C.); (C.Z.); (J.N.)
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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7
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Pariente A, Pérez-Sala Á, Ochoa R, Bobadilla M, Villanueva-Martínez Á, Peláez R, Larráyoz IM. Identification of 7-Ketocholesterol-Modulated Pathways and Sterculic Acid Protective Effect in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells by Using Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087459. [PMID: 37108627 PMCID: PMC10144535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. AMD is characterized by the formation of lipidic deposits between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid called drusen. 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh), an oxidized-cholesterol derivative, is closely related to AMD as it is one of the main molecules accumulated in drusen. 7KCh induces inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in different cell types, and a better knowledge of the signaling pathways involved in its response would provide a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of AMD. Furthermore, currently used therapies for AMD are not efficient enough. Sterculic acid (SA) attenuates the 7KCh response in RPE cells and is presented as an alternative to improve these therapies. By using genome-wide transcriptomic analysis in monkey RPE cells, we have provided new insight into 7KCh-induced signaling in RPE cells, as well as the protective capacity of SA. 7KCh modulates the expression of several genes associated with lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and cell death and induces a complex response in RPE cells. The addition of SA successfully attenuates the deleterious effect of 7KCh and highlights its potential for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pariente
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pérez-Sala
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ochoa
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
- Proteomics Research Core Facility, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miriam Bobadilla
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ángela Villanueva-Martínez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larráyoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
- Biomarkers, Artificial Intelligence and Signaling (BIAS), Department of Nursing, University of La Rioja, Duquesa de la Victoria 88, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Implication of Oxysterols in Infectious and Non-Communicable Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020241. [PMID: 36672175 PMCID: PMC9856663 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, derived from cholesterol oxidation, are formed either by autoxidation, via enzymes, or by both processes [...].
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Uchikawa T, Matoba T, Kawahara T, Baba I, Katsuki S, Koga JI, Hashimoto Y, Yamasaki R, Ichi I, Akita H, Tsutsui H. Dietary 7-ketocholesterol exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice through monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14902. [PMID: 36050346 PMCID: PMC9436973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), one of the most abundant dietary oxysterols, causes inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Here we show the deteriorating effects of dietary 7-KC on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and detailed the molecular mechanisms. A high-fat high-cholesterol diet containing 7-KC (7KWD) for 3 weeks increased the plasma 7-KC level compared with high-fat high-cholesterol diet in mice. In wild-type mice but not in CCR2-/- mice, dietary 7-KC increased the myocardial infarct size after IR. Flow cytometry revealed that the ratio of Ly-6Chigh inflammatory monocytes to total monocytes was increased in the 7KWD group. Unbiased RNA sequencing using murine primary macrophages revealed that 7-KC regulated the expression of transcripts related to inflammation and cholesterol biosynthesis. We further validated that in vitro, 7-KC induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and nuclear factor-kappa B activation, which are associated with increased mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine or siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase or endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1α suppressed the levels of 7-KC-induced inflammation. Dietary 7-KC exacerbates myocardial IR injury through monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammation. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress are involved in the 7-KC-induced proinflammatory response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Uchikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Takuro Kawahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isashi Baba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Katsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Koga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yu Hashimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Dhodapkar RM, Martell D, Hafler BP. Glial-mediated neuroinflammatory mechanisms in age-related macular degeneration. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:673-683. [PMID: 35513496 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium loss often complicated by neovascularization and is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. However, the precise pathophysiology of AMD remains to date unclear, and there is a dearth of effective therapies for the early stages of the disease. A growing body of evidence has identified microglia-mediated neuroinflammation as a key driver of neuronal damage in AMD, presenting a novel avenue for the development of pharmacological agents targeting this cell population. The local microglial response interacts with other glia as well as engages in crosstalk with peripheral immunological niches. This article presents a review of the current evidence regarding the involvement of glia in the pathophysiology of AMD, an overview of the key immune circuits and effector mechanisms shown to be active in AMD, and potential therapeutic avenues targeting glial involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Martell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P Hafler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Titi-Lartey O, Mohammed I, Amoaku WM. Toll-Like Receptor Signalling Pathways and the Pathogenesis of Retinal Diseases. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:850394. [PMID: 38983565 PMCID: PMC11182157 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.850394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the pathogenesis of retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a significant chronic inflammatory component. A vital part of the inflammatory cascade is through the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as toll-like receptors (TLR). Here, we reviewed the past and current literature to ascertain the cumulative knowledge regarding the effect of TLRs on the development and progression of retinal diseases. There is burgeoning research demonstrating the relationship between TLRs and risk of developing retinal diseases, utilising a range of relevant disease models and a few large clinical investigations. The literature confirms that TLRs are involved in the development and progression of retinal diseases such as DR, AMD, and ischaemic retinopathy. Genetic polymorphisms in TLRs appear to contribute to the risk of developing AMD and DR. However, there are some inconsistencies in the published reports which require further elucidation. The evidence regarding TLR associations in retinal dystrophies including retinitis pigmentosa is limited. Based on the current evidence relating to the role of TLRs, combining anti-VEGF therapies with TLR inhibition may provide a longer-lasting treatment in some retinal vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Winfried M. Amoaku
- Academic Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Yang L, Yu P, Chen M, Lei B. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Rapamycin Alleviates 7-Ketocholesterol Induced Inflammatory Responses and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Elevation by Regulating MAPK Pathway in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:189-200. [PMID: 34936813 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To validate the protective effect of a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor on human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells challenged with 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Human primary RPE (hRPE) cells and ARPE-19 cells were cultured with or without 10 nM of rapamycin for 6 h before being exposed to 10 μM of 7-KC for 24 h. The transcriptome of 7-KC challenged ARPE-19 cells was investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The effects of 7-KC and rapamycin on the viability of ARPE-19 cells were measured with CCK-8. Gene expression was verified by real-time PCR, and protein levels were determined by ELISA or Western blotting. Results: The expression of IL-6, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RPE cells was markedly increased after stimulation with 7-KC for 12/24 h compared with the controls. RNA-seq showed that a total of 10,243 genes were differentially expressed, with 5,518 genes upregulated and 4,725 genes downregulated between the 7-KC treated and the control group. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that 7-KC stimulation activated mTOR signaling and other pathways, including adherent junction, MAPK, and Wnt signalings. mTOR inhibitor rapamycin significantly suppressed the elevation of IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF stimulated by 7-KC. Rapamycin not only decreased the level of phosphorylated mTOR, P70S6K, 4EBP1 but also inhibited the activation of MAPK pathway. Conclusions: Inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway suppressed the elevation of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and the angiogenic agent VEGF induced by 7-KC. The protective effect of rapamycin was associated with its downregulation on MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Changshou District, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Lei
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Ghzaiel I, Sassi K, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Ksila M, Leoni V, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Hammami S, Hammami M, Mackrill JJ, Samadi M, Ghrairi T, Vejux A, Lizard G. 7-Ketocholesterol: Effects on viral infections and hypothetical contribution in COVID-19. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105939. [PMID: 34118414 PMCID: PMC8188774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol, which is one of the earliest cholesterol oxidization products identified, is essentially formed by the auto-oxidation of cholesterol. In the body, 7-ketocholesterol is both provided by food and produced endogenously. This pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory molecule, which can activate apoptosis and autophagy at high concentrations, is an abundant component of oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins. 7-Ketocholesterol appears to significantly contribute to the development of age-related diseases (cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and Alzheimer's disease), chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and to certain cancers. Recent studies have also shown that 7-ketocholesterol has anti-viral activities, including on SARS-CoV-2, which are, however, lower than those of oxysterols resulting from the oxidation of cholesterol on the side chain. Furthermore, 7-ketocholesterol is increased in the serum of moderately and severely affected COVID-19 patients. In the case of COVID-19, it can be assumed that the antiviral activity of 7-ketocholesterol could be counterbalanced by its toxic effects, including pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant activities that might promote the induction of cell death in alveolar cells. It is therefore suggested that this oxysterol might be involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 by contributing to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and promoting a deleterious, even fatal outcome. Thus, 7-ketocholesterol could possibly constitute a lipid biomarker of COVID-19 outcome and counteracting its toxic effects with adjuvant therapies might have beneficial effects in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ghzaiel
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Khouloud Sassi
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; University Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Onco-Hematology (LR05ES05), Faculty of Medicine, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Thomas Nury
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Mohamed Ksila
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; University Tunis-El Manar, Loboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of BioMoleecules, LR18ES03, Department of Biologie, Faculty of Sciences, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospitals of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Balkiss Bouhaouala-Zahar
- Laboratory of Venoms and Therapeutic Molecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis & University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Sonia Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Dept of Chemistry, Univ. Lorraine, Metz Technopôle, Metz, France.
| | - Taoufik Ghrairi
- University Tunis-El Manar, Loboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of BioMoleecules, LR18ES03, Department of Biologie, Faculty of Sciences, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Anne Vejux
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Gérard Lizard
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France.
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14
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Peláez R, Ochoa R, Pariente A, Villanueva-Martínez Á, Pérez-Sala Á, Larráyoz IM. Sterculic Acid Alters Adhesion Molecules Expression and Extracellular Matrix Compounds to Regulate Migration of Lung Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174370. [PMID: 34503180 PMCID: PMC8431022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterculic acid (SA) is a cyclopropenoid fatty acid isolated from Sterculia foetida seeds. This molecule is a well-known inhibitor of SCD1 enzyme, also known as ∆9-desaturase, which main function is related to lipid metabolism. However, recent studies have demonstrated that it also modifies many other pathways and the underlying gene expression. SCD overexpression, or up-regulated activity, has been associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in many cancer types. Scd1 down-regulation, with different inhibitors or molecular strategies, reduces tumor cell survival and cell proliferation, as well as the chemoresistance associated with cancer stem cell presence. However, SA effects over cancer cell migration and extracellular matrix or adhesion molecules have not been described in cancer cells up to now. We used different migration assays and qPCR gene expression analysis to evaluate the effects of SA treatment in cancer cells. The results reveal that SA induces tumoral cell death at high doses, but we also observed that lower SA-treatments induce cell adhesion-migration capacity reduction as a result of modifications in the expression of genes related to integrins and extracellular matrix compounds. Overall, the functional and transcriptomic findings suggest that SA could represent a new inhibitor activity of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Peláez
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +34-941-278-770 ((ext. 84866) (R.P.) & (ext. 89878) (I.M.L.))
| | | | | | | | | | - Ignacio M. Larráyoz
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +34-941-278-770 ((ext. 84866) (R.P.) & (ext. 89878) (I.M.L.))
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15
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Retinal Pigment Epithelium Expressed Toll-like Receptors and Their Potential Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168387. [PMID: 34445096 PMCID: PMC8395065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Inflammation is a major pathomechanism in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may contribute to retinal inflammation via activation of its Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR are pattern recognition receptors that detect the pathogen- or danger-associated molecular pattern. The involvement of TLR activation in AMD is so far not understood. (2) Methods: We performed a systematic literature research, consulting the National Library of Medicine (PubMed). (3) Results: We identified 106 studies, of which 54 were included in this review. Based on these studies, the current status of TLR in AMD, the effects of TLR in RPE activation and of the interaction of TLR activated RPE with monocytic cells are given, and the potential of TLR activation in RPE as part of the AMD development is discussed. (4) Conclusion: The activation of TLR2, -3, and -4 induces a profound pro-inflammatory response in the RPE that may contribute to (long-term) inflammation by induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing RPE function and causing RPE cell degeneration, thereby potentially constantly providing new TLR ligands, which could perpetuate and, in the long run, exacerbate the inflammatory response, which may contribute to AMD development. Furthermore, the combined activation of RPE and microglia may exacerbate neurotoxic effects.
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16
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Nury T, Yammine A, Ghzaiel I, Sassi K, Zarrouk A, Brahmi F, Samadi M, Rup-Jacques S, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Pais de Barros J, Bergas V, Ghosh S, Majeed M, Pande A, Atanasov A, Hammami S, Hammami M, Mackrill J, Nasser B, Andreoletti P, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Vejux A, Lizard G. Attenuation of 7-ketocholesterol- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced oxiapoptophagy by nutrients, synthetic molecules and oils: Potential for the prevention of age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101324. [PMID: 33774195 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related diseases for which there are no effective treatments include cardiovascular diseases; neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease; eye disorders such as cataract and age-related macular degeneration; and, more recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). These diseases are associated with plasma and/or tissue increases in cholesterol derivatives mainly formed by auto-oxidation: 7-ketocholesterol, also known as 7-oxo-cholesterol, and 7β-hydroxycholesterol. The formation of these oxysterols can be considered as a consequence of mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction, leading to increased in oxidative stress, which is accentuated with age. 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol cause a specific form of cytotoxic activity defined as oxiapoptophagy, including oxidative stress and induction of death by apoptosis associated with autophagic criteria. Oxiaptophagy is associated with organelle dysfunction and in particular with mitochondrial and peroxisomal alterations involved in the induction of cell death and in the rupture of redox balance. As the criteria characterizing 7-ketocholesterol- and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity are often simultaneously observed in major age-related diseases (cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease) the involvement of these oxysterols in the pathophysiology of the latter seems increasingly likely. It is therefore important to better understand the signalling pathways associated with the toxicity of 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol in order to identify pharmacological targets, nutrients and synthetic molecules attenuating or inhibiting the cytotoxic activities of these oxysterols. Numerous natural cytoprotective compounds have been identified: vitamins, fatty acids, polyphenols, terpenes, vegetal pigments, antioxidants, mixtures of compounds (oils, plant extracts) and bacterial enzymes. However, few synthetic molecules are able to prevent 7-ketocholesterol- and/or 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cytotoxicity: dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG126, memantine, simvastatine, Trolox, dimethylsufoxide, mangafodipir and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) inhibitors. The effectiveness of these compounds, several of which are already in use in humans, makes it possible to consider using them for the treatment of certain age-related diseases associated with increased plasma and/or tissue levels of 7-ketocholesterol and/or 7β-hydroxycholesterol.
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17
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TLR4-mediated pyroptosis in human hepatoma-derived HuH-7 cells induced by a branched-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, geranylgeranoic acid. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222621. [PMID: 32270855 PMCID: PMC7189495 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A branched-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, geranylgeranoic acid (GGA; C20:4), which is an endogenous metabolite derived from the mevalonate pathway in mammals, has been reported to induce cell death in human hepatoma cells. We have previously shown that the lipid-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) is an upstream cellular process for an incomplete autophagic response that might be involved in GGA-induced cell death. Here, we found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated pyroptosis in HuH-7 cells occurred by GGA treatment. The TLR4-specific inhibitor VIPER prevented both GGA-induced cell death and UPR. Knockdown of the TLR4 gene attenuated GGA-induced cell death significantly. Upon GGA-induced UPR, caspase (CASP) 4 (CASP4) was activated immediately and gasdermin D (GSDMD) was translocated concomitantly to the plasma membrane after production of the N-terminal fragment of GSDMD. Then, cellular CASP1 activation occurred following a second gradual up-regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, suggesting that GGA activated the inflammasome. Indeed, the mRNA levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-1 β (IL1B) genes were up-regulated dramatically with translocation of cytoplasmic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to nuclei after GGA treatment, indicating that GGA induced priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome through NF-κB activation. GGA-induced up-regulation of CASP1 activity was blocked by either oleic acid, VIPER, MCC950 (a selective inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome), or CASP4-specific inhibitor peptide cotreatment. Pyroptotic cell death was also confirmed morphologically by bleb formation in time-series live cell imaging of GGA-treated cells. Taken together, the present results strongly indicate that GGA causes pyroptotic cell death in human hepatoma-derived HuH-7 via TLR4 signalling.
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18
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Yammine A, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Vejux A, Latruffe N, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Samadi M, Mackrill JJ, Greige-Gerges H, Auezova L, Lizard G. Prevention by Dietary Polyphenols (Resveratrol, Quercetin, Apigenin) Against 7-Ketocholesterol-Induced Oxiapoptophagy in Neuronal N2a Cells: Potential Interest for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Age-Related Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112346. [PMID: 33114025 PMCID: PMC7690753 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is associated with health benefits due to bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. The biological activities of three polyphenols (quercetin (QCT), resveratrol (RSV), apigenin (API)) were evaluated in mouse neuronal N2a cells in the presence of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), a major cholesterol oxidation product increased in patients with age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. In N2a cells, 7KC (50 µM; 48 h) induces cytotoxic effects characterized by an induction of cell death. When associated with RSV, QCT and API (3.125; 6.25 µM), 7KC-induced toxicity was reduced. The ability of QCT, RSV and API to prevent 7KC-induced oxidative stress was characterized by a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in whole cells and at the mitochondrial level; by an attenuation of the increase in the level and activity of catalase; by attenuating the decrease in the expression, level and activity of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1); by normalizing the expression, level and activity of superoxide dismutases 1 and 2 (SOD1, SOD2); and by reducing the decrease in the expression of nuclear erythroid 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2) which regulates antioxidant genes. QCT, RSV and API also prevented mitochondrial dysfunction in 7KC-treated cells by counteracting the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΨΔm) and attenuating the decreased gene expression and/or protein level of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis. At the peroxisomal level, QCT, RSV and API prevented the impact of 7KC by counteracting the decrease in ATP binding cassette subfamily D member (ABCD)3 (a peroxisomal mass marker) at the protein and mRNA levels, as well as the decreased expresssion of genes associated with peroxisomal biogenesis (Pex13, Pex14) and peroxisomal β-oxidation (Abcd1, Acox1, Mfp2, Thiolase A). The 7KC-induced decrease in ABCD1 and multifunctional enzyme type 2 (MFP2), two proteins involved in peroxisomal β-oxidation, was also attenuated by RSV, QCT and API. 7KC-induced cell death, which has characteristics of apoptosis (cells with fragmented and/or condensed nuclei; cleaved caspase-3; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) fragmentation) and autophagy (cells with monodansyl cadaverine positive vacuoles; activation of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3–I (LC3-I) to LC3-II, was also strongly attenuated by RSV, QCT and API. Thus, in N2a cells, 7KC induces a mode of cell death by oxiapoptophagy, including criteria of OXIdative stress, APOPTOsis and autoPHAGY, associated with mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction, which is counteracted by RSV, QCT, and API reinforcing the interest for these polyphenols in prevention of diseases associated with increased 7KC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Yammine
- Team Bio-peroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (T.N.); (A.V.); (N.L.)
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Jdeidet P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon; (H.G.-G.); (L.A.)
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition-Functional Food & Vascular Health’, University Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team Bio-peroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (T.N.); (A.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team Bio-peroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (T.N.); (A.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Norbert Latruffe
- Team Bio-peroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (T.N.); (A.V.); (N.L.)
| | - Dominique Vervandier-Fasseur
- Team OCS, Institute of Molecular Chemistry of University of Burgundy (ICMUB UMR CNRS 6302), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Depterment of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz Technopôle, 57070 Metz, France;
| | - John J. Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, T12 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Hélène Greige-Gerges
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Jdeidet P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon; (H.G.-G.); (L.A.)
| | - Lizette Auezova
- Bioactive Molecules Research Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Jdeidet P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon; (H.G.-G.); (L.A.)
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-peroxIL, “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism” (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.Y.); (T.N.); (A.V.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +333-80-39-62-56; Fax: +333-80-39-62-50
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19
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Effect of Ergothioneine on 7-Ketocholesterol-Induced Endothelial Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:184-198. [PMID: 33067719 PMCID: PMC7567423 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET) is a naturally occurring antioxidant that is synthesized by non-yeast fungi and certain bacteria. ET is not synthesized by animals, including humans, but is avidly taken up from the diet, especially from mushrooms. In the current study, we elucidated the effect of ET on the hCMEC/D3 human brain endothelial cell line. Endothelial cells are exposed to high levels of the cholesterol oxidation product, 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), in patients with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and this process is thought to mediate pathological inflammation. 7KC induces a dose-dependent loss of cell viability and an increase in apoptosis and necrosis in the endothelial cells. A relocalization of the tight junction proteins, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5, towards the nucleus of the cells was also observed. These effects were significantly attenuated by ET. In addition, 7KC induces marked increases in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), as well as COX2 enzymatic activity, and these were significantly reduced by ET. Moreover, the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of ET were significantly reduced by co-incubation with an inhibitor of the ET transporter, OCTN1 (VHCL). This shows that ET needs to enter the endothelial cells to have a protective effect and is unlikely to act via extracellular neutralizing of 7KC. The protective effect on inflammation in brain endothelial cells suggests that ET might be useful as a nutraceutical for the prevention or management of neurovascular diseases, such as stroke and vascular dementia. Moreover, the ability of ET to cross the blood-brain barrier could point to its usefulness in combatting 7KC that is produced in the CNS during neuroinflammation, e.g. after excitotoxicity, in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and possibly COVID-19-related neurologic complications.
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Pariente A, Pérez-Sala Á, Ochoa R, Peláez R, Larráyoz IM. Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Pathways Regulated by Sterculic Acid in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051187. [PMID: 32403229 PMCID: PMC7290791 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its predominant role in lipid metabolism and body weight control, SCD1 has emerged recently as a potential new target for the treatment of various diseases. Sterculic acid (SA) is a cyclopropene fatty acid with numerous biological activities, generally attributed to its Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) inhibitory properties. Additional effects exerted by SA, independently of SCD inhibition, may be mediating anti-inflammatory and protective roles in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In order to provide insights into those mechanisms, genome-wide transcriptomic analyses were carried out in mRPE cells exposed to SA for 24 h. Integrative functional enrichment analysis of genome-wide expression data provided biological insight about the protective mechanisms induced by SA. On the one hand, pivotal genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, cell death, actin-cytoskeleton reorganization and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction were significantly downregulated by exposition to SA. On the other hand, genes related to fatty acid degradation and beta-oxidation were significantly upregulated. In conclusion, SA administration to RPE cells regulates crucial pathways related to cell proliferation, inflammation and cell death that may be of interest for the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Vejux A, Abed-Vieillard D, Hajji K, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Ghosh S, Nury T, Yammine A, Zaibi M, Mihoubi W, Bouchab H, Nasser B, Grosjean Y, Lizard G. 7-Ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol: In vitro and animal models used to characterize their activities and to identify molecules preventing their toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kulas JA, Weigel TK, Ferris HA. Insulin resistance and impaired lipid metabolism as a potential link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:194-205. [PMID: 32022298 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes disrupts organs throughout the body including the brain. Evidence suggests diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neurodegeneration. In this review, we focus on understanding how diabetes contributes to the progression of neurodegeneration by influencing several aspects of the disease process. We emphasize the potential roles of brain insulin resistance, as well as cholesterol and lipid disruption, as factors which worsen AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kulas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Thaddeus K Weigel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Heather A Ferris
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Sterculic Acid: The Mechanisms of Action beyond Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Inhibition and Therapeutic Opportunities in Human Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010140. [PMID: 31936134 PMCID: PMC7016617 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many tissues, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) catalyzes the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS), (i.e., palmitoleate and oleate) from their saturated fatty acid (SFA) precursors (i.e., palmitate and stearate), influencing cellular membrane physiology and signaling, leading to broad effects on human physiology. In addition to its predominant role in lipid metabolism and body weight control, SCD1 has emerged recently as a potential new target for the treatment for various diseases, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and skin disorders. Sterculic acid (SA) is a cyclopropene fatty acid originally found in the seeds of the plant Sterculia foetida with numerous biological activities. On the one hand, its ability to inhibit stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) allows its use as a coadjuvant of several pathologies where this enzyme has been associated. On the other hand, additional effects independently of its SCD inhibitory properties, involve anti-inflammatory and protective roles in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review aims to summarize the mechanisms by which SA exerts its actions and to highlight the emerging areas where this natural compound may be of help for the development of new therapies for human diseases.
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Oxidized cholesterol species as signaling molecules in the brain: diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20190068. [PMID: 32269839 PMCID: PMC7104322 DOI: 10.1042/ns20190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with adverse central nervous system effects, including a doubled risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and increased risk of cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms connecting diabetes to cognitive decline and dementia are unknown. One possible link between these diseases may be the associated alterations to cholesterol oxidation and metabolism in the brain. We will survey evidence demonstrating alterations to oxysterols in the brain in AD and diabetes and how these oxysterols could contribute to pathology, as well as identifying research questions that have not yet been addressed to allow for a fuller understanding of the role of oxysterols in AD and diabetes.
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Yalcinkaya A, Samadi A, Lay I, Unal S, Sabuncuoglu S, Oztas Y. Oxysterol concentrations are associated with cholesterol concentrations and anemia in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:381-387. [PMID: 31187639 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1627578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) causes anemia, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and lipid abnormalities. Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol and affect cholesterol metabolism and eryptosis. Our aim was to determine whether the plasma concentrations of 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (C-triol) were associated with hemolysis and lipid profile in patients with SCD. A total of 32 steady-state pediatric patients with SCD (22 HbSS and 10 HbSß+) and 25 healthy controls were included in the study. Hemolysis parameters, ferritin, serum iron, lipids, 7-KC and C-triol concentrations of all subjects were measured. Oxysterols were quantified with N,N-dimethylglycine derivatization via LC-MS/MS. 7-KC and C-triol concentrations were found to be increased in SCD patients, while there was no difference between the HbSS and HbSß+ subgroups. 7-KC concentrations s were correlated negatively with hemoglobin and positively with lactate dehydrogenase concentrations, while C-triol concentrations were negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol. Furthermore, while 7-KC and C-triol concentrations were highly correlated among controls, there was no correlation in patients. The findings of our study suggest that 7-KC and C-triol may have a role in SCD pathophysiology. The lack of correlation in patients' 7-KC and C-triol concentrations suggest alterations in oxysterol production in patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yalcinkaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Afshin Samadi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Incilay Lay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Selma Unal
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yesim Oztas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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Rossin D, Barbosa-Pereira L, Iaia N, Testa G, Sottero B, Poli G, Zeppa G, Biasi F. A Dietary Mixture of Oxysterols Induces In Vitro Intestinal Inflammation through TLR2/4 Activation: The Protective Effect of Cocoa Bean Shells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060151. [PMID: 31151323 PMCID: PMC6617147 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exaggerated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune and inflammatory responses play a role in inflammatory bowel diseases. This report deals with the ability of a mixture of oxysterols widely present in cholesterol-rich foods to induce in vitro intestinal inflammation through TLR up-regulation. The anti-inflammatory action of four cocoa bean shell (CBS) extracts with different polyphenol content, was tested. METHODS Differentiated intestinal CaCo-2 cells were treated with a dietary oxysterol mixture (Oxy-mix) (60 µM). The expression and activation of TLR2 and TLR4, as well as the production of their downstream signaling effectors IL-8, IFNβ and TNFα were analyzed in the presence or absence of TLR antibodies. Honduras CBS extracts were characterized for their polyphenol contents; their anti-inflammatory action was analyzed in CaCo-2 cells treated with Oxy-mix. RESULTS Oxysterol-dependent TLR-2 and TLR4 over-expression and activation together with cytokine induction were abolished by blocking TLRs with specific antibodies. Polyphenol-rich CBS extracts consisting of high quantities of (-)-epicatechin and tannins also prevented TLR induction. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 and TLR4 mainly contribute to inducing oxysterol-dependent intestinal inflammation. The fractionation method of CBS allowed the recovery of fractions rich in (-)-epicatechin and tannins able to counteract oxysterol-induced inflammation, thus highlighting the beneficial biological potential of specific CBS extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (Turin), Italy.
| | - Letricia Barbosa-Pereira
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences (DISAFA), 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy.
| | - Noemi Iaia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (Turin), Italy.
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (Turin), Italy.
| | - Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (Turin), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (Turin), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Zeppa
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences (DISAFA), 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy.
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano (Turin), Italy.
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Rudolf M, Curcio CA, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Sefat AMM, Tura A, Aherrahrou Z, Brinkmann M, Grisanti S, Miura Y, Ranjbar M. Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide L-4F Removes Bruch's Membrane Lipids in Aged Nonhuman Primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:461-472. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rudolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Translational AMD Research Group Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Armin Mir Mohi Sefat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Translational AMD Research Group Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aysegül Tura
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Centre Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Max Brinkmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Laboratory for Angiogenesis & Ocular Cell Transplantation, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Yoko Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Translational AMD Research Group Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mahdy Ranjbar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Laboratory for Angiogenesis & Ocular Cell Transplantation, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Flavonoids Ability to Disrupt Inflammation Mediated by Lipid and Cholesterol Oxidation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:243-253. [PMID: 31562634 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that act as protectants against harmful effects of UV-B radiation inasmuch as biotic stress, conferring at the same time pigmentation of fruits and leaves [67]. The term "flavonoid" refers to phenolics having a basic skeleton of diphenylpropane (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two aromatic rings linked through three carbons that usually form an oxygenated heterocycle [25, 52]. Flavonoids are broken down into several different sub-categories based on their chemical structure. The main subclasses commonly found in food items are: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins [44, 67]. Figure 19.1 depicts the major classification of flavonoids according to their chemical structure. Their occurrence in food matrices has been extensively reviewed [39, 44], and has been subject of extensive research in the last decades. Table 19.1 contains a few examples of compounds from each of the subcategory, with the fruit (berry) in which they are commonly found. The monomeric unit of flavonoids can dimerize and polymerize to form other important high molecular weight molecules; this is the case of proanthocyanidins, that are polymers of flavan-3-ols or flavanols. Not only do these compounds act as plant protectants, but they can also be very beneficial to human health. Cohorts studies performed in the early '90 have shown that dietary consumption of flavonoids was inversely associated with morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease [31, 32]. These findings have opened an intensive field of research on the effects of flavonoids and flavonoids-rich food extracts in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) progression, particularly in the modulating CVD-associated oxidative stress and inflammation. In this short review, we will summarize the current findings in flavonoids beneficial effects in preventing CVD through inhibition of initial stages of CVD progression. Given the magnitude of scientific literature in the field, we will focus on two strictly mechanistic aspects: inhibition of chemical-induced LDL oxidation, and the effect of flavonoids in the monocyte/macrophages activation pathways.
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The Oxysterol 7-Ketocholesterol Reduces Zika Virus Titers in Vero Cells and Human Neurons. Viruses 2018; 11:v11010020. [PMID: 30598036 PMCID: PMC6356585 DOI: 10.3390/v11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus responsible for a major epidemic in the Americas beginning in 2015. ZIKV associated with maternal infection can lead to neurological disorders in newborns, including microcephaly. Although there is an abundance of research examining the neurotropism of ZIKV, we still do not completely understand the mechanism by which ZIKV targets neural cells or how to limit neural cell infection. Recent research suggests that flaviviruses, including ZIKV, may hijack the cellular autophagy pathway to benefit their replication. Therefore, we hypothesized that ZIKV replication would be impacted when infected cells were treated with compounds that target the autophagy pathway. We screened a library of 94 compounds known to affect autophagy in both mammalian and insect cell lines. A subset of compounds that inhibited ZIKV replication without affecting cellular viability were tested for their ability to limit ZIKV replication in human neurons. From this second screen, we identified one compound, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), which inhibited ZIKV replication in neurons without significantly affecting neuron viability. Interestingly, 7-KC induces autophagy, which would be hypothesized to increase ZIKV replication, yet it decreased virus production. Time-of-addition experiments suggest 7-KC inhibits ZIKV replication late in the replication cycle. While 7-KC did not inhibit RNA replication, it decreased the number of particles in the supernatant and the relative infectivity of the released particles, suggesting it interferes with particle budding, release from the host cell, and particle integrity.
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Ikeuchi T, de Vega S, Forcinito P, Doyle AD, Amaral J, Rodriguez IR, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Yamada Y. Extracellular Protein Fibulin-7 and Its C-Terminal Fragment Have In Vivo Antiangiogenic Activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17654. [PMID: 30518776 PMCID: PMC6281620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for tissue development and homeostasis; however, excessive angiogenesis can lead to diseases, including arthritis and cancer metastasis. Some antiangiogenic drugs are available, but side effects remain problematic. Thus, alternative angiogenesis inhibition strategies are needed. Fibulin-7 (Fbln7) is a newly discovered member of the fibulin protein family, a group of cell-secreted glycoproteins, that functions as a cell adhesion molecule and interacts with other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as cell receptors. We previously showed that a recombinant C-terminal Fbln7 fragment (Fbln7-C) inhibits tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. In the present study, we examined the in vivo antiangiogenic activity of recombinant full-length Fbln7 (Fbln7-FL) and Fbln7-C proteins using a rat corneal angiogenesis model. We found that both Fbln7-FL and Fbln7-C inhibited neovascularization. Fbln7-C bound to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), inhibiting VEGFR2 and ERK phosphorylation and resulting in reduced HUVEC motility. HUVEC attachment to Fbln7-C occurred through an interaction with integrin α5β1 and regulated changes in cellular morphology. These results suggest that Fbln7-C action may target neovascularization by altering cell/ECM associations. Therefore, Fbln7-C could have potential as a therapeutic agent for diseases associated with angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ikeuchi
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| | - Susana de Vega
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Research Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Patricia Forcinito
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Office of Portfolio Analysis, Office of the Director, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Juan Amaral
- Mechanism of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Division of Intermural Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Ignacio R Rodriguez
- Mechanism of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
- Sterculia Farms, 11601 SW Fox Brown Rd, Indiantown, Florida, 33496, USA
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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Brahmi F, Vejux A, Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Meddeb W, Rezig L, Namsi A, Sassi K, Yammine A, Badreddine I, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Madani K, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L, Nasser B, Lizard G. Prevention of 7-ketocholesterol-induced side effects by natural compounds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3179-3198. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1491828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Brahmi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Randa Sghaier
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health’, LR12ES05, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lab. Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health’, LR12ES05, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, Lab. Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Wiem Meddeb
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LMMA/IPEST, Faculty of Science, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Leila Rezig
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- ESIAT, Lab. Conservation et Valorisation des Aliments, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Namsi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Sassi
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. Onco-Hematology, Faculty de Medicine of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aline Yammine
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Bioactive Molecules Research Lab, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Iham Badreddine
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Lab. ‘Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Environnement’, Université Ibn Zohr, Taroudant, Morocco
| | | | - Khodir Madani
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf
- Lab. Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Lab. Neuroscience and Biochemistry, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’, Lab. Bio-PeroxIL, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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7-Ketocholesterol enhances leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via p38MAPK pathway. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200499. [PMID: 30063760 PMCID: PMC6067699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol is a major dietary cholesterol oxidation product found in high concentrations in atherosclerotic plaques, which contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 7-ketocholesterol on endothelial inflammation, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Pretreatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with 7-ketocholesterol significantly enhanced the total interactions between human monocytic cells (THP-1 cell line) and TNFα-activated HUVECs under physiological flow conditions, compared to pretreatment with cholesterol (TNFα+50 μM cholesterol: 13.1 ± 0.54 cells/CPF, TNFα+50 μM 7-ketocholesterol: 18.9 ± 0.35 cells/CPF, p < 0.01). 7-Ketocholesterol enhanced the expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 proteins. It also activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and treatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor inhibited both E-selectin expression via ATF-2 activation and 7-ketocholesterol-induced THP-1 adhesion to HUVECs. These findings suggest that 7-ketocholesterol enhances leukocyte–endothelial interactions by upregulating the expression of adhesion molecules, presumably via the p38 MAPK-dependent pathway.
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Honda K, Matoba T, Antoku Y, Koga JI, Ichi I, Nakano K, Tsutsui H, Egashira K. Lipid-Lowering Therapy With Ezetimibe Decreases Spontaneous Atherothrombotic Occlusions in a Rabbit Model of Plaque Erosion: A Role of Serum Oxysterols. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:757-771. [PMID: 29449331 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plaque erosion is increasing its importance as one of the mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes in this statin era. However, the clinical efficacy of currently used lipid-lowering agents in the prevention of thrombotic complications associated with plaque erosion has not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the therapeutic effects of ezetimibe or rosuvastatin monotherapy on spontaneous atherothrombotic occlusion. APPROACH AND RESULTS Femoral arteries of Japanese white rabbits, fed a high-cholesterol diet, were injured by balloon catheter, and then angiotensin II was continuously administrated. In 94% of these arteries, spontaneous thrombotic occlusions were observed after 5 weeks (median) of balloon injury. Histochemical analyses indicated that the injured arteries had similar pathological features to human plaque erosions; (1) spontaneous thrombotic occlusion, (2) lack of endothelial cells, and (3) tissue factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Ezetimibe (1.0 mg/kg per day), but not rosuvastatin (0.6 mg/kg per day), significantly decreased thrombotic occlusion of arteries accompanied with accelerated re-endothelialization and the decreases of serum oxysterols despite the comparable on-treatment serum cholesterol levels. The 7-ketocholesterol inhibited the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Both 7-ketocholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol increased tissue factor expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Tissue factor expression was also induced by serum from vehicle- or rosuvastatin-treated rabbits, but the induction was attenuated with serum from ezetimibe-treated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS We have established a novel rabbit model of spontaneous atherothromobotic occlusion without plaque rupture that is feasible to test the therapeutic effects of various pharmacotherapies. Ezetimibe may decrease atherothrombotic complications after superficial plaque erosion by reducing serum oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Honda
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.).
| | - Yoshibumi Antoku
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Jun-Ichiro Koga
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Kaku Nakano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (K.H., T.M., Y.A., H.T.) and Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine (J.K., K.N., K.E.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan (I.I.)
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Tang HY, Wang CH, Ho HY, Wu PT, Hung CL, Huang CY, Wu PR, Yeh YH, Cheng ML. Lipidomics reveals accumulation of the oxidized cholesterol in erythrocytes of heart failure patients. Redox Biol 2017; 14:499-508. [PMID: 29101899 PMCID: PMC5675899 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Changes in lipids of erythrocytes are indicative of the outcome of pathophysiological processes. In the present study, we assessed whether the lipid profiles of erythrocytes from heart failure (HF) patients are informative of their disease risk. The lipidomes of erythrocytes from 10 control subjects and 29 patients at different HF stages were analyzed using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The lipid composition of erythrocytes obtained from HF patients was significantly different from that of normal controls. The levels of phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and sphingomyelins decreased in HF erythrocytes as compared with those of control subjects; however, the levels of lysoPCs, lysoPEs, and ceramides increased in HF erythrocytes. Notably, the oxidized cholesterol 7-ketocholesterol (7KCh) accumulated to higher level in HF erythrocytes than in plasma from the same patients. We further validated our findings with a cohort of 115 subjects of control subjects (n=28) and patients (n=87). Mechanistically, 7KCh promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in cardiomyocytes; and induced their death, probably through an ATF4-dependent pathway. Our findings suggest that erythrocytic 7KCh can be a risk factor for HF, and is probably implicated in its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Tang
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Wang
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yao Ho
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ting Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ling Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Huang
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan Taiwan; Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Bezine M, Debbabi M, Nury T, Ben-Khalifa R, Samadi M, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Vejux A, Raas Q, de Sèze J, Moreau T, El-Ayeb M, Lizard G. Evidence of K+ homeostasis disruption in cellular dysfunction triggered by 7-ketocholesterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol, and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0) in 158N murine oligodendrocytes. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:135-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kloudova A, Guengerich FP, Soucek P. The Role of Oxysterols in Human Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:485-496. [PMID: 28410994 PMCID: PMC5474130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol formed in the human body or ingested in the diet. By modulating the activity of many proteins [e.g., liver X receptors (LXRs), oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBPs), some ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters], oxysterols can affect many cellular functions and influence various physiological processes (e.g., cholesterol metabolism, membrane fluidity regulation, intracellular signaling pathways). Therefore, the role of oxysterols is also important in pathological conditions (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus type 2, neurodegenerative disorders). Finally, current evidence suggests that oxysterols play a role in malignancies such as breast, prostate, colon, and bile duct cancer. This review summarizes the physiological importance of oxysterols in the human body with a special emphasis on their roles in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Kloudova
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 100 42, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen 323 00, Czech Republic.
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Sato Y, Ishihara N, Nagayama D, Saiki A, Tatsuno I. 7-ketocholesterol induces apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells associated with reactive oxygen species generation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-3/7 dependent pathway. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 10:56-60. [PMID: 28116245 PMCID: PMC5233792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures without reduction of bone mineral density. The cholesterol oxide 7-ketocholesterol (7KCHO) has been implicated in numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, age-related macular degeneration and T2DM. In the present study, 7KCHO decreased the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptotic rate, and upregulated the caspase-3/7 pathway. Furthermore, these effects of 7KCHO were abolished by pre-incubation of the cells with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an ROS inhibitor. Also, 7KCHO enhanced the mRNA expression of two endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers; CHOP and GRP78, in MC3T3-E1 cells. Pre-incubation of the cells with NAC suppressed the 7KCHO-induced upregulation of CHOP, but not GRP78. In conclusion, we demonstrated that 7KCHO induced apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells associated with ROS generation, ER stress, and caspase-3/7 activity, and the effects of 7KCHO were abolished by the ROS inhibitor NAC. These findings may provide new insight into the relationship between oxysterol and pathophysiology of osteoporosis seen in T2DM. We examined the effects of 7-ketocholesterol (7KCHO) on MC3T3-E1 cells. 7KCHO increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. 7KCHO enhanced CHOP and GRP78 expression. N-acetylcysteine suppressed 7KCHO-induced ROS, apoptosis and CHOP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sato
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, 564-1, Shimoshizu, Sakura City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Noriko Ishihara
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, 564-1, Shimoshizu, Sakura City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Daiji Nagayama
- Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shin-Oyama City Hospital, 1-1-5, Wakagi-cho, Oyama City, Tochigi 323-0028, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Saiki
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, 564-1, Shimoshizu, Sakura City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, 564-1, Shimoshizu, Sakura City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
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St-Cyr DJ, García-Ramos Y, Doan ND, Lubell WD. Aminolactam, N-Aminoimidazolone, and N-Aminoimdazolidinone Peptide Mimics. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2017_204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Handa JT, Cano M, Wang L, Datta S, Liu T. Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidation-specific epitopes, and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:430-440. [PMID: 27480216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies. While antioxidant micronutrient treatment is available for intermediate non-neovascular disease, and effective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment is available for neovascular disease, treatment for early AMD is lacking due to an incomplete understanding of the early molecular events. The role of lipids, which accumulate in the macula, and their oxidation, has emerged as an important factor in disease development. These oxidized lipids can either directly contribute to tissue injury or react with amine on proteins to form oxidation-specific epitopes, which can induce an innate immune response. If inadequately neutralized, the inflammatory response from these epitopes can incite tissue injury during disease development. This review explores how the accumulation of lipids, their oxidation, and the ensuing inflammatory response might contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder .
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Marisol Cano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Lei Wang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Sayantan Datta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Tongyun Liu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
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Kruzliak P, Sabo J, Zulli A. Endothelial endoplasmic reticulum and nitrative stress in endothelial dysfunction in the atherogenic rabbit model. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:762-6. [PMID: 26359324 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxidative stress causes endothelial dysfunction which ultimately leads to atherogenesis, yet anti-oxidant therapy has failed to reduce human clinical outcomes. We hypothesise that endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress are both present in the endothelial layer of aorta with atherosclerosis. Rabbits were fed for 4 weeks a diet supplemented with 1% methionine +0.5% cholesterol (MC). Control animals received a normal diet. The endothelial function of the abdominal aorta was examined using organ bath techniques. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to determine endothelial nitrotyrosine (for nitrative/oxidative stress) and glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP 78) and CHOP to determine endoplasmic reticulum stress. Endothelium dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine significantly decreased in MC. Stress markers were significantly elevated in endothelia in MC compared to control. The total endothelial area examined for GRP78 increased by 8.4±0.25% in MC vs control (p=0.026) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) increased by 21.9±0.05% in MC vs control (p=0.014). Nitrotyrosine increased by 13.3±0.03% in MC vs control (p=0.012). CONCLUSIONS Both endoplasmic reticulum stress and nitrative stress are present during endothelial dysfunction. Treatment directed at both stresses might be beneficial in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Ciesielska A, Kwiatkowska K. Modification of pro-inflammatory signaling by dietary components: The plasma membrane as a target. Bioessays 2015; 37:789-801. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciesielska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology; Warsaw Poland
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7-Ketocholesterol increases retinal microglial migration, activation, and angiogenicity: a potential pathogenic mechanism underlying age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9144. [PMID: 25775051 PMCID: PMC4360733 DOI: 10.1038/srep09144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been associated with both accumulation of lipid and lipid oxidative products, as well as increased neuroinflammatory changes and microglial activation in the outer retina. However, the relationships between these factors are incompletely understood. 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh) is a cholesterol oxidation product localized to the outer retina with prominent pro-inflammatory effects. To explore the potential relationship between 7KCh and microglial activation, we localized 7KCh and microglia to the outer retina of aged mice and investigated 7KCh effects on retinal microglia in both in vitro and in vivo systems. We found that retinal microglia demonstrated a prominent chemotropism to 7KCh and readily internalized 7KCh. Sublethal concentrations of 7KCh resulted in microglial activation and polarization to a pro-inflammatory M1 state via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Microglia exposed to 7KCh reduced expression of neurotrophic growth factors but increased expression of angiogenic factors, transitioning to a more neurotoxic and pro-angiogenic phenotype. Finally, subretinal transplantation of 7KCh-exposed microglia promoted choroidal neovascularization (CNV) relative to control microglia in a Matrigel-CNV model. The interaction of retinal microglia with 7KCh in the aged retina may thus underlie how outer retinal lipid accumulation in intermediate AMD results in neuroinflammation that ultimately drives progression towards advanced AMD.
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Lee JW, Huang JD, Rodriguez IR. Extra-hepatic metabolism of 7-ketocholesterol occurs by esterification to fatty acids via cPLA2α and SOAT1 followed by selective efflux to HDL. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:605-19. [PMID: 25617738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of 7-ketocholesterol (7KCh) in tissues has been previously associated with various chronic aging diseases. Orally ingested 7KCh is readily metabolized by the liver and does not pose a toxicity threat. However, 7KCh formed in situ, usually associated with lipoprotein deposits, can adversely affect surrounding tissues by causing inflammation and cytotoxicity. In this study we have investigated various mechanisms for extra-hepatic metabolism of 7KCh (e.g. hydroxylation, sulfation) and found only esterification to fatty acids. The esterification of 7KCh to fatty acids involves the combined action of cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha (cPLA2α) and sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT1). Inhibition of either one of these enzymes ablates 7KCh-fatty acid ester (7KFAE) formation. The 7KFAEs are not toxic and do not induce inflammatory responses. However, they can be unstable and re-release 7KCh. The higher the degree of unsaturation, the more unstable the 7KFAE (e.g. 18:0>18:1>18:2>18:3≫20:4). Biochemical inhibition and siRNA knockdown of SOAT1 and cPLA2α ablated the 7KFAE synthesis in cultured ARPE19 cells, but had little effect on the 7KCh-induced inflammatory response. Overexpression of SOAT1 reduced the 7KCh-induced inflammatory response and provided some protection from cell death. This effect is likely due to the increased conversion of 7KCh to 7KFAEs, which reduced the intracellular 7KCh levels. Addition of HDL selectively increased the efflux of 7KFAEs and enhanced the effect of SOAT1 overexpression. Our data suggests an additional function for HDL in aiding extra-hepatic tissues to eliminate 7KCh by returning 7KFAEs to the liver for bile acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Wha Lee
- Mechanisms of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jiahn-Dar Huang
- Mechanisms of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ignacio R Rodriguez
- Mechanisms of Retinal Diseases Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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The unfolded protein response in retinal vascular diseases: implications and therapeutic potential beyond protein folding. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 45:111-31. [PMID: 25529848 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex, step-wise process of new vessel formation that is involved in both normal embryonic development as well as postnatal pathological processes, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Aberrant blood vessel growth, also known as neovascularization, in the retina and the choroid is a major cause of vision loss in severe eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and central and branch retinal vein occlusion. Yet, retinal neovascularization is causally and dynamically associated with vasodegeneration, ischemia, and vascular remodeling in retinal tissues. Understanding the mechanisms of retinal neovascularization is an urgent unmet need for developing new treatments for these devastating diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests a vital role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) in regulation of angiogenesis, in part through coordinating the secretion of pro-angiogenic growth factors, such as VEGF, and modulating endothelial cell survival and activity. Herein, we summarize current research in the context of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and UPR signaling in retinal angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, highlighting potential implications of targeting these stress response pathways in the prevention and treatment of retinal vascular diseases that result in visual deficits and blindness.
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