1
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Pinheiro AS, Tsarouhas V, Senti KA, Arefin B, Samakovlis C. Scavenger receptor endocytosis controls apical membrane morphogenesis in the Drosophila airways. eLife 2023; 12:e84974. [PMID: 37706489 PMCID: PMC10564452 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of distinct branch sizes and shapes is a central aspect in tubular organ morphogenesis and function. In the Drosophila airway tree, the interplay of apical extracellular matrix (ECM) components with the underlying membrane and cytoskeleton controls tube elongation, but the link between ECM composition with apical membrane morphogenesis and tube size regulation is elusive. Here, we characterized Emp (epithelial membrane protein), a Drosophila CD36 homolog belonging to the scavenger receptor class B protein family. emp mutant embryos fail to internalize the luminal chitin deacetylases Serp and Verm at the final stages of airway maturation and die at hatching with liquid filled airways. Emp localizes in apical epithelial membranes and shows cargo selectivity for LDLr-domain containing proteins. emp mutants also display over elongated tracheal tubes with increased levels of the apical proteins Crb, DE-cad, and phosphorylated Src (p-Src). We show that Emp associates with and organizes the βH-Spectrin cytoskeleton and is itself confined by apical F-actin bundles. Overexpression or loss of its cargo protein Serp lead to abnormal apical accumulations of Emp and perturbations in p-Src levels. We propose that during morphogenesis, Emp senses and responds to luminal cargo levels by initiating apical membrane endocytosis along the longitudinal tube axis and thereby restricts airway elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Pinheiro
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Vasilios Tsarouhas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Kirsten André Senti
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- IMBA – Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Badrul Arefin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburgSweden
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessenGermany
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2
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Li Y, Dong P, Yang Y, Guo T, Zhao Q, Miao D, Li H, Lu T, Xia F, Lyu J, Ma J, Kornberg TB, Zhang Q, Huang H. Metabolic control of progenitor cell propagation during Drosophila tracheal remodeling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2817. [PMID: 35595807 PMCID: PMC9122933 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult progenitor cells in the trachea of Drosophila larvae are activated and migrate out of niches when metamorphosis induces tracheal remodeling. Here we show that in response to metabolic deficiency in decaying tracheal branches, signaling by the insulin pathway controls the progenitor cells by regulating Yorkie (Yki)-dependent proliferation and migration. Yki, a transcription coactivator that is regulated by Hippo signaling, promotes transcriptional activation of cell cycle regulators and components of the extracellular matrix in tracheal progenitor cells. These findings reveal that regulation of Yki signaling by the insulin pathway governs proliferation and migration of tracheal progenitor cells, thereby identifying the regulatory mechanism by which metabolic depression drives progenitor cell activation and cell division that underlies tracheal remodeling. Tracheal remodeling is a key step during Drosophila metamorphosis. Here they report that tracheal progenitor cells are activated through Yorkie-dependent proliferation and migration, which is induced by metabolic deficit and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Pengzhen Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Tianyu Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, 167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Dan Miao
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Huanle Li
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Tianfeng Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Fanning Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jialan Lyu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Developmental Disorders, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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3
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The basement membrane controls size and integrity of the Drosophila tracheal tubes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110734. [PMID: 35476979 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological tubes are fundamental units of most metazoan organs. Their defective morphogenesis can cause malformations and pathologies. An integral component of biological tubes is the extracellular matrix, present apically (aECM) and basally (BM). Studies using the Drosophila tracheal system established an essential function for the aECM in tubulogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the BM also plays a critical role in this process. We find that BM components are deposited in a spatial-temporal manner in the trachea. We show that laminins, core BM components, control size and shape of tracheal tubes and their topology within the embryo. At a cellular level, laminins control cell shape changes and distribution of the cortical cytoskeleton component α-spectrin. Finally, we report that the BM and aECM act independently-yet cooperatively-to control tube elongation and together to guarantee tissue integrity. Our results unravel key roles for the BM in shaping, positioning, and maintaining biological tubes.
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4
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Wang M, Dai M, Wang D, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Guo C. The regulatory networks of the Hippo signaling pathway in cancer development. J Cancer 2021; 12:6216-6230. [PMID: 34539895 PMCID: PMC8425214 DOI: 10.7150/jca.62402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a relatively young tumor-related signaling pathway. Although it was discovered lately, research on it developed rapidly. The Hippo signaling pathway is closely relevant to the occurrence and development of tumors and the maintenance of organ size and other biological processes. This manuscript focuses on YAP, the core molecule of the Hippo signaling pathway, and discussion the upstream and downstream regulatory networks of the Hippo signaling pathway during tumorigenesis and development. It also summarizes the relevant drugs involved in this signaling pathway, which may be helpful to the development of targeted drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Manli Dai
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha 410036, China
| | - Dan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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5
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Rice C, De O, Alhadyian H, Hall S, Ward RE. Expanding the Junction: New Insights into Non-Occluding Roles for Septate Junction Proteins during Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33801162 PMCID: PMC8006247 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The septate junction (SJ) provides an occluding function for epithelial tissues in invertebrate organisms. This ability to seal the paracellular route between cells allows internal tissues to create unique compartments for organ function and endows the epidermis with a barrier function to restrict the passage of pathogens. Over the past twenty-five years, numerous investigators have identified more than 30 proteins that are required for the formation or maintenance of the SJs in Drosophila melanogaster, and have determined many of the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. Along the way, it has become clear that SJ proteins are also required for a number of developmental events that occur throughout the life of the organism. Many of these developmental events occur prior to the formation of the occluding junction, suggesting that SJ proteins possess non-occluding functions. In this review, we will describe the composition of SJs, taking note of which proteins are core components of the junction versus resident or accessory proteins, and the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. We will then elaborate on the functions that core SJ proteins likely play outside of their role in forming the occluding junction and describe studies that provide some cell biological perspectives that are beginning to provide mechanistic understanding of how these proteins function in developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Rice
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | - Oindrila De
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Haifa Alhadyian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | | | - Robert E. Ward
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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6
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The transcription factor of the Hippo signaling pathway, LmSd, regulates wing development in Locusta migratoria. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:136-143. [PMID: 33667555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Scalloped (Sd) is transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation and organ growth in the Hippo pathway. In the present research, LmSd was identified and characterized, and found to encode an N-terminal TEA domain and a C-terminal YBD domain. qRT-PCR showed that the LmSd transcription level was highest in the fifth-instar nymphs and very little was expressed in embryos. Tissue-specific analyses showed that LmSd was highly expressed in the wing. Immunohistochemistry indicated that LmSd was highly abundant in the head, prothorax, and legs during embryonic development. LmSd dsRNA injection resulted in significantly down-regulated transcription and protein expression levels compared with dsGFP injection. Gene silencing of LmSd resulted in deformed wings that were curved, wrinkled, and failed to fully expand. Approximately 40% of the nymphs had wing pads that were not able to close normally during molting from fifth-instar nymphs into adults. After silencing of LmSd, the transcription levels of cell division genes were suppressed and the expression levels of apoptosis genes were significantly up-regulated. Our results reveal that LmSd plays an important role in wing formation and development by controlling cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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7
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Yin J, Zhang J, Li T, Sun X, Qin S, Hou CX, Zhang GZ, Li MW. BmSd gene regulates the silkworm wing size by affecting the Hippo pathway. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:655-664. [PMID: 31225693 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect wings are developed from the wing disc during metamorphosis. Bombyx mori, a model lepidopteran insect, loses flight ability after long-term domestication from the wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina. The mw mutant (u11 strain) shows minute wings compared to wild type (e.g., p50 strain) wings. RNA sequencing analysis previously revealed differential Hippo-pathway-related gene expression between the u11 and p50 strains. The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade that controls organ size during development in animals. In this study, the function of BmSd which has been characterized as one of the Hippo-pathway-related genes was analyzed for silkworm wing development. We found that mats, warts, and hippo expression levels were higher in u11 compared to p50 wing discs. BmSd (scalloped) expression, which encodes a prominent transcriptional partner to Yorkie (Yki), gradually decreased during the wandering stage in u11, but exhibited the opposite expression pattern in p50. When BmSd was knocked down by small interfering RNA during the wandering stage in the p50 strain, 57.9% of the individuals showed minute wings. Additionally, ex, kibra, and wingless expression levels decreased in the BmSd knockdown mutant. Further, BmSd deletion mediated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated protein 9 induced 50% of individuals with minute wings, a phenotype similar to the mw mutant. This result demonstrates that BmSd plays pivotal roles in silkworm wing development. Our results show that the Hippo signaling pathway participates and plays crucial roles in the regulation of silkworm wing development, and our findings provide a basis for further research on B. mori wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Skouloudaki K, Christodoulou I, Khalili D, Tsarouhas V, Samakovlis C, Tomancak P, Knust E, Papadopoulos DK. Yorkie controls tube length and apical barrier integrity during airway development. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2762-2781. [PMID: 31315941 PMCID: PMC6683733 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skouloudaki et al. identify an alternative role of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki) in controlling water impermeability and tube size of developing Drosophila airways. Tracheal impermeability is triggered by Yki-mediated transcriptional regulation of δ-aminolevulinate synthase (Alas), whereas tube elongation is controlled by binding of Yki to the actin-severing factor Twinstar. Epithelial organ size and shape depend on cell shape changes, cell–matrix communication, and apical membrane growth. The Drosophila melanogaster embryonic tracheal network is an excellent model to study these processes. Here, we show that the transcriptional coactivator of the Hippo pathway, Yorkie (YAP/TAZ in vertebrates), plays distinct roles in the developing Drosophila airways. Yorkie exerts a cytoplasmic function by binding Drosophila Twinstar, the orthologue of the vertebrate actin-severing protein Cofilin, to regulate F-actin levels and apical cell membrane size, which are required for proper tracheal tube elongation. Second, Yorkie controls water tightness of tracheal tubes by transcriptional regulation of the δ-aminolevulinate synthase gene (Alas). We conclude that Yorkie has a dual role in tracheal development to ensure proper tracheal growth and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Christodoulou
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dilan Khalili
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasilios Tsarouhas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitrios K Papadopoulos
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany .,Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Yang R, Li E, Kwon YJ, Mani M, Beitel GJ. QuBiT: a quantitative tool for analyzing epithelial tubes reveals unexpected patterns of organization in the Drosophila trachea. Development 2019; 146:dev.172759. [PMID: 30967427 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological tubes are essential for animal survival, and their functions are dependent on tube shape. Analyzing the contributions of cell shape and organization to the morphogenesis of small tubes has been hampered by the limitations of existing programs in quantifying cell geometry on highly curved tubular surfaces and calculating tube-specific parameters. We therefore developed QuBiT (Quantitative Tool for Biological Tubes) and used it to analyze morphogenesis of the embryonic Drosophila trachea (airway). In the main tube, we find previously unknown anterior-to-posterior (A-P) gradients of cell apical orientation and aspect ratio, and periodicity in the organization of apical cell surfaces. Inferred cell intercalation during development dampens an A-P gradient of the number of cells per cross-section of the tube, but does not change the patterns of cell connectivity. Computationally 'unrolling' the apical surface of wild-type trachea and the hindgut reveals previously unrecognized spatial patterns of the apical marker Uninflatable and a non-redundant role for the Na+/K+ ATPase in apical marker organization. These unexpected findings demonstrate the importance of a computational tool for analyzing small diameter biological tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Eric Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yong-Jae Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Madhav Mani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Greg J Beitel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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10
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Tsai CR, Wang Y, Galko MJ. Crawling wounded: molecular genetic insights into wound healing from Drosophila larvae. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 62:479-489. [PMID: 29938760 PMCID: PMC6352908 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.180085mg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For animals, injury is inevitable. Because of this, organisms possess efficient wound healing mechanisms that can repair damaged tissues. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms by which epidermal repair is accomplished remain poorly defined. Drosophila has become a valuable model to study epidermal wound healing because of the comprehensive genetic toolkit available in this organism and the similarities of wound healing processes between Drosophila and vertebrates. Other reviews in this Special Issue cover wound healing assays and pathways in Drosophila embryos, pupae and adults, as well as regenerative processes that occur in tissues such as imaginal discs and the gut. In this review, we will focus on the molecular/genetic control of wound-induced cellular processes such as inflammation, cell migration and epithelial cell-cell fusion in Drosophila larvae. We will give a brief overview of the three wounding assays, pinch, puncture, and laser ablation, and the cellular responses that ensue following wounding. We will highlight the actin regulators, signaling pathways and transcriptional mediators found so far to be involved in larval epidermal wound closure and what is known about how they act. We will also discuss wound-induced epidermal cell-cell fusion and possible directions for future research in this exciting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ru Tsai
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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The Caspase-3 homolog DrICE regulates endocytic trafficking during Drosophila tracheal morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1031. [PMID: 30833576 PMCID: PMC6399233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although well known for its role in apoptosis, the executioner caspase DrICE has a non-apoptotic function that is required for elongation of the epithelial tubes of the Drosophila tracheal system. Here, we show that DrICE acts downstream of the Hippo Network to regulate endocytic trafficking of at least four cell polarity, cell junction and apical extracellular matrix proteins involved in tracheal tube size control: Crumbs, Uninflatable, Kune-Kune and Serpentine. We further show that tracheal cells are competent to undergo apoptosis, even though developmentally-regulated DrICE function rarely kills tracheal cells. Our results reveal a developmental role for caspases, a pool of DrICE that co-localizes with Clathrin, and a mechanism by which the Hippo Network controls endocytic trafficking. Given reports of in vitro regulation of endocytosis by mammalian caspases during apoptosis, we propose that caspase-mediated regulation of endocytic trafficking is an evolutionarily conserved function of caspases that can be deployed during morphogenesis. Caspases are well-known drivers of apoptosis, although recent studies suggest potential non-apoptotic functions. Here, McSharry and Beitel show that the Drosophila executioner caspase DrICE regulates endocytic trafficking of key proteins downstream of Hippo during tracheal morphogenesis.
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12
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Development and Function of the Drosophila Tracheal System. Genetics 2018; 209:367-380. [PMID: 29844090 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tracheal system of insects is a network of epithelial tubules that functions as a respiratory organ to supply oxygen to various target organs. Target-derived signaling inputs regulate stereotyped modes of cell specification, branching morphogenesis, and collective cell migration in the embryonic stage. In the postembryonic stages, the same set of signaling pathways controls highly plastic regulation of size increase and pattern elaboration during larval stages, and cell proliferation and reprograming during metamorphosis. Tracheal tube morphogenesis is also regulated by physicochemical interaction of the cell and apical extracellular matrix to regulate optimal geometry suitable for air flow. The trachea system senses both the external oxygen level and the metabolic activity of internal organs, and helps organismal adaptation to changes in environmental oxygen level. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the high plasticity of tracheal development and physiology uncovered through research on Drosophila are discussed.
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13
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Scalloped a member of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway controls mushroom body size in Drosophila brain by non-canonical regulation of neuroblast proliferation. Dev Biol 2017; 432:203-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Flack JE, Mieszczanek J, Novcic N, Bienz M. Wnt-Dependent Inactivation of the Groucho/TLE Co-repressor by the HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Hyd/UBR5. Mol Cell 2017; 67:181-193.e5. [PMID: 28689657 PMCID: PMC5592244 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signals are transduced to the cell nucleus by effectors that bind to enhancer complexes to operate transcriptional switches. For example, the Wnt enhanceosome is a multiprotein complex associated with Wnt-responsive enhancers through T cell factors (TCF) and kept silent by Groucho/TLE co-repressors. Wnt-activated β-catenin binds to TCF to overcome this repression, but how it achieves this is unknown. Here, we discover that this process depends on the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase Hyd/UBR5, which is required for Wnt signal responses in Drosophila and human cell lines downstream of activated Armadillo/β-catenin. We identify Groucho/TLE as a functionally relevant substrate, whose ubiquitylation by UBR5 is induced by Wnt signaling and conferred by β-catenin. Inactivation of TLE by UBR5-dependent ubiquitylation also involves VCP/p97, an AAA ATPase regulating the folding of various cellular substrates including ubiquitylated chromatin proteins. Thus, Groucho/TLE ubiquitylation by Hyd/UBR5 is a key prerequisite that enables Armadillo/β-catenin to activate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Flack
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juliusz Mieszczanek
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Nikola Novcic
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mariann Bienz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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Fallahi E, O'Driscoll NA, Matallanas D. The MST/Hippo Pathway and Cell Death: A Non-Canonical Affair. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7060028. [PMID: 27322327 PMCID: PMC4929427 DOI: 10.3390/genes7060028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MST/Hippo signalling pathway was first described over a decade ago in Drosophila melanogaster and the core of the pathway is evolutionary conserved in mammals. The mammalian MST/Hippo pathway regulates organ size, cell proliferation and cell death. In addition, it has been shown to play a central role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis and it is commonly deregulated in human tumours. The delineation of the canonical pathway resembles the behaviour of the Hippo pathway in the fly where the activation of the core kinases of the pathway prevents the proliferative signal mediated by the key effector of the pathway YAP. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence support the idea that the mammalian MST/Hippo pathway has acquired new features during evolution, including different regulators and effectors, crosstalk with other essential signalling pathways involved in cellular homeostasis and the ability to actively trigger cell death. Here we describe the current knowledge of the mechanisms that mediate MST/Hippo dependent cell death, especially apoptosis. We include evidence for the existence of complex signalling networks where the core proteins of the pathway play a central role in controlling the balance between survival and cell death. Finally, we discuss the possible involvement of these signalling networks in several human diseases such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fallahi
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. emma.fallahi---
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. emma.fallahi---
| | - Niamh A O'Driscoll
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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