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Felix JA, Stevenson PC, Koricheva J. Plant neighbourhood diversity effects on leaf traits: A meta-analysis. Funct Ecol 2023; 37:3150-3163. [PMID: 38505132 PMCID: PMC10946959 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Leaf traits often vary with plant neighbourhood composition, which in turn may mediate plant susceptibility to herbivory. However, it is unknown whether there are any common patterns of change in leaf trait expression in response to neighbourhood diversity, and whether these responses confer increased resistance or susceptibility to herbivores.We used meta-analysis to combine data from 43 studies that examined the influence of neighbourhood diversity on eight physical and chemical leaf traits that could affect herbivory. All leaf traits apart from leaf thickness were highly plastic and exhibited significant differences between plant monocultures and species mixtures, but the direction of effect was variable. Leaf toughness was the only trait that displayed a significant decrease with plant diversity, whereas specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nitrogen were both marginally increased in species mixtures.The magnitude and direction of leaf trait responses to neighbourhood diversity were independent of plant density and phylogenetic diversity, but changes in SLA correlated positively with plant species richness. SLA was also significantly increased in experimental studies, but not in observational studies, while neighbourhoods containing nitrogen-fixers were associated with increased leaf nitrogen and reduced phenolics. When studies on the over-represented species Betula pendula were removed from the analysis, the effect of neighbourhood diversity on leaf toughness became nonsignificant, but phenolics were significantly reduced in diverse neighbourhoods composed of mature trees, and marginally reduced in species mixtures across all studies.Increases in plant neighbourhood diversity are often associated with reductions of herbivory, although in some cases, the reverse occurs, and plants growing in species mixtures are found to suffer greater herbivory than those in monocultures. This study offers a potential explanation for the latter phenomenon, as our results show that leaf trait expression is highly plastic in response to neighbourhood diversity, and in certain cases could lead to increased leaf quality, which in turn could promote greater rates of herbivory. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri A. Felix
- Department of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
- Royal Botanic GardensKewUK
| | | | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
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2
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Alavez V, Santos-Gally R, Gutiérrez-Aguilar M, Del-Val E, Boege K. Influence of phylogenetic diversity of plant communities on tri-trophic interactions. Oecologia 2023; 203:125-137. [PMID: 37777642 PMCID: PMC10615933 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic diversity of plant communities can influence the interaction between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies. Plant communities with phylogenetically distant species tend to present a wide variety of functional traits and ecological niches, which in turn can influence competitive interactions among plants as well as food and habitat quality for herbivores and their natural enemies. To assess some different mechanisms by which phylogenetic diversity of plant communities can influence herbivores and their natural enemies, we established 12 experimental plots of tropical trees with two treatments: high and low phylogenetic diversity. We measured plant growth and anti-herbivore defenses, herbivore foliar damage, and predator activity in seven species that were present in both treatments. We found significant differences in the expression of plant traits as a function of species identity and their life history, but also depending on the phylogenetic context in which they grew. Pioneer species had higher growth and produced more phenolics in plots with high phylogenetic diversity versus plants in plots with low phylogenetic diversity. Accordingly, herbivore damage in these species was greater in plots with low phylogenetic diversity. Finally, predator activity on caterpillar clay models placed on plants was greater within the low phylogenetic diversity treatment, but only for non-myrmecophytic species. These results suggest that plant phylogenetic diversity can influence the expression of growth and defensive traits and further modify the interaction between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies. However, such effects depend on plant life history and the presence of mutualistic interaction with ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Alavez
- Instituto de Ecología, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocio Santos-Gally
- CONAHCYT-Instituto de Ecología, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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The role of timing in intraspecific trait ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:997-1005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Galmán A, Vázquez‐González C, Röder G, Castagneyrol B. Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in
Quercus ilex. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC) Pontevedra Spain
- Inst. of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle‐Wittenberg Germany
| | - Carla Vázquez‐González
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC) Pontevedra Spain
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Gregory Röder
- Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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5
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Quinto J, Martínez-Falcón AP, Murillo-Pacheco JI, Abdala-Roberts L, Parra-Tabla V. Diversity Patterns of Tropical Epigeal Beetle Assemblages Associated with Monoculture and Polyculture Plantations with Big-Leaf Mahogany. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:551-561. [PMID: 33852131 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although commercial forest plantations have experienced a major growth in the tropics over the past decades, little attention has been paid to their role in the conservation of epigeal arthropod communities. We studied diversity patterns of the epigeal beetle community in monoculture and polyculture forest plantations with big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Likewise, we explored the existence of indicator species of each plantation type. Our findings highlight that each plantation type promotes multiple impacts on diversity patterns. We found that monocultures positively influenced overall beetle species richness and ecological diversity. When broken down by guild, both predator and decomposer species richness were similar between monoculture and polyculture, whereas for beetle diversity we found contrasting responses by guild: decomposer diversity was greater in monoculture whereas predator diversity was higher in polyculture. In addition, species composition differed between monoculture and polyculture, except for the predator guild. Species turnover was the main component explaining beta diversity patterns at all levels, indicating that each plantation type promotes biologically distinct epigeal assemblages. Few superabundant heliophile species dominated the beetle community structure; moreover, monocultures had a composition skewed towards heliophile species whereas polyculture favored umbrophile species. These patterns could be attributed to differences in habitat complexity between plot types, namely differences in tree cover. Additionally, indicator species only were identified in polycultures, reflecting their higher spatial complexity. Monoculture and polyculture plantations with big-leaf mahogany are complementary agroecosystems for preserving diverse epigeal beetle communities and should be considered valuable tools for conservation purposes in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Quinto
- Depto de Ecología Tropical, Univ Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico.
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera de Andalucía (IFAPA), Centro de Málaga (Churriana), Málaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Paola Martínez-Falcón
- Lab de Ecología de Comunidades, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Univ Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Depto de Ecología Tropical, Univ Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Depto de Ecología Tropical, Univ Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
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6
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Jactel H, Moreira X, Castagneyrol B. Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:277-296. [PMID: 32903046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecological research conducted over the past five decades has shown that increasing tree species richness at forest stands can improve tree resistance to insect pest damage. However, the commonality of this finding is still under debate. In this review, we provide a quantitative assessment (i.e., a meta-analysis) of tree diversity effects on insect herbivory and discuss plausible mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. We provide recommendations and working hypotheses that can serve to lay the groundwork for research to come. Based on more than 600 study cases, our quantitative review indicates that insect herbivory was, on average, lower in mixed forest stands than in pure stands, but these diversity effects were contingent on herbivore diet breadth and tree species composition. In particular, tree species diversity mainly reduced damage of specialist insect herbivores in mixed stands with phylogenetically distant tree species. Overall, our findings provide essential guidance for forest pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France;
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
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7
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Poeydebat C, Jactel H, Moreira X, Koricheva J, Barsoum N, Bauhus J, Eisenhauer N, Ferlian O, Francisco M, Gottschall F, Gravel D, Mason B, Muiruri E, Muys B, Nock C, Paquette A, Ponette Q, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Stokes V, Staab M, Verheyen K, Castagneyrol B. Climate affects neighbour-induced changes in leaf chemical defences and tree diversity-herbivory relationships. Funct Ecol 2020; 35:67-81. [PMID: 33746332 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Associational resistance theory predicts that insect herbivory decreases with increasing tree diversity in forest ecosystems. However, the generality of this effect and its underlying mechanisms are still debated, particularly since evidence has accumulated that climate may influence the direction and strength of the relationship between diversity and herbivory.We quantified insect leaf herbivory and leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) of silver birch Betula pendula in pure and mixed plots with different tree species composition across 12 tree diversity experiments in different climates. We investigated whether the effects of neighbouring tree species diversity on insect herbivory in birch, that is, associational effects, were dependent on the climatic context, and whether neighbour-induced changes in birch chemical defences were involved in associational resistance to insect herbivory.We showed that herbivory on birch decreased with tree species richness (i.e. associational resistance) in colder environments but that this relationship faded as mean annual temperature increased.Birch leaf chemical defences increased with tree species richness but decreased with the phylogenetic distinctiveness of birch from its neighbours, particularly in warmer and more humid environments.Herbivory was negatively correlated with leaf chemical defences, particularly when birch was associated with closely related species. The interactive effect of tree diversity and climate on herbivory was partially mediated by changes in leaf chemical defences.Our findings confirm that tree species diversity can modify the leaf chemistry of a focal species, hence its quality for herbivores. They further stress that such neighbour-induced changes are dependent on climate and that tree diversity effects on insect herbivory are partially mediated by these neighbour-induced changes in chemical defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poeydebat
- INRAE, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France.,Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Talence, France
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France.,Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Talence, France
| | | | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Felix Gottschall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Bill Mason
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin Midlothian, UK
| | - Evalyne Muiruri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Bart Muys
- Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charles Nock
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Biology, Department of Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering & Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Victoria Stokes
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin Midlothian, UK
| | - Michael Staab
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- INRAE, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France.,Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Talence, France
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8
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Cruz-Salazar B, García-Bautista M, Ruiz-Montoya L. Genetic Structure Associated with the Ecological Traits of Four Species of Phyllostomid Bats Inhabiting Selva El Ocote Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, México. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.2.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Cruz-Salazar
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carretera Federal Puebla-Tlaxcala Km 1.5, La Loma Xicohténcatl, CP 90062, Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Maricela García-Bautista
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carretera Federal Puebla-Tlaxcala Km 1.5, La Loma Xicohténcatl, CP 90062, Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Lorena Ruiz-Montoya
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carretera Federal Puebla-Tlaxcala Km 1.5, La Loma Xicohténcatl, CP 90062, Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl, Tlaxcala, México
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9
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Ogran A, Conner J, Agrawal AA, Barazani O. Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: Genetic differentiation and additive genetic variation for induced plant defence in wild arugula Eruca sativa. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:237-246. [PMID: 31631428 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the primary mechanism of organismal resilience to abiotic and biotic stress, and genetic differentiation in plasticity can evolve if stresses differ among populations. Inducible defence is a common form of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and long-standing theory predicts that its evolution is shaped by costs of the defensive traits, costs of plasticity and a trade-off in allocation to constitutive versus induced traits. We used a common garden to study the evolution of defence in two native populations of wild arugula Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae) from contrasting desert and Mediterranean habitats that differ in attack by caterpillars and aphids. We report genetic differentiation and additive genetic variance for phenology, growth and three defensive traits (toxic glucosinolates, anti-nutritive protease inhibitors and physical trichome barriers) as well their inducibility in response to the plant hormone jasmonic acid. The two populations were strongly differentiated for plasticity in nearly all traits. There was little evidence for costs of defence or plasticity, but constitutive and induced traits showed a consistent additive genetic trade-off within each population for the three defensive traits. We conclude that these populations have evolutionarily diverged in inducible defence and retain ample potential for the future evolution of phenotypic plasticity in defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ogran
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jeffrey Conner
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Oz Barazani
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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10
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Experimental drought reduces genetic diversity in the grassland foundation species Bouteloua eriopoda. Oecologia 2019; 189:1107-1120. [PMID: 30850884 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the resistance and resilience of foundation plant species to climate change is a critical issue because the loss of these species would fundamentally reshape communities and ecosystem processes. High levels of population genetic diversity may buffer foundation species against climate disruptions, but the strong selective pressures associated with climatic shifts may also rapidly reduce such diversity. We characterized genetic diversity and its responsiveness to experimental drought in the foundation plant, black grama grass (Bouteloua eriopoda), which dominates many western North American grasslands and shrublands. Previous studies suggested that in arid ecosystems, black grama reproduces largely asexually via stolons, and thus is likely to have low genetic variability, which might limit its potential to respond to climate disruptions. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we demonstrated unexpectedly high genetic variability among black grama plants in a 1 ha site within the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in central New Mexico, suggesting some level of sexual reproduction. Three years of experimental, growing season drought reduced black grama survival and biomass (the latter by 96%), with clear genetic differentiation (higher FST) between plants succumbing to drought and those remaining alive. Reduced genetic variability in the surviving plants in drought plots indicated that the experimental drought had forced black grama populations through selection bottlenecks. These results suggest that foundation grass species, such as black grama, may experience rapid evolutionary change if future climates include more severe droughts.
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11
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Muiruri EW, Barantal S, Iason GR, Salminen J, Perez‐Fernandez E, Koricheva J. Forest diversity effects on insect herbivores: do leaf traits matter? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2250-2260. [PMID: 30347456 PMCID: PMC6590441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivore damage and abundance are often reduced in diverse plant stands. However, few studies have explored whether this phenomenon is a result of plant diversity effects on host plant traits. We explored indirect effects of tree species diversity on herbivory via changes in leaf traits in a long-term forest diversity experiment in Finland. We measured 16 leaf traits and leaf damage by four insect guilds (chewers, gall formers, leaf miners and rollers) on silver birch (Betula pendula) trees growing in one-, two-, three- and five-species mixtures. A decline in the frequency of birch in mixed stands resulted in reduced leaf area. This, in turn, mediated the reduction in chewing damage in mixed stands. In contrast, associational resistance of birch to leaf miners was not trait-mediated but driven directly by concurrent declines in birch frequency as tree species richness increased. Our results show that leaf trait variation across the diversity gradient might promote associational resistance, but these patterns are driven by an increase in the relative abundance of heterospecifics rather than by tree species richness per se. Therefore, accounting for concurrent changes in stand structure and key foliar traits is important for the interpretation of plant diversity effects and predictions of associational patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
- CEFASPakefield RoadLowestoftNR33 0HTUK
| | - Sandra Barantal
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
| | | | | | | | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
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12
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Barantal S, Castagneyrol B, Durka W, Iason G, Morath S, Koricheva J. Contrasting effects of tree species and genetic diversity on the leaf-miner communities associated with silver birch. Oecologia 2019; 189:687-697. [PMID: 30799514 PMCID: PMC6418074 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both species and genetic diversity of plant communities can affect insect herbivores, but a few studies have compared the effects of both diversity levels within the same experimental context. We compared the effects of tree species and genetic diversity on abundance, species richness, and β-diversity of leaf-miner communities associated with silver birch using two long-term forest diversity experiments in Finland where birch trees were planted in monocultures and mixtures of birch genotypes or other trees species. Although both abundance and species richness of leaf miners differed among birch genotypes at the tree level, birch genetic diversity had no significant effect on miner abundance and species richness at the plot level. Instead, birch genetic diversity affected leaf-miner β-diversity with species turnover being higher among trees within genotypic mixtures than among trees within monoclonal plots. In contrast, tree species diversity had a significant negative effect on both leaf-miner abundance and species richness at plot level, but no effect on miner β-diversity. Significant tree species diversity effects on leaf-miner abundance and species richness were found only in plots with high tree density. We have demonstrated that plant species and genetic diversity play important but contrasting roles in structuring associated herbivore communities. Tree species diversity largely affects miner abundance and species richness, whereas tree genetic diversity affects miner β-diversity. These results have important implications for conservation and management of woodlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barantal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. .,Ecotron-CNRS, 1 Chemin du Rioux, 34980, Monferrier, France.
| | | | - Walter Durka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Glenn Iason
- James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Simon Morath
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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13
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Nell CS, Abdala-Roberts L, Parra-Tabla V, Mooney KA. Tropical tree diversity mediates foraging and predatory effects of insectivorous birds. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1842. [PMID: 30404881 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity affects the structure of ecological communities, but little is known about the interactive effects of diversity across multiple trophic levels. We used a large-scale forest diversity experiment to investigate the effects of tropical tree species richness on insectivorous birds, and the subsequent indirect effect on predation rates by birds. Diverse plots (four tree species) had higher bird abundance (61%), phylogenetic diversity (61%), and functional diversity (55%) than predicted based on single-species monocultures, which corresponded to higher attack rates on artificial caterpillars (65%). Tree diversity effects on attack rate were driven by complementarity among tree species, with increases in attack rate observed on all tree species in polycultures. Attack rates on artificial caterpillars were higher in plots with higher bird abundance and diversity, but the indirect effect of tree species richness was mediated by bird diversity, providing evidence that diversity can interact across trophic levels with consequences tied to ecosystem services and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Nell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97000 Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Victor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97000 Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, USA
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14
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Drought and plant neighbourhood interactively determine herbivore consumption and performance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5930. [PMID: 29651050 PMCID: PMC5897364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plant neighbourhood composition and drought have well-known independent effects on insect herbivore performance, but their interactive effects remain elusive. In this study we performed a laboratory experiment to investigate the independent and combined effects of plant neighbourhood composition and drought on the performance of Gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) feeding on silver birch (Betula pendula) leaves. For this, we collected leaf samples from birch trees growing in a field experiment where we manipulated both host-tree species diversity (three levels: birch monocultures, two-species mixtures associating birch with the pedunculate oak Quercus robur or maritime pine Pinus pinaster, and three-species mixture with pedunculate oak, the maritime pine and birch) and water availability (two levels: irrigated vs. non-irrigated). In most cases, plant neighbourhood composition and irrigation treatments independently and interactively affected herbivore performance traits, especially those related to growth and food (i.e. birch leaves) processing. By addressing the interactive effects of tree species diversity and drought on insect herbivory from the herbivore’s point of view, our study builds toward a better understanding of the multiple ecological drivers of plant-insect interactions.
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15
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Koricheva J, Hayes D. The relative importance of plant intraspecific diversity in structuring arthropod communities: A meta‐analysis. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey UK
| | - Dexter Hayes
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey UK
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16
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Rosado-Sánchez S, Parra-Tabla V, Betancur-Ancona D, Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L. Tree species diversity alters plant defense investment in an experimental forest plantation in southern Mexico. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rosado-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km 15.5 C.P. 97100 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km 15.5 C.P. 97100 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - David Betancur-Ancona
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Periférico Nte. Km. 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn. C.P. 97203 Mérida Yuc. México
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC); Apdo. 28 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km 15.5 C.P. 97100 Mérida Yuc. México
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17
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Abdala-Roberts L, Pratt R, Pratt JD, Mooney KA. Traits underlying community consequences of plant intra-specific diversity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183493. [PMID: 28886028 PMCID: PMC5590834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant's performance and interactions with other trophic levels are recorgnized to be contingent upon plant diversity and underlying associational dynamics, but far less is known about the plant traits driving such phenomena. We manipulated diversity in plant traits using pairs of plant and a substitutive design to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diversity effects operating at a fine spatial scale. Specifically, we measured the effects of diversity in sex (sexual monocultures vs. male and female genotypes together) and growth rate (growth rate monocultures vs. fast- and slow-growing genotypes together) on growth of the shrub Baccharis salicifolia and on above- and belowground consumers associated with this plant. We compared effects on associate abundance (# associates per plant) vs. density (# associates per kg plant biomass) to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diversity effects; effects on abundance but not density suggest diversity effects are mediated by resource abundance (i.e. plant biomass) alone, whereas effects on density suggest diversity effects are mediated by plant-based heterogeneity or quality. Sexual diversity increased root growth but reduced the density (but not abundance) of the dietary generalist aphid Aphis gossypii and its associated aphid-tending ants, suggesting sex mixtures were of lower quality to this herbivore (e.g. via reduced plant quality), and that this effect indirectly influenced ants. Sexual diversity had no effect on the abundance or density of parasitoids attacking A. gossypii, the dietary specialist aphid Uroleucon macolai, or mycorrhizae. In contrast, growth rate diversity did not influence plant growth or any associates except for the dietary specialist aphid U. macolai, which increased in both abundance and density at high diversity, suggesting growth rate mixtures were of higher quality to this herbivore. These results highlight that plant associational and diversity effects on consumers are contingent upon the source of plant trait variation, and that the nature of such dynamics may vary both within and among trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Riley Pratt
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Irvine Ranch Conservancy, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Pratt
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
Plant ontogenetic stage and features of surrounding plant neighbourhoods can strongly influence herbivory and defences on focal plants. However, the effects of both factors have been assessed independently in previous studies. Here we tested for the independent and interactive effects of neighbourhood type (low vs. high frequency of our focal plant species in heterospecific stands) and ontogeny on leaf herbivory, physical traits and chemical defences of the English oak Quercus robur. We further tested whether plant traits were associated with neighbourhood and ontogenetic effects on herbivory. We found that leaf herbivory decreased in stands with a low frequency of Q. robur, and that saplings received less herbivory than adult trees. Interestingly, we also found interactive effects of these factors where a difference in damage between saplings and adult trees was only observed in stands with a high frequency of Q. robur. We also found strong ontogenetic differences in leaf traits where saplings had more defended leaves than adult trees, and this difference in turn explained ontogenetic differences in herbivory. Plant trait variation did not explain the neighbourhood effect on herbivory. This study builds towards a better understanding of the concurrent effects of plant individual- and community-level characteristics influencing plant-herbivore interactions.
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19
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Castagneyrol B, Bonal D, Damien M, Jactel H, Meredieu C, Muiruri EW, Barbaro L. Bottom-up and top-down effects of tree species diversity on leaf insect herbivory. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3520-3531. [PMID: 28515887 PMCID: PMC5433970 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of plant neighbors commonly results in direct, bottom-up effects on herbivore ability to locate their host, and in indirect effects on herbivores involving changes in plant traits and a top-down control by their enemies. Yet, the relative contribution of bottom-up and top-down forces remains poorly understood. We also lack knowledge on the effect of abiotic constraints such as summer drought on the strength and direction of these effects. We measured leaf damage on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), alone or associated with birch, pine or both in a long-term tree diversity experiment (ORPHEE), where half of the plots were irrigated while the other half remained without irrigation and received only rainfall. We tested three mechanisms likely to explain the effects of oak neighbors on herbivory: (1) Direct bottom-up effects of heterospecific neighbors on oak accessibility to herbivores, (2) indirect bottom-up effects of neighbors on the expression of leaf traits, and (3) top-down control of herbivores by predators. Insect herbivory increased during the growth season but was independent of neighbor identity and irrigation. Specific leaf area, leaf toughness, and thickness varied with neighbor identity while leaf dry matter content or C:N ratio did not. When summarized in a principal component analysis (PCA), neighbor identity explained 87% of variability in leaf traits. PCA axes partially predicted herbivory. Despite greater rates of attack on dummy caterpillars in irrigated plots, avian predation, and insect herbivory remained unrelated. Our study suggests that neighbor identity can indirectly influence insect herbivory in mixed forests by modifying leaf traits. However, we found only partial evidence for these trait-mediated effects and suggest that more attention should be paid to some unmeasured plant traits such as secondary metabolites, including volatile organic compounds, to better anticipate the effects of climate change on plant-insect interactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Bonal
- EEFINRAUniversité de Lorraine54280ChampenouxFrance
| | - Maxime Damien
- ECOBIOUMR CNRS 6553Université de Rennes35042RennesFrance
| | | | | | - Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamSurrey TW20 0EXUK
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityStockton Road, DurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Luc Barbaro
- BIOGECOINRAUniv. Bordeaux33610CestasFrance
- DynaforINPTEI PurpanINRAUniversité de Toulouse31320AuzevilleFrance
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20
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Dai X, Zhang W, Xu J, Duffy KJ, Guo Q. Global pattern of plant utilization across different organisms: Does plant apparency or plant phylogeny matter? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2535-2545. [PMID: 28428845 PMCID: PMC5395452 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is the first to consider human and nonhuman consumers together to reveal several general patterns of plant utilization. We provide evidence that at a global scale, plant apparency and phylogenetic isolation can be important predictors of plant utilization and consumer diversity. Using the number of species or genera or the distribution area of each plant family as the island "area" and the minimum phylogenetic distance to common plant families as the island "distance", we fitted presence-area relationships and presence-distance relationships with a binomial GLM (generalized linear model) with a logit link. The presence-absence of consumers among each plant family strongly depended on plant apparency (family size and distribution area); the diversity of consumers increased with plant apparency but decreased with phylogenetic isolation. When consumers extended their host breadth, unapparent plants became more likely to be used. Common uses occurred more often on common plants and their relatives, showing higher host phylogenetic clustering than uncommon uses. On the contrary, highly specialized uses might be related to the rarity of plant chemicals and were therefore very species-specific. In summary, our results provide a global illustration of plant-consumer combinations and reveal several general patterns of plant utilization across humans, insects and microbes. First, plant apparency and plant phylogenetic isolation generally govern plant utilization value, with uncommon and isolated plants suffering fewer parasites. Second, extension of the breadth of utilized hosts helps explain the presence of consumers on unapparent plants. Finally, the phylogenetic clustering structure of host plants is different between common uses and uncommon uses. The strength of such consistent plant utilization patterns across a diverse set of usage types suggests that the persistence and accumulation of consumer diversity and use value for plant species are determined by similar ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China.,National Navel Orange Engineering Research Centre Ganzhou China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Kevin J Duffy
- Institute of Systems Science Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa.,School of Mathematics Statistics and Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
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21
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Fernandez-Conradi P, Jactel H, Hampe A, Leiva MJ, Castagneyrol B. The effect of tree genetic diversity on insect herbivory varies with insect abundance. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Fernandez-Conradi
- Biogeco; INRA; University of Bordeaux; F-33610 Cestas France
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apdo, 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
| | - Hervé Jactel
- Biogeco; INRA; University of Bordeaux; F-33610 Cestas France
| | - Arndt Hampe
- Biogeco; INRA; University of Bordeaux; F-33610 Cestas France
| | - Maria José Leiva
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apdo, 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
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22
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Teuscher M, Gérard A, Brose U, Buchori D, Clough Y, Ehbrecht M, Hölscher D, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Wollni M, Kreft H. Experimental Biodiversity Enrichment in Oil-Palm-Dominated Landscapes in Indonesia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1538. [PMID: 27799935 PMCID: PMC5065973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tropical biodiversity is threatened by the expansion of oil-palm plantations. Reduced-impact farming systems such as agroforests, have been proposed to increase biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In regions where oil-palm plantations already dominate the landscape, this increase can only be achieved through systematic ecological restoration. However, our knowledge about the underlying ecological and socio-economic processes, constraints, and trade-offs of ecological restoration in oil-palm landscapes is very limited. To bridge this gap, we established a long-term biodiversity enrichment experiment. We established experimental tree islands in a conventional oil-palm plantation and systematically varied plot size, tree diversity, and tree species composition. Here, we describe the rationale and the design of the experiment, the ecosystem variables (soil, topography, canopy openness) and biotic characteristics (associated vegetation, invertebrates, birds) of the experimental site prior to the establishment of the experiment, and initial experimental effects on the fauna. Already one year after establishment of the experiment, tree plantings had an overall positive effect on the bird and invertebrate communities at the plantation scale. The diversity and abundance of invertebrates was positively affected by the size of the tree islands. Based on these results, we expect a further increase of biodiversity and associated ecological functions in the future. The long-term interdisciplinary monitoring of ecosystem variables, flora, fauna, and socio-economic aspects will allow us to evaluate the suitability of tree islands as a restoration measure. Thereof, guidelines for ecologically improved and socio-economically viable restoration and management concepts could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Teuscher
- Department of Systemic Conservation Biology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Gérard
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural UniversityBogor, Indonesia
| | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Ehbrecht
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of JambiJambi, Indonesia
| | - Leti Sundawati
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural UniversityBogor, Indonesia
| | - Meike Wollni
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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23
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Muiruri EW, Koricheva J. Going undercover: increasing canopy cover around a host tree drives associational resistance to an insect pest. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway Univ. of London; Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway Univ. of London; Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
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24
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Esquivel-Gómez L, Abdala-Roberts L, Pinkus-Rendón M, Parra-Tabla V. Effects of tree species diversity on a community of weaver spiders in a tropical forest plantation. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Esquivel-Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán; Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná Merida 97000 Yucatan Mexico
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán; Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná Merida 97000 Yucatan Mexico
| | - Miguel Pinkus-Rendón
- Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Merida 97150 Yucatan Mexico
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias; Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán; Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná Merida 97000 Yucatan Mexico
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25
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Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L, Rasmann S, Castagneyrol B, Mooney KA. Plant diversity effects on insect herbivores and their natural enemies: current thinking, recent findings, and future directions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:1-7. [PMID: 27436639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A rich body of theory has been developed to predict the effects of plant diversity on communities at higher trophic levels and the mechanisms underpinning such effects. However, there are currently a number of key gaps in knowledge that have hindered the development of a predictive framework of plant diversity effects on consumers. For instance, we still know very little about how the magnitude of plant trait variation (e.g. intra-specific vs. inter-specific), as well as the identity and combined effects of plant, herbivore and natural enemy traits, mediate plant diversity effects on consumers. Moreover, the fine-scale mechanisms (e.g. changes in consumer behaviour or recruitment responses) underlying such diversity effects in many cases remain elusive or have been overlooked. In addition, most studies of plant diversity effects on associated consumers have been developed under a static, unidirectional (bottom-up) framework of effects on herbivores and predators without taking into account the potential for dynamic feedbacks across trophic levels. Here we seek to address these key gaps in knowledge as well as to capitalize on recent advances and emerging frameworks in plant biodiversity research. In doing so, we provide new insights as well as recommendations which will stimulate new research and advance this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoaquín Moreira
- Biological Mission of Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo. 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Department of Tropical Ecology, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimna, 97000 Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- INRA, BIOGECO, UMR1202, 69 Route d'Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France; Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 92697 Irvine, CA, USA
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Campos-Navarrete MJ, Munguía-Rosas MA, Abdala-Roberts L, Quinto J, Parra-Tabla V. Effects of Tree Genotypic Diversity and Species Diversity on the Arthropod Community Associated with Big-leaf Mahogany. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Campos-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Apartado Postal 4-116 Itzimná 97000 Mérida Yucatán Mexico
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación; Instituto Tecnológico de Tizimín; Tecnológico Nacional de México; Final del Aero puerto Cupul S/N. 97700 Tizimín Yucatán Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas
- Departamento de Ecología Humana; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV); KM 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso Mérida Yucatán 97310 Mexico
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Apartado Postal 4-116 Itzimná 97000 Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - Javier Quinto
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Apartado Postal 4-116 Itzimná 97000 Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical; Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán; Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Apartado Postal 4-116 Itzimná 97000 Mérida Yucatán Mexico
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27
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Miehe-Steier A, Roscher C, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Light and Nutrient Dependent Responses in Secondary Metabolites of Plantago lanceolata Offspring Are Due to Phenotypic Plasticity in Experimental Grasslands. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136073. [PMID: 26336100 PMCID: PMC4559451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A few studies in the past have shown that plant diversity in terms of species richness and functional composition can modify plant defense chemistry. However, it is not yet clear to what extent genetic differentiation of plant chemotypes or phenotypic plasticity in response to diversity-induced variation in growth conditions or a combination of both is responsible for this pattern. We collected seed families of ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) from six-year old experimental grasslands of varying plant diversity (Jena Experiment). The offspring of these seed families was grown under standardized conditions with two levels of light and nutrients. The iridoid glycosides, catalpol and aucubin, and verbascoside, a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside, were measured in roots and shoots. Although offspring of different seed families differed in the tissue concentrations of defensive metabolites, plant diversity in the mothers' environment did not explain the variation in the measured defensive metabolites of P. lanceolata offspring. However secondary metabolite levels in roots and shoots were strongly affected by light and nutrient availability. Highest concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside were found under high light conditions, and nutrient availability had positive effects on iridoid glycoside concentrations in plants grown under high light conditions. However, verbascoside concentrations decreased under high levels of nutrients irrespective of light. The data from our greenhouse study show that phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental variation rather than genetic differentiation in response to plant community diversity is responsible for variation in secondary metabolite concentrations of P. lanceolata in the six-year old communities of the grassland biodiversity experiment. Due to its large phenotypic plasticity P. lanceolata has the potential for a fast and efficient adjustment to varying environmental conditions in plant communities of different species richness and functional composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Miehe-Steier
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Halle, Germany
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28
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Campos-Navarrete MJ, Abdala-Roberts L, Munguía-Rosas MA, Parra-Tabla V. Are Tree Species Diversity and Genotypic Diversity Effects on Insect Herbivores Mediated by Ants? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132671. [PMID: 26241962 PMCID: PMC4524695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diversity can influence predators and omnivores and such effects may in turn influence herbivores and plants. However, evidence for these ecological feedbacks is rare. We evaluated if the effects of tree species (SD) and genotypic diversity (GD) on the abundance of different guilds of insect herbivores associated with big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) were contingent upon the protective effects of ants tending extra-floral nectaries of this species. This study was conducted within a larger experiment consisting of mahogany monocultures and species polycultures of four species and –within each of these two plot types– mahogany was represented by either one or four maternal families. We selected 24 plots spanning these treatment combinations, 10 mahogany plants/plot, and within each plot experimentally reduced ant abundance on half of the selected plants, and surveyed ant and herbivore abundance. There were positive effects of SD on generalist leaf-chewers and sap-feeders, but for the latter group this effect depended on the ant reduction treatment: SD positively influenced sap-feeders under ambient ant abundance but had no effect when ant abundance was reduced; at the same time, ants had negative effects on sap feeders in monoculture but no effect in polyculture. In contrast, SD did not influence specialist stem-borers or leaf-miners and this effect was not contingent upon ant reduction. Finally, GD did not influence any of the herbivore guilds studied, and such effects did not depend on the ant treatment. Overall, we show that tree species diversity influenced interactions between a focal plant species (mahogany) and ants, and that such effects in turn mediated plant diversity effects on some (sap-feeders) but not all the herbivores guilds studied. Our results suggest that the observed patterns are dependent on the combined effects of herbivore identity, diet breadth, and the source of plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Campos-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4–116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4–116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), KM 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Mérida, 97310, México
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autόnoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4–116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- * E-mail:
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Abdala‐Roberts L, Mooney KA, Quijano‐Medina T, Campos‐Navarrete MJ, González‐Moreno A, Parra‐Tabla V. Comparison of tree genotypic diversity and species diversity effects on different guilds of insect herbivores. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Abdala‐Roberts
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Univ. of California Irvine 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697‐2525 USA
- Depto de Ecología Tropical Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Univ. Autόnoma de Yucatán Apartado Postal 4‐116, Itzimná MX‐97000 Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Univ. of California Irvine 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697‐2525 USA
| | | | - María José Campos‐Navarrete
- Depto de Ecología Tropical Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Univ. Autόnoma de Yucatán Apartado Postal 4‐116, Itzimná MX‐97000 Mérida, Yucatán México
| | | | - Víctor Parra‐Tabla
- Depto de Ecología Tropical Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Univ. Autόnoma de Yucatán Apartado Postal 4‐116, Itzimná MX‐97000 Mérida, Yucatán México
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