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Turner A, McKean M, Doyle D, Burkett B. The reliability of a linear position transducer for measuring countermovement jump performance in national-level road cyclists. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298291. [PMID: 38319955 PMCID: PMC10846725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jump tests have applications in fatigue monitoring, training intervention evaluations, and talent identification in cycling populations. Due to competitive cycling's inherent travel demands, linear position transducers (LPTs) are suitable for assessing jump performance in this population as they are a mobile and validated technology. Understanding the reliability and sensitivity of LPTs in assessing jump performance in cycling populations is required to support the development of sports science protocols. Using an LPT, this study aimed to determine the reliability and sensitivity of countermovement jump (CMJ) variables in road cyclists. METHODS Ten national-level male road cyclists performed three maximal CMJ trials twice per week for two weeks, with an LPT measuring force, power, velocity, repetition rate, vertical distance, and concentric time from each trial. Using the mean and best CMJ results from three trials per testing session, the upper limit 90% confidence interval for the coefficient of variation (CV) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) determined inter-day and -week reliability (CV ≤ 10%) and sensitivity (acceptable sensitivity = CV ≤ SWC) for CMJ variables. RESULTS Mean power and force, velocity (mean and peak), vertical distance (VD), and concentric time had acceptable inter-day and -week reliability when using either the mean or best CMJ results (CV upper limit 90% confidence interval range = 3.54-10.13%). Moreover, the CV and SWC were typically lower when based on the mean rather than the best of three CMJ trials. Lastly, poor sensitivity (CV > SWC) was evident for all CMJ variables. CONCLUSIONS CMJ-derived mean power and force, velocity (peak and mean), VD, and concentric time have acceptable inter-day and -week reliability when assessed via an LPT in national-level road cyclists. When using an LPT, sports scientists should consider that, while they typically have poor sensitivity, the reliability of CMJ-derived variables improves when expressed as the mean of three trials in national-level road cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Turner
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark McKean
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle Doyle
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan Burkett
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Swimming Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Taskinen S, Hynynen E, Nummela A, Holmberg HC, Linnamo V. Associations between objective measures of performance-related characteristics and perceived stress in young cross-country skiers during pre-season training. J Sports Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38247021 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2304499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring performance-related characteristics of athletes can reveal changes that facilitate training adaptations. Here, we examine the relationships between submaximal running, maximal jump performance (CMJ), concentrations of blood lactate, sleep duration (SD) and latency (SL), and perceived stress (PSS) in junior cross-country skiers during pre-season training. These parameters were monitored in 15 male and 14 females (17 ± 1 years) for the 12-weeks prior to the competition season, and the data was analysed using linear and mixed-effect models. An increase in SD exerted a decrease in both PSS (B = -2.79, p ≤ 0.01) and blood lactate concentrations during submaximal running (B = -0.623, p ≤ 0.05). In addition, there was a negative relationship between SL and CMJ (B = -0.09, p = 0.08). Compared to males, females exhibited higher PSS scores and little or no change in performance-related tests. A significant interaction between time and sex was present in CMJ with males displaying an effect of time on CMJ performance. For all athletes, lower PSS appeared to be associated with longer overnight sleep. Since the females experienced higher levels of stress, monitoring of their PSS might be beneficial. These findings have implications for the preparation of young athletes' competition season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mishica
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sara Taskinen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Esa Hynynen
- Finnish Institute of High-Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- Finnish Institute of High-Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Saad N, Moustafa IM, Ahbouch A, Alsaafin NM, Oakley PA, Harrison DE. Are Rotations and Translations of Head Posture Related to Gait and Jump Parameters? J Clin Med 2023; 12:6211. [PMID: 37834858 PMCID: PMC10573992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the relationship between head posture displacements and biomechanical parameters during gait and jumping. One hundred male and female students (20 ± 3 yrs) were assessed via the PostureScreen Mobile® app to quantify postural displacements of head rotations and translations including: (1) the cranio-vertebral angle (CVA) (°), (2) anterior head translation (AHT) (cm), (3) lateral head translation in the coronal plane (cm), and (4) lateral head side bending (°). Biomechanical parameters during gait and jumping were measured using the G-Walk sensor. The assessed gait spatiotemporal parameters were cadence (steps/min), speed (m/s), symmetry index, % left and right stride length (% height), and right and left propulsion index. The pelvic movement parameters were (1) tilt symmetry index, (2) tilt left and right range, (3) obliquity symmetry index, (4) obliquity left and right range, (5) rotation symmetry index, and (6) rotation left and right range. The jump parameters measured were (1) flight height (cm), (2) take off force (kN), (3) impact Force (kN), (4) take off speed (m/s), (5) peak speed (m/s), (6) average speed concentric phase (m/s), (7) maximum concentric power (kW), (8) average concentric power (kW) during the counter movement jump (CMJ), and (9) CMJ with arms thrust (CMJAT). At a significance level of p ≤ 0.001, moderate-to-high correlations (0.4 < r < 0.8) were found between CVA, AHT, lateral translation head, and all the gait and jump parameters. Weak correlations (0.2 < r < 0.4) were ascertained for lateral head bending and all the gait and jump parameters except for gait symmetry index and pelvic symmetry index, where moderate correlations were identified (0.4 < r < 0.6). The findings indicate moderate-to-high correlations between specific head posture displacements, such as CVA, lateral head translation and AHT with the various gait and jump parameters. These findings highlight the importance of considering head posture in the assessment and optimization of movement patterns during gait and jumping. Our findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge and may have implications for clinical practice and sports performance training. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish causality in these relationships, which could potentially lead to the development of targeted interventions for improving movement patterns and preventing injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Saad
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates (I.M.M.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Moustafa
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates (I.M.M.)
- Neuromusculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, RIMHS–Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Ahbouch
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates (I.M.M.)
| | - Nour Mustafa Alsaafin
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates (I.M.M.)
| | - Paul A. Oakley
- Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Independent Researcher, Newmarket, ON L3Y 8Y8, Canada
| | - Deed E. Harrison
- CBP Nonprofit (a Spine Research Foundation), Eagle, ID 83616, USA
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Rodrigues JFC, Mendes TT, Gomes PF, Silami-Garcia E, Amorim FT, Sevilio MNO, Rossi FE, Wanner SP. Reduced running performance and greater perceived exertion, but similar post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue in tropical natives subjected to a 10 km self-paced run in a hot compared to a temperate environment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290081. [PMID: 37590220 PMCID: PMC10434900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental heat stress impairs endurance performance by enhancing exercise-induced physiological and perceptual responses. However, the time course of these responses during self-paced running, particularly when comparing hot and temperate conditions, still needs further clarification. Moreover, monitoring fatigue induced by exercise is paramount to prescribing training and recovery adequately, but investigations on the effects of a hot environment on post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue are scarce. This study compared the time course of physiological and perceptual responses during a 10 km self-paced treadmill run (as fast as possible) between temperate (25°C) and hot (35°C) conditions. We also investigated the changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance following exercise in these two ambient temperatures. Thirteen recreational long-distance runners (11 men and 2 women), inhabitants of a tropical region, completed the two experimental trials in a randomized order. Compared to 25°C, participants had transiently higher body core temperature (TCORE) and consistently greater perceived exertion while running at 35°C (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with a slower pace, evidenced by an additional 14 ± 5 min (mean ± SD) to complete the 10 km at 35°C than at 25°C (p < 0.05). Before, immediately after, and 1 h after the self-paced run, the participants performed CMJs to evaluate lower limb neuromuscular fatigue. CMJ height was reduced by 7.0% (2.3 ± 2.4 cm) at 1 h after the race (p < 0.05) compared to pre-exercise values; environmental conditions did not influence this reduction. In conclusion, despite the reduced endurance performance, higher perceived exertion, and transiently augmented TCORE caused by environmental heat stress, post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue is similar between temperate and hot conditions. This finding suggests that the higher external load (faster speed) at 25°C compensates for the effects of more significant perceptual responses at 35°C in inducing neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson F. C. Rodrigues
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago T. Mendes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F. Gomes
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silami-Garcia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Sports, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiano T. Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mário N. O. Sevilio
- Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E. Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group and Laboratory of Muscle Performance, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Science and Health, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Samuel P. Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fullagar HHK, Vincent GE, McCullough M, Halson S, Fowler P. Sleep and Sport Performance. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:408-416. [PMID: 36930212 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Elite athletes and coaches believe sleep is the most important recovery strategy and widely consider it critical to optimal performance. Despite this perceived importance, there are numerous circumstances that can reduce sleep quantity and quality in athletic populations. Because of the effects of sleep loss on various physical, neurophysiological, and cognitive parameters, such perturbations can have consequences for performance and recovery outcomes. Although peer-reviewed literature examining the interaction between sleep, performance, and recovery in athletes is increasing, understanding of these issues remains equivocal. Perhaps most pertinently, the effect of sleep on sport performance does not align with a one-size-fits-all approach and rather depends on numerous factors such as type of sport, scheduling, time of the season, and the intraindividual requirements for sleep. The relationship between brain plasticity and memory, which in turn can influence learning processes and long-term memory consolidation, suggests that sleep may play an important role in learning new skills and tactics for both elite and developing athletes. The aim of this special issue review was to analyze the evidence of sleep loss on sport performance and recovery, with a specific focus on elite athletes. An assessment of these sleep-compromising situations that elite athletes may face during a typical season and practical considerations for alleviating these issues is also provided to further the understanding for medical professionals, scientists, and applied sporting practitioners alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H K Fullagar
- Sport & Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Shona Halson
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia ; and
| | - Peter Fowler
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
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Markov A, Bussweiler J, Helm N, Arntz F, Steidten T, Krohm L, Sacot A, Baumert P, Puta C, Chaabene H. Acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises on markers of immunological stress response and measures of muscular fitness in highly trained youth male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1015-1026. [PMID: 36624248 PMCID: PMC9829527 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises order on immunological stress responses, muscular-fitness, and rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) in highly trained youth male judo athletes. METHODS Twenty male participants randomly performed two concurrent training (CT) sessions; power-endurance and endurance-power. Measures of immune response (e.g., white blood cells), muscular-fitness (i.e., counter-movement-jump [CMJ]), RPE, blood-lactate, and -glucose were taken at different time-point (i.e., pre, mid, post, and post6h). RESULTS There were significant time*order interactions for white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. Power-endurance resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in white blood cells and lymphocytes while endurance-power resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in the granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. Likewise, significantly larger pre-to-post6h white blood cells and granulocytes increases were observed following power-endurance compared to endurance-power. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood-glucose and -lactate. Following endurance-power, blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-mid but not from pre-to-post. Meanwhile, in power-endurance blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-post but not from pre-to-mid. A significant time*order interaction was observed for CMJ-force with larger pre-to-post decreases in endurance-power compared to power-endurance. Further, CMJ-power showed larger pre-to-mid performance decreases following power-endurance, compared to endurance-power. Regarding RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger pre-to-mid values following endurance-power and larger pre-to-post values following power-endurance. CONCLUSION CT induced acute and delayed order-dependent immune cell count alterations in highly trained youth male judo athletes. In general, power-endurance induced higher acute and delayed immunological stress responses compared to endurance-power. CMJ-force and RPE fluctuated during both CT sessions but went back to baseline 6 h post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Markov
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany ,Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Bussweiler
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Norman Helm
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabian Arntz
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Steidten
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Krohm
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arnau Sacot
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512University de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Philipp Baumert
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building. 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.442518.e0000 0004 0492 9538High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, 8189 Jendouba, Tunisia
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Majano C, García-Unanue J, Hernandez-Martin A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L, Felipe JL. Relationship between Repeated Sprint Ability, Countermovement Jump and Thermography in Elite Football Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:631. [PMID: 36679427 PMCID: PMC9863071 DOI: 10.3390/s23020631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Football is a very demanding sport which requires players to exert maximum effort, producing fatigue and eventually injuries. Thermography can be used to detect fatigue and prevent its consequences through thermal asymmetries in the bilateral body areas; however, its adequacy for elite footballers has not been widely studied. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to determine the suitability of thermography to detect fatigue in male football players. For this reason, twenty participants were gathered into a pair of subgroups (low [<0.2 °C] vs. high thermal asymmetry [≥0.2 °C]) based on a thermography session of the lower limbs (thighs, calves, and hamstrings). After the thermography session, players performed CMJs before and after an RSA test (6 × 30 m/20″). A mixed two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparisons were undertaken to analyse the results. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in any of the RSA test variables between low and high thermal asymmetry groups for thighs and calves. On the other hand, the low thermal asymmetry hamstring group reported a smaller percentage difference in sprints for the first sprint (%Diff) and a larger percentage difference in sprints two and three with respect to the best sprint (%Best). For CMJs, the low thermal asymmetry hamstring group reported significantly higher values post-RSA test, indicating better performance. Accordingly, thermography can provide information about performance in CMJ and RSA tests through hamstring asymmetries over 0.2 °C. Meanwhile, larger asymmetries than 0.2 °C in calves and thighs do not seem to be related to performance in these tests; therefore, coaches should consider if it is optimal to align players with high hamstring asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Majano
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Martin
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Walsh JA, McAndrew DJ, Shemmell J, Stapley PJ. Reliability and Variability of Lower Limb Muscle Activation as Indicators of Familiarity to Submaximal Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol 2022; 13:953517. [PMID: 35874539 PMCID: PMC9304807 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.953517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Submaximal eccentric (ECC) cycling exercise is commonly used in research studies. No previous study has specified the required time naïve participants take to familiarize with submaximal ECC cycling. Therefore, we designed this study to determine whether critical indicators of cycling reliability and variability stabilize during 15 min of submaximal, semi-recumbent ECC cycling (ECC cycling). Twenty-two participants, aged between 18–51 years, volunteered to complete a single experimental session. Each participant completed three peak eccentric torque protocol (PETP) tests, nine countermovement jumps and 15 min of submaximal (i.e., 10% peak power output produced during the PETP tests) ECC cycling. Muscle activation patterns were recorded from six muscles (rectus femoris, RF; vastus lateralis, VL; vastus medialis, VM; soleus, SOL; medial gastrocnemius, GM; tibialis anterior, TA), during prescribed-intensity ECC cycling, using electromyography (EMG). Minute-to-minute changes in the reliability and variability of EMG patterns were examined using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and variance ratios (VR). Differences between target and actual power output were also used as an indicator of familiarization. Activation patterns for 4/6 muscles (RF, VL, VM and GM) became more consistent over the session, the RF, VL and VM increasing from moderate (ICC = 0.5–0.75) to good (ICC = 0.75–0.9) reliability by the 11th minute of cycling and the GM good reliability from the 1st minute (ICC = 0.79, ICC range = 0.70–0.88). Low variability (VR ≤ 0.40) was maintained for VL, VM and GM from the 8th, 8th and 1st minutes, respectively. We also observed a significant decrease in the difference between actual and target power output (χ214 = 30.895, p = 0.006, W = 0.105), expressed primarily between the 2nd and 3rd minute of cycling (Z = -2.677, p = 0.007). Indicators of familiarization during ECC cycling, including deviations from target power output levels and the reliability and variability of muscle activation patterns stabilized within 15 min of cycling. Based upon this data, it would be reasonable for future studies to allocate ∼ 15 min to familiarize naïve participants with a submaximal ECC cycling protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Walsh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl J. McAndrew
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Shemmell
- Neuromotor Adaptation Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J. Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul J. Stapley,
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Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Hynynen E, Nummela A, Holmberg HC, Linnamo V. Evaluation of nocturnal vs. morning measures of heart rate indices in young athletes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262333. [PMID: 34986202 PMCID: PMC8730395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability in young endurance athletes during nocturnal sleep and in the morning; and to assess whether changes in these values are associated with changes in submaximal running (SRT) and counter-movement jump (CMJ) performance. Methods During a three-week period of similar training, eleven athletes (16 ± 1 years) determined daily HR and heart rate variability (RMSSD) during sleep utilizing a ballistocardiographic device (Emfit QS), as well as in the morning with a HR monitor (Polar V800). Aerobic fitness and power production were assessed employing SRT and CMJ test. Results Comparison of the average values for week 1 and week 3 revealed no significant differences with respect to nocturnal RMSSD (6.8%, P = 0.344), morning RMSSD (13.4%, P = 0.151), morning HR (-3.9 bpm, P = 0.063), SRT HR (-0.7 bpm, P = 0.447), SRT blood lactate (4.9%, P = 0.781), CMJ (-4.2%, P = 0.122) or training volume (16%, P = 0.499). There was a strong correlation between morning and nocturnal HRs during week 1 (r = 0.800, P = 0.003) and week 3 (r = 0.815, P = 0.002), as well as between morning and nocturnal RMSSD values (for week 1, r = 0.895, P<0.001 and week 3, r = 0.878, P = 0.001). Conclusion This study concluded that HR and RMSSD obtained during nocturnal sleep and in the morning did not differ significantly. In addition, weekly changes in training and performance were small indicating that fitness was similar throughout the 3-week period of observation. Consequently, daily measurement of HR indices during nocturnal sleep provide a potential tool for long-term monitoring of young endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mishica
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Esa Hynynen
- KIHU–Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ari Nummela
- KIHU–Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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10
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Energy availability during training camp is associated with signs of overreaching and changes in performance in young female cross-country skiers. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2021-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate if young female skiers meet their energy and macronutrient requirements, and how energy availability (EA) and macronutrient intake affects their performance during an intensive training camp.
Material and methods: 19 female cross-country skiers (age 16.7 ± 0.7) filled in 48-hour food and training logs during a 5-day training camp. Fasting concentrations of hemoglobin, leptin, triiodothyronine (T3), insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucose were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) the camp. Blood lactate (LA), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) from a submaximal treadmill running test, jump height from counter movement jump (CMJ), and power from a reactive jump test (RJ) were also measured PRE and POST.
Results: Mean EA was 40.3 ± 17.3 kcal · kgFFM–1 · d–1. 58% of the participants had suboptimal EA, 37% had low EA, and 53% had suboptimal carbohydrate intake. HR, HR/RPE ratio, LA/RPE ratio, CMJ, hemoglobin, leptin, T3, and insulin decreased from PRE to POST. RPE and glucose increased from PRE to POST. EA during the camp correlated with changes in LA (r = 0.54, p = 0.018), LA/RPE (r = 0.65, p = 0.003), and RJ (r = 0.47, p = 0.043).
Conclusions: Many athletes had difficulties in meeting their energy and carbohydrate requirements during a training camp. Furthermore, sufficient EA may help to avoid overreaching and to maintain performance during an intensive training period.
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Evidence That Sleep Is an Indicator of Overtraining during the Competition Phase of Adolescent Sprinters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:6694547. [PMID: 33884272 PMCID: PMC8041504 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6694547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although sleep disturbance is a common complaint in overtrained athletes, the role of sleep in the overtraining process is not clear. This study aimed (i) to compare sleep efficiency/quantity at the start of a competition phase in elite adolescent sprinters who adapted to prior training with that in those who maladapt and (ii) to examine the influence of prior training, fatigue, and sleep on performance through a moderated mediation model. Fatigue (via Profile of Mood State) and internal training load (via session rating of perceived exertion and duration of training as volume) were measured in 20 sprinters (mean age: 15.9 ± 1.7 years) across 4 mesocycles (baseline (T1); preparatory (T2); precompetitive (T3); and competitive (T4) phases), over 26 weeks. Performances were assessed during the competitive period (T3, T4), while sleep was monitored (via actigraphy) for a week during T4. It was inferred that sprinters who had increasingly greater fatigue and concomitant decrements in performance (35%) were maladapted to training and the remaining sprinters who improved fatigue and performance (65%) were adapted to training. Sleep efficiency (91 ± 3% vs. 82 ± 3%, p < 0.001) and quantity (425 ± 33 min vs. 394 ± 20 min, p < 0.001) at the start of T4 were significantly greater in sprinters who adapted. Moreover, higher prior training volume (mean of T1 to T3 training volume) was associated with lower sleep efficiency at the start of T4 (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.001) which was associated with poorer performance (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.001). Fatigue moderated the indirect effect of prior training volume on performance through its moderation of the effect of sleep efficiency on performance (R2 = 0.89, p < 0.001). Impaired sleep as a result of greater prior training volume may be related to performance decrements through fatigue. Athletes should improve sleep during periods of higher training volume to reduce fatigue for better adaptation to training.
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Churchill NW, Hutchison MG, Graham SJ, Schweizer TA. Disturbances in Brain Physiology Due to Season Play: A Multi-Sport Study of Male and Female University Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:653603. [PMID: 33868020 PMCID: PMC8044759 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.653603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance university athletes experience frequent exertion, resulting in disrupted biological homeostasis, but it is unclear to what extent brain physiology is affected. We examined whether athletes without overtraining symptoms show signs of increased neurophysiological stress over the course of a single athletic season, and whether the effects are modified by demographic factors of age, sex and concussion history, and sport-related factors of contact exposure and season length. Fifty-three university-level athletes were recruited from multiple sports at a single institution and followed longitudinally from beginning of season (BOS) to end of season (EOS) and 1 month afterwards, with a subset followed up at the subsequent beginning of season. MRI was used to comprehensively assess white matter (WM) diffusivity, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and brain activity, while overtraining symptoms were assessed with Hooper’s Index (HI). Although athletes did not report increased HI scores, they showed significantly increased white matter diffusivity and decreased CBF at EOS and 1 month afterwards, with recovery at follow-up. Global brain activity was not significantly altered though, highlighting the ability of the brain to adapt to exercise-related stressors. Male athletes had greater white matter diffusivity at EOS, but female athletes had greater declines in CBF at 1 month afterwards. Post-season changes in MRI measures were not related to change in HI score, age, concussion history, contact exposure, or length of athletic season. Hence, the brain shows substantial but reversible neurophysiological changes due to season play in the absence of overtraining symptoms, with effects that are sex-dependent but otherwise insensitive to demographic variations. These findings provide new insights into the effects of training and competitive play on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Churchill
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J Graham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A Schweizer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME) at the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Nuuttila OP, Nummela A, Häkkinen K, Seipäjärvi S, Kyröläinen H. Monitoring Training and Recovery during a Period of Increased Intensity or Volume in Recreational Endurance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052401. [PMID: 33804541 PMCID: PMC7967764 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of progressively increased training intensity or volume on the nocturnal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), countermovement jump, perceived recovery, and heart rate-running speed index (HR-RS index). Another aim was to analyze how observed patterns during the training period in these monitoring variables were associated with the changes in endurance performance. Thirty recreationally trained participants performed a 10-week control period of regular training and a 10-week training period of either increased training intensity (INT, n = 13) or volume (VOL, n = 17). Changes in endurance performance were assessed by an incremental treadmill test. Both groups improved their maximal speed on the treadmill (INT 3.4 ± 3.2%, p < 0.001; VOL 2.1 ± 1.8%, p = 0.006). In the monitoring variables, only between-group difference (p = 0.013) was found in nocturnal HR, which decreased in INT (p = 0.016). In addition, perceived recovery decreased in VOL (p = 0.021) and tended to decrease in INT (p = 0.056). When all participants were divided into low-responders and responders in maximal running performance, the increase in the HR-RS index at the end of the training period was greater in responders (p = 0.005). In conclusion, current training periods of increased intensity or volume improved endurance performance to a similar extent. Countermovement jump and HRV remained unaffected, despite a slight decrease in perceived recovery. Long-term monitoring of the HR-RS index may help to predict positive adaptations, while interpretation of other recovery-related markers may need a more individualized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli-Pekka Nuuttila
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (K.H.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-406227304
| | - Ari Nummela
- KIHU—Research Institute for Olympic Sports, 40101 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (K.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Santtu Seipäjärvi
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (K.H.); (H.K.)
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Load Index and Vertical Jump to Monitor Neuromuscular Fatigue in an Elite 800-m Athlete. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1354-1358. [PMID: 33626502 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the relationships between the evolution of training-load values and countermovement jump (CMJ) as an indicator of stress and fatigue in a high-level 800-m runner during a whole season, including indoor (ID) and outdoor season (OD). METHODS Over 42 weeks, daily training load was quantified as the result of the product of the intensity and volume, and it was termed load index (LI). CMJ was measured in every running session after warm-up and immediately after the last effort of the session. Other jump-related variables such as CMJ height loss, average weekly CMJ, initial CMJ of the next consecutive session, and initial CMJ of the following week were studied. RESULTS A significant negative relationship was observed between LI and weekly CMJ (ID: r = -.68, P < .001, common variance [CV] = 46%; OD: r = -.73, P < .001, CV = 53%), initial CMJ of the following week (OD: r = -.71, P < .01, CV = 50%), and CMJ height loss (ID: r = -.58, P < .01, CV = 34%; OD: r = -.52, P < .01, CV = 27%). A significant positive relationship was observed between LI and initial CMJ of the next consecutive session when LI values were <8 (OD: r = .72; P < .01, CV = 52%). However, from values ≥8, the relationship turned into a significant negative one (ID: r = -.74; P < .01, CV = 55%; OD: r = -64, P < .01, CV = 41%). CONCLUSIONS CMJ may be a valid indicator of the degree of stress or fatigue generated by specific training sessions of a competitive athlete within a single session, a week, or even the following week. There could be an individual limit LI value from which the training volume does not allow a positive effect on high-speed actions such as a CMJ in the next consecutive session.
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15
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CULLEN TOM, THOMAS GAVIN, WADLEY ALEXJ. Sleep Deprivation: Cytokine and Neuroendocrine Effects on Perception of Effort. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:909-918. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Dziembowska I, Wójcik M, Hołyńska-Iwan I, Litwic-Kaminska K, Słomka A, Żekanowska E. Female Volleyball Players Are More Prone to Cortisol Anticipatory Stress Response than Sedentary Women. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:medicina55060258. [PMID: 31181812 PMCID: PMC6631902 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Top-level sports performance places heavy physical and psychological demands on elite-level athletes, which can be a source of increased levels of stress. Therefore, high-level volleyball players may present altered cardiovascular and endocrinological stress response during stressful events. Although many previous studies have examined the response to stress on athletes, most of them regarded only males, while the impact of the female menstrual cycle has rarely been taken into account. We aimed to study psychophysiological response to anticipatory stressor through analysis of heart rate, self-reported anxiety level, and salivary cortisol in healthy young female athletes by minimalizing the effect of confounders. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 females (25 members of the best league for female volleyball players in Poland and 30 sedentary-lifestyle control subjects) in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle were exposed to mental arithmetic tasks as an experimental imitation of the stressor. Volleyball players were significantly taller than sedentary individuals (177.1 ± 3.4 cm vs. 173.3 ± 3.4 cm, respectively, p = 0.034), but did not differ in weight (73.6 ± 5.2 kg vs. 70 ± 4.23 kg, respectively, p = 0.081), body mass index (BMI) (23.5 ± 1.13 vs. 24.1 ± 1.45, respectively, p = 0.060), and age (22 ± 1.11 vs. 23 ± 1.14 years, respectively, p = 0.2). Their stress responses were assessed through self-reported anxiety levels and physiological measurements of salivary cortisol concentrations and heart rate (HR). Results: For HR, significant effects of time (F(2,120) = 21.34, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.26) were found, but not for training status (F(1,60) = 2.69, p = 0.106, η2 = 0.04). For cortisol levels, the analysis showed the main effects of time (F(3,180) = 11.73, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.16) and training status (F(1,60) = 4.69, p = 0.034, η2 = 0.07) and a significant interaction between training status and time (F(3,180) = 3.07, p = 0.029, η2 = 0.05). Post-hoc analyses showed higher cortisol concentrations among volleyball players following the math task (all p < 0.001), as well as higher cortisol concentrations in S2, S3, and S4 compared to S1 in volleyball players (all p < 0.001). We observed also a significant increase in state anxiety in both groups (all p < 0.001), but no differences in state anxiety levels between groups. Conclusion: Female volleyball players may not differ in subjective graduation of stressors; however, exposure to training-based stressors seems to promote cortisol response to the anticipated stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Dziembowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Department of Physiotherapy, Stanisław Staszic University of Applied Science in Piła, Podchorążych 10, 64-920 Piła, Poland.
| | - Iga Hołyńska-Iwan
- Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Kamila Litwic-Kaminska
- Institute of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Staffa 1, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
- Department of Physiotherapy, Stanisław Staszic University of Applied Science in Piła, Podchorążych 10, 64-920 Piła, Poland.
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The Effect of Training Loads on Performance Measures and Injury Characteristics in Rugby League Players: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1259-1272. [PMID: 29252061 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review into the effect of training load (TL) on both performance measures and injury characteristics in rugby league players. METHODS Based on PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of electronic databases was performed from the earliest record to December 2016. Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and AusSportMed) were searched using keywords within the subcategories of population (rugby league players), intervention (training quantification), and outcomes (performance or injury). Original peer-reviewed published manuscripts were considered if they had a clear quantification of TL (eg, session rating of perceived exertion), clear measures of performance (tests of physiological parameters relative to rugby league players [eg, agility]), and/or injury characteristics (eg, injury incidence). RESULTS Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. The highest TL was observed in preseason training phases. Higher TL elicited greater improvements in maximal aerobic power, vertical jump (in cm), and agility scores (in s). Higher TL was associated with higher incidence of muscular strains and joint sprains, lower-limb injuries, and overexertion and overuse injuries. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest a dose-response relationship between TL, physical performance, and injury characteristics. However, due to study and methodological limitations, the precise nature of this relationship is, as yet, inconclusive. Therefore, the development of uniform TL definition and quantification and further research is warranted.
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18
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Roberts SSH, Teo WP, Warmington SA. Effects of training and competition on the sleep of elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:513-522. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo characterise the sleep of elite athletes and to identify factors associated with training and competition that negatively affect sleep.DesignPrognosis systematic review.Data sourcesThree databases (PubMed, SCOPUS and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to 26 February 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesIncluded studies objectively reported total sleep time (TST) and/or sleep efficiency (SE) in elite athletes. Studies were required to be observational or to include an observational trial.ResultsFifty-four studies were included. During training, many studies reported athletes were unable to achieve TST (n=23/41) and/or SE (n=16/37) recommendations. On the night of competition, most studies reported athletes were unable to achieve TST (n=14/18) and/or SE (n=10/16) recommendations. TST was shorter (60 min) the night of competition compared with previous nights. SE was lower (1%) the night of competition compared with the previous night. TST was shorter the night of night competition (start ≥18:00; 80 min) and day competition (20 min) compared with the previous night. SE was lower (3%–4%) the night of night competition but unchanged the night of day competition compared with previous nights. Early morning training (start <07:00), increases in training load (>25%), late night/early morning travel departure times, eastward air travel and altitude ascent impaired sleep.ConclusionAthletes were often unable to achieve sleep recommendations during training or competition periods. Sleep was impaired the night of competition compared with previous nights. Early morning training, increases in training load, travel departure times, jet lag and altitude can impair athletes’ sleep.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017074367.
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Bachero-Mena B, Pareja-Blanco F, González-Badillo JJ. Enhanced Strength and Sprint Levels, and Changes in Blood Parameters during a Complete Athletics Season in 800 m High-Level Athletes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:637. [PMID: 28912725 PMCID: PMC5583192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in sprint, strength, hematological, and hormonal parameters in high-level 800 m athletes during a complete athletics season. Thirteen male athletes of national and international level in 800 m (personal best ranging from 1:43 to 1:58 min:ss) participated in this study. A total of 5 tests were conducted during a complete athletics season. Athletes performed sprint tests (20 and 200 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), jump squat (JS), and full squat (SQ) tests. Blood samples (red and white blood profile) and hormones were collected in test 1 (T1), test 3 (T3), and test 5 (T5). A general increase in the performance of the strength and sprint parameters analyzed (CMJ, JS, SQ, 20 m, and 200 m) during the season was observed, with a significant time effect in CMJ (P < 0.01), SQ (P < 0.01), and 200 m (P < 0.05). This improvement was accompanied by a significant enhancement of the 800 m performance from T3 to T5 (P < 0.01). Significant changes in some hematological variables: hematocrit (Hct) (P < 0.01), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P < 0.001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCHC) (P < 0.001), white blood cells count (WBC) (P < 0.05), neutrophils (P < 0.05), monocytes (P < 0.05), and mean platelet volume (MPV) (P < 0.05) were observed throughout the season. The hormonal response and creatin kinase (CK) did not show significant variations during the season, except for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest the importance of strength levels in middle-distance athletes. On the other hand, variations in some hematological parameters and a depression of the immune system occurred during the season. Therefore, monitoring of the mechanical, hematological and hormonal response in athletes may help coaches and athletes to optimize the regulation of training contents and may be useful to diagnose states of overreaching or overtraining in athletes throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain.,Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
| | - Juan J González-Badillo
- Physical and Athletic Performance Research Centre, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySevilla, Spain
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Alcaraz-Ibañez M, Rodríguez-Pérez M. Effects of resistance training on performance in previously trained endurance runners: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:613-629. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1326618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Claudino JG, Cronin JB, Mezêncio B, Pinho JP, Pereira C, Mochizuki L, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Autoregulating Jump Performance to Induce Functional Overreaching. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2242-9. [PMID: 26808857 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Claudino, JG, Cronin, JB, Mezêncio, B, Pinho, JP, Pereira, C, Mochizuki, L, Amadio, AC, and Serrão, JC. Autoregulating jump performance to induce functional overreaching. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2242-2249, 2016-The purpose of this study was to determine whether autoregulating jump performance using the minimal individual difference (MID) associated with countermovement jump (CMJ) height could be used to regulate and monitor a training phase that elicited functional overreaching and tapering in team sport athletes. The participants were familiarized with the jump and then the CMJ height reliability was quantified to determine the MID. Countermovement jump height was assessed in the pretesting session (T0), at the end of 4 weeks of intensified training (T1), and after 2 weeks of tapering (T2). Eighteen national level U17 male futsal players were randomly allocated into the regulated group (RG; n = 9) and the control group (CG; n = 9). The RG performed 6 weeks of training with the training load regulated by mean height of CMJ with MID, whereas the CG performed the preplanned training. The differences between groups and across time points were compared by a 2-way analysis of variance. In the RG, the MID loading was increased in weeks 3 and 4 (8.2 and 14.5%, respectively; p < 0.001) compared with the preplanned loading of the CG during the overreaching phase. In the jump results, the RG significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced CMJ height during T1 (effect size [ES] = -0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.58 to -0.02); however, there were no significant changes in the CG jump height at T1 and T2. At T2, the RG significantly increased CMJ height above baseline (ES = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.51). Researchers and practitioners could use this autoregulating method to regulate and monitor training load to achieve functional overreaching in youth futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- João G Claudino
- 1Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil;2Sport Performance Research Institute, AUT University, New Zealand;3School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia;4Sports Club of Penha, Futsal Coaching Staff, Brazil; and5School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Claudino JG, Cronin J, Mezêncio B, McMaster DT, McGuigan M, Tricoli V, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. The countermovement jump to monitor neuromuscular status: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:397-402. [PMID: 27663764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to compare countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in studies that reported the highest value as opposed to average value for the purposes of monitoring neuromuscular status (i.e., fatigue and supercompensation). The secondary aim was to determine the sensitivity of the dependent variables. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS The meta-analysis was conducted on the highest or average of a number of CMJ variables. Multiple literature searches were undertaken in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify articles utilizing CMJ to monitor training status. Effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using the mean and standard deviation of the pre- and post-testing data. The coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% CI was also calculated to assess the level of instability of each variable. Heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. RESULTS 151 articles were included providing a total of 531 ESs for the meta-analyses; 85.4% of articles used highest CMJ height, 13.2% used average and 1.3% used both when reporting changes in CMJ performance. Based on the meta-analysis, average CMJ height was more sensitive than highest CMJ height in detecting CMJ fatigue and supercompensation. Furthermore, other CMJ variables such as peak power, mean power, peak velocity, peak force, mean impulse, and power were sensitive in tracking the supercompensation effects of training. CONCLUSIONS The average CMJ height was more sensitive than highest CMJ height in monitoring neuromuscular status; however, further investigation is needed to determine the sensitivity of other CMJ performance variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gustavo Claudino
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil; Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand.
| | - John Cronin
- Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand; Edith Cowan University, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil
| | | | - Michael McGuigan
- Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand; Edith Cowan University, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil
| | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport-Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazil
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Rossi FE, Fortaleza ACS, Neves LM, Buonani C, Picolo MR, Diniz TA, Kalva-Filho CA, Papoti M, Lira FS, Freitas Junior IF. Combined Training (Aerobic Plus Strength) Potentiates a Reduction in Body Fat but Demonstrates No Difference on the Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women When Compared With Aerobic Training With a Similar Training Load. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:226-34. [PMID: 26038818 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of aerobic and combined training on the body composition and lipid profile of obese postmenopausal women and to analyze which of these models is more effective after equalizing the training load. Sixty-five postmenopausal women (age = 61.0 ± 6.3 years) were divided into 3 groups: aerobic training (AT, n = 15), combined training (CT [strength + aerobic], n = 32), and control group (CG, n = 18). Their body composition upper body fat (TF), fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The lipid profile, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed. There was a statistically significant difference in the TF (AT = -4.4%, CT = -4.4%, and CG = 1.0%, p = 0.001) and FFM (AT = 1.7%, CT = 2.6%, and CG = -1.4%, p = 0.0001) between the experimental and the control groups. Regarding the percentage of body fat, there was a statistically significant difference only between the CT and CG groups (AT = -2.8%, CT = -3.9%, and CG = 0.31%; p = 0.004). When training loads were equalized, the aerobic and combined training decreased core fat and increased FFM, but only the combined training potentiated a reduction in percentage of body fat in obese postmenopausal women after the training program. High-density lipoprotein-c levels increased in the combined group, and the chol/HDL ratio (atherogenic index) decreased in the aerobic group; however, there were no significant differences between the intervention programs. Taken together, both the exercise training programs were effective for improving body composition and inducing an antiatherogenic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício E Rossi
- 1Institute of Bioscience, Paulista State University, Rio Claro, Brazil; 2School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; 4Department of Physiotherapy, Paulista State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; 5Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; 6School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and 7Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Finsterer J, Drory VE. Wet, volatile, and dry biomarkers of exercise-induced muscle fatigue. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:40. [PMID: 26790722 PMCID: PMC4721145 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The physiological background of exercise-induced muscle fatigue(EIMUF) is only poorly understood. Thus, monitoring of EIMUF by a single or multiple biomarkers(BMs) is under debate. After a systematic literature review 91 papers were included. Results EIMUF is mainly due to depletion of substrates, increased oxidative stress, muscle membrane depolarisation following potassium depletion, muscle hyperthermia, muscle damage, impaired oxygen supply to the muscle, activation of an inflammatory response, or impaired calcium-handling. Dehydration, hyperammonemia, mitochondrial biogenesis, and genetic responses are also discussed. Since EIMUF is dependent on age, sex, degree of fatigue, type, intensity, and duration of exercise, energy supply during exercise, climate, training status (physical fitness), and health status, BMs currently available for monitoring EIMUF have limited reliability. Generally, wet, volatile, and dry BMs are differentiated. Among dry BMs of EIMUF the most promising include power output measures, electrophysiological measures, cardiologic measures, and questionnaires. Among wet BMs of EIMUF those most applicable include markers of ATP-metabolism, of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammation. VO2-kinetics are used as a volatile BM. Conclusions Though the physiology of EIMUF remains to be fully elucidated, some promising BMs have been recently introduced, which together with other BMs, could be useful in monitoring EIMUF. The combination of biomarkers seems to be more efficient than a single biomarker to monitor EIMUF. However, it is essential that efficacy, reliability, and applicability of each BM candidate is validated in appropriate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Postfach 20, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
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