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Eltahir YM, Ishag HZA, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, King DP, Mohamed MS, Bensalah OK, Yusof MF, Gasim EFM, Hammadi ZMA, Shah AAM, Abdelmagid YA, Gahlan MAME, Kassim MF, Kayaf K, Zahran A, Nuaimat MMA. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38250938 PMCID: PMC11154577 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in both wild and domestic animals. Despite this, no systematic FMD outbreak investigation accompanied by molecular characterisation of FMD viruses (FMDVs) in small ruminants or cattle has been performed, and only a single report that describes sequences for FMDVs in wildlife from the Emirate has been published. In this study, FMD outbreaks that occurred in 2021 in five animal farms and one animal market in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi were investigated. Cases involved sheep, goats, and cattle, as well as Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Twelve samples were positive for FMDV via RT-qPCR, and four samples (Arabian oryx n = 1, goat n = 2, and sheep n = 1) were successfully genotyped using VP1 nucleotide sequencing. These sequences shared 88~98% identity and were classified within the serotype O, Middle East-South Asia topotype (O/ME-SA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Arabian oryx isolate (UAE/2/2021) belonged to the PanAsia-2 lineage, the ANT-10 sublineage, and was closely related to the FMDVs recently detected in neighbouring countries. The FMDV isolates from goats (UAE/10/2021 and UAE/11/2021) and from sheep (UAE/14/2021) formed a monophyletic cluster within the SA-2018 lineage that contained viruses from Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. This is the first study describing the circulation of the FMDV O/ME-SA/SA-2018 sublineage in the UAE. These data shed light on the epidemiology of FMD in the UAE and motivate further systematic epidemiological studies and genomic sequencing to enhance the ongoing national animal health FMD control plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir M. Eltahir
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Hayley M. Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Meera Saeed Mohamed
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oum Keltoum Bensalah
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Farouk Yusof
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Esmat Faisal Malik Gasim
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zulaikha Mohamed Al Hammadi
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Ali Abdelmagid
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moustafa Abdel meguid El Gahlan
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanned Fawzi Kassim
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaltham Kayaf
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirate
| | - Ahmed Zahran
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirate
| | - Mervat Mari Al Nuaimat
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirate
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Kim J, Lee SH, Kim HH, Shin SH, Park SH, Park JH, Park CK. An Alternative Serological Measure for Assessing Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Efficacy against Homologous and Heterologous Viral Challenges in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:10. [PMID: 38276669 PMCID: PMC10820997 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To analyze the relationship between homologous and heterologous serological titers of immunized pigs and their protection statuses against FMD virus challenges, in the present study, the correlation between the virus neutralization titers at 21 and 28 dpv and the protection statuses at 28 dpv against challenge with FMD virus was analyzed using data sets comprising five different combinations of homologous or heterologous challenge experiments in pigs vaccinated with type O (n = 96), A (n = 69), and Asia 1 (n = 74). As a result, the experiments were divided into three groups (21D-1, 21D-2, and 21D-3) in the 21-dpv model and two groups (28D-1 and 28D-2) in the 28-dpv model. Each response curve of groups 21D-1 and 21D-2 in the 21-dpv model was very similar to each curve of groups 28D-1 and 28D-2 in the 28-dpv model, respectively, even though there was an exceptional extra group (21D-3) in the 21-dpv model. The average titers estimating 0.75 probability of protection ranged from 1.06 to 1.62 log10 in the 21-dpv model and from 1.26 to 1.64 log10 in the 28-dpv model. In summary, we demonstrated that the serological method is useful for predicting the homologous and heterologous protection statuses of vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Zewdie G, Akalu M, Tolossa W, Belay H, Deresse G, Zekarias M, Tesfaye Y. A review of foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia: epidemiological aspects, economic implications, and control strategies. Virol J 2023; 20:299. [PMID: 38102688 PMCID: PMC10724896 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease that affects the livelihoods and productivity of livestock farmers in endemic regions. It can infect various domestic and wild animals with cloven hooves and is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae, which has seven different serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia-1. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, economic impact, diagnosis, and control measures of FMD in Ethiopia in comparison with the global situation. The genetic and antigenic diversity of FMD viruses requires a thorough understanding for developing and applying effective control strategies in endemic areas. FMD has direct and indirect economic consequences on animal production. In Ethiopia, FMD outbreaks have led to millions of USD losses due to the restriction or rejection of livestock products in the international market. Therefore, in endemic areas, disease control depends on vaccinations to prevent animals from developing clinical disease. However, in Ethiopia, due to the presence of diverse antigenic serotypes of FMD viruses, regular and extensive molecular investigation of new field isolates is necessary to perform vaccine-matching studies to evaluate the protective potential of the vaccine strain in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Department of Biotechnology, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Ap, 522502, India
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Shin S, Kim HW, Ko MK, Park SH, Kim SM, Park JH, Lee MJ. Inactivated vaccine with glycyrrhizic acid adjuvant elicits potent innate and adaptive immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1289065. [PMID: 38029108 PMCID: PMC10644816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1289065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease that is fatal to young animals and is a major threat to the agricultural economy by reducing production and limiting the movement of livestock. The currently commercially-available FMD vaccine is prepared using an inactivated viral antigen in an oil emulsion, with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] as an adjuvant. However, oil emulsion-based options possess limitations including slow increases in antibody titers (up to levels adequate for defense against viral infection) and risks of local reactions at the vaccination site. Further, Al(OH)3 only induces a T helper 2 (Th2) cell response. Therefore, novel adjuvants that can address these limitations are urgently needed. Glycyrrhizic acid (extracted from licorice roots) is a triterpenoid saponin and has great advantages in terms of price and availability. Methods To address the limitations of the currently used commercial FMD vaccine, we added glycyrrhizic acid as an adjuvant (immunostimulant) to the FMD bivalent (O PA2 + A YC) vaccine. We then evaluated its efficacy in promoting both innate and adaptive (cellular and humoral) immune reactions in vitro [using murine peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)] and in vivo (using mice and pigs). Results Glycyrrhizic acid has been revealed to induce an innate immune response and enhance early, mid-, and long-term immunity. The studied bivalent vaccine with glycyrrhizic acid increased the expression of immunoregulatory genes such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), cytokines, transcription factors, and co-stimulatory molecules. Conclusion Collectively, glycyrrhizic acid could have utility as a novel vaccine adjuvant that can address the limitations of commercialized FMD vaccines by inducing potent innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Ja Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Sarry M, Bernelin-Cottet C, Michaud C, Relmy A, Romey A, Salomez AL, Renson P, Contrant M, Berthaud M, Huet H, Jouvion G, Hägglund S, Valarcher JF, Bakkali Kassimi L, Blaise-Boisseau S. Development of a primary cell model derived from porcine dorsal soft palate for foot-and-mouth disease virus research and diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1215347. [PMID: 37840704 PMCID: PMC10570842 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1215347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that has a significant socio-economic impact. One concern associated with this disease is the ability of its etiological agent, the FMD virus (FMDV), to persist in its hosts through underlying mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. While persistence has been described in cattle and small ruminants, it is unlikely to occur in pigs. One of the factors limiting the progress in understanding FMDV persistence and, in particular, differential persistence is the lack of suitable in vitro models. A primary bovine cell model derived from the dorsal soft palate, which is the primary site of replication and persistence of FMDV in cattle, has been developed, and it seemed relevant to develop a similar porcine model. Cells from two sites of FMDV replication in pigs, namely, the dorsal soft palate and the oropharyngeal tonsils, were isolated and cultured. The epithelial character of the cells from the dorsal soft palate was then assessed by immunofluorescence. The FMDV-sensitivity of these cells was assessed after monolayer infection with FMDV O/FRA/1/2001 Clone 2.2. These cells were also grown in multilayers at the air-liquid interface to mimic a stratified epithelium susceptible to FMDV infection. Consistent with what has been shown in vivo in pigs, our study showed no evidence of persistence of FMDV in either the monolayer or multilayer model, with no infectious virus detected 28 days after infection. The development of such a model opens up new possibilities for the study and diagnosis of FMDV in porcine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sarry
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- AgroParistech, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Caroline Michaud
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anthony Relmy
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Romey
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne-Laure Salomez
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patricia Renson
- ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France
| | - Maud Contrant
- ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France
| | - Maxime Berthaud
- ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France
| | - Hélène Huet
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Dynamyc Research Team, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Créteil, France
- Unité d’Histologie et d’Anatomie Pathologique, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Section of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Section of Ruminant Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAe, EnvA, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Ullah M, Li Y, Munib K, Rahman HU, Zhang Z. Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050356. [PMID: 37235439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the distribution and risk factors of FMD in Pakistan's northern border regions. About 385 serum samples were compiled from small ruminants (239) and large ruminants (146) and tested using 3ABC-Mab-bELISA. An overall apparent seroprevalence of 67.0% was documented. The highest seroprevalence of 81.1% was reported in the Swat, followed by 76.6% in Mohmand, 72.7% in Gilgit, 65.6% in Shangla, 63.4% in Bajaur, 46.6% in Chitral and lowest 46.5% in Khyber region. Statistically significant variations in seroprevalence of 51.5%, 71.8%, 58.3%, and 74.4% were recorded in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. From the different risk factors investigated, age, sex, species of animal, seasons, flock/herd size, farming methods, outbreak location, and nomadic animal movement were found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the seroprevalence of FMD. It was concluded that proper epidemiological study, risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants, vaccination strategy, control measures for transboundary animal movement, collaborations, and awareness programs need to be practiced in the study regions to investigate the newly circulating virus strains in large and small ruminants and associated factors for the wide seroprevalence to plan proper control policies to bound the consequence of FMD in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munib Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 10370, Pakistan
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kainat Munib
- Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Islamabad 44310, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Ur Rahman
- Virology Section, Centre of Microbiology and Biotechnology (CMB), Veterinary Research Institute Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lu Z, Yu S, Wang W, Chen W, Wang X, Wu K, Li X, Fan S, Ding H, Yi L, Chen J. Development of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines in Recent Years. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1817. [PMID: 36366327 PMCID: PMC9693445 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a serious disease affecting the global graziery industry. Once an epidemic occurs, it can lead to economic and trade stagnation. In recent decades, FMD has been effectively controlled and even successfully eradicated in some countries or regions through mandatory vaccination with inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Nevertheless, FMD still occurs in some parts of Africa and Asia. The transmission efficiency of foot-and-mouth disease is high. Both disease countries and disease-free countries should always be prepared to deal with outbreaks of FMD. The development of vaccines has played a key role in this regard. This paper summarizes the development of several promising vaccines including progress and design ideas. It also provides ways to develop a new generation of vaccines for FMDV and other major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Administration of the antiviral agent T-1105 fully protects pigs from foot-and-mouth disease infection. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chepkwony EC, Gitao GC, Muchemi GM, Sangula AK, Kairu-Wanyoike SW. Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0234286. [PMID: 34339447 PMCID: PMC8328338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice C. Chepkwony
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George C. Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald M. Muchemi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abraham K. Sangula
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome W. Kairu-Wanyoike
- Meat Training Institute, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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10
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Stenfeldt C, Bertram MR, Meek HC, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Niederwerder MC, Diel DG, Dee SA, Arzt J. The risk and mitigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of pigs through consumption of contaminated feed. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:72-87. [PMID: 34237198 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary movement of animal feed and feed ingredients has been identified as a route for pathogen incursions. While imports of animals and animal-derived products are highly regulated for the purpose of infectious disease prevention, there has been less consideration of the viability of infectious agents in inanimate products, such as feed. This study investigated the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to remain infectious as a contaminant of commercial whole pig feed and select pig feed ingredients, and to establish the minimum infectious dose (MIDF ) required to cause foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in pigs that consumed contaminated feed. FMDV viability in vitro varied depending on virus strain, feed product, and storage temperature, with increased duration of infectivity in soybean meal compared to pelleted whole feed. Specifically, both strains of FMDV evaluated remained viable through to the end of the 37 day observation period in experimentally contaminated soybean meal stored at 4 or 20°C . The MIDF for pigs consuming contaminated feed varied across virus strains and exposure duration in the range of 106.2 to 107 TCID50 . The ability of FMDV to cause infection in exposed pigs was mitigated by pre-treatment of feed with two commercially available feed additives, based on either formaldehyde (SalCURB®) or lactic acid (Guardian™). Our findings demonstrate that FMDV may remain infectious in pig feed ingredients for durations compatible with transoceanic transport. Although the observed MIDF was relatively high, variations in feeding conditions and biophysical characteristics of different virus strains may alter the probability of infection. These findings may be used to parameterize modelling of the risk of FMDV incursions and to regulate feed importation to minimize the risk of inadvertent importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Haillie C Meek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA.,PIADC Research participation program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
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11
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Li K, Wang C, Yang F, Cao W, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Virus-Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:571509. [PMID: 33717061 PMCID: PMC7952751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.571509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Intestinal Viral Loads and Inactivation Kinetics of Livestock Viruses Relevant for Natural Casing Production: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020173. [PMID: 33557372 PMCID: PMC7915499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal intestines are the source of edible sausage casings, which are traded worldwide and may come from areas where notifiable infectious animal diseases are prevalent. To estimate the risks of virus contamination, knowledge about the quantity of virus and decimal reduction values of the standard preservation method by salting is of great importance. A literature search, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed in search engine CAB Abstracts to determine the viral load of 14 relevant animal viruses in natural casings or intestines. Only a very limited number of scientific publications per virus were found and viral loads in the intestines varied from high for ASFV (five publications), BVDV (3), CSFV (6), PPRV (3), RPV (2) and TGEV (3) to moderate for PEDV (2) and SVDV (3), low for HEV (2) and FMDV (5), very low for VESV (1) and negative for PrV (2) and VSV (1). PRRSV was found in intestines, however, viral titers were not published. Three viruses (BVDV, CSFV and PPRV) with high viral loads were selected to search for their inactivation kinetics. For casings, no inactivation data were found, however, thermal inactivation data of these viruses were available, but differed in quantity, quality and matrices. In conclusion, important data gaps still exist when it comes to the quantitative inactivation of viruses in sausage casings or livestock intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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13
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Stenfeldt C, Bertram MR, Smoliga GR, Hartwig EJ, Delgado AH, Arzt J. Duration of Contagion of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus in Infected Live Pigs and Carcasses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:334. [PMID: 32596275 PMCID: PMC7300267 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Data-driven modeling of incursions of high-consequence, transboundary pathogens of animals is a critical component of veterinary preparedness. However, simplifying assumptions and excessive use of proxy measures to compensate for gaps in available data may compromise modeled outcomes. The current investigation was prospectively designed to address two major gaps in current knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis in pigs: the end (duration) of the infectious period and the viability of FMDV in decaying carcasses. By serial exposure of sentinel groups of pigs to the same group of donor pigs infected by FMDV A24 Cruzeiro, it was demonstrated that infected pigs transmitted disease at 10 days post infection (dpi), but not at 15 dpi. Assuming a latent period of 1 day, this would result in a conservative estimate of an infectious duration of 9 days, which is considerably longer than suggested by a previous report from an experiment performed in cattle. Airborne contagion was diminished within two days of removal of infected pigs from isolation rooms. FMDV in muscle was inactivated within 7 days in carcasses stored at 4oC. By contrast, FMDV infectivity in vesicle epithelium harvested from intact carcasses stored under similar conditions remained remarkably high until the study termination at 11 weeks post mortem. The output from this study consists of experimentally determined data on contagion associated with FMDV-infected pigs. This information may be utilized to update parameterization of models used for foot-and-mouth disease outbreak simulations involving areas of substantial pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Amy H Delgado
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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14
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Holinka LG, Gladue DP, Rekant SI, Bishop EA, Stenfeldt C, Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Borca MV, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Matrix Protein (M51R) of Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus Impairs Replication in Cultured Porcine Macrophages and Results in Significant Attenuation in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1123. [PMID: 32587580 PMCID: PMC7299242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the virulence of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) in pigs and its potential relationship with the virus’s ability to modulate innate responses. For this purpose, we developed a mutant of the highly virulent strain NJ0612NME6, containing a single amino acid substitution in the matrix protein (M51R). The M51R mutant of NJ0612NME6 was unable to suppress the transcription of genes associated with the innate immune response both in primary fetal porcine kidney cells and porcine primary macrophage cultures. Impaired viral growth was observed only in porcine macrophage cultures, indicating that the M51 residue is required for efficient replication of VSNJV in these cells. Furthermore, when inoculated in pigs by intradermal scarification of the snout, M51R infection was characterized by decreased clinical signs including reduced fever and development of less and smaller secondary vesicular lesions. Pigs infected with M51R had decreased levels of viral shedding and absence of RNAemia compared to the parental virus. The ability of the mutant virus to infect pigs by direct contact remained intact, indicating that the M51R mutation resulted in a partially attenuated phenotype capable of causing primary lesions and transmitting to sentinel pigs. Collectively, our results show a positive correlation between the ability of VSNJV to counteract the innate immune response in swine macrophage cultures and the level of virulence in pigs, a natural host of this virus. More studies are encouraged to evaluate the interaction of VSNJV with macrophages and other components of the immune response in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Steven I Rekant
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Bishop
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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15
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Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E167. [PMID: 32121072 PMCID: PMC7157498 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance between the detection of infectious FMDV in carriers and the apparent lack of contagiousness to in-contact animals. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the causal mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection, there are still critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to elucidate, predict, prevent, and model the risks associated with the carrier state. This is further complicated by the occurrence of a distinct form of neoteric subclinical infection, which is indistinguishable from the carrier state in field scenarios, but may have substantially different epidemiological properties. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and identifies specific areas of research in need of further attention. Findings from experimental investigations of FMDV pathogenesis are discussed in relation to experience gained from field studies of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
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16
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Eschbaumer M, Dill V, Carlson JC, Arzt J, Stenfeldt C, Krug PW, Hardham JM, Stegner JE, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lacking the Leader Protein and Containing Two Negative DIVA Markers (FMDV LL3B3D A 24) Is Highly Attenuated in Pigs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020129. [PMID: 32079312 PMCID: PMC7168223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated whole-virus vaccines are widely used for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Their production requires the growth of large quantities of virulent FMD virus in biocontainment facilities, which is expensive and carries the risk of an inadvertent release of virus. Attenuated recombinant viruses lacking the leader protease coding region have been proposed as a safer alternative for the production of inactivated FMD vaccines (Uddowla et al., 2012, J Virol 86:11675-85). In addition to the leader deletion, the marker vaccine virus FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 encodes amino acid substitutions in the viral proteins 3B and 3D that allow the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals and has been previously shown to be effective in cattle and pigs. In the present study, two groups of six pigs each were inoculated with live FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 virus either intradermally into the heel bulb (IDHB) or by intra-oropharyngeal (IOP) deposition. The animals were observed for 3 or 5 days after inoculation, respectively. Serum, oral and nasal swabs were collected daily and a thorough postmortem examination with tissue collection was performed at the end of the experiment. None of the animals had any signs of disease or virus shedding. Virus was reisolated from only one serum sample (IDHB group, sample taken on day 1) and one piece of heel bulb skin from the inoculation site of another animal (IDHB group, necropsy on day 3), confirming that FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 is highly attenuated in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems 17493, Germany; (V.D.); (J.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71211
| | - Veronika Dill
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems 17493, Germany; (V.D.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jolene C. Carlson
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems 17493, Germany; (V.D.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Peter W. Krug
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
| | | | | | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
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17
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Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227061. [PMID: 31891626 PMCID: PMC6938329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is capable of infecting all cloven-hoofed domestic livestock species, including cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep. However, in contrast to cattle and pigs, the pathogenesis of FMDV in small ruminants has been incompletely elucidated. The objective of the current investigation was to characterize tissue- and cellular tropism of early and late stages of FMDV infection in sheep following three different routes of simulated natural virus exposure. Extensive post-mortem harvest of tissue samples at pre-determined time points during early infection (24 and 48 hours post infection) demonstrated that tissues specifically susceptible to primary FMDV infection included the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils, as well as the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Additionally, experimental aerosol inoculation of sheep led to substantial virus replication in the lungs at 24-48 hours post-inoculation. During persistent infection (35 days post infection), the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils were the only tissues from which infectious FMDV was recovered. This is strikingly different from cattle, in which persistent FMDV infection has consistently been located to the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Analysis of tissue sections by immunomicroscopy revealed a strict epithelial tropism during both early and late phases of infection as FMDV was consistently localized to cytokeratin-expressing epithelial cells. This study expands upon previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in sheep by providing detailed information on the temporo-anatomic distribution of FMDV in ovine tissues. Findings are discussed in relation to similar investigations previously performed in cattle and pigs, highlighting similarities and differences in FMDV pathogenesis across natural host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Pacheco
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Brown VR, Bevins SN. Potential role of wildlife in the USA in the event of a foot-and-mouth disease virus incursion. Vet Rec 2019; 184:741. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vienna R Brown
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), National Wildlife Research Center; Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC); Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Fort Collins Washington District of Columbia USA
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19
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Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: recent updates and future perspectives. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1501-1513. [PMID: 30888563 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major worldwide viral disease in animals, affecting the national and international trade of livestock and animal products and leading to high economic losses and social consequences. Effective control measures of FMD involve prevention through vaccination with inactivated vaccines. These inactivated vaccines, unfortunately, require short-term protection and cold-chain and high-containment facilities. Major advances and pursuit of hot topics in vaccinology and vectorology are ongoing, involving peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, live vector vaccines, and novel attenuated vaccines. DIVA capability and marker vaccines are very important in differentiating infected animals from vaccinated animals. This review focuses on updating the research progress of these novel vaccines, summarizing their merits and including ideas for improvement.
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20
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Arzt J, Branan MA, Delgado AH, Yadav S, Moreno-Torres KI, Tildesley MJ, Stenfeldt C. Quantitative impacts of incubation phase transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2707. [PMID: 30804426 PMCID: PMC6389902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The current investigation applied a Bayesian modeling approach to a unique experimental transmission study to estimate the occurrence of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) during the incubation phase amongst group-housed pigs. The primary outcome was that transmission occurred approximately one day prior to development of visible signs of disease (posterior median 21 hours, 95% CI: 1.1-45.0). Updated disease state durations were incorporated into a simulation model to examine the importance of addressing preclinical transmission in the face of robust response measures. Simulation of FMD outbreaks in the US pig production sector demonstrated that including a preclinical infectious period of one day would result in a 40% increase in the median number of farms affected (166 additional farms and 664,912 pigs euthanized) compared to the scenario of no preclinical transmission, assuming suboptimal outbreak response. These findings emphasize the importance of considering transmission of FMD during the incubation phase in modeling and response planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.
| | - Matthew A Branan
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy H Delgado
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shankar Yadav
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Karla I Moreno-Torres
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Population Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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21
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Buckley A, Kulshreshtha V, van Geelen A, Montiel N, Guo B, Yoon KJ, Lager K. Experimental Seneca Valley virus infection in market-weight gilts. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:7-10. [PMID: 30955826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus that causes vesicular disease in swine. Since it is clinically indistinguishable from vesicular disease caused by food-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), investigations must be performed to rule out this high consequence pathogen. A large portion of these investigations have involved market-weight swine at slaughter plants. The objective of this study was to describe acute infection dynamics of market-weight gilts (8 months of age) experimentally infected with SVV. At 0 days post inoculation (dpi) all gilts (n=15) were given an intranasal SVV inoculation. Vesicular lesions on the coronary band were first observed on one or more feet by 2 dpi in 4 of the 15 gilts and in all by 5 dpi. Vesicles on the snout were observed in 6 of the 15 gilts beginning at 4 dpi. All gilts became viremic post challenge for about 7 days and developed anti-SVV neutralizing antibodies by 7 dpi. Most vesicular lesions were resolved by 14 dpi. Understanding the pathogenesis of SVV is critical in order to inform decisions that veterinarians and producers must make at the farm level to control this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Buckley
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Vikas Kulshreshtha
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Albert van Geelen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Nestor Montiel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Kelly Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
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22
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Contact Challenge of Cattle with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Validates the Role of the Nasopharyngeal Epithelium as the Site of Primary and Persistent Infection. mSphere 2018; 3:3/6/e00493-18. [PMID: 30541776 PMCID: PMC6291620 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00493-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important livestock pathogen that is often described as the greatest constraint to global trade in animal products. The present study utilized a standardized pig-to-cow contact exposure model to demonstrate that FMDV infection of cattle initiates in the nasopharyngeal mucosa following natural virus exposure. Furthermore, this work confirmed the role of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa as the site of persistent FMDV infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. The critical output of this study validates previous studies that have used simulated natural inoculation models to characterize FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and emphasizes the importance of continued research of the unique virus-host interactions that occur within the bovine nasopharynx. Specifically, vaccines and biotherapeutic countermeasures designed to prevent nasopharyngeal infection of vaccinated animals could contribute to substantially improved control of FMDV. The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cattle was investigated through early and late stages of infection by use of an optimized experimental model for controlled contact exposure. Time-limited exposure of cattle to FMDV-infected pigs led to primary FMDV infection of the nasopharyngeal mucosa in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. In nonvaccinated cattle, the infection generalized rapidly to cause clinical disease, without apparent virus amplification in the lungs prior to establishment of viremia. Vaccinated cattle were protected against clinical disease and viremia; however, all vaccinated cattle were subclinically infected, and persistent infection occurred at similarly high prevalences in both animal cohorts. Infection dynamics in cattle were consistent and synchronous and comparable to those of simulated natural and needle inoculation systems. However, the current experimental model utilizes a natural route of virus exposure and is therefore superior for investigations of disease pathogenesis and host response. Deep sequencing of viruses obtained during early infection of pigs and cattle indicated that virus populations sampled from sites of primary infection were markedly more diverse than viruses from vesicular lesions of cattle, suggesting the occurrence of substantial bottlenecks associated with vesicle formation. These data expand previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and provide novel insights for validation of inoculation models of bovine FMD studies. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important livestock pathogen that is often described as the greatest constraint to global trade in animal products. The present study utilized a standardized pig-to-cow contact exposure model to demonstrate that FMDV infection of cattle initiates in the nasopharyngeal mucosa following natural virus exposure. Furthermore, this work confirmed the role of the bovine nasopharyngeal mucosa as the site of persistent FMDV infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated cattle. The critical output of this study validates previous studies that have used simulated natural inoculation models to characterize FMDV pathogenesis in cattle and emphasizes the importance of continued research of the unique virus-host interactions that occur within the bovine nasopharynx. Specifically, vaccines and biotherapeutic countermeasures designed to prevent nasopharyngeal infection of vaccinated animals could contribute to substantially improved control of FMDV.
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23
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Buckley A, Montiel N, Guo B, Kulshreshtha V, van Geelen A, Hoang H, Rademacher C, Yoon KJ, Lager K. Dexamethasone treatment did not exacerbate Seneca Valley virus infection in nursery-age pigs. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:352. [PMID: 30453952 PMCID: PMC6245856 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senecavirus A, commonly known as Seneca Valley virus (SVV), is a picornavirus that has been infrequently associated with porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD). In late 2014 there were multiple PIVD outbreaks in several states in Brazil and samples from those cases tested positive for SVV. Beginning in July of 2015, multiple cases of PIVD were reported in the United States in which a genetically similar SVV was also detected. These events suggested SVV could induce vesicular disease, which was recently demonstrated with contemporary US isolates that produced mild disease in pigs. It was hypothesized that stressful conditions may exacerbate the expression of clinical disease and the following experiment was performed. Two groups of 9-week-old pigs were given an intranasal SVV challenge with one group receiving an immunosuppressive dose of dexamethasone prior to challenge. After challenge animals were observed for the development of clinical signs and serum and swabs were collected to study viral shedding and antibody production. In addition, pigs were euthanized 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 days post inoculation (dpi) to demonstrate tissue distribution of virus during acute infection. RESULTS Vesicular disease was experimentally induced in both groups with the duration and magnitude of clinical signs similar between groups. During acute infection [0-14 days post infection (dpi)], SVV was detected by PCR in serum, nasal swabs, rectal swabs, various tissues, and in swabs from ruptured vesicles. From 15 to 30 dpi, virus was less consistently detected in nasal and rectal swabs, and absent from most serum samples. Virus neutralizing antibody was detected by 5 dpi and lasted until the end of the study. CONCLUSION Treatment with an immunosuppressive dose of dexamethasone did not drastically alter the clinical disease course of SVV in experimentally infected nursery aged swine. A greater understanding of SVV pathogenesis and factors that could exacerbate disease can help the swine industry with control and prevention strategies directed against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Buckley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nestor Montiel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Present address: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Avian Viruses Section, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Vikas Kulshreshtha
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Present address: Toxikon Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Albert van Geelen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Hai Hoang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christopher Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kelly Lager
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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24
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Medina GN, Segundo FDS, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, de Los Santos T. The Different Tactics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus to Evade Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2644. [PMID: 30483224 PMCID: PMC6241212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all pathogens, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is recognized by the immune system inducing a heightened immune response mainly mediated by type I and type III IFNs. To overcome the strong antiviral response induced by these cytokines, FMDV has evolved many strategies exploiting each region of its small RNA genome. These include: (a) inhibition of IFN induction at the transcriptional and translational level, (b) inhibition of protein trafficking; (c) blockage of specific post-translational modifications in proteins that regulate innate immune signaling; (d) modulation of autophagy; (e) inhibition of stress granule formation; and (f) in vivo modulation of immune cell function. Here, we summarize and discuss FMDV virulence factors and the host immune footprint that characterize infection in cell culture and in the natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Codagenix Inc., Farmingdale, NY, United States
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
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25
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Yamada M, Fukai K, Morioka K, Nishi T, Yamazoe R, Kitano R, Shimada N, Yoshida K, Kanno T, Sakamoto K, Yamakawa M. Pathogenesis of the attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus O/JPN/2000 in experimentally infected pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1669-1675. [PMID: 30224577 PMCID: PMC6261817 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the pathogenesis of the attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/JPN/2000 in pigs. The virus used in this study was passaged three times in primary bovine kidney (BK)
cells and once in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells after isolation. A plaque assay demonstrated that this virus exhibited the small plaque (SP) phenotype. There was no clinical or
histological evidence of vesicular lesions in pigs intraorally inoculated with 106 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/ml of the SP virus (SPV)
of FMDV O/JPN/2000. Although fever was detected from 2 or 3 days post inoculation (dpi), there was no other prominent clinical sign up to 6 dpi. Virus shedding from saliva and nasal swab
samples was not observed in any pigs inoculated with the SPV of FMDV O/JPN/2000. In the foot, mild lamellar degeneration of prickle cells in the upper layer of the stratum spinosum was
histologically observed without development into vesicular or necrotic lesions. Immunohistochemical virus antigen- and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling
(TUNEL)-positive reactions observed in the foot at 1 dpi seemed to disappear after 3 and 6 dpi. Our findings suggest that the SPV of FMDV O/JPN/2000 had low pathogenicity against pigs by
intraoral inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamazoe
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Rie Kitano
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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26
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Moreno-Torres KI, Brito BP, Branan MA, Rodriguez LL, Delgado AH, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Infection Dynamics in Contact-Exposed Pigs Are Determined by the Estimated Exposure Dose. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:167. [PMID: 30079340 PMCID: PMC6062637 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantitative relationship between the exposure dose of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and subsequent infection dynamics has been demonstrated through controlled inoculation studies in various species. However, similar quantitation of viral doses has not been achieved during contact exposure experiments due to the intrinsic difficulty of measuring the virus quantities exchanged between animals. In the current study, novel modeling techniques were utilized to investigate FMDV infection dynamics in groups of pigs that had been contact-exposed to FMDV-infected donors shedding varying levels of virus, as well as in pigs inoculated via the intra-oropharyngeal (IOP) route. Estimated virus exposure doses were modeled and were found to be statistically significantly associated with the dynamics of FMDV RNA detection in serum and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF), and with the time to onset of clinical disease. The minimum estimated shedding quantity in OPF that defined infectiousness of donor pigs was 6.55 log10 genome copy numbers (GCN)/ml (95% CI 6.11, 6.98), which delineated the transition from the latent to infectious phase of disease which occurred during the incubation phase. This quantity corresponded to a minimum estimated exposure dose of 5.07 log10 GCN/ml (95% CI 4.25, 5.89) in contact-exposed pigs. Thus, we demonstrated that a threshold quantity of FMDV detection in donor pigs was necessary in order to achieve transmission by direct contact. The outcomes from this investigation demonstrate that variability of infection dynamics which occurs during the progression of FMD in naturally exposed pigs can be partially attributed to variations in exposure dose. Moreover, these modeling approaches for dose-quantitation may be retrospectively applied to contact-exposure experiments or field scenarios. Hence, robust information could be incorporated into models used to evaluate FMD spread and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla I Moreno-Torres
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,United States Department of Agriculture, Monitoring and Modeling, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Barbara P Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Matthew A Branan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Monitoring and Modeling, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Amy H Delgado
- United States Department of Agriculture, Monitoring and Modeling, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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27
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de los Santos T, Diaz-San Segundo F, Rodriguez LL. The need for improved vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Yamada M, Fukai K, Morioka K, Nishi T, Yamazoe R, Kitano R, Shimada N, Yoshida K, Kanno T, Sakamoto K, Yamakawa M. Early pathogenesis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus O/JPN/2010 in experimentally infected pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29515043 PMCID: PMC5938202 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the histological distribution of the lesions and the viral antigen associated
with the virus and virus RNA in multisystemic organs in the early stages of foot-and-mouth
disease virus (FMDV) O/JPN/2010 infection in pigs. Characteristic lesions commonly
observed in pigs with FMD arise following inoculation with 106 tissue culture
infectious dose (TCID)50/ml of FMDV O/JPN/2010 in pigs at 3
days post inoculation (dpi) by a natural infectious route. However, none of the six pigs
inoculated with 103 TCID50/ml of FMDV O/JPN/2010
showed any evidence of infection up to 6 dpi. Immunohistochemical detection for the FMDV
antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling (TUNEL)
showed that FMDV predominantly infected prickle cells in the stratum spinosum in the
tongue, coronet and bulb of the heel, and caused these infected cells to undergo cell
death by apoptosis. However, there was no evidence that FMDV O/JPN/2010 infected
epithelial/epidermal basal cells in the basal layer. Epithelial lesions with viral antigen
in the tongue were distributed in the dorsal surface but not in the papillae, corpus
linguae or inferior surface of the tongue. Non-suppurative myocarditis and epithelial
lesions in the esophagus with FMDV antigen were observed in all three pigs examined at 3
dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamazoe
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Rie Kitano
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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29
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Barrera J, Schutta C, Pisano M, Grubman MJ, Brake DA, Miller T, Kamicker BJ, Olutunmbi F, Ettyreddy D, Brough DE, Butman BT, Neilan JG. Use of ENABL® adjuvant to increase the potency of an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A subunit vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:1078-1084. [PMID: 29358056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) recombinant subunit vaccine formulated with a lipid/polymer adjuvant was evaluated in two vaccine efficacy challenge studies in steers. The vaccine active ingredient is a replication-deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 vector encoding the FMD virus (FMDV) A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 capsid (AdtA24). In the first study, AdtA24 formulated in ENABL® adjuvant was compared to a fourfold higher dose of AdtA24 without adjuvant. Steers vaccinated with AdtA24 + ENABL® adjuvant developed a significantly higher virus neutralizing test (VNT) antibody titer and an improved clinical response following FMDV A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 intradermal lingual challenge at 14 days post-vaccination (dpv) than steers vaccinated with the active ingredient alone. In the second study, vaccination with AdtA24 formulated in ENABL® at the same dose used in the first study, followed by FMDV A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 challenge on 7 or 14 dpv, prevented clinical FMD in all steers and conferred 90% protection against viremia. In addition, post-challenge FMDV titers in nasal samples from vaccinated steers compared to unvaccinated steers were significantly reduced. In both studies, none of the AdtA24 vaccinated steers developed antibodies to the FMDV non-structural proteins prior to challenge with FMDV, indicative of the capacity to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). These results demonstrate that administration of AdtA24 formulated in ENABL® adjuvant lowered the protective dose and prevented clinical FMD following exposure of vaccinated steers to virulent FMDV at 7 or 14 dpv.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Barrera
- The McConnell Group, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Christopher Schutta
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Melia Pisano
- The McConnell Group, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Marvin J Grubman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Timothy Miller
- Benchmark Biolabs, Inc., 421 West Industrial Lake Dr., Lincoln, NE 68528, United States
| | - Barbara J Kamicker
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Femi Olutunmbi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Damodar Ettyreddy
- GenVec, Inc., 910 Clopper Road, Suite 220N, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Douglas E Brough
- GenVec, Inc., 910 Clopper Road, Suite 220N, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Bryan T Butman
- GenVec, Inc., 910 Clopper Road, Suite 220N, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - John G Neilan
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
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Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Brito BP, Moreno-Torres KI, Branan MA, Delgado AH, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus during the Incubation Period in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:105. [PMID: 27917386 PMCID: PMC5116750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the quantitative characteristics of a pathogen’s capability to transmit during distinct phases of infection is important to enable accurate predictions of the spread and impact of a disease outbreak. In the current investigation, the potential for transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) during the incubation (preclinical) period of infection was investigated in seven groups of pigs that were sequentially exposed to a group of donor pigs that were infected by simulated-natural inoculation. Contact-exposed pigs were comingled with infected donors through successive 8-h time slots spanning from 8 to 64 h post-inoculation (hpi) of the donor pigs. The transition from latent to infectious periods in the donor pigs was clearly defined by successful transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to all contact pigs that were exposed to the donors from 24 hpi and later. This onset of infectiousness occurred concurrent with detection of viremia, but approximately 24 h prior to the first appearance of clinical signs of FMD in the donors. Thus, the latent period of infection ended approximately 24 h before the end of the incubation period. There were significant differences between contact-exposed groups in the time elapsed from virus exposure to the first detection of FMDV shedding, viremia, and clinical lesions. Specifically, the onset and progression of clinical FMD were more rapid in pigs that had been exposed to the donor pigs during more advanced phases of disease, suggesting that these animals had received a higher effective challenge dose. These results demonstrate transmission and dissemination of FMD within groups of pigs during the incubation period of infection. Furthermore, these findings suggest that under current conditions, shedding of FMDV in oropharyngeal fluids is a more precise proxy for FMDV infectiousness than clinical signs of infection. These findings may impact modeling of the propagation of FMD outbreaks that initiate in pig holdings and should be considered when designing FMD control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Barbara P Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Karla I Moreno-Torres
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Monitoring and Modeling, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matt A Branan
- Monitoring and Modeling, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Amy H Delgado
- Monitoring and Modeling, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Greenport, NY , USA
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Kinsley AC, Patterson G, VanderWaal KL, Craft ME, Perez AM. Parameter Values for Epidemiological Models of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Swine. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:44. [PMID: 27314002 PMCID: PMC4887472 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the event of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) incursion, response strategies are required to control, contain, and eradicate the pathogen as efficiently as possible. Infectious disease simulation models are widely used tools that mimic disease dispersion in a population and that can be useful in the design and support of prevention and mitigation activities. However, there are often gaps in evidence-based research to supply models with quantities that are necessary to accurately reflect the system of interest. The objective of this study was to quantify values associated with the duration of the stages of FMD infection (latent period, subclinical period, incubation period, and duration of infection), probability of transmission (within-herd and between-herd via spatial spread), and diagnosis of a vesicular disease within a herd using a meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed literature and expert opinion. The latent period ranged from 1 to 7 days and incubation period ranged from 1 to 9 days; both were influenced by strain. In contrast, the subclinical period ranged from 0 to 6 days and was influenced by sampling method only. The duration of infection ranged from 1 to 10 days. The probability of spatial spread between an infected and fully susceptible swine farm was estimated as greatest within 5 km of the infected farm, highlighting the importance of possible long-range transmission through the movement of infected animals. Finally, while most swine practitioners are confident in their ability to detect a vesicular disease in an average sized swine herd, a small proportion expect that up to half of the herd would need to show clinical signs before detection via passive surveillance would occur. The results of this study will be useful in within- and between-herd simulation models to develop efficient response strategies in the event an FMD in swine populations of disease-free countries or regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Kinsley
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN , USA
| | - Gilbert Patterson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN , USA
| | - Kimberly L VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN , USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN , USA
| | - Andres M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN , USA
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Stenfeldt C, Diaz-San Segundo F, de Los Santos T, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:41. [PMID: 27243028 PMCID: PMC4876306 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The greatest proportion of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) clinical research has been dedicated to elucidating pathogenesis and enhancing vaccine protection in cattle with less efforts invested in studies specific to pigs. However, accumulated evidence from FMD outbreaks and experimental investigations suggest that critical components of FMD pathogenesis, immunology, and vaccinology cannot be extrapolated from investigations performed in cattle to explain or to predict outcomes of infection or vaccination in pigs. Furthermore, it has been shown that failure to account for these differences may have substantial consequences when FMD outbreaks occur in areas with dense pig populations. Recent experimental studies have confirmed some aspects of conventional wisdom by demonstrating that pigs are more susceptible to FMD virus (FMDV) infection via exposure of the upper gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) than through inhalation of virus. The infection spreads rapidly within groups of pigs that are housed together, although efficiency of transmission may vary depending on virus strain and exposure intensity. Multiple investigations have demonstrated that physical separation of pigs is sufficient to prevent virus transmission under experimental conditions. Detailed pathogenesis studies have recently demonstrated that specialized epithelium within porcine oropharyngeal tonsils constitute the primary infection sites following simulated natural virus exposure. Furthermore, epithelium of the tonsil of the soft palate supports substantial virus replication during the clinical phase of infection, thus providing large amounts of virus that can be shed into the environment. Due to massive amplification and shedding of virus, acutely infected pigs constitute a considerable source of contagion. FMDV infection results in modulation of several components of the host immune response. The infection is ultimately cleared in association with a strong humoral response and, in contrast to ruminants, there is no subclinical persistence of FMDV in pigs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of knowledge gained from experimental investigations of FMD pathogenesis, transmission, and host response in pigs. Details of the temporo-anatomic progression of infection are discussed in relation to specific pathogenesis events and the likelihood of transmission. Additionally, relevant aspects of the host immune response are discussed within contexts of conventional and novel intervention strategies of vaccination and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, NY, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, NY, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, CANR, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Greenport, NY , USA
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Stenfeldt C, Eschbaumer M, Pacheco JM, Rekant SI, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Pathogenesis of Primary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection in the Nasopharynx of Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143666. [PMID: 26599543 PMCID: PMC4658095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A time-course pathogenesis study was performed to compare and contrast primary foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection following simulated-natural (intra-nasopharyngeal) virus exposure of cattle that were non-vaccinated or vaccinated using a recombinant adenovirus-vectored FMDV vaccine. FMDV genome and infectious virus were detected during the initial phase of infection in both categories of animals with consistent predilection for the nasopharyngeal mucosa. A rapid progression of infection with viremia and widespread dissemination of virus occurred in non-vaccinated animals whilst vaccinated cattle were protected from viremia and clinical FMD. Analysis of micro-anatomic distribution of virus during early infection by lasercapture microdissection localized FMDV RNA to follicle-associated epithelium of the nasopharyngeal mucosa in both groups of animals, with concurrent detection of viral genome in nasopharyngeal MALT follicles in vaccinated cattle only. FMDV structural and non-structural proteins were detected in epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa by immunomicroscopy 24 hours after inoculation in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated steers. Co-localization of CD11c+/MHC II+ cells with viral protein occurred early at primary infection sites in vaccinated steers while similar host-virus interactions were observed at later time points in non-vaccinated steers. Additionally, numerous CD8+/CD3- host cells, representing presumptive natural killer cells, were observed in association with foci of primary FMDV infection in the nasopharyngeal mucosa of vaccinated steers but were absent in non-vaccinated steers. Immunomicroscopic evidence of an activated antiviral response at primary infection sites of vaccinated cattle was corroborated by a relative induction of interferon -α, -β, -γ and -λ mRNA in micro-dissected samples of nasopharyngeal mucosa. Although vaccination protected cattle from viremia and clinical FMD, there was subclinical infection of epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa that could enable shedding and long-term persistence of infectious virus. Additionally, these data indicate different mechanisms within the immediate host response to infection between non-vaccinated and vaccinated cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Pacheco
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven I. Rekant
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Parthiban ABR, Mahapatra M, Gubbins S, Parida S. Virus Excretion from Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Carrier Cattle and Their Potential Role in Causing New Outbreaks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128815. [PMID: 26110772 PMCID: PMC4482020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) carrier cattle in causing new outbreaks is still a matter of debate and it is important to find out these carrier animals by post-outbreak serosurveillance to declare freedom from FMDV infection. In this study we explore the differences in viral shedding between carrier and non-carrier animals, quantify the transmission rate of FMDV infection from carriers to susceptible animals and identify potential viral determinants of viral persistence. We collected nasal and saliva samples from 32 vaccinated and 7 unvaccinated FMDV carrier cattle and 48 vaccinated and 13 unvaccinated non-carrier cattle (total n=100) during the acute phase of infection (up to 28 days post-challenge) and then from limited number of animals up to a maximum 168 days post-challenge. We demonstrate that unvaccinated cattle excrete significantly higher levels of virus for longer periods compared with vaccinated cattle and this is independent of whether or not they subsequently become carriers. By introducing naïve cattle in to the FMDV carrier population we show the risk of new outbreaks is clearly very low in controlled conditions, although there could still be a potential threat of these carrier animals causing new outbreaks in the field situation. Finally, we compared the complete genome sequences of viruses from carrier cattle with the challenge virus and found no evidence for viral determinants of the carrier state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Singanallur NB, Ferreira HCDC, Vosloo W, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Clinical and virological dynamics of a serotype O 2010 South East Asia lineage foot-and-mouth disease virus in sheep using natural and simulated natural inoculation and exposure systems. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:50-60. [PMID: 25937316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within-host infection dynamics of a recent field isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), serotype O, topotype South East Asia, lineage Myamar'98 were evaluated in sheep using four different systems for virus exposure. Two novel, simulated natural, inoculation systems consisting of intra-nasopharyngeal (INP) deposition and aerosol inoculation were evaluated in comparison with two conventional systems: coronary band inoculation and direct contact exposure. All four exposure systems were efficient in generating consistently severe, generalized FMD with synchronous clinical characteristics within exposure groups, indicating that this Myanmar98 strain is highly virulent in sheep. Clinical and virological dynamics were similarly rapid following INP- and coronary band inoculation, with both systems leading to significantly earlier detection of virus shedding when compared to aerosol inoculation and contact exposure. The data presented herein support application of the two optimized simulated natural inoculation systems as valid alternatives to conventionally used exposure systems for studies of FMDV pathogenesis and vaccinology in sheep. Furthermore, the data suggest that targeted exposure of the ovine pharynx is highly efficient for generating consistent FMDV infection, which supports critical involvement of this anatomic region as a site of primary virus replication in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | | | - Helena C de Carvalho Ferreira
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.
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