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Costa VA, Holmes EC. Diversity, evolution, and emergence of fish viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0011824. [PMID: 38785422 PMCID: PMC11237817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00118-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of aquatic animals has more than doubled over the last 50 years and is anticipated to continually increase. While fish are recognized as a valuable and sustainable source of nutrition, particularly in the context of human population growth and climate change, the rapid expansion of aquaculture coincides with the emergence of highly pathogenic viruses that often spread globally through aquacultural practices. Here, we provide an overview of the fish virome and its relevance for disease emergence, with a focus on the insights gained through metagenomic sequencing, noting potential areas for future study. In particular, we describe the diversity and evolution of fish viruses, for which the majority have no known disease associations, and demonstrate how viruses emerge in fish populations, most notably at an expanding domestic-wild interface. We also show how wild fish are a powerful and tractable model system to study virus ecology and evolution more broadly and can be used to identify the major factors that shape vertebrate viromes. Central to this is a process of virus-host co-divergence that proceeds over many millions of years, combined with ongoing cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A. Costa
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Xue S, Liu X, Liu Y, Lu C, Jia L, Yu Y, Liu H, Yang S, Zeng Z, Li H, Qin J, Wang Y, Sun J. Determination and Characterization of Novel Papillomavirus and Parvovirus Associated with Mass Mortality of Chinese Tongue Sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis) in China. Viruses 2024; 16:705. [PMID: 38793587 PMCID: PMC11125579 DOI: 10.3390/v16050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A massive mortality event concerning farmed Chinese tongue soles occurred in Tianjin, China, and the causative agent remains unknown. Here, a novel Cynoglossus semilaevis papillomavirus (CsPaV) and parvovirus (CsPV) were simultaneously isolated and identified from diseased fish via electron microscopy, virus isolation, genome sequencing, experimental challenges, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Electron microscopy showed large numbers of virus particles present in the tissues of diseased fish. Viruses that were isolated and propagated in flounder gill cells (FG) induced typical cytopathic effects (CPE). The cumulative mortality of fish given intraperitoneal injections reached 100% at 7 dpi. The complete genomes of CsPaV and CsPV comprised 5939 bp and 3663 bp, respectively, and the genomes shared no nucleotide sequence similarities with other viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the L1 and NS1 protein sequences revealed that CsPaV and CsPV were novel members of the Papillomaviridae and Parvoviridae families. The FISH results showed positive signals in the spleen tissues of infected fish, and both viruses could co-infect single cells. This study represents the first report where novel papillomavirus and parvovirus are identified in farmed marine cultured fish, and it provides a basis for further studies on the prevention and treatment of emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuru Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lei Jia
- Tianjin Fishery Institute, Tianjin 300221, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Yanguang Yu
- Tianjin Fishery Institute, Tianjin 300221, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Houfu Liu
- Tianjin Fishery Institute, Tianjin 300221, China; (L.J.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Siyu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hui Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiatong Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (S.X.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (S.Y.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
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Waller SJ, Egan E, Crow S, Charsley A, Lokman PM, Williams EK, Holmes EC, Geoghegan JL. Host and geography impact virus diversity in New Zealand's longfin and shortfin eels. Arch Virol 2024; 169:85. [PMID: 38546898 PMCID: PMC10978610 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The fishing and aquaculture industry is vital for global food security, yet viral diseases can result in mass fish die-off events. Determining the viromes of traditionally understudied species, such as fish, enhances our understanding of the global virosphere and the factors that influence virome composition and disease emergence. Very little is known about the viruses present in New Zealand's native fish species, including the shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) and the longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), both of which are fished culturally by Māori (the indigenous population of New Zealand) and commercially. Through a total RNA metatranscriptomic analysis of longfin and shortfin eels across three different geographic locations in the South Island of New Zealand, we aimed to determine whether viruses had jumped between the two eel species and whether eel virome composition was impacted by life stage, species, and geographic location. We identified nine viral species spanning eight different families, thereby enhancing our understanding of eel virus diversity in New Zealand and the host range of these viral families. Viruses of the family Flaviviridae (genus Hepacivirus) were widespread and found in both longfin and shortfin eels, indicative of cross-species transmission or virus-host co-divergence. Notably, both host specificity and geographic location appeared to influence eel virome composition, highlighting the complex interaction between viruses, hosts, and their ecosystems. This study broadens our understanding of viromes in aquatic hosts and highlights the importance of gaining baseline knowledge of fish viral abundance and diversity, particularly in aquatic species that are facing population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Waller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Eimear Egan
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Shannan Crow
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Charsley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - P Mark Lokman
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Erica K Williams
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Jilani MG, Hoque M, Ali S. Microsatellite diversity and complexity in the viral genomes of the family Caliciviridae. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:140. [PMID: 37999808 PMCID: PMC10673786 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSR) consist of 1-6 nucleotide motifs of DNA or RNA which are ubiquitously present in tandem repeated sequences across genome in viruses: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They may be localized to both the coding and non-coding regions. SSRs play an important role in replication, gene regulation, transcription, and protein function. The Caliciviridae (CLV) family of viruses have ss-RNA, non-enveloped, icosahedral symmetry 27-35 nm in diameter in size. The size of the genome lies between 6.4 and 8.6 kb. RESULTS The incidence, composition, diversity, complexity, and host range of different microsatellites in 62 representatives of the family of Caliciviridae were systematically analyzed. The full-length genome sequences were assessed from NCBI ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ), and microsatellites were extracted through MISA software. The average genome size is about 7538 bp ranging from 6273 (CLV61) to 8798 (CLV47) bp. The average GC content of the genomes was ~ 51%. There are a total of 1317 SSRs and 53 cSSRs in the studied genomes. CLV 41 and CLV 49 contain the highest and lowest value of SSRs with 32 and 10 respectively, while CLV16 had maximum cSSR incidence of 4. There were 29 species which do not contain any cSSR. The incidence of mono-, di-, and tri-nucleotide SSRs was 219, 884, and 206, respectively. The most prevalent mono-, di-, and tri-nucleotide repeat motifs were "C" (126 SSRs), AC/CA (240 SSRs), and TGA/ACT (23 SSRs), respectively. Most of the SSRs and cSSRs are biased toward the coding region with a minimum of ~ 90% incident SSRs in the genomes' coding region. Viruses with similar host are found close to each other on the phylogenetic tree suggesting virus host being one of the driving forces for their evolution. CONCLUSIONS The Caliciviridae genomes does not conform to any pattern of SSR signature in terms of incidence, composition, and localization. This unique property of SSR plays an important role in viral evolution. Clustering of similar host in the phylogenetic tree is the evidence of the uniqueness of SSR signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Gulam Jilani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clinical and Applied Genomics (CAG) Laboratory, Aliah University, IIA/27, Newtown, Kolkata, 700160, India
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Applied Bio-Chemistry (ABC) Lab, Aliah University, Kolkata, India
| | - Safdar Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clinical and Applied Genomics (CAG) Laboratory, Aliah University, IIA/27, Newtown, Kolkata, 700160, India.
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Porcine sapovirus-induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis is proviral in LLC-PK cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279843. [PMID: 36735696 PMCID: PMC9897573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapoviruses belonging to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae are commonly responsible for severe acute gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Caliciviruses are known to induce intrinsic apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, however, calicivirus-induced necroptosis remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that infection of porcine kidney LLC-PK cells with porcine sapovirus (PSaV) Cowden strain as a representative of caliciviruses induces receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent necroptosis and acts as proviral compared to the antiviral function of PSaV-induced apoptosis. Infection of LLC-PK cells with PSaV Cowden strain showed that the interaction of phosphorylated RIPK1 (pRIPK1) with RIPK3 (pRIPK3), mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (pMLKL) increased in a time-dependent manner, indicating induction of PSaV-induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis. Interfering of PSaV-infected cells with each necroptotic molecule (RIPK1, RIPK3, or MLKL) by treatment with each specific chemical inhibitor or knockdown with each specific siRNA significantly reduced replication of PSaV but increased apoptosis and cell viability, implying proviral action of PSaV-induced necroptosis. In contrast, treatment of PSaV-infected cells with pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK increased PSaV replication and necroptosis, indicating an antiviral action of PSaV-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that PSaV-induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis and apoptosis‒which have proviral and antiviral effects, respectively‒counterbalanced each other in virus-infected cells. Our study contributes to understanding the nature of PSaV-induced necroptosis and apoptosis and will aid in developing efficient and affordable therapies against PSaV and other calicivirus infections.
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Characterization of a Novel RNA Virus Causing Massive Mortality in Yellow Catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, as an Emerging Genus in Caliciviridae ( Picornavirales). Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0062422. [PMID: 35924844 PMCID: PMC9431444 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00624-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging disease in farmed yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) causing massive mortality broke out in 2020 in Hubei, China. Histopathological examination indicated significant changes in kidneys and spleens of diseased fish. Electron microscopy revealed large numbers of viral particles in the kidneys and spleens. These particles were spherical with a diameter of approximately 35 nm. By using RNA sequencing and rapid identification of cDNA ends, the full nucleotide sequence of the virus was identified. The viral genome comprises 7,432 bp and contains three open reading frames sharing no nucleotide sequence similarity with other viruses; however, the amino acid sequence partially matched that of the nonstructural (NS) proteins from viruses in the order Picornavirales. Combined with the phylogenetic analysis, the conserved amino acid motifs and the domains of the viral genome predict a genome order typical of a calicivirus. Therefore, this virus was tentatively named yellow catfish calicivirus (YcCV). Cell culture showed that YcCV could cause a cytopathic effect in the channel catfish kidney cell line (CCK) at early passages. In artificial infection, this virus could infect healthy yellow catfish and led to clinical symptoms similar to those that occurred naturally. In situ hybridization analysis detected positive signals of the virus in kidney, spleen, liver, heart, and gill tissues of diseased fish. This study represents the first report of calicivirus infection in yellow catfish and provides a solid basis for future studies on the control of this viral disease. IMPORTANCE Caliciviruses are rapidly evolving viruses that cause pandemic outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality globally. A novel calicivirus identified from yellow catfish also causes substantial mortality. Using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method, the full nucleotide sequence was identified and characterized, and this virus was tentatively named yellow catfish calicivirus (YcCV). A nucleotide sequence similarity search found no match with other viruses, and an amino acid sequence comparison indicated approximately 23.3% amino acid homology with the viruses in the order Picornavirales. These findings may represent a new avenue to explain virus evolution and suggest a need to further study the pathogenesis of calicivirus and characterize possible interactions among interspecific viruses in the aquaculture environment.
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Mercer LK, Harding EF, Yan GJH, White PA. Novel viruses discovered in the transcriptomes of agnathan fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:931-938. [PMID: 35235679 PMCID: PMC9313793 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis K. Mercer
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Emma F. Harding
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Grace J. H. Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Peter A. White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Davidson I, Stamelou E, Giantsis IA, Papageorgiou KV, Petridou E, Kritas SK. The Complexity of Swine Caliciviruses. A Mini Review on Genomic Diversity, Infection Diagnostics, World Prevalence and Pathogenicity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040413. [PMID: 35456088 PMCID: PMC9030053 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caliciviruses are single stranded RNA viruses, non-enveloped structurally, that are implicated in the non-bacterial gastroenteritis in various mammal species. Particularly in swine, viral gastroenteritis represents a major problem worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses for the pig industry. Among the wide range of viruses that are the proven or suspected etiological agents of gastroenteritis, the pathogenicity of the members of Caliciviridae family is among the less well understood. In this context, the present review presents and discusses the current knowledge of two genera belonging to this family, namely the Norovirus and the Sapovirus, in relation to swine. Aspects such as pathogenicity, clinical evidence, symptoms, epidemiology and worldwide prevalence, genomic diversity, identification tools as well as interchanging hosts are not only reviewed but also critically evaluated. Generally, although often asymptomatic in pigs, the prevalence of those microbes in pig farms exhibits a worldwide substantial increasing trend. It should be mentioned, however, that the factors influencing the symptomatology of these viruses are still far from well established. Interestingly, both these viruses are also characterized by high genetic diversity. These high levels of molecular diversity in Caliciviridae family are more likely a result of recombination rather than evolutionary or selective adaptation via mutational steps. Thus, molecular markers for their detection are mostly based on conserved regions such as the RdRp region. Finally, it should be emphasized that Norovirus and the Sapovirus may also infect other domestic, farm and wild animals, including humans, and therefore their surveillance and clarification role in diseases such as diarrhea is a matter of public health importance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;
| | - Efthymia Stamelou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (K.V.P.); (E.P.); (S.K.K.)
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Draft Genome Sequence of a Novel Calicivirus from a Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from Lake Memphremagog, Vermont/Quebec. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0118821. [PMID: 35254112 PMCID: PMC8928769 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01188-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a draft genome sequence of a previously undescribed calicivirus from a single brown bullhead inhabiting Lake Memphremagog, Vermont/Quebec. The genome is 7,413 nucleotides long and is most similar to the Atlantic salmon calicivirus (nucleotide identity; 64.7%).
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10
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Smertina E, Hall RN, Urakova N, Strive T, Frese M. Calicivirus Non-structural Proteins: Potential Functions in Replication and Host Cell Manipulation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712710. [PMID: 34335548 PMCID: PMC8318036 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caliciviridae are a family of viruses with a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome of positive polarity. The ongoing discovery of caliciviruses has increased the number of genera in this family to 11 (Norovirus, Nebovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Vesivirus, Nacovirus, Bavovirus, Recovirus, Salovirus, Minovirus, and Valovirus). Caliciviruses infect a wide range of hosts that include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and marine and land mammals. All caliciviruses have a genome that encodes a major and a minor capsid protein, a genome-linked viral protein, and several non-structural proteins. Of these non-structural proteins, only the helicase, protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase share clear sequence and structural similarities with proteins from other virus families. In addition, all caliciviruses express two or three non-structural proteins for which functions have not been clearly defined. The sequence diversity of these non-structural proteins and a multitude of processing strategies suggest that at least some have evolved independently, possibly to counteract innate and adaptive immune responses in a host-specific manner. Studying these proteins is often difficult as many caliciviruses cannot be grown in cell culture. Nevertheless, the study of recombinant proteins has revealed many of their properties, such as intracellular localization, capacity to oligomerize, and ability to interact with viral and/or cellular proteins; the release of non-structural proteins from transfected cells has also been investigated. Here, we will summarize these findings and discuss recent in silico studies that identified previously overlooked putative functional domains and structural features, including transmembrane domains that suggest the presence of viroporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Smertina
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Robyn N. Hall
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tanja Strive
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Frese
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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11
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Porcine Sapovirus-Induced Tight Junction Dissociation via Activation of RhoA/ROCK/MLC Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00051-21. [PMID: 33692204 PMCID: PMC8139687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00051-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are a major barrier and also an important portal of entry for different pathogens. Porcine sapovirus (PSaV) induces early disruption of the TJ integrity of polarized LLC-PK cells, allowing it to bind to the buried occludin co-receptors hidden beneath the TJs on the basolateral surface. However, the signaling pathways involved in the PSaV-induced TJ dissociation are not yet known. Here, we found that the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway was activated in polarized LLC-PK cells during the early infection of PSaV Cowden strain in the presence of bile acid. Specific inhibitors of RhoA, ROCK, and MLC restored PSaV-induced reduction of transepithelial resistance, increase of paracellular flux, intracellular translocation of occludin, and lateral membrane lipid diffusion. Moreover, each inhibitor significantly reduced PSaV replication, as evidenced by a reduction in viral protein synthesis, genome copy number, and progeny viruses. The PKC/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK/MYPT signaling pathways, known to dissociate TJs, were not activated during early PSaV infection. Among the above signaling pathways, the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway was only activated by PSaV in the absence of bile acid, and specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway restored early TJ dissociation. Our findings demonstrate that PSaV binding to cell surface receptors activates the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway, which in turn disrupts TJ integrity via the contraction of the actomyosin ring. Our study contributes to understanding how PSaV enters the cells and will aid in developing efficient and affordable therapies against PSaV and other calicivirus infections.IMPORTANCEPorcine sapovirus (PSaV), one of the most important enteric pathogens, is known to disrupt tight junction (TJ) integrity to expose its buried co-receptor occludin in polarized LLC-PK cells. However, the cellular signaling pathways that facilitate TJ dissociation are not yet completely understood. Here, we demonstrate that early infection of PSaV in polarized LLC-PK cells in either the presence or absence of bile acids activates the RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway, whose inhibitors reverse the early PSaV infection-induced early dissociation of TJs and reduce PSaV replication. However, early PSaV infection did not activate the PKC/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK/MYPT signaling pathways, which are also known to dissociate TJs. This study provides a better understanding of the mechanism involved in early PSaV infection-induced disruption of TJs, which is important for controlling or preventing PSaV and other calicivirus infections.
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12
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Bateman AW, Schulze AD, Kaukinen KH, Tabata A, Mordecai G, Flynn K, Bass A, Di Cicco E, Miller KM. Descriptive multi-agent epidemiology via molecular screening on Atlantic salmon farms in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3466. [PMID: 33568681 PMCID: PMC7876018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid expansion of salmon aquaculture has resulted in high-density populations that host diverse infectious agents, for which surveillance and monitoring are critical to disease management. Screening can reveal infection diversity from which disease arises, differential patterns of infection in live and dead fish that are difficult to collect in wild populations, and potential risks associated with agent transmission between wild and farmed hosts. We report results from a multi-year infectious-agent screening program of farmed salmon in British Columbia, Canada, using quantitative PCR to assess presence and load of 58 infective agents (viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes) in 2931 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Our analysis reveals temporal trends, agent correlations within hosts, and agent-associated mortality signatures. Multiple agents, most notably Tenacibaculum maritimum, were elevated in dead and dying salmon. We also report detections of agents only recently shown to infect farmed salmon in BC (Atlantic salmon calicivirus, Cutthroat trout virus-2), detection in freshwater hatcheries of two marine agents (Kudoa thyrsites and Tenacibaculum maritimum), and detection in the ocean of a freshwater agent (Flavobacterium psychrophilum). Our results provide information for farm managers, regulators, and conservationists, and enable further work to explore patterns of multi-agent infection and farm/wild transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, Canada. .,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Gideon Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kelsey Flynn
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Arthur Bass
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, Canada.,Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Kristina M Miller
- Molecular Genetics, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, Canada.,Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Costa VA, Mifsud JCO, Gilligan D, Williamson JE, Holmes EC, Geoghegan JL. Metagenomic sequencing reveals a lack of virus exchange between native and invasive freshwater fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab034. [PMID: 34017611 PMCID: PMC8121191 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are among the biggest threats to freshwater biodiversity. This is increasingly relevant in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, particularly since the introduction of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This invasive species now occupies up to ninety per cent of fish biomass, with hugely detrimental impacts on native fauna and flora. To address the ongoing impacts of carp, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a potentially effective biological control agent. Crucially, however, it is unknown whether CyHV-3 and other cyprinid herpesviruses already exist in the Murray-Darling. Further, little is known about those viruses that naturally occur in wild freshwater fauna, and the frequency with which these viruses jump species boundaries. To document the evolution and diversity of freshwater fish viromes and better understand the ecological context to the proposed introduction of CyHV-3, we performed a meta-transcriptomic viral survey of invasive and native fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, covering over 2,200 km of the river system. Across a total of thirty-six RNA libraries representing ten species, we failed to detect CyHV-3 nor any closely related viruses. Rather, meta-transcriptomic analysis identified eighteen vertebrate-associated viruses that could be assigned to the Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Chuviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Hepeviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae and Rhabdoviridae families, and a further twenty-seven that were deemed to be associated with non-vertebrate hosts. Notably, we revealed a marked lack of viruses that are shared among invasive and native fish sampled here, suggesting that there is little virus transmission from common carp to native fish species, despite co-existing for over fifty years. Overall, this study provides the first data on the viruses naturally circulating in a major river system and supports the notion that fish harbour a large diversity of viruses with often deep evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jonathon C O Mifsud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Dean Gilligan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Batemans Bay Fisheries Office, Batemans Bay 2536, Australia
| | - Jane E Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
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14
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Schmidt-Posthaus H, Koch M, Seuberlich T, Birrer C, Hirschi R, Kugler M. Mysterious syndrome causing high mortality in wild brown trout in Eastern Switzerland, pathology and search for a possible cause. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1317-1324. [PMID: 32830324 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, annually occurring species-specific die-offs of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) occurred in the Thur River, situated in the Eastern part of Switzerland. These events lead to drastically reduced population densities in the impacted river regions. Clinical signs in brown trout and mortality were restricted to few weeks in August/September. To characterize the syndrome and to find possible causes, from end of March to November 2018, one-year-old brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to water from Thur River, fish were sampled regularly and screened for infectious agents, including viral metagenomics, and pathology was described. Starting approximately four months post-exposure, brown trout showed severe lymphohistiocytic pancarditis and necrotizing and haemorrhagic hepatitis. These lesions were recorded until the end of the experiment in November. Rainbow trout were not affected at any point in time. No infectious agents could be identified so far as cause of disease, especially no viral aetiology. Even if pathogenesis and pathology point in the direction of an infectious agent, a causative relationship could not be confirmed and aetiology remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Koch
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Birrer
- Canton St. Gallen, Department of Economic Affairs, Office for Nature, Hunting and Fisheries, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Regula Hirschi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kugler
- Canton St. Gallen, Department of Economic Affairs, Office for Nature, Hunting and Fisheries, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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15
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Mordecai GJ, Di Cicco E, Günther OP, Schulze AD, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Tabata A, Ming TJ, Ferguson HW, Suttle CA, Miller KM. Discovery and surveillance of viruses from salmon in British Columbia using viral immune-response biomarkers, metatranscriptomics, and high-throughput RT-PCR. Virus Evol 2020; 7:veaa069. [PMID: 33623707 PMCID: PMC7887441 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious agents poses a continual economic and environmental challenge to aquaculture production, yet the diversity, abundance, and epidemiology of aquatic viruses are poorly characterised. In this study, we applied salmon host transcriptional biomarkers to identify and select fish in a viral disease state, but only those that were negative for known viruses based on RT-PCR screening. These fish were selected for metatranscriptomic sequencing to discover potential viral pathogens of dead and dying farmed Atlantic (Salmo salar) and Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon in British Columbia (BC). We found that the application of the biomarker panel increased the probability of discovering viruses in aquaculture populations. We discovered two viruses that have not previously been characterised in Atlantic salmon farms in BC (Atlantic salmon calicivirus and Cutthroat trout virus-2), as well as partially sequenced three putative novel viruses. To determine the epidemiology of the newly discovered or emerging viruses, we conducted high-throughput reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and screened over 9,000 farmed and wild salmon sampled over one decade. Atlantic salmon calicivirus and Cutthroat trout virus-2 were in more than half of the farmed Atlantic salmon we tested. Importantly we detected some of the viruses we first discovered in farmed Atlantic salmon in Chinook salmon, suggesting a broad host range. Finally, we applied in situ hybridisation to determine infection and found differing cell tropism for each virus tested. Our study demonstrates that continual discovery and surveillance of emerging viruses in these ecologically important salmon will be vital for management of both aquaculture and wild resources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon J Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor Vancouver, BC Canada V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Emiliano Di Cicco
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, 1682 W 7th Ave, Vancouver, BC V6J 4S6, Canada
| | - Oliver P Günther
- Günther Analytics, 402-5775 Hampton Place, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2G6, Canada
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Hugh W Ferguson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St George’s University, True Blue, GrenadaWest Indies
| | - Curtis A Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3156-6270 University Blvd. Vancouver, BC Canada V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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Vinjé J, Estes MK, Esteves P, Green KY, Katayama K, Knowles NJ, L'Homme Y, Martella V, Vennema H, White PA, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Caliciviridae. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1469-1470. [PMID: 31573467 PMCID: PMC7011698 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Caliciviridae includes viruses with single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes of 7.4–8.3 kb. The most clinically important representatives are human noroviruses, which are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Virions are non-enveloped with icosahedral symmetry. Members of seven genera infect mammals (Lagovirus, Norovirus, Nebovirus, Recovirus, Sapovirus, Valovirus and Vesivirus), members of two genera infect birds (Bavovirus and Nacovirus), and members of two genera infect fish (Minovirus and Salovirus). This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Caliciviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/caliciviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Pedro Esteves
- CIBIO/InBio - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Harry Vennema
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Teffer AK, Carr J, Tabata A, Schulze A, Bradbury I, Deschamps D, Gillis CA, Brunsdon EB, Mordecai G, Miller KM. A molecular assessment of infectious agents carried by Atlantic salmon at sea and in three eastern Canadian rivers, including aquaculture escapees and North American and European origin wild stocks. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents are key components of animal ecology and drivers of host population dynamics. Knowledge of their diversity and transmission in the wild is necessary for the management and conservation of host species like Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Although pathogen exchange can occur throughout the salmon life cycle, evidence is lacking to support transmission during population mixing at sea or between farmed and wild salmon due to aquaculture exposure. We tested these hypotheses using a molecular approach that identified infectious agents and transmission potential among sub-adult Atlantic salmon at marine feeding areas and adults in three eastern Canadian rivers with varying aquaculture influence. We used high-throughput qPCR to quantify infection profiles and next generation sequencing to measure genomic variation among viral isolates. We identified 14 agents, including five not yet described as occurring in Eastern Canada. Phylogenetic analysis of piscine orthoreovirus showed homology between isolates from European and North American origin fish at sea, supporting the hypothesis of intercontinental transmission. We found no evidence to support aquaculture influence on wild adult infections, which varied relative to environmental conditions, life stage, and host origin. Our findings identify research opportunities regarding pathogen transmission and biological significance for wild Atlantic salmon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Teffer
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Atlantic Salmon Federation, Chamcook, NB E5B 3A9, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Angela Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Ian Bradbury
- Salmonids Section, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, NF A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Denise Deschamps
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Direction de l’expertise sur la faune aquatique, Quebec, QC G1S 4X4, Canada
| | | | | | - Gideon Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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18
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Lin S, Zhang S, Wang S, Xie K, Jiang D, Xiao S, Chen X, Chen S. Development of an EvaGreen based real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid detection, quantitation and diagnosis of goose calicivirus. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 49:101489. [PMID: 31747564 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An unclassified calicivirus (CV) detected in geese was recently reported and proposed as a new member of the family Caliciviridae. There is limited information about the epidemiology, etiology and detection method of goose-origin CV (GCV) to date. In this study, an EvaGreen based fluorescence quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay was developed and optimized for the detection of GCVs. The assay sensitively detected GCV RNA template with a good linear standard curve. We also demonstrated the specificity and reproducibility of the detection method for GCVs. Thus, the method developed in this study will benefit the investigation of possible sporadic outbreaks of CV infections in geese, as well as epidemiological and etiological studies of GCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Lin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Shao Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Kaichun Xie
- Animal Veterinary and Aquatic Product Bureau, Nanping, 353000, China.
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| | - Shaoying Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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19
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Peñaflor-Téllez Y, Trujillo-Uscanga A, Escobar-Almazán JA, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. Immune Response Modulation by Caliciviruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2334. [PMID: 31632406 PMCID: PMC6779827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses and Sapoviruses, classified in the Caliciviridae family, are small positive-stranded RNA viruses, considered nowadays the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally in both children and adults. Although most noroviruses have been associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans, almost 50 years after its discovery, there is still a lack of comprehensive evidence regarding its biology and pathogenesis mainly because they can be neither conveniently grown in cultured cells nor propagated in animal models. However, other members of this family such as Feline calicivirus (FCV), Murine norovirus (MNV), Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), and Porcine sapovirus (PS), from which there are accessible propagation systems, have been useful to study the calicivirus replication strategies. Using cell cultures and animal models, many of the functions of the viral proteins in the viral replication cycles have been well-characterized. Moreover, evidence of the role of viral proteins from different members of the family in the establishment of infection has been generated and the mechanism of their immunopathogenesis begins to be understood. In this review, we discuss different aspects of how caliciviruses are implicated in membrane rearrangements, apoptosis, and evasion of the immune responses, highlighting some of the pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different members of the Caliciviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoatzin Peñaflor-Téllez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Trujillo-Uscanga
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alejandro Escobar-Almazán
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Lorena Gutiérrez-Escolano
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Canuti M, Kroyer ANK, Ojkic D, Whitney HG, Robertson GJ, Lang AS. Discovery and Characterization of Novel RNA Viruses in Aquatic North American Wild Birds. Viruses 2019; 11:E768. [PMID: 31438486 PMCID: PMC6784231 DOI: 10.3390/v11090768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds are recognized viral reservoirs but our understanding about avian viral diversity is limited. We describe here three novel RNA viruses that we identified in oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs collected from wild birds. The complete genome of a novel gull metapneumovirus (GuMPV B29) was determined. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that this virus could represent a novel avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) sub-group, intermediate between AMPV-C and the subgroup of the other AMPVs. This virus was detected in an American herring (1/24, 4.2%) and great black-backed (4/26, 15.4%) gulls. A novel gull coronavirus (GuCoV B29) was detected in great black-backed (3/26, 11.5%) and American herring (2/24, 8.3%) gulls. Phylogenetic analyses of GuCoV B29 suggested that this virus could represent a novel species within the genus Gammacoronavirus, close to other recently identified potential novel avian coronaviral species. One GuMPV-GuCoV co-infection was detected. A novel duck calicivirus (DuCV-2 B6) was identified in mallards (2/5, 40%) and American black ducks (7/26, 26.9%). This virus, of which we identified two different types, was fully sequenced and was genetically closest to other caliciviruses identified in Anatidae, but more distant to other caliciviruses from birds in the genus Anas. These discoveries increase our knowledge about avian virus diversity and host distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Ashley N K Kroyer
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Hugh G Whitney
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Gregory J Robertson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6 Bruce Street, Mount Pearl, NL A1N 4T3, Canada
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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de Souza WM, Fumagalli MJ, de Araujo J, Ometto T, Modha S, Thomazelli LM, Durigon EL, Murcia PR, Figueiredo LTM. Discovery of novel astrovirus and calicivirus identified in ruddy turnstones in Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5556. [PMID: 30944402 PMCID: PMC6447618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds are the natural reservoir of viruses with zoonotic potential, as well as contributing to the evolution, emergence, and dissemination of novel viruses. In this study, we applied a high-throughput screening approach to identify the diversity of viruses in 118 samples of birds captured between October 2006 to October 2010 in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. We found nearly complete genomes of novel species of astrovirus and calicivirus in cloacal swabs of ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) collected in Coroa do Avião islet, Pernambuco State. These viruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA with a genome of ~7 to 8 kb, and were designated as Ruddy turnstone astrovirus (RtAstV) and Ruddy turnstone calicivirus (RTCV), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RtAstV and RTCV grouped in a monophyletic clade with viruses identified from poultry samples (i.e., chicken, goose, and turkey), including viruses associated with acute nephritis in chickens. Attempts of viral propagation in monkey and chicken cell lines for both viruses were unsuccessful. Also, we found genomes related with viral families that infect invertebrates and plants, suggesting that they might be ingested in the birds' diet. In sum, these findings shed new light on the diversity of viruses in migratory birds with the notable characterization of a novel astrovirus and calicivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marciel de Souza
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcílio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Jansen de Araujo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Ometto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edison Luís Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Ramiro Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, SP, Brazil
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Desselberger U. Caliciviridae Other Than Noroviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030286. [PMID: 30901945 PMCID: PMC6466229 DOI: 10.3390/v11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides noroviruses, the Caliciviridae family comprises four other accepted genera: Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Vesivirus, and Nebovirus. There are six new genera proposed: Recovirus, Valovirus, Bavovirus, Nacovirus, Minovirus, and Salovirus. All Caliciviridae have closely related genome structures, but are genetically and antigenically highly diverse and infect a wide range of mammalian host species including humans. Recombination in nature is not infrequent for most of the Caliciviridae, contributing to their diversity. Sapovirus infections cause diarrhoea in pigs, humans and other mammalian hosts. Lagovirus infections cause systemic haemorrhagic disease in rabbits and hares, and vesivirus infections lead to lung disease in cats, vesicular disease in swine, and exanthema and diseases of the reproductive system in large sea mammals. Neboviruses are an enteric pathogen of cattle, differing from bovine norovirus. At present, only a few selected caliciviruses can be propagated in cell culture (permanent cell lines or enteroids), and for most of the cultivatable caliciviruses helper virus-free, plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems have been established. The replication cycles of the caliciviruses are similar as far as they have been explored: viruses interact with a multitude of cell surface attachment factors (glycans) and co-receptors (proteins) for adsorption and penetration, use cellular membranes for the formation of replication complexes and have developed mechanisms to circumvent innate immune responses. Vaccines have been developed against lagoviruses and vesiviruses, and are under development against human noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Early Porcine Sapovirus Infection Disrupts Tight Junctions and Uses Occludin as a Coreceptor. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01773-18. [PMID: 30463963 PMCID: PMC6364031 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01773-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Sapovirus belongs to the family Caliciviridae, and its members are common causative agents of severe acute gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Some caliciviruses are known to use either terminal sialic acids or histo-blood group antigens as attachment factors and/or cell surface proteins, such as CD300lf, CD300ld, and junctional adhesion molecule 1 of tight junctions (TJs), as receptors. However, the roles of TJs and their proteins in sapovirus entry have not been examined. In this study, we found that porcine sapovirus (PSaV) significantly decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and increased paracellular permeability early in infection of LLC-PK cells, suggesting that PSaV dissociates TJs of cells. This led to the interaction between PSaV particles and occludin, which traveled in a complex into late endosomes via Rab5- and Rab7-dependent trafficking. Inhibition of occludin using small interfering RNA (siRNA), a specific antibody, or a dominant-negative mutant significantly blocked the entry of PSaV. Transient expression of occludin in nonpermissive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells conferred susceptibility to PSaV, but only for a limited time. Although claudin-1, another TJ protein, neither directly interacted nor was internalized with PSaV particles, it facilitated PSaV entry and replication in the LLC-PK cells. We conclude that PSaV particles enter LLC-PK cells by binding to occludin as a coreceptor in PSaV-dissociated TJs. PSaV and occludin then form a complex that moves to late endosomes via Rab5- and Rab7-dependent trafficking. In addition, claudin-1 in the TJs opened by PSaV infection facilitates PSaV entry and infection as an entry factor.IMPORTANCE Sapoviruses (SaVs) cause severe acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Although they replicate in intestinal epithelial cells, which are tightly sealed by apical-junctional complexes, such as tight junctions (TJs), the mechanisms by which SaVs hijack TJs and their proteins for successful entry and infection remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that porcine SaVs (PSaVs) induce early dissociation of TJs, allowing them to bind to the TJ protein occludin as a functional coreceptor. PSaVs then travel in a complex with occludin into late endosomes through Rab5- and Rab7-dependent trafficking. Claudin-1, another TJ protein, does not directly interact with PSaV but facilitates the entry of PSaV into cells as an entry factor. This work contributes to our understanding of the entry of SaV and other caliciviruses into cells and may aid in the development of efficient and affordable drugs to treat SaV infections.
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Netzler NE, Enosi Tuipulotu D, White PA. Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? Med Res Rev 2018; 39:860-886. [PMID: 30584800 PMCID: PMC7168425 DOI: 10.1002/med.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high‐risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct‐acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host‐modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Netzler
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Detection and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Enteric Norovirus and Nebovirus in Turkey. J Vet Res 2018; 62:129-135. [PMID: 30364905 PMCID: PMC6200295 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine Norovirus (BoNeV) which has been confirmed in Asia, America, and Europe, seems to be distributed worldwide, even though only reported from a number of countries. Bovine noroviruses are predominantly detected in diarrhoeic animals rather than neboviruses. The study reveals the importance of noro- and neboviruses in early age diarrhoea of calves. Material and Methods A total of 127 stool samples were collected from three provinces located in the central region of Turkey. Samples were subjected to nucleic acid isolation and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were sequenced and analysed. Results According to PCR, five samples (3.93%) were found to be positive for bovine norovirus while 32 (25.19%) samples were found to be positive for bovine nebovirus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the novel Turkish norovirus strains were found to be of genotype III.2 and all novel neboviruses were substituted under Nebraska-like strains. Conclusion Although predominantly bovine noroviruses are detected worldwide, the study indicated that bovine neboviruses were more prevalent in the studied area. We suggest that bovine neboviruses are more frequently responsible for calf diarrhoea than supposed by virologists. This is also the first report of neboviruses other than Kirklareli virus which is distantly related to neboviruses detected in Turkey.
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Soliman M, Kim DS, Kim C, Seo JY, Kim JY, Park JG, Alfajaro MM, Baek YB, Cho EH, Park SI, Kang MI, Chang KO, Goodfellow I, Cho KO. Porcine sapovirus Cowden strain enters LLC-PK cells via clathrin- and cholesterol-dependent endocytosis with the requirement of dynamin II. Vet Res 2018; 49:92. [PMID: 30223898 PMCID: PMC6142377 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caliciviruses in the genus Sapovirus are a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans and animals. However, the mechanism of their entry into cells is not well characterized. Here, we determined the entry mechanism of porcine sapovirus (PSaV) strain Cowden into permissive LLC-PK cells. The inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine, siRNAs, and a dominant negative (DN) mutant blocked entry and infection of PSaV Cowden strain, confirming a role for clathrin-mediated internalization. Entry and infection were also inhibited by the cholesterol-sequestering drug methyl-β-cyclodextrin and was restored by the addition of soluble cholesterol, indicating that cholesterol also contributes to entry and infection of this strain. Furthermore, the inhibition of dynamin GTPase activity by dynasore, siRNA depletion of dynamin II, or overexpression of a DN mutant of dynamin II reduced the entry and infection, suggesting that dynamin mediates the fission and detachment of clathrin- and cholesterol-pits for entry of this strain. In contrast, the inhibition of caveolae-mediated endocytosis using nystatin, siRNAs, or a DN mutant had no inhibitory effect on entry and infection of this strain. It was further determined that cell entry of PSaV Cowden strain required actin rearrangements for vesicle internalization, endosomal trafficking from early to late endosomes through microtubules, and late endosomal acidification for uncoating. We conclude that PSaV strain Cowden is internalized into LLC-PK cells by clathrin- and cholesterol-mediated endocytosis that requires dynamin II and actin rearrangement, and that the uncoating occurs in the acidified late endosomes after trafficking from the early endosomes through microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Soliman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Song Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Young Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Bin Baek
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyo Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Alfajaro MM, Cho EH, Park JG, Kim JY, Soliman M, Baek YB, Kang MI, Park SI, Cho KO. Feline calicivirus- and murine norovirus-induced COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway has proviral effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200726. [PMID: 30021004 PMCID: PMC6051663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COXs)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathways are known to modulate a variety of homeostatic processes and are involved in various pathophysiological conditions. COXs/PGE2 signaling pathways have also been demonstrated to have proviral or antiviral effects, which appeared different even in the same virus family. A porcine sapovirus Cowden strain, a member of genus Sapovirus within the Caliciviridae family, induces strong COX-2/PGE2 but transient COX-1/PGE2 signaling to enhance virus replication. However, whether infections of other viruses in the different genera activate COXs/PGE2 signaling, and thus affect the replication of viruses, remains unknown. In the present study, infections of cells with the feline calicivirus (FCV) F9 strain in the genus Vesivirus and murine norovirus (MNV) CW-1 strain in the genus Norovirus only activated the COX-2/PGE2 signaling in a time-dependent manner. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors or transfection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against COX-2 enzyme significantly reduced the production of PGE2 as well as FCV and MNV replications. The inhibitory effects of these pharmacological inhibitors against COX-2 enzyme on the replication of both viruses were restored by the addition of PGE2. Silencing of COX-1 via siRNAs and inhibition of COX-1 via an inhibitor also decrease the production of PGE2 and replication of both viruses, which can be attributed to the inhibition COX-1/PGE2 signaling pathway. These data indicate that the COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway has proviral effects for the replication of FCV and MNV, and pharmacological inhibitors against these enzymes serve as potential therapeutic candidates for treating FCV and MNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyo Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Bin Baek
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Bat Caliciviruses and Human Noroviruses Are Antigenically Similar and Have Overlapping Histo-Blood Group Antigen Binding Profiles. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00869-18. [PMID: 29789360 PMCID: PMC5964351 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00869-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging zoonotic viral diseases remain a challenge to global public health. Recent surveillance studies have implicated bats as potential reservoirs for a number of viral pathogens, including coronaviruses and Ebola viruses. Caliciviridae represent a major viral family contributing to emerging diseases in both human and animal populations and have been recently identified in bats. In this study, we blended metagenomics, phylogenetics, homology modeling, and in vitro assays to characterize two novel bat calicivirus (BtCalV) capsid sequences, corresponding to strain BtCalV/A10/USA/2009, identified in Perimyotis subflavus near Little Orleans, MD, and bat norovirus. We observed that bat norovirus formed virus-like particles and had epitopes and receptor-binding patterns similar to those of human noroviruses. To determine whether these observations stretch across multiple bat caliciviruses, we characterized a novel bat calicivirus, BtCalV/A10/USA/2009. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BtCalV/A10/USA/2009 likely represents a novel Caliciviridae genus and is most closely related to "recoviruses." Homology modeling revealed that the capsid sequences of BtCalV/A10/USA/2009 and bat norovirus resembled human norovirus capsid sequences and retained host ligand binding within the receptor-binding domains similar to that seen with human noroviruses. Both caliciviruses bound histo-blood group antigens in patterns that overlapped those seen with human and animal noroviruses. Taken together, our results indicate the potential for bat caliciviruses to bind histo-blood group antigens and overcome a significant barrier to cross-species transmission. Additionally, we have shown that bat norovirus maintains antigenic epitopes similar to those seen with human noroviruses, providing further evidence of evolutionary descent. Our results reiterate the importance of surveillance of wild-animal populations, especially of bats, for novel viral pathogens.IMPORTANCE Caliciviruses are rapidly evolving viruses that cause pandemic outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality globally. The animal reservoirs for human caliciviruses are unknown; bats represent critical reservoir species for several emerging and zoonotic diseases. Recent reports have identified several bat caliciviruses but have not characterized biological functions associated with disease risk, including their potential emergence in other mammalian populations. In this report, we identified a novel bat calicivirus that is most closely related to nonhuman primate caliciviruses. Using this new bat calicivirus and a second norovirus-like bat calicivirus capsid gene sequence, we generated virus-like particles that have host carbohydrate ligand binding patterns similar to those of human and animal noroviruses and that share antigens with human noroviruses. The similarities to human noroviruses with respect to binding patterns and antigenic epitopes illustrate the potential for bat caliciviruses to emerge in other species and the importance of pathogen surveillance in wild-animal populations.
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Bovine Nebovirus Interacts with a Wide Spectrum of Histo-Blood Group Antigens. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02160-17. [PMID: 29467317 PMCID: PMC5899197 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02160-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some viruses within the Caliciviridae family initiate their replication cycle by attachment to cell surface carbohydrate moieties, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and/or terminal sialic acids (SAs). Although bovine nebovirus (BNeV), one of the enteric caliciviruses, is an important causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in cattle, its attachment factors and possibly other cellular receptors remain unknown. Using a comprehensive series of protein-ligand biochemical assays, we sought to determine whether BNeV recognizes cell surface HBGAs and/or SAs as attachment factors. It was found that BNeV virus-like particles (VLPs) bound to A type/H type 2/Ley HBGAs expressed in the bovine digestive tract and are related to HBGAs expressed in humans and other host species, suggesting a wide spectrum of HBGA recognition by BNeV. BNeV VLPs also bound to a large variety of different bovine and human saliva samples of all ABH and Lewis types, supporting previously obtained results and suggesting a zoonotic potential of BNeV transmission. Removal of α1,2-linked fucose and α1,3/4-linked fucose epitopes of target HBGAs by confirmation-specific enzymes reduced the binding of BNeV VLPs to synthetic HBGAs, bovine and human saliva, cultured cell lines, and bovine small intestine mucosa, further supporting a wide HBGA binding spectrum of BNeV through recognition of α1,2-linked fucose and α1,3/4-linked fucose epitopes of targeted HBGAs. However, removal of terminal α2,3- and α2,6-linked SAs by their specific enzyme had no inhibitory effects on binding of BNeV VLPs, indicating that BNeV does not use terminal SAs as attachment factors. Further details of the binding specificity of BNeV remain to be explored. IMPORTANCE Enteric caliciviruses such as noroviruses, sapoviruses, and recoviruses are the most important etiological agents of severe acute gastroenteritis in humans and many other mammalian host species. They initiate infection by attachment to cell surface carbohydrate moieties, HBGAs, and/or terminal SAs. However, the attachment factor(s) for BNeV, a recently classified enteric calicivirus genus/type species, remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that BNeV VLPs have a wide spectrum of binding to synthetic HBGAs, bovine and human saliva samples, and bovine duodenal sections. We further discovered that α1,2-linked fucose and α1,3/4-linked fucose epitopes are essential for binding of BNeV VLPs. However, BNeV VLPs do not bind to terminal SAs on cell carbohydrates. Continued investigation regarding the proteinaceous receptor(s) will be necessary for better understanding of the tropism, pathogenesis, and host range of this important viral genus.
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Shi M, Lin XD, Chen X, Tian JH, Chen LJ, Li K, Wang W, Eden JS, Shen JJ, Liu L, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ. The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses. Nature 2018; 556:197-202. [PMID: 29618816 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the diversity and evolution of vertebrate RNA viruses is largely limited to those found in mammalian and avian hosts and associated with overt disease. Here, using a large-scale meta-transcriptomic approach, we discover 214 vertebrate-associated viruses in reptiles, amphibians, lungfish, ray-finned fish, cartilaginous fish and jawless fish. The newly discovered viruses appear in every family or genus of RNA virus associated with vertebrate infection, including those containing human pathogens such as influenza virus, the Arenaviridae and Filoviridae families, and have branching orders that broadly reflected the phylogenetic history of their hosts. We establish a long evolutionary history for most groups of vertebrate RNA virus, and support this by evaluating evolutionary timescales using dated orthologous endogenous virus elements. We also identify new vertebrate-specific RNA viruses and genome architectures, and re-evaluate the evolution of vector-borne RNA viruses. In summary, this study reveals diverse virus-host associations across the entire evolutionary history of the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xian-Dan Lin
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hua Tian
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jin-Jin Shen
- Yancheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wang F, Wang M, Dong Y, Zhang B, Zhang D. Genetic characterization of a novel calicivirus from a goose. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2115-2118. [PMID: 28289976 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel calicivirus (strain H146) was detected in a goose and sequenced. The H146 genome consisted of two open reading frames (ORFs) with an 8-nucleotide (nt) overlap between the two ORFs, similar to what has been found in the bat sapovirus TLC58. The virus was most closely related to nacoviruses when comparing the complete genome sequence (49% identity), non-structural region (NS; 31-34% amino acid [aa] sequence identity), and major structural VP1 region (28-30% aa identity), whereas both goose calicivirus N and feline calicivirus were the closest relatives of H146 in the VP2 region (20% aa sequence identity). The levels of divergence between H146 and its closest relatives in different genomic regions are comparable to those between some members of different genera. Phylogenetic analysis based on the NS and VP1 amino acid sequences clearly demonstrated that H146 formed a separate clade. Thus, calicivirus H146 was identified as a founding member of a novel genus for which we propose the name "Sanovirus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Di Cicco E, Ferguson HW, Schulze AD, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Vanderstichel R, Wessel Ø, Rimstad E, Gardner IA, Hammell KL, Miller KM. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) disease diagnosed on a British Columbia salmon farm through a longitudinal farm study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171471. [PMID: 28225783 PMCID: PMC5321275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is an emerging disease of marine-farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), first recognized in 1999 in Norway, and later also reported in Scotland and Chile. We undertook a longitudinal study involving health evaluation over an entire marine production cycle on one salmon farm in British Columbia (Canada). In previous production cycles at this farm site and others in the vicinity, cardiac lesions not linked to a specific infectious agent or disease were identified. Histologic assessments of both live and moribund fish samples collected at the farm during the longitudinal study documented at the population level the development, peak, and recovery phases of HSMI. The fish underwent histopathological evaluation of all tissues, Twort's Gram staining, immunohistochemistry, and molecular quantification in heart tissue of 44 agents known or suspected to cause disease in salmon. Our analysis showed evidence of HSMI histopathological lesions over an 11-month timespan, with the prevalence of lesions peaking at 80-100% in sampled fish, despite mild clinical signs with no associated elevation in mortalities reported at the farm level. Diffuse mononuclear inflammation and myodegeneration, consistent with HSMI, was the predominant histologic observation in affected heart and skeletal muscle. Infective agent monitoring identified three agents at high prevalence in salmon heart tissue, including Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and parasites Paranucleospora theridion and Kudoa thyrsites. However, PRV alone was statistically correlated with the occurrence and severity of histopathological lesions in the heart. Immunohistochemical staining further localized PRV throughout HSMI development, with the virus found mainly within red blood cells in early cases, moving into the cardiomyocytes within or, more often, on the periphery of the inflammatory reaction during the peak disease, and reducing to low or undetectable levels later in the production cycle. This study represents the first longitudinal assessment of HSMI in a salmon farm in British Columbia, providing new insights on the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Di Cicco
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hugh W. Ferguson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, W. Indies
| | - Angela D. Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karia H. Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raphaël Vanderstichel
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian A. Gardner
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - K. Larry Hammell
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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33
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Powell MD, Yousaf MN. Cardiovascular Effects of Disease: Parasites and Pathogens. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Wiik-Nielsen J, Alarcón M, Jensen BB, Haugland Ø, Mikalsen AB. Viral co-infections in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., displaying myocarditis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1495-1507. [PMID: 27146423 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several different viruses have been associated with myocarditis-related diseases in the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. In this study, we investigated the presence of PMCV, SAV, PRV and the recently identified Atlantic salmon calicivirus (ASCV), alone and as co-infections in farmed Atlantic salmon displaying myocarditis. The analyses were performed at the individual level and comprised qPCR and histopathological examination of 397 salmon from 25 farms along the Norwegian coast. The samples were collected in 2009 and 2010, 5-22 months post-sea transfer. The study documented multiple causes of myocarditis and revealed co-infections including individual fish infected with all four viruses. There was an overall correlation between lesions characteristic of CMS and PD and the presence of PMCV and SAV, respectively. Although PRV was ubiquitously present, high viral loads were with a few exceptions, correlated with lesions characteristic of HSMI. ASCV did not seem to have any impact on myocardial infection by PMCV, SAV or PRV. qPCR indicated a negative correlation between PMCV and SAV viral loads. Co-infections result in mixed and atypical pathological changes which pose a challenge for disease diagnostic work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Alarcón
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ø Haugland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - A B Mikalsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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Lund M, Røsæg MV, Krasnov A, Timmerhaus G, Nyman IB, Aspehaug V, Rimstad E, Dahle MK. Experimental Piscine orthoreovirus infection mediates protection against pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Vet Res 2016; 47:107. [PMID: 27769313 PMCID: PMC5075195 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases are among the main challenges in farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The most prevalent viral diseases in Norwegian salmon aquaculture are heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and pancreas disease (PD) caused by Salmonid alphavirus (SAV). Both PRV and SAV target heart and skeletal muscles, but SAV additionally targets exocrine pancreas. PRV and SAV are often present in the same locations and co-infections occur, but the effect of this crosstalk on disease development has not been investigated. In the present experiment, the effect of a primary PRV infection on subsequent SAV infection was studied. Atlantic salmon were infected with PRV by cohabitation, followed by addition of SAV shedder fish 4 or 10 weeks after the initial PRV infection. Histopathological evaluation, monitoring of viral RNA levels and host gene expression analysis were used to assess disease development. Significant reduction of SAV RNA levels and of PD specific histopathological changes were observed in the co-infected groups compared to fish infected by SAV only. A strong correlation was found between histopathological development and expression of disease related genes in heart. In conclusion, experimentally PRV infected salmon are less susceptible to secondary SAV infection and development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Lund
- Section of Immunology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Vikan Røsæg
- SalMar ASA, Kverva, Norway
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Gerrit Timmerhaus
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingvild Berg Nyman
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Tian J, Liu D, Liu Y, Wu H, Jiang Y, Zu S, Liu C, Sun X, Liu J, Qu L. Molecular characterization of a feline calicivirus isolated from tiger and its pathogenesis in cats. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:110-117. [PMID: 27527772 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a virus that causes respiratory disease in cats. In this study, the FCV TIG-1 was isolated from Siberian tiger feces collected in 2014 in Heilongjiang Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis among TIG-1 and other FCVs showed that TIG-1 does not share the same lineage with other FCV isolates from Heilongjiang or other regions in China but is located in the same cluster with the FCV strain Urbana, which was isolated from the United States. The growth kinetics in vitro and the pathogenicity in cats between TIG-1 and the domestic cat-origin FCV strain F9 (vaccine strain) and strain 2280 were compared. We found that the growth kinetics of strains TIG-1 and 2280 were faster than that of strain F9 from 12h to 36h post-infection, indicating that strains TIG-1 and 2280 produce infectious virions and reach peak yields earlier. Challenge experiments in cats showed that TIG-1 grew faster than the other two strains in the lungs of cats and that TIG-1 is a virulent FCV with 100% morbidity and lethality. In addition, the histopathological results showed that the virulent TIG-1 strain directly led to severe lung tissue damage and indirectly led to intestinal damage. The results presented here show that a tiger-origin FCV exhibits high virulence in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tian
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Dafei Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hongxia Wu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanmei Jiang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, PR China
| | - Shaopo Zu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Chunguo Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xue Sun
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Liandong Qu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
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Kemenesi G, Gellért Á, Dallos B, Görföl T, Boldogh S, Estók P, Marton S, Oldal M, Martella V, Bányai K, Jakab F. Sequencing and molecular modeling identifies candidate members of Caliciviridae family in bats. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:227-232. [PMID: 27085289 PMCID: PMC7172268 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases represent an ongoing challenge for globalized world and bats constitute an immense, partially explored, reservoir of potentially zoonotic viruses. Caliciviruses are important human and animal pathogens and, as observed for human noroviruses, they may impact on human health on a global scale. By screening fecal samples of bats in Hungary, calicivirus RNA was identified in the samples of Myotis daubentonii and Eptesicus serotinus bats. In order to characterize more in detail the bat caliciviruses, large portions of the genome sequence of the viruses were determined. Phylogenetic analyses and molecular modeling identified firmly the two viruses as candidate members within the Caliciviridae family, with one calicivirus strain resembling members of the Sapovirus genus and the other bat calicivirus being more related to porcine caliciviruses of the proposed genus Valovirus. This data serves the effort for detecting reservoir hosts for potential emerging viruses and recognize important evolutionary relationships. Two novel bat caliciviruses were genetically characterized. Mature viral capsids were molecularly modeled. Bat caliciviruses are highly heterogeneous genetically. The two novel viruses are genetically related to valoviruses and sapoviruses. New sequences were most closely related to Chinese sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kemenesi
- Virological Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Gellért
- Department of Applied Genomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Bianka Dallos
- Virological Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Görföl
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Péter Estók
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly College, Eger, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Oldal
- Virological Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universitá Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- Virological Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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38
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Garver KA, Johnson SC, Polinski MP, Bradshaw JC, Marty GD, Snyman HN, Morrison DB, Richard J. Piscine Orthoreovirus from Western North America Is Transmissible to Atlantic Salmon and Sockeye Salmon but Fails to Cause Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146229. [PMID: 26730591 PMCID: PMC4701501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a significant and often fatal disease of cultured Atlantic salmon in Norway. The consistent presence of Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) in HSMI diseased fish along with the correlation of viral load and antigen with development of lesions has supported the supposition that PRV is the etiologic agent of this condition; yet the absence of an in vitro culture system to demonstrate disease causation and the widespread prevalence of this virus in the absence of disease continues to obfuscate the etiological role of PRV with regard to HSMI. In this study, we explore the infectivity and disease causing potential of PRV from western North America—a region now considered endemic for PRV but without manifestation of HSMI—in challenge experiments modeled upon previous reports associating PRV with HSMI. We identified that western North American PRV is highly infective by intraperitoneal injection in Atlantic salmon as well as through cohabitation of both Atlantic and Sockeye salmon. High prevalence of viral RNA in peripheral blood of infected fish persisted for as long as 59 weeks post-challenge. Nevertheless, no microscopic lesions, disease, or mortality could be attributed to the presence of PRV, and only a minor transcriptional induction of the antiviral Mx gene occurred in blood and kidney samples during log-linear replication of viral RNA. Comparative analysis of the S1 segment of PRV identified high similarity between this North American sequence and previous sequences associated with HSMI, suggesting that factors such as viral co-infection, alternate PRV strains, host condition, or specific environmental circumstances may be required to cause this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Stewart C. Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark P. Polinski
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia C. Bradshaw
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gary D. Marty
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heindrich N. Snyman
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jon Richard
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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39
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Johansen LH, Thim HL, Jørgensen SM, Afanasyev S, Strandskog G, Taksdal T, Fremmerlid K, McLoughlin M, Jørgensen JB, Krasnov A. Comparison of transcriptomic responses to pancreas disease (PD) and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in heart of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:612-23. [PMID: 26232631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas disease (PD) and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) are viral diseases associated with SAV (salmonid alphavirus) and PRV (piscine reovirus), which induce systemic infections and pathologies in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L), resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. While general features of the clinical symptoms and pathogenesis of salmonid viral diseases are relatively well studied, much less is known about molecular mechanisms associated with immunity and disease-specific changes. In this study, transcriptomic analyses of heart tissue from PD and HSMI challenged Atlantic salmon were done, focusing on the mature phases of both diseases at respectively 28-35 and 42-77 days post infection. A large number of immune genes was activated in both trials with prevalence of genes associated with early innate antiviral responses, their expression levels being slightly higher in PD challenged fish. Activation of the IFN axis was in parallel with inflammatory changes that involved diverse humoral and cellular factors. Adaptive immune response genes were more pronounced in fish with HSMI, as suggested by increased expression of a large number of genes associated with differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells. A similar down-regulation of non-immune genes such as myofiber and mitochondrial proteins between diseases was most likely reflecting myocardial pathology. A suite of genes important for cardiac function including B-type natriuretic peptide and four neuropeptides displayed differential expression between PD and HSMI. Comparison of results revealed common and distinct features and added to the understanding of both diseases at their mature phases with typical clinical pictures. A number of genes that showed disease-specific changes can be of interest for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna L Thim
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Nofima AS, P.O. Box 6122, N-9291 Tromsø, Norway; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza Av. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Guro Strandskog
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torunn Taksdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Fremmerlid
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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40
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Lanave G, De Grazia S, Giammanco GM, Lavazza A, Buonavoglia C, Marsilio F, Bányai K, Martella V. Antibodies for strain 2117-like vesiviruses (caliciviruses) in humans. Virus Res 2015; 210:279-82. [PMID: 26319448 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vesivirus strain 2117 has been identified as contaminant of bioreactors used for production of human drugs, due to possible contamination of the reagents used for cell cultivation. Using an ELISA assay, antibodies specific for 2117-like viruses were detected in 32/410 (7.8%) human sera, indicating exposure to these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Gianvito Lanave
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute "G. D'Alessandro", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Department of Scienze per la Promozione della Salute "G. D'Alessandro", Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie Virali dei Lagomorfi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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