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Chasseigneaux S, Cochois-Guégan V, Lecorgne L, Lochus M, Nicolic S, Blugeon C, Jourdren L, Gomez-Zepeda D, Tenzer S, Sanquer S, Nivet-Antoine V, Menet MC, Laplanche JL, Declèves X, Cisternino S, Saubaméa B. Fasting upregulates the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 at the rat blood-brain barrier through PPAR δ activation. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:33. [PMID: 38589879 PMCID: PMC11003008 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is pivotal for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and it strictly regulates the cerebral transport of a wide range of endogenous compounds and drugs. While fasting is increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic intervention in neurology and psychiatry, its impact upon the BBB has not been studied. This study was designed to assess the global impact of fasting upon the repertoire of BBB transporters. METHODS We used a combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments to assess the response of the brain endothelium in male rats that were fed ad libitum or fasted for one to three days. Brain endothelial cells were acutely purified and transcriptionaly profiled using RNA-Seq. Isolated brain microvessels were used to assess the protein expression of selected BBB transporters through western blot. The molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptation to fasting were investigated in primary cultured rat brain endothelial cells. MCT1 activity was probed by in situ brain perfusion. RESULTS Fasting did not change the expression of the main drug efflux ATP-binding cassette transporters or P-glycoprotein activity at the BBB but modulated a restrictive set of solute carrier transporters. These included the ketone bodies transporter MCT1, which is pivotal for the brain adaptation to fasting. Our findings in vivo suggested that PPAR δ, a major lipid sensor, was selectively activated in brain endothelial cells in response to fasting. This was confirmed in vitro where pharmacological agonists and free fatty acids selectively activated PPAR δ, resulting in the upregulation of MCT1 expression. Moreover, dosing rats with a specific PPAR δ antagonist blocked the upregulation of MCT1 expression and activity induced by fasting. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our study shows that fasting affects a selected set of BBB transporters which does not include the main drug efflux transporters. Moreover, we describe a previously unknown selective adaptive response of the brain vasculature to fasting which involves PPAR δ and is responsible for the up-regulation of MCT1 expression and activity. Our study opens new perspectives for the metabolic manipulation of the BBB in the healthy or diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Chasseigneaux
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Cochois-Guégan
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Lucas Lecorgne
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Lochus
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Nicolic
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Département de biologie, GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jourdren
- Département de biologie, GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - David Gomez-Zepeda
- Helmholtz-Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON Mainz), A Hemlholtz Institute of the DKFZ, Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division 191, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Helmholtz-Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON Mainz), A Hemlholtz Institute of the DKFZ, Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division 191, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Valérie Nivet-Antoine
- AP-HP Biochimie générale, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Innovations Thérapeutiques en Hémostase, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France.
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Kühn J, Brandsch C, Kiourtzidis M, Nier A, Bieler S, Matthäus B, Griehl C, Stangl GI. Microalgae-derived sterols do not reduce the bioavailability of oral vitamin D 3 in mice. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2023; 93:507-517. [PMID: 36124519 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have drawn increasing attention as sustainable food sources, also because of their lipid-lowering phytosterols. As phytosterols are also discussed critically regarding their effect on the availability of fat-soluble vitamins, this study aimed to investigate microalgae-derived phytosterols and their effect on vitamin D status. GC-MS analysis showed large variations in the phytosterol profiles of microalgal species. The most frequent sterols were β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. To investigate their effects on vitamin D status, 40 mice were randomized to four groups and fed a vitamin D3-adequate (25 μg/kg) Western-style diet with 0% phytosterols (control) or 1% ergosterol (a fungal sterol not typical for microalgae), β-sitosterol or stigmasterol for four weeks. Contrary to the hypothesis that phytosterols adversely affect vitamin D uptake, mice fed β-sitosterol had significantly higher concentrations of vitamin D3 in plasma (3.15-fold, p<0.01), liver (3.15-fold, p<0.05), and skin (4.12-fold, p<0.005) than the control group. Small increases in vitamin D3 in plasma and skin were also observed in mice fed stigmasterol. In contrast, vitamin D3 levels in the ergosterol and control groups did not differ. The increased tissue levels of vitamin D3 in mice fed β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were not attributable to the observed reduction in liver triglycerides in these groups. The data rather suggest that changes in bile acid profiles were responsible for the beneficial effect of microalgae sterols on the bioavailability of vitamin D3. In conclusion, consumption of microalgae might not adversely affect vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kühn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mikis Kiourtzidis
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Anika Nier
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Simone Bieler
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Koethen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Detmold, Germany
| | - Carola Griehl
- Competence Center Algal Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Koethen, Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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Miyakoshi T, Ishikawa S, Okubo R, Hashimoto N, Sato N, Kusumi I, Ito YM. Risk factors for abnormal glucose metabolism during antipsychotic treatment: A prospective cohort study. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:149-156. [PMID: 37913741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic medications increase the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism. However, in clinical practice, it is difficult to predict this risk because it is affected by medication-related and background factors. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for abnormal glucose metabolism during antipsychotic treatment. We conducted a multicenter, prospective, cohort study in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. Of these patients, those with prediabetes or possible diabetes were excluded. Finally, 706 patients were included in the analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) for each factor was calculated for events of progression to hyperglycemia using time-dependent Cox regression analysis stratified according to facility type and adjusted for available background and drug-related factors. Treatments with olanzapine (HR = 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-4.05), clozapine (HR = 4.25, 95% CI = 1.56-11.60), and chlorpromazine (HR = 4.48, 95% CI = 1.21-16.57), overweight and obesity (HR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.02-2.41), and hypertriglyceridemia (HR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.02-2.88) were associated with a significantly higher occurrence of hyperglycemic progression. The number and daily dose of antipsychotics were not associated with their occurrence. Our study demonstrated that more careful monitoring is necessary during olanzapine, clozapine, and chlorpromazine treatment because of the higher occurrence of abnormalities in glucose metabolism. Furthermore, patients with obesity or hypertriglyceridemia warrant monitoring for the occurrence of abnormal glucose metabolism, regardless of the type of antipsychotic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyakoshi
- Department of Health Data Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Ishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Okubo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, National Hospital Organization Obihiro Hospital, Obihiro, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Norihiro Sato
- Clinical Research & Medical Innovation Center, Promotion Unit, Institute of Health Science Innovation for Medical Care, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yoichi M Ito
- Data Science Center, Promotion Unit, Institute of Health Science Innovation for Medical Care, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
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Simonides W, Tijsma A, Boelen A, Jongejan R, de Rijke Y, Peeters R, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Muller A. Divergent Thyroid Hormone Levels in Plasma and Left Ventricle of the Heart in Compensated and Decompensated Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Chronic Adrenergic Stimulation in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020308. [PMID: 36837927 PMCID: PMC9960204 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hemodynamic overload of the heart induces ventricular hypertrophy that may be either compensatory or progress to decompensation and heart failure. The gradual impairment of ventricular function is, at least in part, the result of a reduction of cardiac thyroid-hormone (TH) action. Here, we examined the proposed roles of increased cardiac expression of the TH-inactivating enzyme deiodinase type 3 (D3) and reduced plasma TH levels in diminishing cardiac TH levels. Using minipumps, mice were infused for one and two weeks with isoproterenol (ISO) alone or in combination with phenylephrine (PE). Remodeling of the heart induced by these adrenergic agonists was assessed by echocardiography. Left ventricular (LV) tissue and plasma TH levels (T4 and T3) were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. LV D3 activity was determined by conversion of radiolabeled substrate and quantification following HPLC. The results show that ISO induced compensated LV hypertrophy with maintained cardiac output. Plasma levels of T4 and T3 remained normal, but LV hormone levels were reduced by approximately 30% after two weeks, while LV D3 activity was not significantly increased. ISO + PE induced decompensated LV hypertrophy with diminished cardiac output. Plasma levels of T4 and T3 were substantially reduced after one and two weeks, together with a more than 50% reduction of hormone levels in the LV. D3 activity was increased after one week and returned to control levels after two weeks. These data show for the first time that relative to controls, decompensated LV hypertrophy with diminished cardiac output is associated with a greater reduction of cardiac TH levels than compensated hypertrophy with maintained cardiac output. LV D3 activity is unlikely to account for these reductions after two weeks in either condition. Whereas the mechanism of the mild reduction in compensated hypertrophy is unclear, changes in systemic TH homeostasis appear to determine the marked drop in LV TH levels and associated impairment of ventricular function in decompensated hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warner Simonides
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Alice Tijsma
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutchanna Jongejan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alice Muller
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (A.M.)
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Short Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Relation to Gut Microbiota and Genetic Variability. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245361. [PMID: 36558520 PMCID: PMC9788597 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in modulating inflammatory and immune responses of their host. In recent years, the host-microbiota interface has gained relevance in understanding the development of many non-communicable chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Importantly, dietary fibre (DF) and associated compounds digested by the microbiota and their resulting metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), were significantly associated with health beneficial effects, such as via proposed anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, SCFA metabolic pathways are not fully understood. Major steps include production of SCFA by microbiota, uptake in the colonic epithelium, first-pass effects at the liver, followed by biodistribution and metabolism at the host's cellular level. As dietary patterns do not affect all individuals equally, the host genetic makeup may play a role in the metabolic fate of these metabolites, in addition to other factors that might influence the microbiota, such as age, birth through caesarean, medication intake, alcohol and tobacco consumption, pathogen exposure and physical activity. In this article, we review the metabolic pathways of DF, from intake to the intracellular metabolism of fibre-derived products, and identify possible sources of inter-individual variability related to genetic variation. Such variability may be indicative of the phenotypic flexibility in response to diet, and may be predictive of long-term adaptations to dietary factors, including maladaptation and tissue damage, which may develop into disease in individuals with specific predispositions, thus allowing for a better prediction of potential health effects following personalized intervention with DF.
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Chidambaram SB, Essa MM, Rathipriya AG, Bishir M, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tousif AH, Sakharkar MK, Kashyap RS, Friedland RP, Monaghan TM. Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107988. [PMID: 34536490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, termed the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). Alterations in gut microbiota composition, such as seen with an increased number of pathobionts and a decreased number of symbionts, termed gut dysbiosis or microbial intestinal dysbiosis, plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. Clinical reports confirm that GI symptoms often precede neurological symptoms several years before the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Pathologically, gut dysbiosis disrupts the integrity of the intestinal barrier leading to ingress of pathobionts and toxic metabolites into the systemic circulation causing GBA dysregulation. Subsequently, chronic neuroinflammation via dysregulated immune activation triggers the accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded proteins in and around CNS cells resulting in neuronal death. Emerging evidence links gut dysbiosis to the aggravation and/or spread of proteinopathies from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS and defective autophagy-mediated proteinopathies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in NDDs, and highlights a vicious cycle of gut dysbiosis, immune-mediated chronic neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and proteinopathies, which contributes to the development of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies targeting the modulation of gut dysbiosis through prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics or dietary interventions, and faecal microbial transplantation (FMT) in the management of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India.
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - A G Rathipriya
- Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai 600 094, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Arehally M Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - A H Tousif
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Meena K Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Rajpal Singh Kashyap
- Research Centre, Dr G. M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tanya M Monaghan
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Martini T, Ripperger JA, Chavan R, Stumpe M, Netzahualcoyotzi C, Pellerin L, Albrecht U. The Hepatic Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1) Contributes to the Regulation of Food Anticipation in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665476. [PMID: 33935811 PMCID: PMC8079775 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily recurring events can be predicted by animals based on their internal circadian timing system. However, independently from the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the central pacemaker of the circadian system in mammals, restriction of food access to a particular time of day elicits food anticipatory activity (FAA). This suggests an involvement of other central and/or peripheral clocks as well as metabolic signals in this behavior. One of the metabolic signals that is important for FAA under combined caloric and temporal food restriction is β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB). Here we show that the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (Mct1), which transports ketone bodies such as βOHB across membranes of various cell types, is involved in FAA. In particular, we show that lack of the Mct1 gene in the liver, but not in neuronal or glial cells, reduces FAA in mice. This is associated with a reduction of βOHB levels in the blood. Our observations suggest an important role of ketone bodies and its transporter Mct1 in FAA under caloric and temporal food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Martini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen A Ripperger
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Rohit Chavan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Citlalli Netzahualcoyotzi
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University, Naucalpan de Juárez, Mexico
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Inserm U1082, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Preclinical Evaluation of [ 18F]FACH in Healthy Mice and Piglets: An 18F-Labeled Ligand for Imaging of Monocarboxylate Transporters with PET. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041645. [PMID: 33562048 PMCID: PMC7915902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) is linked to pathophysiological changes in diseases, including cancer, such that MCTs could potentially serve as diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. We recently developed [18F]FACH as a radiotracer for non-invasive molecular imaging of MCTs by positron emission tomography (PET). The aim of this study was to evaluate further the specificity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of [18F]FACH in healthy mice and piglets. We measured the [18F]FACH plasma protein binding fractions in mice and piglets and the specific binding in cryosections of murine kidney and lung. The biodistribution of [18F]FACH was evaluated by tissue sampling ex vivo and by dynamic PET/MRI in vivo, with and without pre-treatment by the MCT inhibitor α-CCA-Na or the reference compound, FACH-Na. Additionally, we performed compartmental modelling of the PET signal in kidney cortex and liver. Saturation binding studies in kidney cortex cryosections indicated a KD of 118 ± 12 nM and Bmax of 6.0 pmol/mg wet weight. The specificity of [18F]FACH uptake in the kidney cortex was confirmed in vivo by reductions in AUC0–60min after pre-treatment with α-CCA-Na in mice (−47%) and in piglets (−66%). [18F]FACH was metabolically stable in mouse, but polar radio-metabolites were present in plasma and tissues of piglets. The [18F]FACH binding potential (BPND) in the kidney cortex was approximately 1.3 in mice. The MCT1 specificity of [18F]FACH uptake was confirmed by displacement studies in 4T1 cells. [18F]FACH has suitable properties for the detection of the MCTs in kidney, and thus has potential as a molecular imaging tool for MCT-related pathologies, which should next be assessed in relevant disease models.
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Khal De Souza S, Sarapio E, Lopes Vogt E, Schein V, Bandeira Fabres R, Felipe Argenta Model J, Vieira Lima M, Santos Rocha D, Silveira Martins Da Silva R. Effects of stanniocalcin hormones on rat hepatic glucose homeostasis under fed and fasted conditions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 302:113661. [PMID: 33220302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis of conservation of stanniocalcin 1 and 2 (STC-1; STC-2) metabolic functions in vertebrates, we performed an in vitro study to determine if these hormones are implicated in regulation of the gluconeogenesis pathway, glycogen synthesis, and 14C-glucose conversion to 14CO2 in livers from fed and fasting rats (Rattus norvegicus). Stc1 and Stc2 gene expressions increased in the liver after fasting. STC-1 participated in the regulation of the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway in rats when the precursor was 14C-lactate. STC-2 demonstrated variational signaling on rat hepatic gluconeogenesis activity and Pck1 gene expression, decreasing levels in the fed state when the substrate was 14C-alanine and increasing levels during fasting when the substrate was 14C-lactate. At the concentrations used in this study, STC-1 and STC-2 did not affect glycogen concentration and synthesis from 14C-glucose or 14C-glucose conversion to 14CO2 in the livers from fed or fasting rats. These findings highlight the role of stanniocalcins in the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway in mammals and confirm the conservation of STC-1 and STC-2 metabolic functions in the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Khal De Souza
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Elaine Sarapio
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Everton Lopes Vogt
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Schein
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Vieira Lima
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos Rocha
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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10
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Jomura R, Akanuma SI, Bauer B, Yoshida Y, Kubo Y, Hosoya KI. Participation of Monocarboxylate Transporter 8, But Not P-Glycoprotein, in Carrier-Mediated Cerebral Elimination of Phenytoin across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Pharm Res 2021; 38:113-125. [PMID: 33527223 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we investigated in detail the transport of phenytoin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to identify the transporter(s) involved in BBB-mediated phenytoin efflux from the brain. METHODS We evaluated the brain-to-blood efflux transport of phenytoin in vivo by determining the brain efflux index (BEI) and uptake in brain slices. We additionally conducted brain perfusion experiments and BEI studies in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-deficient mice. In addition, we determined the mRNA expression of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) in isolated brain capillaries and performed phenytoin uptake studies in MCT-expressing Xenopus oocytes. RESULTS [14C]Phenytoin brain efflux was time-dependent with a half-life of 17 min in rats and 31 min in mice. Intracerebral pre-administration of unlabeled phenytoin attenuated BBB-mediated phenytoin efflux transport, suggesting carrier-mediated phenytoin efflux transport across the BBB. Pre-administration of P-gp substrates in rats and genetic P-gp deficiency in mice did not affect BBB-mediated phenytoin efflux transport. In contrast, pre-administration of MCT8 inhibitors attenuated phenytoin efflux. Moreover, rat MCT8-expressing Xenopus oocytes exhibited [14C]phenytoin uptake, which was inhibited by unlabeled phenytoin. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that MCT8 at the BBB participates in phenytoin efflux transport from the brain to the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Jomura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0230, USA.
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 800 S Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0230, USA
| | - Yukiko Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Physical performance level in sarcomeric mitochondria creatine kinase knockout mouse model throughout ageing. Exp Gerontol 2021; 146:111246. [PMID: 33515657 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to establish the role of sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mt-CK) in muscle energy output during exercise in a murine model of ageing (the Mt-CK knock-out mouse, Mt-CK-/-). METHODS Three age groups of Mt-CK-/- mice and control male mice (6, 9, and 18 months of age) underwent incremental treadmill running tests. The maximum speed (Vpeak) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values were recorded. Urine samples were analyzed using metabolomic techniques. The skeletal muscle (quadriceps) expression of proteins involved in mitochondria biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and dynamin-related GTPase mitofusin 2 (Mnf2) were quantified. RESULTS The VO2 peak (normalized to heart weight: HW) of 18-month-old (mo) Mt-CK-/- mice was 27% (p < 0.001) lower than in 18-mo control mice. The VO2peak/HW ratio was 29% (p < 0.001) lower in 18-mo Mt-CK-/- mice than in 6-mo (p < 0.001) and 32% (p < 0.001) than 9-mo Mt-CK-/- mice. With a 0° slope, Vpeak was 10% (p < 0.05) lower in 18-mo Mt-CK-/- mice than in 6-mo Mt-CK-/- mice but did not differ when comparing the 18-mo and 6-mo control groups. The skeletal muscles weight normalized on body weight in 6-mo Mt-CK-/- were 13 to 14% (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) lower versus the 6-mo control, in addition, the presence of branched-chain amino acids in the urine of 6-mo Mt-CK-/- mice suggests an imbalance in protein turnover (catabolism rather than anabolism) but we did not observe any age-related differences. The expression of PGC-1α and Mnf2 proteins in the quadriceps showed that age-related effects were more prominent than genotype effects. CONCLUSION The present study showed ageing is potentialized by Mt-CK deficiency with regard to VO2peak, Vpeak and mitochondrial protein expression. Our results support that Mt-CK-/- mice undergo physiological adaptations, enabling them to survive and to perform as well as wild-type mice. Furthermore, it is possible that these adaptations in Mt-CK-/- mice have a high energy cost and might trigger premature ageing.
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12
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High-phosphorus diets reduce aortic lesions and cardiomyocyte size and modify lipid metabolism in Ldl receptor knockout mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20748. [PMID: 33247205 PMCID: PMC7695849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of phosphorus in Western populations largely exceeds the recommended intake, while vitamin D supply is often insufficient. Both situations are linked to an increased cardiovascular risk. A 17-week two-factorial study with Ldl receptor-/- mice was conducted to investigate the cardiovascular impact of dietary phosphorus [adequate (0.3%; P0.3) vs. high (1.5%; P1.5)] in combination with a low (50 IU/kg; D50) or adequate vitamin D diet (1000 IU/kg; D1000). The data demonstrate that mice fed the P1.5 vs. P0.3 diets developed smaller vascular lesions (p = 0.013) and cardiac hypotrophy (p = 0.011), which were accompanied by diminished IGF1 and insulin signalling activity in their hearts. Vitamin D showed no independent effect on atherogenesis and heart morphology. Feeding P1.5 vs. P0.3 diets resulted in markedly reduced serum triacylglycerols (p < 0.0001) and cholesterol (p < 0.0001), higher faecal lipid excretion (p < 0.0001) and a reduced mRNA abundance of hepatic sterol exporters and lipoprotein receptors. Minor hypocholesterolaemic and hypotriglyceridaemic effects were also found in mice fed the D1000 vs. D50 diets (p = 0.048, p = 0.026). To conclude, a high phosphorus intake strongly affected the formation of vascular lesions, cardiac morphology, and lipid metabolism, although these changes are not indicative of an increased cardiovascular risk.
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13
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Immunoreactivity of receptor and transporters for lactate located in astrocytes and epithelial cells of choroid plexus of human brain. Neurosci Lett 2020; 741:135479. [PMID: 33212210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism produces lactate and hydrogen ions in an anaerobic environment. Cerebral ischemia or hypoxia is believed to become progressively lactacidemic. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in endothelial cells are essential for the transport of lactate from the blood into the brain. In addition, it is considered that MCTs located in astrocytic and neuronal cells play a key role in the shuttling of energy metabolites between neurons and astrocytes. However, roles of lactate in the brain remain to be clarified. In this study, the localization of lactate transporters and a receptor for cellular uptake of lactate was immunohistochemically examined in autopsied human brains. Immunoreactivity for MCT1 was observed in the apical cytoplasmic membrane of some epithelial cells in the choroid plexus as well as astrocytes and the capillary wall, whereas that for MCT4 was found in the basolateral cytoplasmic membrane of small number of epithelial cells as well as astrocytes and the capillary wall. In addition, immunoreactivity for the hydroxy-carboxylic acid 1 receptor (HCA1 receptor), a receptor for cellular uptake of lactate, was also found on the basolateral cytoplasmic membrane of epithelial cells as well as astrocytic and neuronal cells. Immunoreactivity for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-B was observed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the choroid plexus as well as astrocytes and the capillary wall. These immunohistochemical findings indicate the localization of MCT1, MCT4, the HCA1 receptor, and LDH-B in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus as well as astrocytes, and suggest the transport of intravascular lactate into the brain through epithelial cells of the choroid plexus as well as cerebral vessels and the possibility of lactate being utilized in epithelial cells.
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14
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Rajagopalan V, Gorecki M, Costello C, Schultz E, Zhang Y, Gerdes AM. Cardioprotection by triiodothyronine following caloric restriction via long noncoding RNAs. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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15
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Wilpert NM, Krueger M, Opitz R, Sebinger D, Paisdzior S, Mages B, Schulz A, Spranger J, Wirth EK, Stachelscheid H, Mergenthaler P, Vajkoczy P, Krude H, Kühnen P, Bechmann I, Biebermann H. Spatiotemporal Changes of Cerebral Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 Expression. Thyroid 2020; 30:1366-1383. [PMID: 32143555 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mutations of monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), a thyroid hormone (TH)-specific transmembrane transporter, cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. In MCT8 deficiency, TH is not able to reach those areas of the brain where TH uptake depends on MCT8. Currently, therapeutic options for MCT8-deficient patients are missing, as TH treatment is not successful in improving neurological deficits. Available data on MCT8 protein and transcript levels indicate complex expression patterns in neural tissue depending on species, brain region, sex, and age. However, information on human MCT8 expression is still scattered and additional efforts are needed to map sites of MCT8 expression in neurovascular units and neural tissue. This is of importance because new therapeutic strategies for this disease are urgently needed. Methods: To identify regions and time windows of MCT8 expression, we used highly specific antibodies against MCT8 to perform immunofluorescence labeling of postnatal murine brains, adult human brain tissue, and human cerebral organoids. Results: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of murine brain samples revealed stable levels of MCT8 protein expression in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), choroid plexus epithelial cells, and tanycytes during postnatal development. Conversely, the neuronal MCT8 protein expression that was robustly detectable in specific brain regions of young mice strongly declined with age. Similarly, MCT8 immunoreactivity in adult human brain tissue was largely confined to endothelial cells of the BBB. Recently, cerebral organoids emerged as promising models of human neural development and our first analyses of forebrain-like organoids revealed MCT8 expression in early neuronal progenitor cell populations. Conclusions: With respect to MCT8-deficient conditions, our analyses not only strongly support the contention that the BBB presents a lifelong barrier to TH uptake but also highlight the need to decipher the TH transport role of MCT8 in early neuronal cell populations in more detail. Improving the understanding of the spatiotemporal expression in latter barriers will be critical for therapeutic strategies addressing MCT8 deficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Maria Wilpert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Opitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Sebinger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Paisdzior
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mergenthaler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurosurgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Krude
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
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Herrmann B, Harder L, Oelkrug R, Chen J, Gachkar S, Nock S, Resch J, Korkowski M, Heuer H, Mittag J. Central Hypothyroidism Impairs Heart Rate Stability and Prevents Thyroid Hormone-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Pyrexia. Thyroid 2020; 30:1205-1216. [PMID: 32188347 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tachycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, and elevated body temperature are major signs of systemic hyperthyroidism, which are considered to reflect the excessive thyroid hormone (TH) action in the respective peripheral tissues. However, recent observations indicate that the central actions of TH also contribute substantially to cardiovascular regulation and thermogenesis. Methods: In this study, we dissect the individual contributions of peripheral TH action versus the central effects in body temperature regulation and cardiovascular functions by taking advantage of mice lacking the TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) (M/O double knock-out [dko]), which exhibit elevated serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels while their brain is in a profoundly hypothyroid state. We compared these animals with wild-type (WT) mice that were treated orally with T3 to achieve similarly elevated serum T3 levels, but are centrally hyperthyroid. For the studies, we used radiotelemetry, infrared thermography, gene expression profiling, Western blot analyses, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) assays. Results: Our analyses revealed mild hyperthermia and cardiac hypertrophy in T3-treated WT mice but not in M/O dko animals, suggesting that central actions of TH are required for these hyperthyroid phenotypes. Although the average heart rate was unaffected in either model, the M/O dko exhibited an altered heart rate frequency distribution with tachycardic bursts in active periods and bradycardic episodes during resting time, demonstrating that the stabilization of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system can be impaired in centrally hypothyroid animals. Conclusions: Our studies unravel distinct phenotypical traits of hyperthyroidism that depend on an intact central nervous system, and provide valuable insight into the cardiovascular pathology of the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, a condition caused by the lack of MCT8 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Herrmann
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisbeth Harder
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jiesi Chen
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sogol Gachkar
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Nock
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Resch
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Korkowski
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Vitamin D Status of Mice Deficient in Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1, Cluster Determinant 36 and ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins G5/G8. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082169. [PMID: 32707802 PMCID: PMC7469065 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical lipid transporters are suggested to modulate cellular vitamin D uptake. This study investigated the vitamin D levels in serum and tissues of mice deficient in SR-B1 (Srb1-/-), CD36 (Cd36-/-) and ABC-G5/G8 (Abcg5/g8-/-) and compared them with corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. All mice received triple-deuterated vitamin D3 (vitamin D3-d3) for six weeks. All knockout mice vs. WT mice showed specific alterations in their vitamin D concentrations. Srb1-/- mice had higher levels of vitamin D3-d3 in the serum, adipose tissue, kidney and heart, whereas liver levels of vitamin D3-d3 remained unaffected. Additionally, Srb1-/- mice had lower levels of deuterated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3-d3) in the serum, liver and kidney compared to WT mice. In contrast, Cd36-/- and WT mice did not differ in the serum and tissue levels of vitamin D3-d3, but Cd36-/- vs. WT mice were characterized by lower levels of 25(OH)D3-d3 in the serum, liver and kidney. Finally, Abcg5/g8-/- mice tended to have higher levels of vitamin D3-d3 in the serum and liver. Major alterations in Abcg5/g8-/- mice were notably higher levels of 25(OH)D3-d3 in the serum and kidney, accompanied by a higher hepatic mRNA abundance of Cyp27a1 hydroxylase. To conclude, the current data emphasize the significant role of lipid transporters in the uptake, tissue distribution and activation of vitamin D.
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18
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Seifter JL. Body Fluid Compartments, Cell Membrane Ion Transport, Electrolyte Concentrations, and Acid-Base Balance. Semin Nephrol 2020; 39:368-379. [PMID: 31300092 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Measurements made in the blood, part of the extracellular compartment, are used in the clinical assessment of acid-base disorders; however, intracellular events determine much of the metabolic importance of these disorders. Intracellular and interstitial compartment acid-base balance is complex and varies in different tissues. This review considers the determination of extracellular pH in the context of ion transport processes at the interface of cells and the interstitial fluid, and between epithelial cells lining the transcellular contents of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts that open to the external environment. A further consideration is the role of these membrane transporters in the generation of acid-base disorders and the associated disruption of electrolyte balance. This review suggests a process of internal and external balance for pH regulation similar to that of potassium, and considers the role of secretory gastrointestinal epithelia and renal epithelia with respect to normal pH homeostasis and clinical disorders. Electroneutrality of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid is a fundamental feature of reciprocal changes in Cl- or non-Cl- anions and HCO3-. Normal mechanisms for protecting cell pH and producing normal gastrointestinal and renal secretions in healthy states also may result in disease when abnormal. In a similar manner, organic anions such as ketoacid anions and lactate, normally transported as fuels between organs, result in acid-base disturbances in disease. Understanding the genomic basis of these transporters may contribute to specific treatments.
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19
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Greco T, Vespa PM, Prins ML. Alternative substrate metabolism depends on cerebral metabolic state following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113289. [PMID: 32247790 PMCID: PMC8168752 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decreases in energy metabolism following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are attributed to impairment of glycolytic flux and oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose utilization post-TBI is decreased while administration of alternative substrates has been shown to be neuroprotective. Changes in energy metabolism following TBI happens in two phases; a period of hyper-metabolism followed by prolonged hypo-metabolism. It is not understood how different cerebral metabolic states may impact substrate metabolism and ultimately mitochondrial function. Adult male or female Sprague Dawley rats were given sham surgery or controlled cortical impact (CCI) and were assigned one of two administration schemes. Glucose, lactate or beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were infused i.v. either starting immediately after injury or beginning 6 h post-injury for 3 h to reflect the hyper- and hypo-metabolic stages. Animals were euthanized 24 h post-injury. The peri-contusional cortex was collected and assayed for mitochondrial respiration peroxide production, and citrate synthase activity. Tissue acetyl-CoA, ATP, glycogen and HMGB1 were also quantified. Sex differences were observed in injury pattern. Administration based on cerebral metabolic state identified that only early lactate and late BHB improved mitochondrial function and peroxide production and TCA cycle intermediates in males. In contrast, both early and late BHB had deleterious effects on all aspects of metabolic measurements in females. These data stress there is no one optimal alternative substrate, but rather the fuel type used should be guided by both cerebral metabolic state and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Greco
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, USA; UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, USA.
| | - Paul M Vespa
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, USA; UCLA Department of Neurology, USA
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, USA; UCLA Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, USA; UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, USA
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20
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Jones RS, Parker MD, Morris ME. Monocarboxylate Transporter 6-Mediated Interactions with Prostaglandin F 2α: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence Utilizing a Knockout Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030201. [PMID: 32110957 PMCID: PMC7150767 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6; SLC16A5) is a recently studied drug transporter that currently has no annotated endogenous function. Currently, only a handful of compounds have been characterized as substrates for MCT6 (e.g., bumetanide, nateglinide, probenecid, and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)). The objective of our research was to characterize the MCT6-specific transporter kinetic parameters and MCT6-specific in vitro and in vivo interactions of PGF2α. Murine and human MCT6-mediated transport of PGF2α was assessed in MCT6-transfected oocytes. Additionally, endogenous PGF2α and a primary PGF2α metabolite (PGFM) were measured in plasma and urine in Mct6 knockout (Mct6−/−) and wild-type (Mct6+/+) mice. Results demonstrated that the affinity was approximately 40.1 and 246 µM respectively, for mouse and human, at pH 7.4. In vivo, plasma PGF2α concentrations in Mct6−/− mice were significantly decreased, compared to Mct6+/+ mice (3.3-fold). Mct6-/- mice demonstrated a significant increase in urinary PGF2α concentrations (1.7-fold). A similar trend was observed with plasma PGFM concentrations. However, overnight fasting resulted in significantly increased plasma PGF2α concentrations, suggesting a diet-dependent role of Mct6 regulation on the homeostasis of systemic PGF2α. Overall, these results are the first to suggest the potential regulatory role of MCT6 in PGF2α homeostasis, and potentially other PGs, in distribution and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
- Current Address Is Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark D. Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Marilyn E. Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-645-4839
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22
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Giacco A, delli Paoli G, Simiele R, Caterino M, Ruoppolo M, Bloch W, Kraaij R, Uitterlinden AG, Santillo A, Senese R, Cioffi F, Silvestri E, Iervolino S, Lombardi A, Moreno M, Goglia F, Lanni A, de Lange P. Exercise with food withdrawal at thermoneutrality impacts fuel use, the microbiome, AMPK phosphorylation, muscle fibers, and thyroid hormone levels in rats. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14354. [PMID: 32034884 PMCID: PMC7007447 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise under fasting conditions induces a switch to lipid metabolism, eliciting beneficial metabolic effects. Knowledge of signaling responses underlying metabolic adjustments in such conditions may help to identify therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we studied the effect of mild exercise on rats submitted to food withdrawal at thermoneutrality (28°C) for 3 days. Animals were housed at thermoneutrality rather than the standard housing temperature (22°C) to avoid beta-adrenergic signaling responses that themselves affect metabolism and well-being. Quantitative analysis of multi-organ mRNA levels, myofibers, and serum metabolites shows that this protocol (a) boosts fat oxidation in muscle and liver, (b) reduces lipogenesis and increases gluconeogenesis in liver, (c) increases serum acylcarnitines (especially C4 OH) and ketone bodies and the use of the latter as fuel in muscle, (d) increases Type I myofibers, and (e) is associated with an increased thyroid hormone uptake and metabolism in muscle. In addition, stool microbiome DNA analysis revealed that food withdrawal dramatically alters the presence of bacterial genera associated with ketone metabolism. Taken together, this protocol induces a drastic switch toward increased lipid and ketone metabolism compared to exercise or food withdrawal alone, which may prove beneficial and may involve local thyroid hormones, which may be regarded as exercise mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Giacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
| | - Giuseppe delli Paoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi della Campania Luigi VanvitelliCasertaItaly
| | - Roberta Simiele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi della Campania Luigi VanvitelliCasertaItaly
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie MedicheUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
- Ceinge–Biotecnologie AvanzateNaplesItaly
- Divulgazione Scientifica Multidisciplinare per la Sostenibilità Ricerca, FormazioneCultura (DiSciMuS RCF)NaplesItaly
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie MedicheUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
- Ceinge–Biotecnologie AvanzateNaplesItaly
- Divulgazione Scientifica Multidisciplinare per la Sostenibilità Ricerca, FormazioneCultura (DiSciMuS RCF)NaplesItaly
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport MedicineInstitute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport MedicineGerman Sport University CologneCologneGermany
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Genetic LaboratoryDepartment of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Genetic LaboratoryDepartment of Internal MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi della Campania Luigi VanvitelliCasertaItaly
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi della Campania Luigi VanvitelliCasertaItaly
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
| | - Stefania Iervolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
| | - Assunta Lombardi
- Dipartimento di BiologiaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II"NaplesItaly
| | - Maria Moreno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieUniversità degli Studi del SannioBeneventoItaly
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi della Campania Luigi VanvitelliCasertaItaly
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi della Campania Luigi VanvitelliCasertaItaly
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23
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Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32082260 PMCID: PMC7005631 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1110] [Impact Index Per Article: 277.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the regulation of metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the involvement of the gut microbiota in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Although amazing scientific breakthroughs over the last few years have expanded our knowledge on the communication between microbes and their hosts, the underpinnings of microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk remain to be determined. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites produced in the colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch, are speculated to play a key role in neuro-immunoendocrine regulation. However, the underlying mechanisms through which SCFAs might influence brain physiology and behavior have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we outline the current knowledge about the involvement of SCFAs in microbiota-gut-brain interactions. We also highlight how the development of future treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders can take advantage of the intimate and mutual interactions of the gut microbiota with the brain by exploring the role of SCFAs in the regulation of neuro-immunoendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygor Parladore Silva
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bernardi
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar Luiz Frozza
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rudimar Luiz Frozza
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24
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Comesaña S, Velasco C, Conde-Sieira M, Otero-Rodiño C, Míguez JM, Soengas JL. Central Treatment of Ketone Body in Rainbow Trout Alters Liver Metabolism Without Apparently Altering the Regulation of Food Intake. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1206. [PMID: 31620022 PMCID: PMC6759561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that the presence in fish brain of a ketone body (KB) like β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) alters energy homeostasis through effects on food intake and peripheral energy metabolism. Using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model, we intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered 1 μl 100 g–1 body mass of saline solution alone (control) or containing 0.5 μmol of BHB. In a fist set of experiments, BHB did not affect food intake 6 and 24 h after treatment. In a second set of experiments, we evaluated 6 h after ICV BHB treatment changes in parameters putatively related to food intake control in brain areas (hypothalamus and hindbrain) involved in nutrient sensing and changes in energy metabolism in liver. The absence of changes in food intake might relate to the absence of major changes in the cascade of events from the detection of KB through ketone-sensing mechanisms, changes in transcription factors, and changes in the mRNA abundance of neuropeptides regulating food intake. This response is different than that of mammals. In contrast, central administration of BHB induced changes in liver energy metabolism suggesting a decreased use of glucose and probably an enhanced use of amino acid and lipid. These responses in liver are different to those of mammals under similar treatments but comparable to those occurring in fish under food deprivation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Comesaña
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Otero-Rodiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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25
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Grundmann SM, Schutkowski A, Schreier B, Rabe S, König B, Gekle M, Stangl GI. Vitamin D Receptor Deficiency Does Not Affect Blood Pressure and Heart Function. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1118. [PMID: 31555149 PMCID: PMC6727788 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is thought to play a role in blood pressure regulation, which in turn can influence cardiovascular risk. Several meta-analyses of cohort studies found low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to be associated with increased blood pressure or increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population. Active vitamin D mediates its function via the vitamin D receptor (Vdr), which is a ligand-activated transcription factor. A suitable model to examine the causal role of vitamin D in blood pressure regulation and heart function is the Vdr knockout (Vdr–/–) mouse. To elucidate the role of vitamin D on blood pressure, heart function, and cardiac myocyte size, we conducted a long-term study using Vdr–/– mice and well-defined diets. Group 1 comprised Vdr–/– mice that received a high-calcium, high-phosphorus rescue diet to prevent hypocalcemia and a rickets phenotype. Groups 2 and 3 included Vdr+/+ mice that were fed either the rescue diet or a control diet containing normal amounts of these minerals. As Vdr is a nuclear factor that regulates transcription, we analyzed the renal mRNA expression and serum concentration of renin and found that the Vdr–/– group had an almost 50% higher renin mRNA expression in the kidney compared to both groups of Vdr+/+ mice. Additionally, serum concentration of renin in Vdr–/– mice was significantly higher than that of Vdr+/+ mice that received the rescue or control diet (+ 17%,+ 32%; P < 0.05). In contrast, renin activity was lower in Vdr–/– mice than in both groups of Vdr+/+ mice (P < 0.05). However, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac myocyte sizes, and the expression of renal renin receptor, hepatic angiotensinogen and angiotensin II receptor, type 1, in kidney, liver and heart, did not differ between the three groups of mice. Additionally, data from transthoracic echocardiography did not indicate the role of Vdr on heart function, as the left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and velocity of blood flow were comparable between the three groups. To conclude, the roles of Vdr and therefore most probably of vitamin D, in blood pressure regulation and heart function, were not confirmed by our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schutkowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Schreier
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sindy Rabe
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina König
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Metabolic footprint and intestinal microbial changes in response to dietary proteins in a pig model. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:149-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Kim JH, Lee M, Kim SH, Kim SR, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Cho JW, Lee YH. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors regulate ketone body metabolism via inter-organ crosstalk. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:801-811. [PMID: 30407726 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)-induced changes in ketogenic enzymes and transporters in normal and diabetic mice models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal mice were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle or SGLT2i (25 mg/kg/d by oral gavage) for 7 days. Diabetic mice were treated with vehicle, insulin (4.5 units/kg/d by subcutaneous injection) or SGLT2i (25 mg/kg/d by intra-peritoneal injection) for 5 weeks. Serum and tissues of ketogenic organs were analysed. RESULTS In both normal and diabetic mice, SGLT2i increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) content in liver, kidney and colon tissue, as well as in serum and urine. In these organs, SGLT2i upregulated mRNA expression of ketogenic enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase. Similar patterns were observed in the kidney, ileum and colon for mRNA and protein expression of sodium-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (SMCTs), which mediate the cellular uptake of BHB and butyrate, an important substrate for intestinal ketogenesis. In diabetic mice under euglycaemic conditions, SGLT2i increased major ketogenic enzymes and SMCTs, while insulin suppressed ketogenesis. CONCLUSIONS SGLT2i increased systemic and tissue BHB levels by upregulating ketogenic enzymes and transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine, suggesting the integrated physiological consequences for ketone body metabolism of SGLT2i administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Seifter JL, Chang HY. Extracellular Acid-Base Balance and Ion Transport Between Body Fluid Compartments. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 32:367-379. [PMID: 28814497 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical assessment of acid-base disorders depends on measurements made in the blood, part of the extracellular compartment. Yet much of the metabolic importance of these disorders concerns intracellular events. Intracellular and interstitial compartment acid-base balance is complex and heterogeneous. This review considers the determinants of the extracellular fluid pH related to the ion transport processes at the interface of cells and the interstitial fluid, and between epithelial cells lining the transcellular contents of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts that open to the external environment. The generation of acid-base disorders and the associated disruption of electrolyte balance are considered in the context of these membrane transporters. This review suggests a process of internal and external balance for pH regulation, similar to that of potassium. The role of secretory gastrointestinal epithelia and renal epithelia with respect to normal pH homeostasis and clinical disorders are considered. Electroneutrality of electrolytes in the ECF is discussed in the context of reciprocal changes in Cl- or non Cl- anions and [Formula: see text].
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29
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Martinez B, Khudyakov J, Rutherford K, Crocker DE, Gemmell N, Ortiz RM. Adipose transcriptome analysis provides novel insights into molecular regulation of prolonged fasting in northern elephant seal pups. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:495-503. [PMID: 29625017 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00002.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological and cellular adaptations to extreme fasting in northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris, NES) are remarkable and may help to elucidate endocrine mechanisms that regulate lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in mammals. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of thyroid hormones in the maintenance of a lipid-based metabolism during prolonged fasting in weaned NES pups. To identify additional molecular regulators of fasting, we used a transcriptomics approach to examine changes in global gene expression profiles before and after 6-8 wk of fasting in weaned NES pups. We produced a de novo assembly and identified 98 unique protein-coding genes that were differentially expressed between early and late fasting. Most of the downregulated genes were associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism. A number of downregulated genes were also associated with maintenance of the extracellular matrix, consistent with tissue remodeling during weight loss and the multifunctional nature of blubber tissue, which plays both metabolic and structural roles in marine mammals. Using this data set, we predict potential mechanisms by which NES pups sustain metabolism and regulate adipose stores throughout the fast, and provide a valuable resource for additional studies of extreme metabolic adaptations in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California.,Department of Medicine, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George, Grenada.,Department of Anatomy, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,Department of Physics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Jane Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California
| | - Kim Rutherford
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University , Rohnert Park, California
| | - Neil Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
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30
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Schutkowski A, Max D, Bönn M, Brandsch C, Grundmann SM, Hirche F, Staege MS, Stangl GI. Vitamin D Does Not Play a Functional Role in Adipose Tissue Development in Rodent Models. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [PMID: 29205876 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Several studies have proposed a role of vitamin D in adipogenesis. Here, we sought to study the impact of the vitamin D receptor (Vdr) on adipocyte size in young and old mice and the effect of maternal vitamin D deficiency on fetal adipogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Histological analysis of adipose tissues shows that Vdr knockout (KO) mice have smaller adipocytes than wild-type (WT) mice. Next, we compare young and old Vdr-KO and WT mice and find no differences in adipocyte sizes between weaned Vdr-KO and WT mice. However, 1-year-old Vdr-KO mice, suffering from alopecia, have smaller-sized adipocytes than WT mice, although they consume more food. To elucidate whether vitamin D can directly impact adipocyte development at a critical stage of adipogenesis, we feed rat dams a vitamin D deficient (0 IU kg-1 ) or vitamin D adequate (1000 IU kg-1 ) diet. Neither DNA microarray analysis of the adipose tissues of the newborn rats nor the adipocyte sizes of 21-day-old offspring show significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION Data indicate that vitamin D does not play a fundamental role in adipogenesis because vitamin D does not affect fetal adipogenesis. Moreover, the smaller adipocytes observed in adult Vdr-KO mice are presumably caused by an increased energy expenditure due to alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schutkowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniela Max
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus Bönn
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Competence Cluster of Cardiovascular Health and Nutrition (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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Chen CN(J, Liao YH, Lin SY, Yu JX, Li ZJ, Lin YC, Chang GJ, Lin CH, Wong AMK. Diet-induced obesity accelerates blood lactate accumulation of rats in response to incremental exercise to maximum. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R601-R607. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00337.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood lactate increases during incremental exercise at high-intensity workloads, and limited exercise capacity is a characteristic of obese animals. This study examined whether blood lactate changes in response to incremental exercise is disrupted in obese animals. Muscular and hepatic proteins that are critical in lactate metabolism were also investigated. Rats were randomized to either standard chow (control) or high-fat diet (HFD) groups. All animals underwent an incremental treadmill test after 14 wk of diet intervention. Blood lactate levels were measured before and after the treadmill test. Activities of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were examined in muscle tissues. Proteins in the liver and skeletal muscles that participate in the turnover of blood lactate were determined by Western blot. Running time in the incremental treadmill test decreased in the HFD group, and blood lactate accumulated faster in these animals than in the control group. Animals with HFD had a decreased level of hepatic monocarboxylate transporter 2, the protein responsible for blood lactate uptake in the liver. Skeletal muscles of animals with HFD showed greater glycolytic activity and decreased content of lactate dehydrogenase B, which converts lactate to pyruvate. We conclude that blood lactate accumulated faster during incremental exercise in obese animals and was associated with their decreased exercise performance. Changes in the metabolic pattern of muscles and changes of liver and muscle proteins associated with lactate utilization likely contribute to the abnormal response of blood lactate to incremental exercise in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Nan (Joyce) Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ying Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Xian Yu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Jie Li
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Alice May-Kuen Wong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Janssen R, Muller A, Simonides WS. Cardiac Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Heart Failure. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6:130-137. [PMID: 28785539 PMCID: PMC5527173 DOI: 10.1159/000469708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a principal target of thyroid hormone, and a reduction of cardiac thyroid hormone signaling is thought to play a role in pathological ventricular remodeling and the development of heart failure. Studies in various rodent models of heart disease have identified increased activity of cardiac type III deiodinase as a possible cause of diminished levels and action of thyroid hormone. Recent data indicate novel mechanisms underlying the induction of this thyroid hormone-degrading enzyme in the heart as well as post-transcriptional regulation of its expression by microRNAs. In addition, the relevance of diminished thyroid hormone signaling for cardiac remodeling is suggested to include miRNA-mediated effects on pathological signaling pathways. These and other recent studies are reviewed and discussed in the context of other processes and factors that have been implicated in the reduction of cardiac thyroid hormone signaling in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Warner S. Simonides
- *Warner S. Simonides, PhD, Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, NL–1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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Kadochi Y, Mori S, Fujiwara-Tani R, Luo Y, Nishiguchi Y, Kishi S, Fujii K, Ohmori H, Kuniyasu H. Remodeling of energy metabolism by a ketone body and medium-chain fatty acid suppressed the proliferation of CT26 mouse colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:673-680. [PMID: 28693220 PMCID: PMC5494726 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal and cancerous cells are suggested to have differential utilization of fatty acids and ketone bodies, which could be exploited in cancer therapy. The present study examined the effect of 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HBA), which is a ketone body generating acetyl-CoA, and lauric acid (LAA, C12:0), which is a medium-chain saturated fatty acid translocated to mitochondria in a carnitine-independent manner to produce acetyl-CoA, on the energy metabolism of mouse CT26 colon cancer cells. In CT26 cells expressing 3-HBA and LAA transporters, 3-HBA and LAA reduced cell proliferation, mitochondrial volume and lactate production, and increased oxidative stress, particularly in low-glucose conditions. Concurrent treatment with 3-HBA and LAA under glucose starvation had a synergistic effect on cell growth inhibition. In addition, LAA and LAA + 3-HBA promoted an imbalance in the expression of enzymes in the electron transport chain. These findings suggested that treatment with 3-HBA and/or LAA during glucose starvation may reprogram energy metabolism and decrease the proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Kadochi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kiyomu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Control of seizures by ketogenic diet-induced modulation of metabolic pathways. Amino Acids 2016; 49:1-20. [PMID: 27683025 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is too complex to be considered as a disease; it is more of a syndrome, characterized by seizures, which can be caused by a diverse array of afflictions. As such, drug interventions that target a single biological pathway will only help the specific individuals where that drug's mechanism of action is relevant to their disorder. Most likely, this will not alleviate all forms of epilepsy nor the potential biological pathways causing the seizures, such as glucose/amino acid transport, mitochondrial dysfunction, or neuronal myelination. Considering our current inability to test every individual effectively for the true causes of their epilepsy and the alarming number of misdiagnoses observed, we propose the use of the ketogenic diet (KD) as an effective and efficient preliminary/long-term treatment. The KD mimics fasting by altering substrate metabolism from carbohydrates to fatty acids and ketone bodies (KBs). Here, we underscore the need to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms governing the KD's modulation of various forms of epilepsy and how a diverse array of metabolites including soluble fibers, specific fatty acids, and functional amino acids (e.g., leucine, D-serine, glycine, arginine metabolites, and N-acetyl-cysteine) may potentially enhance the KD's ability to treat and reverse, not mask, these neurological disorders that lead to epilepsy.
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Abstract
Highlights Fermentation of the dietary fiber by intestinal microflora results in production of butyrate.Butyrate possesses anticarcinogenic effect at the colonic level.Three transporters (MCT1, SMCT1 and BCRP) regulate the intracellular concentration of BT in colonic epithelial cells.Changes in the expression of these transporters occur in colorectal cancer. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common solid tumors worldwide. Consumption of dietary fiber is associated with a low risk of developing CRC. The fermentation of the dietary fiber by intestinal microflora results in production of butyrate (BT). This short-chain fatty acid is an important metabolic substrate in normal colonic epithelial cells and has important homeostatic functions at the colonic level. Because the cellular effects of BT (e.g. inhibition of histone deacetylases) are dependent on its intracellular concentration, knowledge on the mechanisms involved in BT membrane transport and its regulation seems particularly relevant. In this review, we will present the carrier-mediated mechanisms involved in BT membrane transport at the colonic epithelial level and their regulation, with an emphasis on CRC. Several xenobiotics known to modulate the risk for developing CRC are able to interfere with BT transport at the intestinal level. Thus, interference with BT transport certainly contributes to the anticarcinogenic or procarcinogenic effect of these compounds and these compounds may interfere with the anticarcinogenic effect of BT. Finally, we suggest that differences in BT transport between normal colonocytes and tumoral cells contribute to the "BT paradox" (the apparent opposing effect of BT in CRC cells and normal colonocytes).
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