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Cingolani F, Balasubramaniam A, Srinivasan S. Molecular mechanisms of enteric neuropathies in high-fat diet feeding and diabetes. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024:e14897. [PMID: 39119749 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and diabetes are associated with altered gastrointestinal function and with the development of abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and constipation among other symptoms. The enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates gastrointestinal motility. Enteric neuropathies defined as damage or loss of enteric neurons can lead to motility disorders. PURPOSE Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that drive enteric neurodegeneration in diabetes and obesity, including signaling pathways leading to neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, and microbiota alteration. We also highlight potential approaches to treat enteric neuropathies including antioxidant therapy to prevent oxidative stress-induced damage and the use of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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Feng Y, Zhou C, Zhao F, Ma T, Xiao Y, Peng K, Xia R. ZEB2 alleviates Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural precursor cells via the Notch-1/Jagged-2 pathway. Gene 2024; 912:148365. [PMID: 38485033 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is a prevalent complication of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) and Notch-1/Jagged-2 are dysregulated in HSCR, but their role in HAEC progression remains poorly understood. We aimed to explore the role and underlying mechanism of enteric neural precursor cells (ENPCs) and the ZEB2/Notch-1/Jagged-2 pathway in HAEC development. METHODS Colon tissues were collected from HSCR and HAEC patients. ENPCs were isolated from the HAEC group and stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expressions of ZEB2/Notch-1/Jagged-2 were measured using RT-qPCR and Western blot. Immunofluorescence and cell counting kit-8 assays were performed to assess the differentiation and proliferation of ENPCs. Inflammatory factors were measured by ELISA kits. Co-immunoprecipitation and bioinformatic analysis were used to explore the interaction between ZEB2 and Notch-1. Small interfering RNA and overexpression vectors were used to investigate the role and mechanism of ZEB2 and Notch-1 in regulating ENPCs' proliferation and differentiation during HAEC progression. RESULTS We observed increased LPS in the colon tissues of HAEC, with downregulated ZEB2 expression and upregulated Notch-1/Jagged-2 expression. ZEB2 interacts with Notch-1. LPS treatment downregulated ZEB2 expression, upregulated Notch-1/Jagged-2 expression, and induced proliferation and differentiation disorders in ENPCs, which were reversed by the knockdown of Notch-1. Furthermore, overexpression of ZEB2 inhibited Notch-1/Jagged-2 signaling and ameliorated inflammation and dysfunction in LPS-induced ENPCs. Notch-1 overexpression enhanced LPS-induced dysfunction, but this effect was antagonized by the overexpression of ZEB2. CONCLUSION Overexpression of ZEB2 ameliorates LPS-induced ENPCs' dysfunction via the Notch-1/Jagged-2 pathway, thus playing a role in HAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- Department of Fetal and Neonatal Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Chonggao Zhou
- Department of Fetal and Neonatal Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Fetal and Neonatal Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Tidong Ma
- Department of Fetal and Neonatal Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Department of Fetal and Neonatal Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Fetal and Neonatal Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Renpeng Xia
- Department of Fetal and Neonatal Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China.
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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Wang Z, Gan J, Gao Q, Yang L, Xu P, Jiang X. Inflammatory signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with inhibitors, natural products and metabolites (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:111. [PMID: 37800614 PMCID: PMC10558228 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis poses a persistent obstacle to drug development. In recent times, neuroinflammation has emerged as a crucial pathogenic mechanism of AD, and the targeting of inflammation has become a viable approach for the prevention and management of AD. The present study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature between October 2012 and October 2022, identifying a total of 96 references, encompassing 91 distinct pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their potential impact on AD by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Research has shown that pharmaceuticals have the potential to ameliorate AD by reducing neuroinflammation mainly through regulating inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF‑κB, MAPK, NLRP3, PPARs, STAT3, CREB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2 and their respective signaling pathways. Among them, tanshinone IIA has been extensively studied for its anti‑inflammatory effects, which have shown significant pharmacological properties and can be applied clinically. Thus, it may hold promise as an effective drug for the treatment of AD. The present review elucidated the inflammatory signaling pathways of pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in AD and elucidates their underlying mechanisms. This underscores the auspicious potential of pharmaceuticals in ameliorating AD by impeding neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Gan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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4
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Zhao L, Xiao J, Li S, Guo Y, Fu R, Hua S, Du Y, Xu S. The interaction between intestinal microenvironment and stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29 Suppl 1:185-199. [PMID: 37309254 PMCID: PMC10314114 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is not only a major cause of disability but also the third leading cause of death, following heart disease and cancer. It has been established that stroke causes permanent disability in 80% of survivors. However, current treatment options for this patient population are limited. Inflammation and immune response are major features that are well-recognized to occur after a stroke. The gastrointestinal tract hosts complex microbial communities, the largest pool of immune cells, and forms a bidirectional regulation brain-gut axis with the brain. Recent experimental and clinical studies have highlighted the importance of the relationship between the intestinal microenvironment and stroke. Over the years, the influence of the intestine on stroke has emerged as an important and dynamic research direction in biology and medicine. AIMS In this review, we describe the structure and function of the intestinal microenvironment and highlight its cross-talk relationship with stroke. In addition, we discuss potential strategies aiming to target the intestinal microenvironment during stroke treatment. CONCLUSION The structure and function of the intestinal environment can influence neurological function and cerebral ischemic outcome. Improving the intestinal microenvironment by targeting the gut microbiota may be a new direction in treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and SyndromeTianjinChina
| | - Jie Xiao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Songlin Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Yuying Guo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and SyndromeTianjinChina
| | - Rong Fu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Shengyu Hua
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Yuzheng Du
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Shixin Xu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and SyndromeTianjinChina
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Stavely R, Sahakian L, Filippone RT, Stojanovska V, Bornstein JC, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Oxidative Stress-Induced HMGB1 Translocation in Myenteric Neurons Contributes to Neuropathy in Colitis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121831. [PMID: 36551259 PMCID: PMC9776169 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern released by dying cells to stimulate the immune response. During cell death, HMGB1 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and passively released. High levels of secreted HMGB1 are observed in the faeces of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, indicating its role in IBD pathophysiology and potential as a non-invasive IBD biomarker. HMGB1 is important in regulating neuronal damage in the central nervous system; its pathological activity is intertwined with oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, HMGB1 expression in the enteric nervous system and its relevance to intestinal neuroinflammation is explored in organotypic cultures of the myenteric plexus exposed to oxidative stimuli and in Winnie mice with spontaneous chronic colitis. Oxidative stimuli induced cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in myenteric neurons in organotypic preparations. HMGB1 translocation correlated with enteric neuronal loss and oxidative stress in the myenteric ganglia of Winnie mice. Inhibition of HMGB1 by glycyrrhizic acid ameliorated HMGB1 translocation and myenteric neuronal loss in Winnie mice. These data highlight modulation of HMGB1 signalling as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the consequences of enteric neuroinflammation in colitis, warranting the exploration of therapeutics acting on the HMGB1 pathway as an adjunct treatment with current anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T. Filippone
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vanesa Stojanovska
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Health Translation Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Joel C. Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Houghton D, Ng YS, Jackson MA, Stefanetti R, Hynd P, Mac Aogáin M, Stewart CJ, Lamb CA, Bright A, Feeney C, Newman J, Turnbull DM, McFarland R, Blain AP, Gorman GS. Phase II Feasibility Study of the Efficacy, Tolerability, and Impact on the Gut Microbiome of a Low-Residue (Fiber) Diet in Adult Patients With Mitochondrial Disease. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 1:666-677. [PMID: 39132075 PMCID: PMC11307892 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aims Gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility is a common and debilitating clinical manifestation in patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-related disease with no curative and few effective symptomatic therapies. A low-residue diet (LRD) has been shown to be effective at reducing bowel urgency, pain, and distension in functional GI-related conditions. We assessed tolerability and effects of an LRD on bowel habits in patients with mtDNA-related disease. Methods This was a 12-week single-arm pilot study in patients with genetically determined primary mtDNA-related disease, meeting the ROME III constipation criteria. The co-primary outcomes were tolerability of an LRD (<10 g fiber per day) assessed by food diaries and changes in stool frequency and consistency. The secondary outcomes included GI symptoms, disease burden, laxatives, physical activity levels, colonic transit time using radiopaque markers, gut microbiome (patients and controls), and metabolomics. The gut microbiome of the mtDNA-related disease patients was compared against controls for observational purpose only. Results Twenty-eight patients were enrolled, and 24 completed the LRD intervention. The LRD was well tolerated with a mean fold change of -34% in dietary fiber (5.3 ± 10.4 grams) per day (P = .03, confidence interval = 0.7-9.9) with no adverse events. The proportion of stool samples with normal stool consistency increased from 36% to 49% (P = .01); GI symptoms and laxative use were reduced. However, the LRD did not change stool frequency, stool output, and colonic transit time. The gut microbiome was significantly different between patients and controls but was not modulated by the dietary intervention. Conclusion The LRD in patients with mtDNA-related mitochondrial disease and significant constipation is well tolerated and a promising treatment for alleviating GI symptoms. These positive findings should be confirmed in a randomized controlled trial.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03388528.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Houghton
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Yi Shiau Ng
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | | | - Renae Stefanetti
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Paula Hynd
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Micheál Mac Aogáin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena, Singapore
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher J. Stewart
- Faculty of Medical Science, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher A. Lamb
- Faculty of Medical Science, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alexandra Bright
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Feeney
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Jane Newman
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Alasdair P. Blain
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Gráinne S. Gorman
- Faculty of Medical Science, Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
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Nyavor Y, Brands CR, May G, Kuther S, Nicholson J, Tiger K, Tesnohlidek A, Yasuda A, Starks K, Litvinenko D, Linden DR, Bhattarai Y, Kashyap PC, Forney LJ, Balemba OB. High-fat diet-induced alterations to gut microbiota and gut-derived lipoteichoic acid contributes to the development of enteric neuropathy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13838. [PMID: 32168415 PMCID: PMC7319907 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-fat diet, microbial alterations and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are thought to cause enteric diabetic neuropathy and intestinal dysmotility. However, the role of the gut microbiota, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the development of diabetic enteric neuropathy and intestinal dysmotility is not well understood. Our aim was to examine the role of the gut microbiota, LTA and SCFAs in the development of diabetic enteric neuropathy and intestinal dysmotility. METHODS We fed germ-free (GF) and conventionally raised (CR) mice either a high-fat (HFD) or standard chow diet (SCD) for 8 weeks. We analyzed the microbial community composition in CR mice using 16S rRNA sequencing and damage to myenteric neurons using immunohistochemistry. We also studied the effects of LPS, LTA, and SCFAs on duodenal muscularis externa contractions and myenteric neurons using cultured preparations. KEY RESULTS High-fat diet ingestion reduced the total number and the number of nitrergic myenteric neurons per ganglion in the duodenum of CR but not in GF-HFD mice. GF mice had fewer neurons per ganglion compared with CR mice. CR mice fed a HFD had increased abundance of Gram-positive bacteria. LTA and LPS did not affect the frequency of duodenal muscularis contractions after 24 hours of cultured but reduced the density of nitrergic myenteric neurons and increased oxidative stress and TNFα production in myenteric ganglia. SCFAs did not affect muscularis contractions or injure myenteric neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Gut microbial alterations induced increase in Gram-positive bacterial LTA may contribute to enteric neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nyavor
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
| | | | - George May
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
| | - Sydney Kuther
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
| | | | - Kathryn Tiger
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
| | | | - Allysha Yasuda
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
| | - Kiefer Starks
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
| | - Diana Litvinenko
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
| | - David R. Linden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yogesh Bhattarai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Larry J. Forney
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, LSS 252 Moscow, ID 83844
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Prigent A, Gonzales J, Durand T, Le Berre-Scoul C, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. Acute inflammation down-regulates alpha-synuclein expression in enteric neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 148:746-760. [PMID: 30589944 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein whose expression is strongly implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not only expressed in the CNS but also in the enteric nervous system (ENS). The growing body of evidence suggesting that gastrointestinal inflammation is involved in the development of PD led us to investigate the effects of inflammation on alpha-synuclein expression in primary culture of rat ENS and in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Using western blot and qPCR, we found that both lipopolysaccharide and a combination of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1-β decreased the expression levels of alpha-synuclein in primary culture of rat ENS, an effect that was prevented in the presence of the p38 inhibitors SB203580 and BIRB 796. Lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin 1-β had no effect on alpha-synuclein expression in primary culture of rat CNS and in human erythroid leukemia cells. In mice, acute but not chronic dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was associated with a decreased expression of colonic alpha-synuclein. As a whole, our findings indicate that acute inflammatory insults down-regulate alpha-synuclein expression in the ENS via a p38 pathway. They provide new insights into the widely discussed concepts of alpha-synuclein expression and aggregation in the ENS in PD and raise issues about the possible role of gastrointestinal inflammation in the development of PD. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Prigent
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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Cheng X, Svensson M, Yang Y, Deierborg T, Ekblad E, Voss U. Focal, but not global, cerebral ischaemia causes loss of myenteric neurons and upregulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in mouse ileum. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:38-45. [PMID: 29577471 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced blood flow to the brain induces cerebral ischaemia, potentially causing central injury and peripheral complications including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. The pathophysiology behind GI symptoms is suspected to be neuropathy in the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is essential in regulating GI function. This study investigates if enteric neuropathy occurs after cerebral ischaemia, by analysing neuronal survival and relative numbers of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expressing neurons in mouse ileum after three types of cerebral ischaemia. Focal cerebral ischaemia, modelled by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and global cerebral ischaemia, modelled with either transient occlusion of both common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion (GCIR) or chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) was performed on C56BL/6 mice. Sham-operated mice for each ischaemia model served as control. Ileum was collected after 1-17 weeks, depending on model, and analysed using morphometry and immunocytochemistry. For each group, intestinal mucosa and muscle layer thicknesses, neuronal numbers and relative proportions of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for nNOS or VIP were estimated. No alterations in mucosa or muscle layer thicknesses were noted in any of the groups. Loss of myenteric neurons and an increased number of VIP-IR submucous neurons were found in mouse ileum 7 days after pMCAO. None of the global ischaemia models showed any alterations in neuronal survival or relative numbers of VIP- and nNOS-IR neurons. We conclude that focal cerebral ischaemia and global cerebral ischaemia influence enteric neuronal survival differently. This is suggested to reflect differences in peripheral neuro-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Cheng
- Neurogastroenterology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martina Svensson
- Neuroinflammation Units, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Neuroinflammation Units, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Neuroinflammation Units, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Neurogastroenterology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrikke Voss
- Neurogastroenterology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Makowska K, Mikolajczyk A, Calka J, Gonkowski S. Neurochemical characterization of nerve fibers in the porcine gallbladder wall under physiological conditions and after the administration of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:73-83. [PMID: 30090564 PMCID: PMC6062139 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, bacterial endotoxin) are a component of the cellular membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which is known as an important pathological factor. In spite of many previous studies describing multidirectional negative effects of LPS on living organisms, the knowledge concerning the influence of bacterial endotoxins on the gallbladder innervation is extremely scarce. The present study, based on the immunofluorescence technique, describes the changes in the neurochemical characterization of nerves within various parts of the porcine gallbladder (neck, body and fundus) after the administration of low doses of LPS. The obtained results show that even low doses of bacterial endotoxins affect the nerve structures within the gallbladder wall and the intensity of fluctuations in immunoreactivity to particular substances clearly depends on the part of the investigated organ. The most evident changes were observed in the case of fibers exhibiting the presence of neuropeptide Y (an increase from 7.84 ± 0.17 to 14.66 ± 0.37) in the neck, substance P (an increase from 0.88 ± 0.1 to 8.4 ± 0.3) in the body and the vesicular acetylocholine transporter in the gallbladder's fundus (an increase from 4.29 ± 0.18 to 11.01 ± 0.26). The mechanisms of the observed changes still remain unclear, but probably they are connected with the pro-inflammatory and/or neurodegenerative activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Anita Mikolajczyk
- Department of Public Health , Epidemiology and Microbiology , Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Calka
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Departement of Clinical Physiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland .
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11
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Morita N, Hosaka T, Kitahara A, Murashima T, Onuma H, Sumitani Y, Takahashi K, Tanaka T, Kondo T, Ishida H. Novel Mechanisms Modulating Palmitate-Induced Inflammatory Factors in Hypertrophied 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by AMPK. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9256482. [PMID: 29713651 PMCID: PMC5866861 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9256482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing body of evidence indicates that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) contributes to not only energy metabolic homeostasis but also the inhibition of inflammatory responses. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To elucidate the role of AMPK, in this study, we observed the effects of AMPK activation on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) release in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS We observed signal transduction pathways regulating MCP-1, which increased in obese adipocytes, in an in vitro model of hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes preloaded with palmitate. RESULTS Palmitate-preloaded cells exhibited significant increase in MCP-1 release and triglyceride (TG) deposition. Increased MCP-1 release and TG deposition were significantly decreased by an AMPK activator. In addition, the AMPK activator not only markedly diminished MCP-1 secretion but also augmented phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. In contrast, MCP-1 release suppression was abolished by the AMPK inhibitor compound C and the MEK inhibitor U0126. CONCLUSIONS MCP-1 release from hypertrophied adipocytes is suppressed by AMPK activation through the NF-κB and ERK pathways. These findings provide evidence that AMPK plays a crucial role in ameliorating obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naru Morita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Hosaka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kitahara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Murashima
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Onuma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sumitani
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takahashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Kondo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Mikołajczyk A, Gonkowski S, Złotkowska D. Modulation of the main porcine enteric neuropeptides by a single low-dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Salmonella Enteritidis. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:73. [PMID: 29255488 PMCID: PMC5727943 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present research was conducted to investigate the influence of a low, single dose of LPS, which does not result in any clinical symptoms of intoxication on the expression of selected neuropeptides within the intestines of the domestic pig. Methods This experiment was conducted on immature female pigs of the Pitrain × Duroc breed (n = five per group). Seven days after the intravenous injection of 10 mL saline solution for control animals and 5 μg/kg b.w. (in 10 mL saline solution) LPS Salmonella Enteritidis for the experimental group, the excised segments of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, caecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon and rectum were prepared to extract the main enteric neuropeptides, including GAL, NPY, SOM, SP, VIP. Results The results of this research indicate that single low-dose LPS S. Enteritidis produced changes in the content of the selected neuropeptides of the porcine intestine. The most visible changes were observed in the transverse colon, where LPS induced the increase of GAL expression from 19.41 ± 7.121 to 92.92 ± 11.447 ng/g tissue. Conclusion The exact functions of the substances studied and mechanisms of responses to LPS action depend on the sections of the intestines. The mechanisms of observed changes are not fully understood, but fluctuations in neuronal active substance levels may be connected with neurodegenerative and/or pro-inflammatory activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 30 Str., 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13 Str., 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dagmara Złotkowska
- Department of Food Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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13
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Reichardt F, Chassaing B, Nezami BG, Li G, Tabatabavakili S, Mwangi S, Uppal K, Liang B, Vijay-Kumar M, Jones D, Gewirtz AT, Srinivasan S. Western diet induces colonic nitrergic myenteric neuropathy and dysmotility in mice via saturated fatty acid- and lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 signalling. J Physiol 2017; 595:1831-1846. [PMID: 28000223 PMCID: PMC5330876 DOI: 10.1113/jp273269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A high-fat diet (60% kcal from fat) is associated with motility disorders inducing constipation and loss of nitrergic myenteric neurons in the proximal colon. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, which occurs in response to HFD, contributes to endotoxaemia. High levels of lipopolysaccharide lead to apoptosis in cultured myenteric neurons that express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Consumption of a Western diet (WD) (35% kcal from fat) for 6 weeks leads to gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with altered bacterial metabolites and increased levels of plasma free fatty acids. These disorders precede the nitrergic myenteric cell loss observed in the proximal colon. Mice lacking TLR4 did not exhibit WD-induced myenteric cell loss and dysmotility. Lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro enteric neurodegeneration requires the presence of palmitate and may be a result of enhanced NO production. The present study highlights the critical role of plasma saturated free fatty acids that are abundant in the WD with respect to driving enteric neuropathy and colonic dysmotility. ABSTRACT The consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with myenteric neurodegeneration, which in turn is associated with delayed colonic transit and constipation. We examined the hypothesis that an inherent increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in the HFD together with an HFD-induced alteration in gut microbiota contributes to the pathophysiology of these disorders. C57BL/6 mice were fed a Western diet (WD) (35% kcal from fat enriched in palmitate) or a purified regular diet (16.9% kcal from fat) for 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. Gut microbiota dysbiosis was investigated by fecal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) measurement and metabolomics (linear trap quadrupole-Fourier transform mass spectrometer) analysis. Plasma FFA and LPS levels were assessed, in addition to colonic and ileal nitrergic myenteric neuron quantifications and motility. Compared to regular diet-fed control mice, WD-fed mice gained significantly more weight without blood glucose alteration. Dysbiosis was exhibited after 6 weeks of feeding, as reflected by increased fecal LPS and bacterial metabolites and concomitant higher plasma FFA. The numbers of nitrergic myenteric neurons were reduced in the proximal colon after 9 and 12 weeks of WD and this was also associated with delayed colonic transit. WD-fed Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-/- mice did not exhibit myenteric cell loss or dysmotility. Finally, LPS (0.5-2 ng·ml-1 ) and palmitate (20 and 30 μm) acted synergistically to induce neuronal cell death in vitro, which was prevented by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. In conclusion, WD-feeding results in increased levels of FFA and microbiota that, even in absence of hyperglycaemia or overt endotoxaemia, synergistically induce TLR4-mediated neurodegeneration and dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Reichardt
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA
| | - Behtash Ghazi Nezami
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Sahar Tabatabavakili
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Simon Mwangi
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Bill Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dean Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, GA, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta & Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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14
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Galectin-3 causes enteric neuronal loss in mice after left sided permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of stroke. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32893. [PMID: 27612206 PMCID: PMC5017186 DOI: 10.1038/srep32893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to brain injury stroke patients often suffer gastrointestinal complications. Neuroimmune interactions involving galectin-3, released from microglia in the brain, mediates the post-stroke pro-inflammatory response. We investigated possible consequences of stroke on the enteric nervous system and the involvement of galectin-3. We show that permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) induces loss of enteric neurons in ileum and colon in galectin-3(+/+), but not in galectin-3(-/-), mice. In vitro we show that serum from galectin-3(+/+), but not from galectin-3(-/-), mice subjected to pMCAO, caused loss of C57BL/6J myenteric neurons, while myenteric neurons derived from TLR4(-/-) mice were unaffected. Further purified galectin-3 (10(-6) M) caused loss of cultured C57BL/6J myenteric neurons. Inhibitors of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) or AMP activated kinase (AMPK) counteracted both the purified galectin-3 and the galectin-3(+/+) pMCAO serum-induced loss in vitro. Combined we show that stroke (pMCAO) triggers central and peripheral galectin-3 release causing enteric neuronal loss through a TLR4 mediated mechanism involving TAK1 and AMPK. Galectin-3 is suggested a target for treatment of post-stroke complications.
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15
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Yuan J, Zhang Y, Yan FT, Zheng X. Association of PRKAA1 gene polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese Han population. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:564-568. [PMID: 27612659 PMCID: PMC9427558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have indicated that AMPK play critical roles in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses. However, the role of the polymorphisms of PRKAA1 gene in immune-response to infectious organisms remains unknown. To evaluate the potential role of PRKAA1/AMPKα1 in the immune-response to HBV, we conducted this case-control study. METHODS We recruited 276 patients (145 men and 131 women; average age, 51.6 years) with chronic HBV infection (CHB) and 303 healthy controls (166 men and 137 women; average age, 54.2 years). All the subjects were unrelated individuals of Chinese Han Population. Three SNPs of PRKAA1gene were tested. RESULTS Rs1002424 polymorphism showed significant difference in the allele frequencies, but no difference in the genotype frequencies (allele: p=0.039411, OR95%CI=0.783479 [0.621067-0.988362]; genotype: p=0.104758); rs13361707 polymorphism showed significance in allele analysis, but not in genotype analysis (allele: p=0.034749, OR95%CI=1.284303 [1.017958-1.620335]; genotype: p=0.098027); rs3792822 polymorphism was demonstrated to have significant differences in both genotype and allele frequencies between cases and controls (allele: p=0.029286, OR95%CI= 0.741519 [0.566439-0.970716]; genotype: p=0.034560). The haplotype results showed that CTG and TCA in the rs13361707-rs1002424-rs3792822 block were significantly associated with the happening of HBV (CTG: p=0.036854, OR95%CI=1.281 [1.015-1.617]; p=0.030841, OR95%CI=0.743 [0.568-0.973]). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PRKAA1 polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility of chronic HBV infection in Chinese Han origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Department of CT, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-Tang Yan
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an, China
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16
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Compound C induces the ramification of murine microglia in an AMPK-independent and small rhogtpase-dependent manner. Neuroscience 2016; 331:24-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Wang S, Zhu X, Xiong L, Zhang Y, Ren J. Toll-like receptor 4 knockout alleviates paraquat-induced cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction through an autophagy-dependent mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2016; 257:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Hyland NP, Cryan JF. Microbe-host interactions: Influence of the gut microbiota on the enteric nervous system. Dev Biol 2016; 417:182-7. [PMID: 27343895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), considered a separate branch of the autonomic nervous system, is located throughout the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a series of interconnected ganglionated plexi. Given the proximity of the intestinal microbiota to the ENS, it is perhaps not surprising that the gut microbiota can influence its development and function. However, these interactions are complex and may be either direct or indirect, often involving signalling initiated by microbe-derived components, metabolites or host-derived intermediaries which subsequently affect enteric nerve excitability and GI function. Individual microbes and strains can differentially influence ENS activity and neurochemistry. In this review we will briefly summarise the role of the microbiota on ENS development, and, in some more detail, explore the mechanisms by which the microbiota can influence ENS activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Departments of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Khalaj L, Khodagholi F, Badavi M, Ashabi G. Targeting Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase by Metformin Adjusts Post-Ischemic Hyperemia and Extracellular Neuronal Discharge in Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia. Microcirculation 2016. [PMID: 26213885 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE I/R and its subsequent reactive hyperemia results in different adverse effects such as brain edema and BBB disruption. AMPK activation has been perceived as one of the target factors for I/R treatment. We investigated the effect of Met (an AMPK activator) on some physiological parameters including vascular responses, hyperemia, BBB disruption, and electrophysiological activity following tGCI. METHODS Rats were pretreated with Met for two weeks and CC was administered half an hour before tGCI. Brain vascular responses, hyperemia, BBB disruption, and electrophysiological activity were evaluated following the ischemia. RESULTS Met attenuated BBB disruption and reactive hyperemia in tGCI rats compared with the untreated I/R rats (p < 0.001). Met administration along with CC in the ischemic rats reversed the beneficial effects of Met on BBB disruption and reactive hyperemia (p < 0.001). Electrophysiological records indicated that Met increased spike rates in the ischemic rats comparing with I/R rats (p < 0.001), whereas, CC administration blocked the beneficial effects of Met on the neuronal discharges (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We established a regulatory role for AMPK in vascular and electrophysiological responses to tGCI. Studies are ongoing to determine if activation of AMPK in the reperfusion period would offer similar protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Ahvaz Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Ahvaz Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Khalaj
- Medical School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Center, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Ahvaz Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Ahvaz Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Anitha M, Reichardt F, Tabatabavakili S, Nezami BG, Chassaing B, Mwangi S, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz A, Srinivasan S. Intestinal dysbiosis contributes to the delayed gastrointestinal transit in high-fat diet fed mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:328-339. [PMID: 27446985 PMCID: PMC4945127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS High-fat diet (HFD) feeding is associated with gastrointestinal motility disorders. We recently reported delayed colonic motility in mice fed a HFD mice for 11 weeks. In this study, we investigated the contributing role of gut microbiota in HFD-induced gut dysmotility. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD (60% kcal fat) or a regular/control diet (RD) (18% kcal fat) for 13 weeks. Serum and fecal endotoxin levels were measured, and relative amounts of specific gut bacteria in the feces assessed by real time PCR. Intestinal transit was measured by fluorescent-labeled marker and bead expulsion test. Enteric neurons were assessed by immunostaining. Oligofructose (OFS) supplementation with RD or HFD for 5 weeks was also studied. In vitro studies were performed using primary enteric neurons and an enteric neuronal cell line. RESULTS HFD-fed mice had reduced numbers of enteric nitrergic neurons and exhibited delayed gastrointestinal transit compared to RD-fed mice. HFD-fed mice had higher fecal Firmicutes and Escherichia coli and lower Bacteroidetes compared to RD-fed mice. OFS supplementation protected against enteric nitrergic neurons loss in HFD-fed mice, and improved intestinal transit time. OFS supplementation resulted in a reductions in fecal Firmicutes and Escherichia coli and serum endotoxin levels. In vitro, palmitate activation of TLR4 induced enteric neuronal apoptosis in a p-JNK1 dependent pathway. This apoptosis was prevented by a JNK inhibitor and in neurons from TLR4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Together our data suggest that intestinal dysbiosis in HFD fed mice contribute to the delayed intestinal motility by inducing a TLR4-dependant neuronal loss. Manipulation of gut microbiota with OFS improved intestinal motility in HFD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallappa Anitha
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - François Reichardt
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Sahar Tabatabavakili
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Behtash Ghazi Nezami
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Simon Mwangi
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Shanthi Srinivasan, MD, Division of Digestive Diseases, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Suite 201A, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. fax: (404) 727-5767.Division of Digestive DiseasesWhitehead Biomedical Research Building615 Michael StreetSuite 201AAtlantaGeorgia 30322
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21
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Sand E, Voss U, Ohlsson B, Ekblad E. Luteinizing hormone receptors are expressed in rat myenteric neurons and mediate neuronal loss. Auton Neurosci 2015; 193:104-7. [PMID: 26480825 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations have suggested repeated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) exposure to cause intestinal dysfunction and loss of enteric neurons. This has been further studied and confirmed in a rat in vivo model involving iterated GnRH treatments. Mechanisms behind are enigmatic since no GnRH receptors are found to be expressed in enteric neurons neither in man nor rat. Both species, however, harbor substantial subpopulations of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor-immunoreactive myenteric neurons which suggests that intestinal GnRH-induced neuropathy may be mediated by LH release. AIMS To reveal if exposures of GnRH or LH to rat myenteric neurons in vitro cause neuronal loss. METHODS Primary cultured adult rat myenteric neurons were exposed to single or repeated treatments of the GnRH analog buserelin or the LH analog lutrotropin alpha, and neuronal survival was determined by cell counting. Possible presence of GnRH- or LH receptor -immunoreactive neurons was determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Exposure to the LH, but not the GnRH, analog caused significantly reduced neuronal survival. LH, but not GnRH, receptors were found to be expressed on cultured myenteric neurons. CONCLUSION Myenteric neurons express LH receptors in vitro and LH exposure causes reduced neuronal survival. This suggests that GnRH-induced enteric neuropathy in vivo is mediated by way of LH release and activation of enteric neuronal LH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sand
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit Neurogastroenterology, BMC B11, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ulrikke Voss
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit Neurogastroenterology, BMC B11, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Sweden Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 32, SE 21428 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit Neurogastroenterology, BMC B11, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden.
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