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Wilson S, Mehak A, Racine SE. Exposure to thin and non-thin bodies elicits 'feeling fat': Validation of a novel state measure. Eat Behav 2023; 48:101700. [PMID: 36608389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
'Feeling fat' refers to the subjective experience of carrying excess weight and relates to severity of eating pathology. Despite research suggesting that 'feeling fat' fluctuates across contexts, this construct is almost exclusively assessed in terms of frequency or as a trait. Examining state 'feeling fat' in response to external stimuli can inform us of the nature of this construct. In an experimental study, 290 community women were exposed to five categories of affective (pleasant, aversive, and neutral) and body (thin and non-thin) images in quasi-random order. Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) valence and arousal rating scales as well as a novel SAM 'feeling fat' scale were rated for each image. Theoretically-relevant constructs (i.e., trait 'feeling fat', thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, eating pathology) were also measured. Body images elicited greater state 'feeling fat' than affective images, with images of non-thin bodies producing higher state 'feeling fat' than thin bodies. Positive correlations were observed between state 'feeling fat' in response to thin and all variables of interest, whereas associations between these variables and 'feeling fat' in response to non-thin images were small or non-significant. The development of a state measure of 'feeling fat' allows for the investigation of triggers of this bodily experience and will facilitate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wilson
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 avenue McGill College, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Adrienne Mehak
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 avenue McGill College, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 avenue McGill College, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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Randle M, Duarte I, Maizey L, Tzavella L, Adams RC, Chambers CD. The Restrain Food Database: validation of an open-source database of foods that should be eaten more or less as part of a healthy diet. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220923. [PMID: 36425519 PMCID: PMC9682305 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of food-related behaviours often involve measuring responses to pictorial stimuli of foods. Creating these can be burdensome, requiring a significant commitment of time, and with sharing of images for future research constrained by legal copyright restrictions. The Restrain Food Database is an open-source database of 626 images of foods that are categorized as those people could eat more or less of as part of a healthy diet. This paper describes the database and details how to navigate it using our purpose-built R Shiny tool and a pre-registered online validation of a sample of images. A total of 2150 participants provided appetitive ratings, perceptions of nutritional content and ratings of image quality for images from the database. We found support for differences between Food Category on appetitive ratings which were also moderated by state hunger ratings. Findings relating to individual differences in appetite ratings as well as differences between BMI weight categories are also reported. Our findings validate the food categorization in the Restrain Food Database and provide descriptive information for individual images within this investigation. This database should ease the burden of selecting and creating appropriate images for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Randle
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Ines Duarte
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Leah Maizey
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Loukia Tzavella
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rachel C. Adams
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Christopher D. Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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Chinese Food Image Database for Eating and Appetite Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142916. [PMID: 35889873 PMCID: PMC9315667 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern people live in an environment with ubiquitous food cues, including food advertisements, videos, and smells. Do these food cues change people’s eating behavior? Since diet plays a crucial role in maintaining health, it has been researched for decades. As convenient alternatives for real food, food images are widely used in diet research. To date, researchers from Germany, Spain, and other countries have established food photo databases; however, these food pictures are not completely suitable for Chinese studies because of the ingredients and characteristics of Chinese food. The main goal of this research is to create a library of Chinese food images and to provide as complete a data reference as possible for future studies that use food images as experimental material. After standardized processing, we selected 508 common Chinese food pictures with high familiarity and recognizability and attached detailed classifications concerning taste, macronutrients, calories, and participants’ emotional responses to the pictures. Additionally, with food pictures as material, we conducted research on how people make dietary decisions in order to identify the variables that may affect a person’s food choices. The effects of individual perceived healthiness and palatability, gender, BMI, family income, and levels of emotional and restricted eating were examined using eating decisions based on healthiness and palatability as dependent variables. The results showed that people with low household incomes are more likely to be influenced by food taste in their dietary decision-making process, while individuals with high household incomes are more likely to consider the healthy aspects of food. Moreover, parental BMI affects what children consume, with children who have parents with higher BMIs being more prone to overlook the healthiness value of food.
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Wilson S, Benning SD, Racine SE. Examining relationships among thin-ideal internalization, eating pathology, and motivational reactions to high- and low-calorie food. Appetite 2022; 178:106258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Lemos TC, Coutinho GMS, Silva LAA, Stariolo JB, Campagnoli RR, Oliveira L, Pereira MG, Mota BEF, Souza GGL, Canella DS, Khandpur N, David IA. Ultra-Processed Foods Elicit Higher Approach Motivation Than Unprocessed and Minimally Processed Foods. Front Public Health 2022; 10:891546. [PMID: 35801235 PMCID: PMC9253546 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.891546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are becoming extensively available in the food environments. UPF are industrial formulations that are designed to maximize palatability and consumption through a combination of calorie-dense ingredients and chemical additives. UPFs are also aggressively marketed, which may make them more attractive than unprocessed/minimally processed foods (UMPF). Since consumers' purchase decisions are guided by food-evoked emotions, we aimed to provide evidence that UPF visual cues trigger higher emotional responses and approach motivation than UMPF visual cues, with potential impacts on individuals' intention to consume the UPF over the UMPF. Methods Participants (n = 174; 144 women; mean age = 20.7 years; standard deviation = 4.35) performed two tasks. In the first task, 16 pictures of foods (8 UPF and 8 UMPF), and 74 pictures from other affective categories, were presented. After viewing each picture, the participants rated it along two basic dimensions of emotion through the Self-Assessment Manikin scale: pleasantness and arousal. In the second task, the participants viewed the same food pictures, and they rated their intention to consume the foods depicted in the pictures. Each picture was plotted in terms of its mean pleasantness and arousal ratings in a Cartesian plane, which resulted in an affective space. Results Pictures of UPF and UMPF were positioned in the upper arm of the boomerang-shaped affective space that represents approach motivation. Pictures containing UPF triggered higher approach motivation and intention to consume than pictures containing UMPF. We also found a stronger association between emotional responses and intention to consume UPF relative to UMPF. Conclusion These results shed new light on the role of ultra-processed foods evoked emotions that contribute to less healthy and sustainable food environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayane C. Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M. S. Coutinho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Laiz A. A. Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Jasmin B. Stariolo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rafaela R. Campagnoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leticia Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mirtes G. Pereira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Bruna E. F. Mota
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- School of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G. L. Souza
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- School of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniela S. Canella
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Nutrition Institute, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neha Khandpur
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Isabel A. David
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Isabel A. David
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Diconne K, Kountouriotis GK, Paltoglou AE, Parker A, Hostler TJ. Presenting KAPODI – The Searchable Database of Emotional Stimuli Sets. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739211072803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emotional stimuli such as images, words, or video clips are often used in studies researching emotion. New sets are continuously being published, creating an immense number of available sets and complicating the task for researchers who are looking for suitable stimuli. This paper presents the KAPODI-database of emotional stimuli sets that are freely available or available upon request. Over 45 aspects including over 25 key set characteristics have been extracted and listed for each set. The database facilitates finding of and comparison between individual sets. It currently contains sets published between 1963 and 2020. A searchable online version ( https://airtable.com/shrnVoUZrwu6riP9b ) allows users to select specific set characteristics and to find matching sets accordingly, as well as to add new published sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Diconne
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University
| | | | | | - Andrew Parker
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University
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Norms in French for 209 images of the “food-pics” image database. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hernández-Rivero I, Blechert J, Miccoli L, Eichin KN, Fernández-Santaella MC, Delgado-Rodríguez R. Emotional reactivity to binge food and erotic cues in women with bulimia nervosa symptoms. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:120. [PMID: 34583783 PMCID: PMC8479974 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on food cue reactivity have documented that altered responses to high-calorie food are associated with bulimic symptomatology, however, alterations in sexual motivations and behaviors are also associated clinical features in this population, which justify their inclusion as a research target. Here, we study responses to erotic cues-alongside food, neutral and aversive cues-to gain an understanding of specificity to food versus a generalized sensitivity to primary reinforcers. METHODS We recorded peripheral psychophysiological indices -the startle reflex, zygomaticus, and corrugator responses-and self-reported emotional responses (valence, arousal, and dominance) in 75 women completing the Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R). Multiple regression analysis tested whether BULIT-R symptoms were predicted by self-reported and psychophysiological responses to food versus neutral and erotic versus neutral images. RESULTS The results showed that individuals with higher bulimic symptoms were characterized by potentiated eye blink startle response during binge food (vs. neutral images) and more positive valence ratings during erotic (vs. neutral) cues. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the negative emotional reactivity of individuals with elevated bulimic symptoms toward food cues, which could be related to the risk of progression to full bulimia nervosa and thereby addressed in prevention efforts. Results also point to the potential role of reactivity to erotic content, at least on a subjective level. Theoretical models of eating disorders should widen their conceptual scope to consider reactivity to a broader spectrum of primary reinforcers, which would have implications for cue exposure-based treatments. We examined appetitive and aversive cue responses in college women to investigate how bulimic symptoms relate to primary reinforcers such as food and erotic images. We recorded peripheral psychophysiological indices (the startle reflex, zygomaticus, and corrugator responses) and self-reported emotional responses (valence, arousal, and dominance) in 75 college women that were presented with the Spanish version of the Bulimia Test-Revised. The results showed that bulimic symptoms increase both psychophysiological defensiveness toward food cues and subjective pleasure toward erotic cues. The findings suggest a generalized sensitivity to primary reinforcers in the presence of bulimic symptoms, and emphasize the relevance of adopting a wider framework in research and treatment on bulimia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hernández-Rivero
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, España
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura Miccoli
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, España
| | - Katharina Naomi Eichin
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Carmen Fernández-Santaella
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, España
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Delgado-Rodríguez R, Versace F, Hernández-Rivero I, Guerra P, Fernández-Santaella MC, Miccoli L. Food addiction symptoms are related to neuroaffective responses to preferred binge food and erotic cues. Appetite 2021; 168:105687. [PMID: 34509546 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that some individuals succumb to maladaptive eating behaviors because, like those with addiction, they attribute high incentive salience to food-associated cues. Here, we tested whether women that attribute high incentive salience to food-associated cues report high food addiction symptomatology. In 76 college women, we assessed self-reported food addiction symptoms using the Yale Food Addiction Scale and we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs, a direct measure of brain activity) to preferred food, erotic, unpleasant, and neutral images. We used the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP, a component of the ERPs) as an index of the incentive salience attributed to the images. Using a multivariate classification algorithm (k-means cluster analysis), we identified two neuroaffective reactivity profiles that have been previously associated with individual differences in the tendency to attribute incentive salience to cues and with differences in vulnerability to addictive behaviors. Results showed that women with elevated LPP responses to preferred food cues relative to erotic images report higher food addiction symptoms than women with low LPP responses to preferred food cues relative to other motivationally relevant stimuli. These results support the hypothesis that individual differences in the tendency to attribute incentive salience to food cues play an important role in modulating food addiction symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Isabel Hernández-Rivero
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pedro Guerra
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Fernández-Santaella
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Miccoli
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), (University of Granada), Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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10
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e-Nature Positive Emotions Photography Database (e-NatPOEM): affectively rated nature images promoting positive emotions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11696. [PMID: 34083616 PMCID: PMC8175760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Affectively rated image databases have their main application in studies that require inducing distinct stimuli on subjects. Widespread databases are designed to cover a broad range of stimuli, from negative to positive (valence), and relaxed to excited (arousal). The availability of narrow domain databases, designed to cover and thoroughly analyze a few categories of images that induce a particular stimulus, is limited. We present a narrow domain affective database with positive images, named e-Nature Positive Emotions Photography Database (e-NatPOEM), consisting of 433 high-quality images produced by professional and amateur photographers. A total of 739 participants evaluated them using a web-based tool to input valence-arousal values and a single word describing the evoked feeling. Ratings per image ranged from 36 to 108, median: 57; first/third quartiles: 56/59. 84% of the images presented valence > middle of the scale and arousal < middle of the scale. Words describing the images were classified into semantical groups, being predominant: Peace/tranquility (39% of all words), Beauty (23%), and Positive states (15%). e-NatPOEM is free and publicly available, it is a valid resource for affective research, and presents the potential for clinical use to assist positive emotions promotion.
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11
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García-García J, Gil-Fenoy MJ, Sánchez-Barrera MB, de la Fuente-Sánchez L, Ortega-Campos E, Zaldívar-Basurto F, Carmona-Samper E. Emotional Assessment in Spanish Youths With Antisocial Behavior. Front Psychol 2021; 12:671851. [PMID: 34113299 PMCID: PMC8185134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired emotional capacity in antisocial populations is a well-known reality. Taking the dimensional approach to the study of emotion, emotions are perceived as a disposition to action; they emerge from arousal of the appetitive or aversive system, and result in subjective, behavioral, and physiological responses that are modulated by the dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance. This study uses the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) to study the interaction between the type of picture presented (pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant) and group (adolescents under custody in juvenile justice centers, adolescents under non-custodial measures, and secondary school students) in the emotional assessment of these dimensions. The interaction between the study variables was statistically significant. Statistically significant differences were found between the three types of pictures presented, in the ratings of unpleasant pictures between the custody group and the group of secondary students in regular schooling in valence, and in the ratings of unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant pictures in arousal, between the custody group and all groups. Discriminant analyses of each affective dimension indicate that the unpleasant pictures with violent and/or aggressive content tend to be in the functions that most differentiate the antisocial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-García
- Department of Psychology, Center for Health Research, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - María José Gil-Fenoy
- Department of Psychology, Center for Health Research, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Ortega-Campos
- Department of Psychology, Center for Health Research, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Flor Zaldívar-Basurto
- Department of Psychology, Center for Health Research, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Encarna Carmona-Samper
- Department of Psychology, Center for Health Research, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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12
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Tahir Y, Rahman AU, Ravana SD. An affect-based classification of emotions associated with images of food. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Racine SE, Suissa-Rocheleau L, Martin SJ, Benning SD. Implicit and explicit motivational responses to high- and low-calorie food in women with disordered eating. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 159:37-46. [PMID: 33245920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders and their symptoms are thought to be associated with altered motivational responding to food. Binge eating may relate to increased reward reactivity, restrictive eating may be associated with increased threat and/or decreased reward reactivity, and the combination of these symptoms within an individual may be linked to motivational conflict to food. Using both implicit (i.e., physiological) and explicit (i.e., self-reported) measures, we tested these hypotheses in 88 women with binge eating only, restrictive eating only, both binge eating and restrictive eating, or no eating pathology. Participants viewed and rated high-calorie food, low-calorie food, and emotional images while startle eye blink and postauricular reflexes were measured. Arousal and craving, but not valence, ratings were significantly greater for high- than low-calorie food. Startle blink reflexes during all food images were significantly lower than during neutral images, whereas only high-calorie foods related to greater postauricular reactivity than neutral images. Eating pathology group did not predict implicit and explicit motivational reactions to food. Exploratory dimensional analyses revealed that rating low-calorie foods as lower on craving predicted endorsement of restrictive eating, while rating low-calorie foods as lower on valence and arousal, and experiencing lower postauricular reactivity to high-calorie foods minus neutral images, predicted greater frequency of restrictive eating episodes. Decreased implicit and explicit appetitive motivation to high- and low-calorie food may relate to the presence and frequency of restrictive eating. Future longitudinal research should investigate whether decreased appetitive responding to food is a risk factor for, versus consequence of, restrictive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Léah Suissa-Rocheleau
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Avenue McGill College, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Shelby J Martin
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Stephen D Benning
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5030, United States
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Gantiva C, Araujo A, Calderón L, Gómez P, Reina F. Psychophysiological responses to facial expression of surprise, sadness, and disgust. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gantiva
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia,
| | - Andrés Araujo
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia,
| | - Luz Calderón
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia,
| | - Paola Gómez
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia,
| | - Fernando Reina
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia,
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15
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Kling SMR, Pearce AL, Reynolds ML, Garavan H, Geier CF, Rolls BJ, Rose EJ, Wilson SJ, Keller KL. Development and Pilot Testing of Standardized Food Images for Studying Eating Behaviors in Children. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1729. [PMID: 32793062 PMCID: PMC7385190 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food images are routinely used to investigate the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of eating behaviors, but there is a lack of standardized image sets for use in children, which limits cross-study comparisons. To address this gap, we developed a set of age-appropriate images that included 30 high-energy-dense (ED) foods (>2.00 kcal/g), 30 low-ED foods (<1.75 kcal/g), and 30 office supplies photographed in two amounts (i.e., "larger" and "smaller"). Preliminary testing was conducted with children (6-10 years) to assess recognition, emotional valence (1 = very sad, 5 = very happy), and excitability (1 = very bored, 5 = very excited). After the initial testing, 10 images with low recognition were replaced; thus, differences between Image Set 1 and Image Set 2 were analyzed. Thirty (n = 30, mean age 8.3 ± 1.2 years) children rated Set 1, and a different cohort of 29 children (mean age 8.1 ± 1.1 years) rated Set 2. Changes made between image sets improved recognition of low-ED foods (Set 1 = 88.3 ± 10.5% vs. Set 2 = 95.6 ± 10.6%; p < 0.0001) and office supplies (83.7 ± 10.5 vs. 93.0 ± 10.6%; p < 0.0001). For the revised image set, children recognized more high-ED foods (98.4 ± 10.6%) than low-ED foods (95.6 ± 10.6%; p < 0.05) and office supplies (93.0 ± 10.6%; p < 0.0001). Recognition also improved with age (p < 0.001). Excitability and emotional valence scores were greater for high-ED foods compared with both low-ED foods and office supplies (p < 0.0001 for both). However, child fullness ratings influenced the relationship between excitability/emotional valence and category of item (p < 0.002). At the lowest fullness level, high-ED foods were rated the highest in both excitability and emotional valence, followed by low-ED foods and then office supplies. At the highest fullness level, high-ED foods remained the highest in excitability and emotional valence, but ratings for low-ED foods and office supplies were not different. This suggests that low-ED foods were more exciting and emotionally salient (relative to office supplies) when children were hungry. Ratings of recognition, excitability, and emotional valence did not differ by image amount. This new, freely available, image set showed high recognition and expected differences between image category for emotional valence and excitability. When investigating children's responsiveness to food cues, specifically energy density, it is essential for investigators to account for potential influences of child age and satiety level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M R Kling
- Metabolic Kitchen and Children's Eating Behavior Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States.,Evaluation Sciences Unit, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alaina L Pearce
- Metabolic Kitchen and Children's Eating Behavior Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Marissa L Reynolds
- Metabolic Kitchen and Children's Eating Behavior Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Charles F Geier
- Laboratory, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Barbara J Rolls
- Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Emma J Rose
- Laboratory, Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Addiction Smoking and Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Metabolic Kitchen and Children's Eating Behavior Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States.,Metabolic Kitchen and Children's Eating Behavior Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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16
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Londerée AM, Wagner DD. The orbitofrontal cortex spontaneously encodes food health and contains more distinct representations for foods highest in tastiness. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 16:816-826. [PMID: 32613228 PMCID: PMC8521750 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been associated with food reward processing and is thought to represent modality-independent signals of value. Food tastiness and health are core attributes of many models of food choice and dietary self-control. Here we used functional neuroimaging to examine the neural representation of tastiness and health for a set of 28 food categories selected to be orthogonal with respect to both dimensions. Using representational similarity analysis, in conjunction with linear mixed-effects modeling, we demonstrate that the OFC spontaneously encodes food health, whereas tastiness was associated with greater neural dissimilarity. Subsequent analyses using model dissimilarity matrices that encode overall tastiness magnitude demonstrated that the neural representation of foods grows more distinct with increasing tastiness but not with increasing health. In a separate study, we use lexical analysis of natural language descriptions of food to show that food tastiness is associated with more elaborate descriptions of food. Together these data show not only that the OFC spontaneously encodes the dimensions of health and tastiness when viewing appetitive food cues, but also that the neural and cognitive representations of food categories that are the highest in tastiness are more refined than those lower in tastiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Londerée
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202, USA
| | - Dylan D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202, USA
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17
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Sato W, Minemoto K, Sawada R, Miyazaki Y, Fushiki T. Image database of Japanese food samples with nutrition information. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9206. [PMID: 32596038 PMCID: PMC7305770 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visual processing of food plays an important role in controlling eating behaviors. Several studies have developed image databases of food to investigate visual food processing. However, few databases include non-Western foods and objective nutrition information on the foods. Methods We developed an image database of Japanese food samples that has detailed nutrition information, including calorie, carbohydrate, fat and protein contents. To validate the database, we presented the images, together with Western food images selected from an existing database and had Japanese participants rate their affective (valence, arousal, liking and wanting) and cognitive (naturalness, recognizability and familiarity) appraisals and estimates of nutrition. Results The results showed that all affective and cognitive appraisals (except arousal) of the Japanese food images were higher than those of Western food. Correlational analyses found positive associations between the objective nutrition information and subjective estimates of the nutrition information, and between the objective calorie/fat content and affective appraisals. Conclusions These data suggest that by using our image database, researchers can investigate the visual processing of Japanese food and the relationships between objective nutrition information and the psychological/neural processing of food.
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18
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Lemos TC, Almo A, Campagnoli RR, Pereira MG, Oliveira L, Volchan E, Krutman L, Delgado R, Fernández-Santaella MC, Khandpur N, David IA. A red code triggers an unintended approach motivation toward sweet ultra-processed foods: Possible implications for front-of-pack labels. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Gibney KD, Kypriotakis G, Cinciripini PM, Robinson JD, Minnix JA, Versace F. Estimating statistical power for event-related potential studies using the late positive potential. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13482. [PMID: 31608456 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The late positive potential (LPP) is a common measurement used to study emotional processes of subjects in ERP paradigms. Despite its extensive use in affective neuroscience, there is presently no gold standard for how to appropriately power ERP studies using the LPP. The present study investigates how the number of trials, number of subjects, and magnitude of the effect size affect statistical power in analyses of the LPP. Using Monte Carlo simulations of ERP experiments with varying numbers of trials, subjects, and synthetic effects of known magnitude, we measured the probability of obtaining a statistically significant effect in 1,489 experiments repeated 1,000 times each. Predictably, our results showed that statistical power increases with increasing numbers of trials and subjects and at larger effect sizes. We also found that higher levels of statistical power can be achieved with lower numbers of subjects and trials and at lower effect sizes in within-subject than in between-subjects designs. Furthermore, we found that, as subjects are added to an experiment, the slope of the relationship between effect size and statistical power increased and shifted to the left until the power asymptoted to nearly 100% at higher effect sizes. This suggests that adding more subjects greatly increases statistical power at lower effect sizes (<1 µV) compared with more robust (>1.5 µV) effect sizes. We confirmed the results from the simulations based on the synthetic effects by running a new series of simulated experiments based on real data collected while participants looked at emotional images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Gibney
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas.,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer A Minnix
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Francesco Versace
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas.,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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20
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Giraldo M, Buodo G, Sarlo M. Food processing and emotion regulation in vegetarians and omnivores: An event-related potential investigation. Appetite 2019; 141:104334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Suissa-Rocheleau L, Benning SD, Racine SE. Associations between self-report and physiological measures of emotional reactions to food among women with disordered eating. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 144:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Buodo G, Rumiati R, Lotto L, Sarlo M. Does food-drink pairings affect appetitive processing of food cues with different rewarding properties? Evidence from subjective, behavioral, and neural measures. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Horne D, Palermo R, Neumann MF, Housley R, Bell J. Can People Accurately Estimate the Calories in Food Images? An Optimised Set of Low- and High- Calorie Images from the food-pics database. Appetite 2019; 139:189-196. [PMID: 31034860 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calorie intake plays an important role in maintaining a healthy weight. As such, researchers often use the calorie content of food as a distinction when investigating appetite related brain processes and eating behaviour. This distinction assumes that observers accurately perceive caloric content. However, there is evidence suggesting this is not always the case. The current study examined how accurately observers could estimate the caloric content of food images from the widely used "Food-pics" database. Eight hundred and forty psychology undergraduate students (aged 16-60, 64% female) estimated the caloric value of 178 high and 182 low calorie foods. Calorie content of food from both categories was significantly overestimated. Additionally, 7.7% of low calorie images were misperceived as being high calorie images and 35% of high calorie images were misperceived as being low calorie foods. Neither participants' gender, nor the recognisability and likability of the food images, influenced calorie estimation. Our findings show that most people are unable to accurately estimate caloric content of most food. Despite this, a selection of food images were judged accurately, and we advocate the use of these in research where it is important to have low- and high-calorie food images. Specifically, we propose an optimised stimulus set of 25 high and 25 low calorie food images that are accurately judged by adult participants. In addition, we provide the open source dataset of our ratings of Food-pics images which, when added to the existing Food-pics attributes, creates an enhanced tool for researchers selecting food stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dielle Horne
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Australia.
| | - Romina Palermo
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Australia
| | - Markus F Neumann
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Australia; German Aerospace Center (DLR), Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, 22335, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Regan Housley
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western, Australia
| | - Jason Bell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Australia
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24
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Blechert J, Lender A, Polk S, Busch NA, Ohla K. Food-Pics_Extended-An Image Database for Experimental Research on Eating and Appetite: Additional Images, Normative Ratings and an Updated Review. Front Psychol 2019; 10:307. [PMID: 30899232 PMCID: PMC6416180 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current environment is characterized by the omnipresence of food cues. The taste and smell of real foods—but also graphical depictions of appetizing foods—can guide our eating behavior, for example, by eliciting food craving and anticipatory cephalic phase responses. To facilitate research into this so-called cue reactivity, several groups have compiled standardized food image sets. Yet, selecting the best subset of images for a specific research question can be difficult as images and image sets vary along several dimensions. In the present report, we review the strengths and weaknesses of popular food image sets to guide researchers during stimulus selection. Furthermore, we present a recent extension of our previously published database food-pics, which comprises an additional 328 food images from different countries to increase cross-cultural applicability. This food-pics_extended stimulus database, thus, encompasses and replaces food-pics. Normative data from a predominantly German-speaking sample are again presented as well as updated calculations of image characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Lender
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sarah Polk
- Department of Psychology and Education, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niko A Busch
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Cognitive Neuroscience, Jülich, Germany
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25
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Gantiva C, Casas M, Ballén Y, Sotaquirá M, Romo-González T. Modulación de las respuestas fisiológicas ante estímulos afectivos: una herramienta para investigar procesos psicológicos. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy18-1.mrfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
El estudio de los procesos psicológicos suele realizarse a partir de medidas de autorreporte y, en algunos casos, a través de tareas conductuales. Sin embargo, cada vez es más necesario obtener medidas más precisas y objetivas de las respuestas psicológicas para fortalecer las conclusiones de los estudios y su alcance. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los cambios en distintas respuestas fisiológicas ante estímulos con diferente contenido afectivo, para obtener indicadores fisiológicos de los procesos atencionales, emocionales y motivacionales. Se registraron las respuestas de 40 participantes mientras observaban estímulos apetitivos, neutrales y aversivos. Los resultados muestran que los estímulos apetitivos y aversivos generan mayor respuesta de conductividad de la piel, lo que indica mayor activación simpática y mayor respuesta de orientación, así como mayor desaceleración de la tasa cardiaca y mayor inhibición prepulso, lo que sugiere una mayor respuesta atencional. También se encontró que los estímulos aversivos potencian el reflejo de sobresalto y los apetitivos lo inhiben, lo que lo convierte en un marcador fisiológico de la respuesta motivacional. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. En conjunto, los resultados apoyan el uso de estas metodologías para el estudio de la orientación/atención, la emoción y la motivación.
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26
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Toet A, Kaneko D, de Kruijf I, Ushiama S, van Schaik MG, Brouwer AM, Kallen V, van Erp JBF. CROCUFID: A Cross-Cultural Food Image Database for Research on Food Elicited Affective Responses. Front Psychol 2019; 10:58. [PMID: 30740078 PMCID: PMC6355693 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present CROCUFID: a CROss-CUltural Food Image Database that currently contains 840 images, including 479 food images with detailed metadata and 165 images of non-food items. The database includes images of sweet, savory, natural, and processed food from Western and Asian cuisines. To create sufficient variability in valence and arousal we included images of food with different degrees of appetitiveness (fresh, unfamiliar, molded or rotten, spoiled, and partly consumed). We used a standardized photographing protocol, resulting in high resolution images depicting all food items on a standard background (a white plate), seen from a fixed viewing (45°) angle. CROCUFID is freely available under the CC-By Attribution 4.0 International license and hosted on the OSF repository. The advantages of the CROCUFID database over other databases are its (1) free availability, (2) full coverage of the valence - arousal space, (3) use of standardized recording methods, (4) inclusion of multiple cuisines and unfamiliar foods, (5) availability of normative and demographic data, (6) high image quality and (7) capability to support future (e.g., virtual and augmented reality) applications. Individuals from the United Kingdom (N = 266), North-America (N = 275), and Japan (N = 264) provided normative ratings of valence, arousal, perceived healthiness, and desire-to-eat using visual analog scales (VAS). In addition, for each image we computed 17 characteristics that are known to influence affective observer responses (e.g., texture, regularity, complexity, and colorfulness). Significant differences between groups and significant correlations between image characteristics and normative ratings were in accordance with previous research, indicating the validity of CROCUFID. We expect that CROCUFID will facilitate comparability across studies and advance experimental research on the determinants of food-elicited emotions. We plan to extend CROCUFID in the future with images of food from a wide range of different cuisines and with non-food images (for applications in for instance neuro-physiological studies). We invite researchers from all parts of the world to contribute to this effort by creating similar image sets that can be linked to this collection, so that CROCUFID will grow into a truly multicultural food database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Toet
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Daisuke Kaneko
- Kikkoman Europe R&D Laboratory B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
- Microbiology & Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Inge de Kruijf
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Shota Ushiama
- Kikkoman Europe R&D Laboratory B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Research & Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda, Japan
| | - Martin G. van Schaik
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Brouwer
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Victor Kallen
- Microbiology & Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Jan B. F. van Erp
- Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
- Research Group Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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27
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Toet A, Kaneko D, Ushiama S, Hoving S, de Kruijf I, Brouwer AM, Kallen V, van Erp JBF. EmojiGrid: A 2D Pictorial Scale for the Assessment of Food Elicited Emotions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2396. [PMID: 30546339 PMCID: PMC6279862 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on food experience is typically challenged by the way questions are worded. We therefore developed the EmojiGrid: a graphical (language-independent) intuitive self-report tool to measure food-related valence and arousal. In a first experiment participants rated the valence and the arousing quality of 60 food images, using either the EmojiGrid or two independent visual analog scales (VAS). The valence ratings obtained with both tools strongly agree. However, the arousal ratings only agree for pleasant food items, but not for unpleasant ones. Furthermore, the results obtained with the EmojiGrid show the typical universal U-shaped relation between the mean valence and arousal that is commonly observed for a wide range of (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory) affective stimuli, while the VAS tool yields a positive linear association between valence and arousal. We hypothesized that this disagreement reflects a lack of proper understanding of the arousal concept in the VAS condition. In a second experiment we attempted to clarify the arousal concept by asking participants to rate the valence and intensity of the taste associated with the perceived food items. After this adjustment the VAS and EmojiGrid yielded similar valence and arousal ratings (both showing the universal U-shaped relation between the valence and arousal). A comparison with the results from the first experiment showed that VAS arousal ratings strongly depended on the actual wording used, while EmojiGrid ratings were not affected by the framing of the associated question. This suggests that the EmojiGrid is largely self-explaining and intuitive. To test this hypothesis, we performed a third experiment in which participants rated food images using the EmojiGrid without an associated question, and we compared the results to those of the first two experiments. The EmojiGrid ratings obtained in all three experiments closely agree. We conclude that the EmojiGrid appears to be a valid and intuitive affective self-report tool that does not rely on written instructions and that can efficiently be used to measure food-related emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Toet
- Human Factors, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Daisuke Kaneko
- Human Factors, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands.,Kikkoman Europe R&D Laboratory B.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shota Ushiama
- Research and Development Department, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda, Japan
| | - Sofie Hoving
- Human Factors, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Inge de Kruijf
- Human Factors, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Brouwer
- Human Factors, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands
| | - Victor Kallen
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Jan B F van Erp
- Human Factors, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Soesterberg, Netherlands.,Research Group Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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28
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Kaneko D, Toet A, Ushiama S, Brouwer AM, Kallen V, van Erp JBF. EmojiGrid: A 2D pictorial scale for cross-cultural emotion assessment of negatively and positively valenced food. Food Res Int 2018; 115:541-551. [PMID: 30599977 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of the globalization of world food markets there is a growing need for valid and language independent self-assessment tools to measure food-related emotions. We recently introduced the EmojiGrid as a language-independent, graphical affective self-report tool. The EmojiGrid is a Cartesian grid that is labeled with facial icons (emoji) expressing different degrees of valence and arousal. Users can report their subjective ratings of valence and arousal by marking the location on the area of the grid that corresponds to the emoji that best represent their affective state when perceiving a given food or beverage. In a previous study we found that the EmojiGrid is robust, self-explaining and intuitive: valence and arousal ratings were independent of framing and verbal instructions. This suggests that the EmojiGrid may be a valuable tool for cross-cultural studies. To test this hypothesis, we performed an online experiment in which respondents from Germany (GE), Japan (JP), the Netherlands (NL) and the United Kingdom (UK) rated valence and arousal for 60 different food images (covering a large part of the affective space) using the EmojiGrid. The results show that the nomothetic relation between valence and arousal has the well-known U-shape for all groups. The European groups (GE, NL and UK) closely agree in their overall rating behavior. Compared to the European groups, the Japanese group systematically gave lower mean arousal ratings to low valenced images and lower mean valence ratings to high valenced images. These results agree with known cultural response characteristics. We conclude that the EmojiGrid is potentially a valid and language-independent affective self-report tool for cross-cultural research on food-related emotions. It reliably reproduces the familiar nomothetic U-shaped relation between valence and arousal across cultures, with shape variations reflecting established cultural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kaneko
- TNO Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, the Netherlands; Kikkoman Europe R&D Laboratory B.V., Nieuwe Kanaal 7G, 6709PA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Toet
- TNO Human Factors, Kampweg 55, 3769DE Soesterberg, the Netherlands.
| | - Shota Ushiama
- Research & Development Department, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda, Japan
| | | | - Victor Kallen
- TNO Microbiology and Systems Biology, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Jan B F van Erp
- TNO Human Factors, Kampweg 55, 3769DE Soesterberg, the Netherlands; Research Group Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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Miccoli L, Martínez-Fiestas M, Delgado-Rodríguez R, Díaz-Ferrer S, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Fernández-Santaella MC. Adolescent emotions toward sweet food cues as a function of obesity and risky dieting practices. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sokunbi MO. Using real-time fMRI brain-computer interfacing to treat eating disorders. J Neurol Sci 2018; 388:109-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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David IA, Krutman L, Fernández-Santaella MC, Andrade JR, Andrade EB, Oliveira L, Pereira MG, Gomes FS, Gleiser S, Oliveira JM, Araújo RL, Volchan E, Braga F. Appetitive drives for ultra-processed food products and the ability of text warnings to counteract consumption predispositions. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:543-557. [PMID: 29173214 PMCID: PMC10284718 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017003263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to (i) assess the appetitive drives evoked by the visual cues of ultra-processed food and drink products and (ii) investigate whether text warnings reduce appetitive drives and consumers' reported intentions to eat or drink ultra-processed products. DESIGN In Study I, a well-established psychometric tool was applied to estimate the appetitive drives associated with ultra-processed products using sixty-four image representations. Sixteen product types with four exemplars of a given product were included. Pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) served as controls. The two exemplars of each product type rated as more appetitive were selected for investigation in the second study. Study II assessed the impact of textual warnings on the appetitive drive towards these thirty-two exemplars. Each participant was exposed to two picture exemplars of the same product type preceded by a text warning or a control text. After viewing each displayed picture, the participants reported their emotional reactions and their intention to consume the product. SETTING Controlled classroom experiments SUBJECTS: Undergraduate students (Study I: n 215, 135 women; Study II: n 98, 52 women). RESULTS In Study I, the pictures of ultra-processed products prompted an appetitive motivation associated with the products' nutritional content. In Study II, text warnings were effective in reducing the intention to consume and the appetitive drive evoked by ultra-processed products. CONCLUSIONS This research provides initial evidence favouring the use of text warnings as a public policy tool to curb the powerful influence of highly appetitive ultra-processed food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A David
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Laura Krutman
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jéssica R Andrade
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Andrade
- Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Mirtes G Pereira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Pires de Mello 101, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Gomes
- Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sonia Gleiser
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José M Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata L Araújo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliane Volchan
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Filipe Braga
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Campus-UFRJ-Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
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Racine SE. Emotional ratings of high- and low-calorie food are differentially associated with cognitive restraint and dietary restriction. Appetite 2018; 121:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Racine SE, Hebert KR, Benning SD. Emotional Reactivity and Appraisal of Food in Relation to Eating Disorder Cognitions and Behaviours: Evidence to Support the Motivational Conflict Hypothesis. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 26:3-10. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Racine
- Department of Psychology; Ohio University; OH USA
- Department of Psychology; McGill University; QC Canada
| | - Karen R. Hebert
- Department of Occupational Therapy; Seton Hall University; NJ USA
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Schomaker J, Rau EM, Einhäuser W, Wittmann BC. Motivational Objects in Natural Scenes (MONS): A Database of >800 Objects. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1669. [PMID: 29033870 PMCID: PMC5626981 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, we are surrounded by objects with pre-existing motivational associations. However, these are rarely controlled for in experiments with natural stimuli. Research on natural stimuli would therefore benefit from stimuli with well-defined motivational properties; in turn, such stimuli also open new paths in research on motivation. Here we introduce a database of Motivational Objects in Natural Scenes (MONS). The database consists of 107 scenes. Each scene contains 2 to 7 objects placed at approximately equal distance from the scene center. Each scene was photographed creating 3 versions, with one object (“critical object”) being replaced to vary the overall motivational value of the scene (appetitive, aversive, and neutral), while maintaining high visual similarity between the three versions. Ratings on motivation, valence, arousal and recognizability were obtained using internet-based questionnaires. Since the main objective was to provide stimuli of well-defined motivational value, three motivation scales were used: (1) Desire to own the object; (2) Approach/Avoid; (3) Desire to interact with the object. Three sets of ratings were obtained in independent sets of observers: for all 805 objects presented on a neutral background, for 321 critical objects presented in their scene context, and for the entire scenes. On the basis of the motivational ratings, objects were subdivided into aversive, neutral, and appetitive categories. The MONS database will provide a standardized basis for future studies on motivational value under realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schomaker
- Department of Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elias M Rau
- Department of Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Einhäuser
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.,Department of Neurophysics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bianca C Wittmann
- Department of Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Prada M, Rodrigues D, Garrido MV, Lopes J. Food-pics-PT: Portuguese validation of food images in 10 subjective evaluative dimensions. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Affective Pictures and the Open Library of Affective Foods (OLAF): Tools to Investigate Emotions toward Food in Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158991. [PMID: 27513636 PMCID: PMC4981440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several sets of standardized food pictures have been created, supplying both food images and their subjective evaluations. However, to date only the OLAF (Open Library of Affective Foods), a set of food images and ratings we developed in adolescents, has the specific purpose of studying emotions toward food. Moreover, some researchers have argued that food evaluations are not valid across individuals and groups, unless feelings toward food cues are compared with feelings toward intense experiences unrelated to food, that serve as benchmarks. Therefore the OLAF presented here, comprising a set of original food images and a group of standardized highly emotional pictures, is intended to provide valid between-group judgments in adults. Emotional images (erotica, mutilations, and neutrals from the International Affective Picture System/IAPS) additionally ensure that the affective ratings are consistent with emotion research. The OLAF depicts high-calorie sweet and savory foods and low-calorie fruits and vegetables, portraying foods within natural scenes matching the IAPS features. An adult sample evaluated both food and affective pictures in terms of pleasure, arousal, dominance, and food craving, following standardized affective rating procedures. The affective ratings for the emotional pictures corroborated previous findings, thus confirming the reliability of evaluations for the food images. Among the OLAF images, high-calorie sweet and savory foods elicited the greatest pleasure, although they elicited, as expected, less arousal than erotica. The observed patterns were consistent with research on emotions and confirmed the reliability of OLAF evaluations. The OLAF and affective pictures constitute a sound methodology to investigate emotions toward food within a wider motivational framework. The OLAF is freely accessible at digibug.ugr.es.
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Versace F, Kypriotakis G, Basen-Engquist K, Schembre SM. Heterogeneity in brain reactivity to pleasant and food cues: evidence of sign-tracking in humans. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:604-11. [PMID: 26609106 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant brain reward responses to food-related cues are an implied characteristic of human obesity; yet, findings are inconsistent. To explain these inconsistencies, we aimed to uncover endophenotypes associated with heterogeneity in attributing incentive salience to food cues in the context of other emotionally salient cues; a phenomenon described as sign- vs goal tracking in preclinical models. Data from 64 lean and 88 obese adults who were 35.5 ± 9.4 years old and predominantly women (79%) were analyzed. Participants viewed food-related, pleasant, neutral and unpleasant images while recording electroencephalograph. Late positive potentials were used to assess incentive salience attributed to the visual stimuli. Eating and affective traits were also assessed. Findings demonstrated that obese individuals, in general, do not demonstrate aberrant brain reward responses to food-related cues. As hypothesized, latent profile analysis of the late positive potential uncovered two distinct groups. 'Sign-trackers' showed greater responses to food-related cues (P < 0.001) but lower responses to pleasant stimuli (P < 0.001) compared with 'goal-trackers'. There were proportionally more obese than lean 'sign-trackers' (P = 0.03). Obese 'sign-trackers' reported significantly higher levels of emotional eating and food craving (P < 0.001). By examining the heterogeneity in brain reactivity to various emotional stimuli, this translational study highlights the need to consider important neurobehavioral endophenotypes of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Versace
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan M Schembre
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Wolz I, Fagundo AB, Treasure J, Fernández-Aranda F. The processing of food stimuli in abnormal eating: a systematic review of electrophysiology. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:251-61. [PMID: 25982390 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To update the knowledge about attentional processing of food stimuli, a systematic review of electrophysiological studies was conducted using PubMed, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge (2000-2014). Twenty-one studies were included into a qualitative synthesis. Presentation of food and control pictures was used to analyze event-related potentials related to sensory processing and motivated attention. Results show consistent attentional bias towards food pictures compared with neutral pictures for patient and control groups. Group comparisons between individuals with abnormal-eating and healthy-eating participants were more inconsistent. Results suggest that temporal differences in the millisecond range are essential for the understanding of visual food processing. In obesity, early attention engagement to food is followed by relatice disengagement. Loss of control eating, as well as external and emotional eating, are associated with a sustained maintenance of attention towards high-caloric food. There is a lack of studies in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wolz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
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