1
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Hietanen E, Tripathi L, Brockmann EC, Merilahti P, Lamminmäki U, Susi P. Isolation and characterization of phage display-derived scFv antibodies against human parechovirus 1 VP0 protein. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13453. [PMID: 35927325 PMCID: PMC9352675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (PeVs) are common viruses that are associated with a variety of diseases from mild gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms to severe central nervous system infections. Until now there has not been antibodies for visualizing parechovirus infection. We used E. coli recombinant PeV-A1-VP0 protein as a target in phage display single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library panning. Three rounds of panning allowed identification and isolation of several candidate scFv clones, which tested positive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against VP0. Three scFv clones (scFv-55, -59 and -71) with different CDR-3 sequences were further purified and tested in ELISA, Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFA) against a set of PeV-A1 isolates and a few isolates representing PeV types 2–6. In IFA, all three scFv binders recognized twenty PeV-A1 isolates. ScFv-55 and -71 also recognized clinical representatives of PeV types 1–6 both in IFA and in capture ELISA, while scFv-59 only recognized PeV-A1, -A2 and -A6. PeV-A1-VP0 (Harris strain) sequence was used to generate a peptide library, which allowed identification of a putative unique conformational antibody epitope with fully conserved flanking regions and a more variable core VVTYDSKL, shared between the scFv antibodies. Sequencing of the VP0 region of virus samples and sequence comparisons against parechoviral sequences in GenBank revealed 107 PeV-A1, -A3, -A8, -A17, -A (untyped) sequences with this exact epitope core sequence, which was most dominant among PeV-A1 isolates. These data suggest the first-time isolation of broad range phage display antibodies against human parechoviruses that may be used in diagnostic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Hietanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lav Tripathi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Pirjo Merilahti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Biovian Ltd, Turku, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Susi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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2
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Jan MW, Chiu CY, Chen JJ, Chang TH, Tsai KJ. Human Platelet Lysate Induces Antiviral Responses against Parechovirus A3. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071499. [PMID: 35891479 PMCID: PMC9316291 DOI: 10.3390/v14071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human platelet lysate (hPL) contains abundant growth factors for inducing human cell proliferation and may be a suitable alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a culture medium supplement. However, the application of hPL in virological research remains blank. Parechovirus type-A3 (PeV-A3) belongs to Picornaviridae, which causes meningoencephalitis in infants and young children. To understand the suitability of hPL-cultured cells for PeV-A3 infection, the infection of PeV-A3 in both FBS- and hPL-cultured glioblastoma (GBM) cells were compared. Results showed reduced PeV-A3 infection in hPL-cultured cells compared with FBS-maintained cells. Mechanistic analysis revealed hPL stimulating type I interferon (IFN) antiviral pathway, through which phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT2, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) were activated and antiviral genes, such as IFN-α, IFN-β, and Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA), were also detected. In addition, an enhanced PeV-A3 replication was detected in the hPL-cultured GBM cells treated with STAT-1 inhibitor (fludarabine) and STAT1 shRNA. These results in vitro suggested an unexpected effect of hPL-activated type I IFN pathway response to restrict virus replication and that hPL may be a potential antiviral bioreagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Jan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yun Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (T.-H.C.); (K.-J.T.)
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-H.C.); (K.-J.T.)
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3
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Jan MW, Su HL, Chang TH, Tsai KJ. Characterization of Pathogenesis and Inflammatory Responses to Experimental Parechovirus Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753683. [PMID: 34899705 PMCID: PMC8654935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus type 3 (PeV-A3) infection has been recognized as an emerging etiologic factor causing severe nerve disease or sepsis in infants and young children. But the neuropathogenic mechanisms of PeV-A3 remain unknown. To understand the pathogenesis of PeV-A3 infection in the neuronal system, PeV-A3-mediated cytopathic effects were analyzed in human glioblastoma cells and neuroblastoma cells. PeV-A3 induced interferons and inflammatory cytokine expression in these neuronal cells. The pronounced cytopathic effects accompanied with activation of death signaling pathways of apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis were detected. A new experimental disease model of parechovirus encephalitis was established. In the disease model, intracranial inoculation with PeV-A3 in C57BL/6 neonatal mice showed body weight loss, hindlimb paralysis, and approximately 20% mortality. PeV-A3 infection in the hippocampus and cortex regions of the neonatal mouse brain was revealed. Mechanistic assay supported the in vitro results, indicating detection of PeV-A3 replication, inflammatory cytokine expression, and death signaling transduction in mouse brain tissues. These in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the activation of death signaling and inflammation responses is involved in PeV-A3-mediated neurological disorders. The present results might account for some of the PeV-A3-associated clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Jan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, Agriculture Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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4
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Kabuga AI, Nejati A, Soheili P, Shahmahmoodi S. Human parechovirus are emerging pathogens with broad spectrum of clinical syndromes in adults. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2911-2916. [PMID: 32761910 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parechoviruses are emerging pathogens of humans often affecting the pediatric age group, with a growing line of evidence implicating them as agents of a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes in adults. However, because many clinicians are not familiar with the manifestation of the infections, they are not included in the list of diagnostic pathogens. Furthermore, due to the indistinguishable feature of the infection compared with other common pathogens, a large number of cases are likely to go unchecked. Some may develop asymptomatic infection and recover without overt clinical disease. In this manuscript, we reviewed available literature on parechovirus infection in adult and summarized information relating to epidemiology, clinical manifestation, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutics. The information provided should help in early case detection and support an evidence-based clinical decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Idris Kabuga
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Soheili
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Mohammadi M, Armin S, Piroozmand A. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of human parechovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Iran. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Human parechovirus (HPeV) is one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. Materials & methods: Stool specimens (n = 250) were collected from children aged ≤3 years during 2018–2019. HPeV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and genotyping by VP1 gene, Rotavirus (RV) screened by ELISA. Results: HPeV was detected in 12% of the cases. The children under 6-months old (64.2%) were a sensitive group and HPeV was more prevalent during January–February (73.3%). The co-infection of HPeV with RV was 50%. All of the sequenced samples belong to the HPeV-1 genotype. Conclusion: HPeV-1 is one of the major causes of acute viral gastroenteritis in children and the co-infection of RV can be an additional infection in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mohammadi
- PhD student of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Armin
- Assistant Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Infectious Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shaheed Behesti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Associate professor of Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Autoimmune Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kasha, Iran
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6
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Detection of Parechovirus A1 with Monoclonal Antibody against Capsid Protein VP0. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111794. [PMID: 33207765 PMCID: PMC7696872 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A (PeV-A; human parechovirus) causes mild infections and severe diseases such as neonatal sepsis, encephalitis, and cardiomyopathy in young children. Among the 19 types of PeV-A, PeV-A1 is the most common type of infection. We have previously established an immunofluorescence assay for detecting multiple PeV-A types with a polyclonal antibody against the conserved epitope of VP0. Although the polyclonal antibody is useful for PeV-A diagnosis, it could not distinguish the PeV-A genotypes. Thus, the development of a specific monoclonal antibody for identifying the common infection of PeV-A1 would be beneficial in clinical diagnosis practice. In this study, the recombinant full-length PeV-A1 VP0 protein was used in mouse immunization; a total 10 hybridomas were established. After evaluation by immunoblotting and fluorescence assays, six hybridoma clones with monoclonal antibody (mAb) production were confirmed. These mAbs, which specifically recognize viral protein PeV-A1 VP0 without cross-reactivity to PeV-A3, will prove useful in research and PeV-A1 diagnosis.
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7
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Sridhar A, Karelehto E, Brouwer L, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Parechovirus A Pathogenesis and the Enigma of Genotype A-3. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111062. [PMID: 31739613 PMCID: PMC6893760 DOI: 10.3390/v11111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A is a species in the Parechovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family that can cause severe disease in children. Relatively little is known on Parechovirus A epidemiology and pathogenesis. This review aims to explore the Parechovirus A literature and highlight the differences between Parechovirus A genotypes from a pathogenesis standpoint. In particular, the curious case of Parechovirus-A3 and the genotype-specific disease association will be discussed. Finally, a brief outlook on Parechovirus A research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Lieke Brouwer
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
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8
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Chang YT, Kung MH, Hsu TH, Hung WT, Chen YS, Yen LC, Chang TH. Aichi Virus Induces Antiviral Host Defense in Primary Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080763. [PMID: 31430947 PMCID: PMC6722774 DOI: 10.3390/v11080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus Aichi virus (AiV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus that causes acute gastroenteritis symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Antiviral host defense involves the fast response of type I interferon (IFN) and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines against pathogens. However, the intestinal inflammatory and antiviral response to AiV infection is poorly understood. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which form a single-cell layer separating the bowel wall from pathogens. Isolated primary mouse IECs were subjected to AiV infection and virion production, inducing the mRNA expression of type I/type III IFNs and inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism involved induced the expression of phospho-IFN regulatory factor 3 and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein of type I IFN signaling. These findings were also observed in AiV-infected human colon carcinoma cells. In summary, a viral productive and pathogenic infection of AiV in primary murine IECs is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Te Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Kung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Thung-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Hung
- Department of Critical Care Center Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 12221, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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9
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Chen BC, Chang JT, Huang TS, Chen JJ, Chen YS, Jan MW, Chang TH. Parechovirus A Detection by a Comprehensive Approach in a Clinical Laboratory. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120711. [PMID: 30545147 PMCID: PMC6316871 DOI: 10.3390/v10120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A (Human parechovirus, HPeV) causes symptoms ranging from severe neonatal infection to mild gastrointestinal and respiratory disease. Use of molecular approaches with RT-PCR and genotyping has improved the detection rate of HPeV. Conventional methods, such as viral culture and immunofluorescence assay, together with molecular methods facilitate comprehensive viral diagnosis. To establish the HPeV immunofluorescence assay, an antibody against HPeV capsid protein VP0 was generated by using antigenic epitope prediction data. The specificity of the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody was demonstrated on immunofluorescence assay, showing that this antibody was specific for HPeV but not enteroviruses. A total of 74 HPeV isolates, 7 non–polio-enteroviruses and 12 HPeV negative cell culture supernatant were used for evaluating the efficiency of the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody. The sensitivity of HPeV detection by the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody was consistent with 5′untranslated region (UTR) RT-PCR analysis. This study established comprehensive methods for HPeV detection that include viral culture and observation of cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence assay, RT-PCR and genotyping. The methods were incorporated into our routine clinical practice for viral diagnosis. In conclusion, this study established a protocol for enterovirus and HPeV virus identification that combines conventional and molecular methods and would be beneficial for HPeV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung81362, Taiwan.
| | - Jenn-Tzong Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Tsi-Shu Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung81362, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Jan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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10
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Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, Pollard AJ. Epidemiology and Immune Pathogenesis of Viral Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2147. [PMID: 30319615 PMCID: PMC6170629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can be caused by a broad range of pathogens; however, bacterial infections represent the majority of sepsis cases. Up to 42% of sepsis presentations are culture negative, suggesting a non-bacterial cause. Despite this, diagnosis of viral sepsis remains very rare. Almost any virus can cause sepsis in vulnerable patients (e.g., neonates, infants, and other immunosuppressed groups). The prevalence of viral sepsis is not known, nor is there enough information to make an accurate estimate. The initial standard of care for all cases of sepsis, even those that are subsequently proven to be culture negative, is the immediate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. In the absence of definite diagnostic criteria for viral sepsis, or at least to exclude bacterial sepsis, this inevitably leads to unnecessary antimicrobial use, with associated consequences for antimicrobial resistance, effects on the host microbiome and excess healthcare costs. It is important to understand non-bacterial causes of sepsis so that inappropriate treatment can be minimised, and appropriate treatments can be developed to improve outcomes. In this review, we summarise what is known about viral sepsis, its most common causes, and how the immune responses to severe viral infections can contribute to sepsis. We also discuss strategies to improve our understanding of viral sepsis, and ways we can integrate this new information into effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu-Lung Lin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P McGinley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Chang JT, Chen YS, Chen BC, Huang TS, Chang TH. Human Parechovirus Infection in Children in Taiwan: a Retrospective, Single-Hospital Study. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:291-297. [PMID: 29709990 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To understand human parechovirus (HPeV) infections in Taiwanese children, we analyzed data for 112 children (age≤10 years) with HPeV infection diagnosed between July 2007 and June 2016 in a medical center in Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. The patients were infected with HPeV1 (n=94), HPeV3 (n=3), HPeV4 (n=3), HPeV6 (n=1) and non-typeable HPeV (n=11). We compared the clinical implications for children younger than 3 months (n=56) and 3 months and older (n=31), excluding 25 children with concomitant infections. Fever was noted in almost half of the children younger than 3 months but was more frequent in older than in younger children (83.9% vs 46.4%). As compared with older children, children younger than 3 months had a lower incidence of respiratory symptoms (30.1% vs 83.9%), more frequently required intensive care unit admission (28.6% vs 3.2%), and had longer hospital stays (mean 10.95 vs 5.13 days). Importantly, about one-third of the children were suspected to have hospital-acquired or cluster infections in the environment of medical institutions, with a significantly high proportion of 42.9% (24/56) in younger infants. Hospital-acquired infections might play a key role in the spread of HPeV, especially in children younger than 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Tzong Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.,Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.,Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management
| | - Bao-Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital
| | - Tsi-Shu Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology
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12
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Olijve L, Jennings L, Walls T. Human Parechovirus: an Increasingly Recognized Cause of Sepsis-Like Illness in Young Infants. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00047-17. [PMID: 29142080 PMCID: PMC5740974 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00047-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus (HPeV) is increasingly being recognized as a potentially severe viral infection in neonates and young infants. HPeV belongs to the family Picornaviridae and is currently divided into 19 genotypes. HPeV-1 is the most prevalent genotype and most commonly causes gastrointestinal and respiratory disease. HPeV-3 is clinically the most important genotype due to its association with severe disease in younger infants, which may partly be explained by its distinct virological properties. In young infants, the typical clinical presentation includes fever, severe irritability, and rash, often leading to descriptions of "hot, red, angry babies." Infants with severe central nervous system (CNS) infections are at an increased risk of long-term sequelae. Considering the importance of HPeV as a cause of severe viral infections in young infants, we recommend that molecular diagnostic techniques for early detection be included in the standard practice for the investigation of sepsis-like illnesses and CNS infections in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laudi Olijve
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lance Jennings
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tony Walls
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
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13
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Zhao X, Shi Y, Xia Y. Genome analysis revealed novel genotypes and recombination of the human parechoviruses prevalent in children in Eastern China. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:52. [PMID: 27826360 PMCID: PMC5100207 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parechovirus (HPeV) is a genus of virus in the family Picornaviridae, having two species A and B. HPeVs are common infectious agents, usually causing mild diarrhea and respiratory disease in young children. RESULTS Here, we collected and sequenced the near complete genome sequences of 17 novel HPeVs from children with diarrhea in eastern China, which showed significant nucleotide sequence divergence. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes of these HPeV strains revealed that they belonged to seven different genotypes (including three putative novel genotypes), suggesting that HPeVs showed genotype diversity in this area. Recombination analysis indicated that one of the HPeVs, belonging to HPeV-1 with strain name 146Chzj02, was a recombinant generated by inter-genotype recombination among three HPeV strains belonging to three different genotypes, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data revealed the property of the genotype diversity of HPeVs prevalent in children with diarrhea in eastern China, which will be helpful in the future study of the viral evolution of HPeVs and the identification and typing of HPeVs in the clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhao
- Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Jiangsu 211200 China
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Jiangsu 211200 China
| | - Yu Xia
- Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Jiangsu 211200 China
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Lin TH, Cheng CC, Su HH, Huang NC, Chen JJ, Kang HY, Chang TH. Lipopolysaccharide Attenuates Induction of Proallergic Cytokines, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, and Interleukin 33 in Respiratory Epithelial Cells Stimulated with PolyI:C and Human Parechovirus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:440. [PMID: 27826297 PMCID: PMC5078322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies based on the "hygiene hypothesis" declare that the level of childhood exposure to environmental microbial products is inversely related to the incidence of allergic diseases in later life. Multiple types of immune cell-mediated immune regulation networks support the hygiene hypothesis. Epithelial cells are the first line of response to microbial products in the environment and bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems; however, their role in the hygiene hypothesis is unknown. To demonstrate the hygiene hypothesis in airway epithelial cells, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; toll-like receptor 4 ligand) on the expression of the proallergic cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin 33 (IL33) in H292 cells (pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells). Stimulation with the TLR ligand polyI:C and human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1) but not LPS-induced TSLP and IL33 through interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB activity, which was further validated by using inhibitors (dexamethasone and Bay 11-7082) and short hairpin RNA-mediated gene knockdown. Importantly, polyI:C and HPeV1-stimulated TSLP and IL33 induction was reduced by LPS treatment by attenuating TANK-binding kinase 1, IRF3, and NF-κB activation. Interestingly, the basal mRNA levels of TLR signaling proteins were downregulated with long-term LPS treatment of H292 cells, which suggests that such long-term exposure modulates the expression of innate immunity signaling molecules in airway epithelial cells to mitigate the allergic response. In contrast to the effects of LPS treatment, the alarmin high-mobility group protein B1 acts in synergy with polyI:C to promote TSLP and IL33 expression. Our data support part of the hygiene hypothesis in airway epithelia cells in vitro. In addition to therapeutic targeting of TSLP and IL33, local application of non-pathogenic LPS may be a rational strategy to prevent allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Hsiung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Nan-Chieh Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University , Pingtung , Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Menopause and Reproductive Medicine Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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