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Al-Nashash H, Wong KL, ALL AH. Hypothermia effects on neuronal plasticity post spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301430. [PMID: 38578715 PMCID: PMC10997101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SCI is a time-sensitive debilitating neurological condition without treatment options. Although the central nervous system is not programmed for effective endogenous repairs or regeneration, neuroplasticity partially compensates for the dysfunction consequences of SCI. OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESIS The purpose of our study is to investigate whether early induction of hypothermia impacts neuronal tissue compensatory mechanisms. Our hypothesis is that although neuroplasticity happens within the neuropathways, both above (forelimbs) and below (hindlimbs) the site of spinal cord injury (SCI), hypothermia further influences the upper limbs' SSEP signals, even when the SCI is mid-thoracic. STUDY DESIGN A total of 30 male and female adult rats are randomly assigned to four groups (n = 7): sham group, control group undergoing only laminectomy, injury group with normothermia (37°C), and injury group with hypothermia (32°C +/-0.5°C). METHODS The NYU-Impactor is used to induce mid-thoracic (T8) moderate (12.5 mm) midline contusive injury in rats. Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) is an objective and non-invasive procedure to assess the functionality of selective neuropathways. SSEP monitoring of baseline, and on days 4 and 7 post-SCI are performed. RESULTS Statistical analysis shows that there are significant differences between the SSEP signal amplitudes recorded when stimulating either forelimb in the group of rats with normothermia compared to the rats treated with 2h of hypothermia on day 4 (left forelimb, p = 0.0417 and right forelimb, p = 0.0012) and on day 7 (left forelimb, p = 0.0332 and right forelimb, p = 0.0133) post-SCI. CONCLUSION Our results show that the forelimbs SSEP signals from the two groups of injuries with and without hypothermia have statistically significant differences on days 4 and 7. This indicates the neuroprotective effect of early hypothermia and its influences on stimulating further the neuroplasticity within the upper limbs neural network post-SCI. Timely detection of neuroplasticity and identifying the endogenous and exogenous factors have clinical applications in planning a more effective rehabilitation and functional electrical stimulation (FES) interventions in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Al-Nashash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angelo H. ALL
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Rogujski P, Lukomska B, Janowski M, Stanaszek L. Glial-restricted progenitor cells: a cure for diseased brain? Biol Res 2024; 57:8. [PMID: 38475854 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is home to neuronal and glial cells. Traditionally, glia was disregarded as just the structural support across the brain and spinal cord, in striking contrast to neurons, always considered critical players in CNS functioning. In modern times this outdated dogma is continuously repelled by new evidence unravelling the importance of glia in neuronal maintenance and function. Therefore, glia replacement has been considered a potentially powerful therapeutic strategy. Glial progenitors are at the center of this hope, as they are the source of new glial cells. Indeed, sophisticated experimental therapies and exciting clinical trials shed light on the utility of exogenous glia in disease treatment. Therefore, this review article will elaborate on glial-restricted progenitor cells (GRPs), their origin and characteristics, available sources, and adaptation to current therapeutic approaches aimed at various CNS diseases, with particular attention paid to myelin-related disorders with a focus on recent progress and emerging concepts. The landscape of GRP clinical applications is also comprehensively presented, and future perspectives on promising, GRP-based therapeutic strategies for brain and spinal cord diseases are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rogujski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Tian B, Liu J, Guo S, Li A, Wan JB. Macromolecule-based hydrogels nanoarchitectonics with mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125161. [PMID: 37270118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of regenerative medicine in clinical therapies is becoming increasingly vital. Under specific conditions, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into mesoblastema (i.e., adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes) and other embryonic lineages. Their application in regenerative medicine has attracted a great deal of interest among researchers. To maximize the potential applications of MSCs, materials science could provide natural extracellular matrices and provide an effective means to understand the various mechanisms of differentiation for the growth of MSCs. Pharmaceutical fields are represented among the research on biomaterials by macromolecule-based hydrogel nanoarchitectonics. Various biomaterials have been used to prepare hydrogels with their unique chemical and physical properties to provide a controlled microenvironment for the culture of MSCs, laying the groundwork for future practical applications in regenerative medicine. This article currently describes and summarizes the sources, characteristics, and clinical trials of MSCs. In addition, it describes the differentiation of MSCs in various macromolecule-based hydrogel nanoarchitectonics and highlights the preclinical studies of MSCs-loaded hydrogel materials in regenerative medicine conducted over the past few years. Finally, the challenges and prospects of MSC-loaded hydrogels are discussed, and the future development of macromolecule-based hydrogel nanoarchitectonics is outlined by comparing the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingren Tian
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Songlin Guo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Aiqin Li
- Department of Day-care Unit, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao.
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu JA, Ojeda-Hernandez D, de la Fuente-Martin S, Kamal OMF, Benito-Martin MS, Selma-Calvo B, Montero-Escribano P, Matías-Guiu J. In Vitro Effects of Methylprednisolone over Oligodendroglial Cells: Foresight to Future Cell Therapies. Cells 2023; 12:1515. [PMID: 37296635 PMCID: PMC10252523 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The implantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells may be a useful therapeutic strategy for targeting remyelination. However, it is yet to be established how these cells behave after implantation and whether they retain the capacity to proliferate or differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. One essential issue is the creation of administration protocols and determining which factors need to be well established. There is controversy around whether these cells may be implanted simultaneously with corticosteroid treatment, which is widely used in many clinical situations. This study assesses the influence of corticosteroids on the capacity for proliferation and differentiation and the survival of human oligodendroglioma cells. Our findings show that corticosteroids reduce the capacity of these cells to proliferate and to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and decrease cell survival. Thus, their effect does not favour remyelination; this is consistent with the results of studies with rodent cells. In conclusion, protocols for the administration of oligodendrocyte lineage cells with the aim of repopulating oligodendroglial niches or repairing demyelinated axons should not include corticosteroids, given the evidence that the effects of these drugs may undermine the objectives of cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Jordi A. Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Denise Ojeda-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Sarah de la Fuente-Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Ola Mohamed-Fathy Kamal
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Maria Soledad Benito-Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Belen Selma-Calvo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Paloma Montero-Escribano
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
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Dwivedi S, Choudhary P, Gupta A, Singh S. Therapeutical growth in oligodendroglial fate induction via transdifferentiation of stem cells for neuroregenerative therapy. Biochimie 2023; 211:35-56. [PMID: 36842627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The merits of stem cell therapy and research are undisputed due to their widespread usage in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and demyelinating disorders. Cell replacement therapy especially revolves around stem cells and their induction into different cell lineages both adult and progenitor - belonging to each germ layer, prior to transplantation or disease modeling studies. The nervous system is abundant in glial cells and among these are oligodendrocytes capable of myelinating new-born neurons and remyelination of axons with lost or damaged myelin sheath. But demyelinating diseases generate tremendous deficit between myelin loss and recovery. To compensate for this loss, analyze the defects in remyelination mechanisms as well as to trigger full recovery in such patients mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been induced to transdifferentiate into oligodendrocytes. But such experiments are riddled with problems like prolonged, tenuous and complicated protocols that stretch longer than the time taken for the spread of demyelination-associated after-effects. This review delves into such protocols and the combinations of different molecules and factors that have been recruited to derive bona fide oligodendrocytes from in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and MSCs with special focus on MSC-derived oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Dwivedi
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Princy Choudhary
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Ayushi Gupta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, U.P., India.
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6
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Lohrasbi F, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Soghli N, Ghazvini S, Vaziri Z, Abdi S, Darban YM. The Journey of iPSC-derived OPCs in Demyelinating Disorders: From In vitro Generation to In vivo Transplantation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1980-1991. [PMID: 36825702 PMCID: PMC10514531 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230220150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of myelination is common among neurological diseases. It causes significant disability, even death, if it is not treated instantly. Different mechanisms involve the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases, such as genetic background, infectious, and autoimmune inflammation. Recently, regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy have shown to be promising for the treatment of demyelinating disorders. Stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells (ASCs), can differentiate into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which may convert to oligodendrocytes (OLs) and recover myelination. IPSCs provide an endless source for OPCs generation. However, the restricted capacity of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and myelination of iPSC-derived OPCs is a notable gap for future studies. In this article, we have first reviewed stem cell therapy in demyelinating diseases. Secondly, methods of different protocols have been discussed among in vitro and in vivo studies on iPSC-derived OPCs to contrast OPCs' transplantation efficacy. Lastly, we have reviewed the results of iPSCs-derived OLs production in each demyelination model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lohrasbi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Negar Soghli
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Sobhan Ghazvini
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Vaziri
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Sadaf Abdi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
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Promoting Oligodendrocyte Differentiation from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Activating Endocannabinoid Signaling for Treating Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:3033-3049. [PMID: 35725998 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) at the injury site is being developed as a potential therapeutic strategy for promoting remyelination and locomotor function recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). To this end, the development of expandable and functional human OPCs is crucial for testing their efficacy in SCI. In mice and rats, the endocannabinoid signaling system is crucial for the survival, differentiation, and maturation of OPCs. Similar studies in humans are lacking currently. Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids exert their effects mainly via cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R). We demonstrated that these receptors were differentially expressed in iPSC-derived human NSCs and OPCs, and they could be activated by WIN55212-2 (WIN), a potent CB1R/CB2R agonist to upregulate the endocannabinoid signaling during glial induction. WIN primed NSCs generated more OLIG2 + glial progenitors and migratory PDGFRα + OPC in a CB1/CB2 dependent manner compared to unprimed NSCs. Furthermore, WIN-induced OPCs (WIN-OPCs) robustly differentiated into functional oligodendrocytes and myelinate in vitro and in vivo in a mouse spinal cord injury model. RNA-Seq revealed that WIN upregulated the biological process of positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, WIN could act as a partial smoothed (SMO) inhibitor or activate CB1/CB2 to form heteromeric complexes with SMO leading to the inhibition of GLI1 in the Sonic hedgehog pathway. The partial and temporal inhibition of GLI1 during glial induction is shown to promote OPCs that differentiate faster than control's. Thus, CB1R/CB2R activation results in more efficient generation of OPCs that can mature and efficiently myelinate.
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Obara K, Shirai K, Hamada Y, Arakawa N, Yamane M, Takaoka N, Aki R, Hoffman RM, Amoh Y. Chronic spinal cord injury functionally repaired by direct implantation of encapsulated hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells in a mouse model: Potential for clinical regenerative medicine. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262755. [PMID: 35085322 PMCID: PMC8794105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly debilitating and recalcitrant disease with limited treatment options. Although various stem cell types have shown some clinical efficacy for injury repair they have not for SCI. Hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells have been shown to differentiate into neurons, Schwan cells, beating cardiomyocytes and many other type of cells, and have effectively regenerated acute spinal cord injury in mouse models. In the present report, HAP stem cells from C57BL/6J mice, encapsulated in polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (PFM), were implanted into the severed thoracic spinal cord of C57BL/6J or athymic nude mice in the early chronic phase. After implantation, HAP stem cells differentiated to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the regenerated thoracic spinal cord of C57BL/6J and nude mice. Quantitative motor function analysis, with the Basso Mouse Scale for Locomotion (BMS) score, demonstrated a significant functional improvement in the HAP-stem-cell-implanted mice, compared to non-implanted mice. HAP stem cells have critical advantages over other stem cells: they do not develop teratomas; do not loose differentiation ability when cryopreserved and thus are bankable; are autologous, readily obtained from anyone; and do not require genetic manipulation. HAP stem cells therefore have greater clinical potential for SCI repair than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), neuronal stem cells (NSCs)/neural progenitor cells (NPCs) or embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The present report demonstrates future clinical potential of HAP-stem-cell repair of chronic spinal cord injury, currently a recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Obara
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoumi Shirai
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Hamada
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuko Arakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michiko Yamane
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nanako Takaoka
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Aki
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YA); (RMH)
| | - Yasuyuki Amoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YA); (RMH)
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Neuroprotective Role of Hypothermia in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010104. [PMID: 35052784 PMCID: PMC8773047 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even nowadays, the question of whether hypothermia can genuinely be considered therapeutic care for patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unanswered. Although the mechanisms of hypothermia action are yet to be fully explored, early hypothermia for patients suffering from acute SCI has already been implemented in clinical settings. This article discusses measures for inducing various forms of hypothermia and summarizes several hypotheses describing the likelihood of hypothermia mechanisms of action. We present our objective neuro-electrophysiological results and demonstrate that early hypothermia manifests neuroprotective effects mainly during the first- and second-month post-SCI, depending on the severity of the injury, time of intervening, duration, degree, and modality of inducing hypothermia. Nevertheless, eventually, its beneficial effects gradually but consistently diminish. In addition, we report potential complications and side effects for the administration of general hypothermia with a unique referment to the local hypothermia. We also provide evidence that instead of considering early hypothermia post-SCI a therapeutic approach, it is more a neuroprotective strategy in acute and sub-acute phases of SCI that mostly delay, but not entirely avoid, the natural history of the pathophysiological events. Indeed, the most crucial rationale for inducing early hypothermia is to halt these devastating inflammatory and apoptotic events as early and as much as possible. This, in turn, creates a larger time-window of opportunity for physicians to formulate and administer a well-designed personalized treatment for patients suffering from acute traumatic SCI.
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Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) is a worldwide health problem affecting millions of people. Trauma of the CNS, that is, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), lead to massive and progressive cell loss and axonal degeneration, usually with very limited regeneration. At present, there are no treatments to protect injured CNS tissue or to replace the lost tissue. Stem cells are a cell type that by definition can self-renew and give rise to multiple cell lineages. In recent years, therapies using stem and progenitor cells have shown promising effects in experimental CNS trauma, particularly in the acute-subacute stage, but also in chronic injuries. However, the therapeutic mechanisms by which transplanted cells achieve the structural and/or functional improvements are often not clear. Stem cell therapies for CNS trauma can be categorized into 2 main concepts, transplantation of exogenous neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells and recruitment of endogenous stem and progenitor cells. In this review, focusing on the advances during the last decade, we will discuss the major cell therapies, the pros and cons of these 2 concepts for TBI and SCI, and the treatment strategies we believe will be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Erik Sundström, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), BioClinicum J9:20, Karolinska University Hospital, S17164 Solna, Sweden.
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Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zawadzka M, Kwaśniewska A, Miazga K, Sławińska U. Perspectives in the Cell-Based Therapies of Various Aspects of the Spinal Cord Injury-Associated Pathologies: Lessons from the Animal Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112995. [PMID: 34831217 PMCID: PMC8616284 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the spinal cord (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition often leading to severe dysfunctions, therefore an improvement in clinical treatment for SCI patients is urgently needed. The potential benefits of transplantation of various cell types into the injured spinal cord have been intensively investigated in preclinical SCI models and clinical trials. Despite the many challenges that are still ahead, cell transplantation alone or in combination with other factors, such as artificial matrices, seems to be the most promising perspective. Here, we reviewed recent advances in cell-based experimental strategies supporting or restoring the function of the injured spinal cord with a particular focus on the regenerative mechanisms that could define their clinical translation.
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All AH, Al-Nashash H. Comparative analysis of functional assessment for contusion and transection models of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2021; 59:1206-1209. [PMID: 34493803 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive secondary analysis of two spinal cord injury (SCI) animal models. OBJECTIVES To compare the somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and motor behavioral (BBB) assessments of the two most used rodent SCI models (contusion and transection), to elucidate their functional similarity and differences over the acute phase of 3 weeks. SETTING Neuro-electrophysiology SSEP and motor behavioral BBB assessments are used to provide a comparative analysis of the functional changes among various severities of contusion and transection SCI. METHODS Adult male and female rats randomly grouped (n = 5) as following: mild (6.25 mm), moderate (12.5 mm), severe (25 mm), and very severe (50 mm) contusion as well as right T10 hemi-transection (RxI), left T8 and right T10 double hemi-transection (DxI), and T8 complete transection (CxI) injuries, plus the control group (laminectomy with no injury). Animal weight, body temperature, anesthesia, surgical procedures, electrophysiological SSEP monitoring, locomotion BBB scoring, and statistical analysis were identical among all animal groups. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the SSEP and BBB data from both contusion and transection injury models indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). The results also show remarkable similarity for the severe and very severe contusion injuries to the complete transection, the moderate contusion injury to the double hemi-transection, and the mild contusion injury to the T10 hemi-transection injury. CONCLUSION Although contusion and transection spinal cord injuries have two completely different pathophysiologies, their injury progress during acute phase follow a similar trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo H All
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Hasan Al-Nashash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, UAE.
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14
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Intranasal Administration of Undifferentiated Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells as a Potential Approach to Deliver Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells into Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910738. [PMID: 34639079 PMCID: PMC8509516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) migration is a mechanism involved in remyelination; these cells migrate from niches in the adult CNS. However, age and disease reduce the pool of OPCs; as a result, the remyelination capacity of the CNS decreases over time. Several experimental studies have introduced OPCs to the brain via direct injection or intrathecal administration. In this study, we used the nose-to brain pathway to deliver oligodendrocyte lineage cells (human oligodendroglioma (HOG) cells), which behave similarly to OPCs in vitro. To this end, we administered GFP-labelled HOG cells intranasally to experimental animals, which were subsequently euthanised at 30 or 60 days. Our results show that the intranasal route is a viable route to the CNS and that HOG cells administered intranasally migrate preferentially to niches of OPCs (clusters created during embryonic development and adult life). Our study provides evidence, albeit limited, that HOG cells either form clusters or adhere to clusters of OPCs in the brains of experimental animals.
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15
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All AH, Luo S, Liu X, Al-Nashash H. Effect of thoracic spinal cord injury on forelimb somatosensory evoked potential. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:22-27. [PMID: 33991605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the forelimbs somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) signals, which are representative of the integrity of ascending sensory pathways and their stability as well as function, recorded from corresponding cortices, post thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). We designed a series of distinctive transection SCI to investigate whether forelimbs SSEPs change after right T10 hemi-transection, T8 and T10 double hemi-transection and T8 complete transection in rat model of SCI. We used electrical stimuli to stimulate median nerves and recorded SSEPs from left and right somatosensory areas of both cortices. We monitored pre-injury baseline and verified changes in forelimbs SSEP signals on Days 4, 7, 14, and 21 post-injury. We previously characterized hindlimb SSEP changes for the abovementioned transection injuries. The focus of this article is to investigate the quality and quantity of changes that may occur in the forelimb somatosensory pathways post-thoracic transection SCI. It is important to test the stability of forelimb SSEPs following thoracic SCI because of their potential utility as a proxy baseline for the traumatic SCIs in clinical cases wherein there is no opportunity to gather baseline of the lower extremities. We observed that the forelimb SSEP amplitudes increased following thoracic SCI but gradually returned to the baseline. Despite changes found in the raw signals, statistical analysis found forelimb SSEP signals become stable relatively soon. In summary, though there are changes in value (with p > 0.05), they are not statistically significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis that the mean of the forelimb SSEP signals are the same across multiple days after injury onset cannot be rejected during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo H All
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Room RRS844, Sir Run Run Shaw Building, Ho Sin Hang Campus, Hong Kong.
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hasan Al-Nashash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, ESB-2018, Engineering Science Building, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates.
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16
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Li Y, Shen PP, Wang B. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology for spinal cord injury: a promising alternative therapy. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1500-1509. [PMID: 33433463 PMCID: PMC8323703 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury has long been a prominent challenge in the trauma repair process. Spinal cord injury is a research hotspot by virtue of its difficulty to treat and its escalating morbidity. Furthermore, spinal cord injury has a long period of disease progression and leads to complications that exert a lot of mental and economic pressure on patients. There are currently a large number of therapeutic strategies for treating spinal cord injury, which range from pharmacological and surgical methods to cell therapy and rehabilitation training. All of these strategies have positive effects in the course of spinal cord injury treatment. This review mainly discusses the problems regarding stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, including the characteristics and action modes of all relevant cell types. Induced pluripotent stem cells, which represent a special kind of stem cell population, have gained impetus in cell therapy development because of a range of advantages. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be developed into the precursor cells of each neural cell type at the site of spinal cord injury, and have great potential for application in spinal cord injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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17
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Ahuja CS, Mothe A, Khazaei M, Badhiwala JH, Gilbert EA, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM, Tator C, Fehlings MG. The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1509-1530. [PMID: 32691994 PMCID: PMC7695641 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are associated with tremendous physical, social, and financial costs for millions of individuals and families worldwide. Rapid delivery of specialized medical and surgical care has reduced mortality; however, long-term functional recovery remains limited. Cell-based therapies represent an exciting neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategy for SCI. This article summarizes the most promising preclinical and clinical cell approaches to date including transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, Schwann cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells, as well as strategies to activate endogenous multipotent cell pools. Throughout, we emphasize the fundamental biology of cell-based therapies, critical features in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and the strengths and limitations of each approach. We also highlight salient completed and ongoing clinical trials worldwide and the bidirectional translation of their findings. We then provide an overview of key adjunct strategies such as trophic factor support to optimize graft survival and differentiation, engineered biomaterials to provide a support scaffold, electrical fields to stimulate migration, and novel approaches to degrade the glial scar. We also discuss important considerations when initiating a clinical trial for a cell therapy such as the logistics of clinical-grade cell line scale-up, cell storage and transportation, and the delivery of cells into humans. We conclude with an outlook on the future of cell-based treatments for SCI and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ahuja
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Andrea Mothe
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jetan H. Badhiwala
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Emily A. Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Charles Tator
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
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18
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cells-Based Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Status and Challenges. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112517. [PMID: 33233861 PMCID: PMC7699962 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by irreversible cell damage, loss of neuronal cells and limited regeneration potential of the adult nervous system. Pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into the multitude of cell types that compose the central and peripheral nervous systems and so have become the major focus of cell replacement therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cells have both been extensively studied as cell therapies in a wide range of neurodegenerative disease models in rodents and non-human primates, including Parkinson’s disease, stroke, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and pain. In this review, we discuss the latest progress made with stem cell therapies targeting these pathologies. We also evaluate the challenges in clinical application of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based therapies including risk of oncogenesis and tumor formation, immune rejection and difficulty in regeneration of the heterogeneous cell types composing the central nervous system.
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19
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Progress in Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:2853650. [PMID: 33204276 PMCID: PMC7661146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2853650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the serious neurological diseases that occur in young people with high morbidity and disability. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments for it. Stem cell (SC) treatment of SCI has gradually become a new research hotspot over the past decades. This article is aimed at reviewing the research progress of SC therapy for SCI. Methods Review the literature and summarize the effects, strategies, related mechanisms, safety, and clinical application of different SC types and new approaches in combination with SC in SCI treatment. Results A large number of studies have focused on SC therapy for SCI, most of which showed good effects. The common SC types for SCI treatment include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The modes of treatment include in vivo and in vitro induction. The pathways of transplantation consist of intravenous, transarterial, nasal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intramedullary injections. Most of the SC treatments for SCI use a number of cells ranging from tens of thousands to millions. Early or late SC administration, application of immunosuppressant or not are still controversies. Potential mechanisms of SC therapy include tissue repair and replacement, neurotrophy, and regeneration and promotion of angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory. Common safety issues include thrombosis and embolism, tumorigenicity and instability, infection, high fever, and even death. Recently, some new approaches, such as the pharmacological activation of endogenous SCs, biomaterials, 3D print, and optogenetics, have been also developed, which greatly improved the application of SC therapy for SCI. Conclusion Most studies support the effects of SC therapy on SCI, while a few studies do not. The cell types, mechanisms, and strategies of SC therapy for SCI are very different among studies. In addition, the safety cannot be ignored, and more clinical trials are required. The application of new technology will promote SC therapy of SCI.
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20
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Nieves MD, Furmanski O, Doughty ML. Host sex and transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cell phenotype interact to influence sensorimotor recovery in a mouse model of cortical contusion injury. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147120. [PMID: 32926852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a substantial cause of disability and death worldwide. Primary head trauma triggers chronic secondary injury mechanisms in the brain that are a focus of therapeutic efforts to treat TBI. Currently, there is no successful clinical strategy to repair brain injury. Cell transplantation therapies have demonstrated promise in attenuating secondary injury mechanisms of neuronal death and dysfunction in animal models of brain injury. In this study, we used a unilateral cortical contusion injury (CCI) model of sensorimotor brain injury to examine the effects of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) transplantation on pathology in male and female adult mice. We determined transplanted hiPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and neuroblasts but not astrocytes best tolerate the injured host environment. Surviving NSC and neuroblast cells were clustered at the site of injection within the deep layers of the cortex and underlying corpus callosum. Cell grafts extended neuritic processes that crossed the midline into the contralateral corpus callosum or continued laterally within the external capsule to enter the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex. To determine the effect of transplantation on neuropathology, we performed sensorimotor behavior testing and stereological estimation of host neurons, astrocytes, and microglia within the contused cortex. These measures did not reveal a consistent effect of transplantation on recovery post-injury. Rather the positive and negative effects of cell transplantation were dependent on the host sex, highlighting the importance of developing patient-specific approaches to treat TBI. Our study underscores the complex interactions of sex, neuroimmune responses and cell therapy in a common experimental model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Nieves
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Orion Furmanski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martin L Doughty
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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21
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Matías-Guiu J, Matías-Guiu JA, Montero-Escribano P, Barcia JA, Canales-Aguirre AA, Mateos-Diaz JC, Gómez-Pinedo U. Particles Containing Cells as a Strategy to Promote Remyelination in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32733364 PMCID: PMC7358567 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of demyelinated lesions is a key objective in multiple sclerosis research. Remyelination fundamentally depends on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) reaching the lesion; this is influenced by numerous factors including age, disease progression time, inflammatory activity, and the pool of OPCs available, whether they be NG2 cells or cells derived from neural stem cells. Administering OPCs has been proposed as a potential cell therapy; however, these cells can only be administered directly. This article discusses the potential administration of OPCs encapsulated within hydrogel particles composed of biocompatible biomaterials, via the nose-to-brain pathway. We also discuss conditions for the indication of this therapy, and such related issues as the influence on endogenous remyelination, migration of OPCs to demyelinated areas, and the immune response, given the autoimmune nature of multiple sclerosis. Chitosan and derivatives constitute the most promising biomaterial for this purpose, although these issues must be addressed. In conclusion, this line of research may yield an alternative to the remyelinating drugs currently being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi A Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Montero-Escribano
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Barcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan C Mateos-Diaz
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de 12 Jalisco, CIATEJ, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Papa S, Pizzetti F, Perale G, Veglianese P, Rossi F. Regenerative medicine for spinal cord injury: focus on stem cells and biomaterials. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1203-1213. [PMID: 32421405 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1770725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a dramatic medical pathology consequence of a trauma (primary injury). However, most of the post-traumatic degeneration of the tissue is caused by the so-called secondary injury, which is known to be a multifactorial process. This, indeed, includes a wide spectrum of events: blood-brain barrier dysfunction, local inflammation, neuronal death, demyelination and disconnection of nerve pathways. AREAS COVERED Cell therapy represents a promising cure to target diseases and disorders at the cellular level, by restoring cell population or using cells as carriers of therapeutic cargo. In particular, regenerative medicine with stem cells represents the most appealing category to be used, thanks to their peculiar features. EXPERT OPINION Many preclinical research studies demonstrated that cell treatment can improve animal sensory/motor functions and so demonstrated to be very promising for clinical trials. In particular, recent advances have led to the development of biomaterials aiming to promote in situ cell delivery. This review digs into this topic discussing the possibility of cell treatment to improve medical chances in SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Papa
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , Milan, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland (USI) , Lugano, Switzerland.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Milan, Italy
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23
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Zhou P, Guan J, Xu P, Zhao J, Zhang C, Zhang B, Mao Y, Cui W. Cell Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:585-605. [PMID: 31637103 PMCID: PMC6798812 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that resulted from destroyed long axis of spinal cord, affecting thousands of people every year. With the occurrence of SCI, the lesions can form cystic cavities and produce glial scar, myelin inhibitor, and inflammation that negatively impact repair of spinal cord. Therefore, SCI remains a difficult problem to overcome with present therapeutics. This review of cell therapeutics in SCI provides a systematic review of combinatory therapeutics of SCI and helps the realization of regeneration of spinal cord in the future. Recent Advances: With major breakthroughs in neurobiology in recent years, present therapeutic strategies for SCI mainly aim at nerve regeneration or neuroprotection. For nerve regeneration, the application approaches are tissue engineering and cell transplantation, while drug therapeutics is applied for neuroprotection. Cell therapeutics is a new approach that treats SCI by cell transplantation. Cell therapeutics possesses advantages of neuroprotection, immune regulation, axonal regeneration, neuron relay formation, and remyelination. Critical Issues: Neurons cannot regenerate at the site of injury. Therefore, it is essential to find a repair strategy for remyelination, axon regeneration, and functional recovery. Cell therapeutics is emerging as the most promising approach for treating SCI. Future Directions: The future application of SCI therapy in clinical practice may require a combination of multiple strategies. A comprehensive treatment of injury of spinal cord is the focus of the present research. With the combination of different cell therapy strategies, future experiments will achieve more dramatic success in spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changchun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Yingji Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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24
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Egawa N, Chung KK, Takahashi R, Lo EH, Inoue H, Arai K. Brief review: Can modulating DNA methylation state help the clinical application of oligodendrocyte precursor cells as a source of stem cell therapy? Brain Res 2019; 1723:146386. [PMID: 31419426 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are one of the major cell types in cerebral white matter, which are generated from neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and give rise to mature oligodendrocytes. Although past studies have extensively examined how OPCs are generated from NPCs and how OPCs differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes, the underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. In particular, the roles of DNA methylation and the related enzymes DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in oligodendrocyte lineage cells are still mostly unknown, although DNA methylation plays a critical role in cell fate decision in multiple cell types. Recently, OPCs were proposed as a promising source of cell-based therapy for patients with oligodendrocyte/myelin damage. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the involvement of DNMTs in OPCs would help to develop an approach for the efficient preparation of OPCs for cell-based therapy. As a part of the special issue for "Stem Cell Therapy" in Brain Research, this mini-review article first overviews the potential for clinical application of OPCs for cell-based therapy, and then summarizes the key findings of DNMT roles in OPCs, focusing on OPC generation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Egawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kelly K Chung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Shao A, Tu S, Lu J, Zhang J. Crosstalk between stem cell and spinal cord injury: pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:238. [PMID: 31387621 PMCID: PMC6683526 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The injured spinal cord is difficult to repair and regenerate. Traditional treatments are not effective. Stem cells are a type of cells that have the potential to differentiate into various cells, including neurons. They exert a therapeutic effect by safely and effectively differentiating into neurons or replacing damaged cells, secreting neurotrophic factors, and inhibiting the inflammatory response. Many types of stem cells have been used for transplantation, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, and the types of stem cells commonly used in experiments, to provide a reference for basic and clinical research on stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Sheng Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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26
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Cell therapy for spinal cord injury using induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Ther 2019; 11:75-80. [PMID: 31245451 PMCID: PMC6581851 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past few decades, spinal cord injury (SCI) has been believed to be an incurable traumatic condition, but with recent developments in stem cell biology, the field of regenerative medicine has gained hopeful momentum in the development of a treatment for this challenging pathology. Among the treatment candidates, transplantation of neural precursor cells has gained remarkable attention as a reasonable therapeutic intervention to replace the damaged central nervous system cells and promote functional recovery. Here, we highlight transplantation therapy techniques using induced pluripotent stem cells to treat SCI and review the recent research giving consideration to future clinical applications.
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Key Words
- ASIA, American Spinal Injury Association
- C-ABC, chondroitinase ABC
- CSPGs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
- CST, corticospinal tract
- CiRA, the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application
- Clinical application
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- GCV, ganciclovir
- GSI, γ-secretase inhibitor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HMGB1, high mobility group box-1
- HSVtk, herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase
- Induced pluripotent stem cells
- MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction
- NHPs, nonhuman primates
- NPCs, neural precursor cells
- Neural precursor cells
- OPCs, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SCI, spinal cord injury
- SLA, swine leukocyte antigen
- Spinal cord injury
- drNPCs, directly reprogrammed neural precursor cells
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
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27
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Teleanu RI, Gherasim O, Gherasim TG, Grumezescu V, Grumezescu AM, Teleanu DM. Nanomaterial-Based Approaches for Neural Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E266. [PMID: 31181719 PMCID: PMC6630326 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical, thermal, chemical, or ischemic injury of the central or peripheral nervous system results in neuron loss, neurite damage, and/or neuronal dysfunction, almost always accompanied by sensorimotor impairment which alters the patient's life quality. The regenerative strategies for the injured nervous system are currently limited and mainly allow partial functional recovery, so it is necessary to develop new and effective approaches for nervous tissue regenerative therapy. Nanomaterials based on inorganic or organic and composite or hybrid compounds with tunable physicochemical properties and functionality proved beneficial for the transport and delivery/release of various neuroregenerative-relevant biomolecules or cells. Within the following paragraphs, we will emphasize that nanomaterial-based strategies (including nanosized and nanostructured biomaterials) represent a promising alternative towards repairing and regenerating the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ioana Teleanu
- "Victor Gomoiu" Clinical Children's Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Oana Gherasim
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Tudor George Gherasim
- National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Daniel Mihai Teleanu
- Emergency University Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
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28
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McComish SF, Caldwell MA. Generation of defined neural populations from pluripotent stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0214. [PMID: 29786550 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and efficient generation of human neural stem cells and subsequently functional neural populations from pluripotent stem cells has facilitated advancements in the study of human development and disease modelling. This review will discuss the established protocols for the generation of defined neural populations including regionalized neurons and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Early protocols were established in embryonic stem cells (ESC) but the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in 2006 provided a new platform for modelling human disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability to produce patient- and disease-specific iPSC lines has created a new age of disease modelling. Human iPSC may be derived from adult somatic cells and subsequently patterned into numerous distinct cell types. The ability to derive defined and regionalized neural populations from iPSC provides a powerful in vitro model of CNS disorders.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F McComish
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maeve A Caldwell
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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29
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Ramotowski C, Qu X, Villa-Diaz LG. Progress in the Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in Animal Populations: Meta-Analysis and Review. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:681-693. [PMID: 30903654 PMCID: PMC6591555 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells genetically reprogrammed from somatic cells, which can be differentiated into neurological lineages with the aim to replace or assist damaged neurons in the treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) caused by physical trauma. Here, we review studies addressing the functional use of iPSC‐derived neural cells in SCIs and perform a meta‐analysis to determine if significant motor improvement is restored after treatment with iPSC‐derived neural cells compared with treatments using embryonic stem cell (ESC)‐derived counterpart cells and control treatments. Overall, based on locomotion scales in rodents and monkeys, our meta‐analysis indicates a therapeutic benefit for SCI treatment using neural cells derived from either iPSCs or ESCs, being this of importance due to existing ethical and immunological complications using ESCs. Results from these studies are evidence of the successes and limitations of iPSC‐derived neural cells in the recovery of motor capacity. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:681&693
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianggui Qu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University College of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Luis G Villa-Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University College of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, Michigan, USA
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30
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Stem cell paracrine effect and delivery strategies for spinal cord injury regeneration. J Control Release 2019; 300:141-153. [PMID: 30851286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complicated neuropathological condition that results in functional dysfunction and paralysis. Various treatments have been proposed including drugs, biological factors and cells administered in several ways. Stem cell therapy offers a potentially revolutionary mode to repair the damaged spinal cord after injury. Initially, stem cells were considered promising for replacing cells and tissue lost after SCI. Many studies looked at their differentiation to replace neuronal and glial cells for a better functional outcome. However, it is becoming clear that different functional improvements recognized to stem cells are due to biomolecular activities by the transplanted stem cells rather than cell replacement. This review aimed to discuss the paracrine mechanisms for tissue repair and regeneration after stem cell transplantation in SCI. It focuses on stem cell factor production, effect in tissue restoration, and novel delivery strategies to use them for SCI therapy.
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31
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Fu H, Hu D, Zhang L, Shen X, Tang P. Efficacy of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Rat Models with Traumatic Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2507-2518. [PMID: 29759026 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Die Hu
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhen Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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32
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DeBrot A, Yao L. The combination of induced pluripotent stem cells and bioscaffolds holds promise for spinal cord regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1677-1684. [PMID: 30136677 PMCID: PMC6128052 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.238602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are debilitating conditions for which no effective treatment currently exists. The damage of neural tissue causes disruption of neural tracts and neuron loss in the spinal cord. Stem cell replacement offers a solution for SCI treatment by providing a source of therapeutic cells for neural function restoration. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been investigated as a potential type of stem cell for such therapies. Transplantation of iPSCs has been shown to be effective in restoring function after SCIs in animal models while they circumvent ethical and immunological concerns produced by other stem cell types. Another approach for the treatment of SCI involves the graft of a bioscaffold at the site of injury to create a microenvironment that enhances cellular viability and guides the growing axons. Studies suggest that a combination of these two treatment methods could have a synergistic effect on functional recovery post-neural injury. While much progress has been made, more research is needed before clinical trials are possible. This review highlights recent advancements using iPSCs and bioscaffolds for treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley DeBrot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
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33
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Zheng W, Li Q, Zhao C, Da Y, Zhang HL, Chen Z. Differentiation of Glial Cells From hiPSCs: Potential Applications in Neurological Diseases and Cell Replacement Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:239. [PMID: 30140204 PMCID: PMC6094089 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) and play essential roles in maintaining brain homeostasis, forming myelin, and providing support and protection for neurons, etc. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the reprogramming field. Given the limited accessibility of human glial cells, in vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into glia may provide not only a valuable research tool for a better understanding of the functions of glia in the CNS but also a potential cellular source for clinical therapeutic purposes. In this review, we will summarize up-to-date novel strategies for the committed differentiation into the three major glial cell types, i.e., astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and microglia, from hiPSCs, focusing on the non-neuronal cell effects on the pathology of some representative neurological diseases. Furthermore, the application of hiPSC-derived glial cells in neurological disease modeling will be discussed, so as to gain further insights into the development of new therapeutic targets for treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuwei Da
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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34
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Nagoshi N, Khazaei M, Ahlfors JE, Ahuja CS, Nori S, Wang J, Shibata S, Fehlings MG. Human Spinal Oligodendrogenic Neural Progenitor Cells Promote Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury by Axonal Remyelination and Tissue Sparing. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:806-818. [PMID: 30085415 PMCID: PMC6216444 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation therapy utilizing neural precursor cells (NPCs) is a conceptually attractive strategy for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) to replace lost cells, remyelinate denuded host axons and promote tissue sparing. However, the number of mature oligodendrocytes that differentiate from typical NPCs remains limited. Herein, we describe a novel approach to bias the differentiation of directly reprogrammed human NPCs (drNPCs) toward a more oligodendrogenic fate (oNPCs) while preserving their tripotency. The oNPCs derived from different lines of human NPCs showed similar characteristics in vitro. To assess the in vivo efficacy of this approach, we used oNPCs derived from drNPCs and transplanted them into a SCI model in immunodeficient Rowett Nude (RNU) rats. The transplanted cells showed significant migration along the rostrocaudal axis and proportionally greater differentiation into oligodendrocytes. These cells promoted perilesional tissue sparing and axonal remyelination, which resulted in recovery of motor function. Moreover, after transplantation of the oNPCs into intact spinal cords of immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice, we detected no evidence of tumor formation even after 5 months of observation. Thus, biasing drNPC differentiation along an oligodendroglial lineage represents a promising approach to promote tissue sparing, axonal remyelination, and neural repair after traumatic SCI. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:806-818.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Nagoshi
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christopher S Ahuja
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satoshi Nori
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Nagoshi N, Okano H. iPSC-derived neural precursor cells: potential for cell transplantation therapy in spinal cord injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:989-1000. [PMID: 28993834 PMCID: PMC11105708 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that transplantation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the NPCs had been mostly harvested from embryonic stem cells or fetal tissue, raising the ethical concern. Yamanaka and his colleagues established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) which could be generated from somatic cells, and this innovative development has made rapid progression in the field of SCI regeneration. We and other groups succeeded in producing NPCs from iPSCs, and demonstrated beneficial effects after transplantation for animal models of SCI. In particular, efficacy of human iPSC-NPCs in non-human primate SCI models fostered momentum of clinical application for SCI patients. At the same time, however, artificial induction methods in iPSC technology created alternative issues including genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, and tumorigenicity after transplantation. To overcome these problems, it is critically important to select origins of somatic cells, use integration-free system during transfection of reprogramming factors, and thoroughly investigate the characteristics of iPSC-NPCs with respect to quality management. Moreover, since most of the previous studies have focused on subacute phase of SCI, establishment of effective NPC transplantation should be evaluated for chronic phase hereafter. Our group is currently preparing clinical-grade human iPSC-NPCs, and will move forward toward clinical study for subacute SCI patients soon in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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36
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Rybová J, Ledvinová J, Sikora J, Kuchař L, Dobrovolný R. Neural cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells as a model of CNS involvement in mucopolysaccharidosis type II. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:221-229. [PMID: 29168031 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) gene (IDS, Xq28). MPSII is characterized by skeletal deformities, hearing loss, airway obstruction, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiac valvular disease, and progressive neurological impairment. At the cellular level, IDS deficiency leads to lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), dominated by accumulation of dermatan and heparan sulfates. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) represent an alternative system that complements the available MPSII murine model. Herein we report on the reprogramming of peripheral white blood cells from male and female MPSII patients into iPSC using a non-integrating protocol based on the Sendai virus vector system. We differentiated the iPSC lines into IDS deficient and GAG accumulating β-Tubulin III+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes, and CNPase+ oligodendrocytes. The lysosomal system in these cells displayed structural abnormalities reminiscent of those previously found in patient tissues and murine IDS deficient neuronal stem cells. Furthermore, quantitative determination of GAGs revealed a moderate increase in GAG levels in IDS deficient neurons and glia. We also tested the effects of recombinant IDS and found that the exogenous enzyme was internalized from the culture media and partially decreased the intracellular GAG levels in iPSC-derived neural cells; however, it failed to completely prevent accumulation of GAGs. In summary, we demonstrate that this human iPSC based model expresses the cellular and biochemical features of MPSII, and thus represents a useful experimental tool for further pathogenesis studies as well as therapy development and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Rybová
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ledvinová
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
- Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kuchař
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Dobrovolný
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic.
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37
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Following the establishment of a number of successful immunomodulatory treatments for multiple sclerosis, current research focuses on the repair of existing damage. RECENT FINDINGS Promotion of regeneration is particularly important for demyelinated areas with degenerated or functionally impaired axons of the central nervous system's white and gray matter. As the protection and generation of new oligodendrocytes is a key to the re-establishment of functional connections, adult oligodendrogenesis and myelin reconstitution processes are of primary interest. Moreover, understanding, supporting and promoting endogenous repair activities such as mediated by resident oligodendroglial precursor or adult neural stem cells are currently thought to be a promising approach toward the development of novel regenerative therapies. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent developments and findings related to pharmacological myelin repair as well as to the modulation/application of stem cells with the aim to restore defective myelin sheaths.
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38
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Song L, Tsai AC, Yuan X, Bejoy J, Sart S, Ma T, Li Y. Neural Differentiation of Spheroids Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Coculture. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:915-929. [PMID: 29160172 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids, the condensed three-dimensional (3D) tissues emerged at the early stage of organogenesis, are a promising approach to regenerate functional and vascularized organ mimics. While incorporation of heterotypic cell types, such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derived neural progenitors aid neural organ development, the interactions of secreted factors during neurogenesis have not been well understood. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of the composition and structure of 3D hybrid spheroids of hiPSCs and hMSCs on dorsal cortical differentiation and the secretion of extracellular matrices and trophic factors in vitro. The hybrid spheroids were formed at different hiPSC:hMSC ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) using direct mixing or pre-hiPSC aggregation method, which generated dynamic spheroid structure. The cellular organization, proliferation, neural marker expression, and the secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and the cytokines were characterized. The incorporation of MSCs upregulated Nestin and β-tubulin III expression (the dorsal cortical identity was shown by Pax6 and TBR1 expression), matrix remodeling proteins, and the secretion of transforming growth factor-β1 and prostaglandin E2. This study indicates that the appropriate composition and structure of hiPSC-MSC spheroids promote neural differentiation and trophic factor and matrix secretion due to the heterotypic cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Song
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University; Tallahassee , Florida
| | - Ang-Chen Tsai
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University; Tallahassee , Florida
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University; Tallahassee , Florida
| | - Julie Bejoy
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University; Tallahassee , Florida
| | - Sébastien Sart
- 2 Hydrodynamics Laboratory (LadHyX) , Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR7646, Palaiseau, France
| | - Teng Ma
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University; Tallahassee , Florida
| | - Yan Li
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University; Tallahassee , Florida
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Yao L, Li Y. The Role of Direct Current Electric Field-Guided Stem Cell Migration in Neural Regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:365-75. [PMID: 27108005 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Effective directional axonal growth and neural cell migration are crucial in the neural regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). Endogenous currents have been detected in many developing nervous systems. Experiments have demonstrated that applied direct current (DC) electric fields (EFs) can guide axonal growth in vitro, and attempts have been made to enhance the regrowth of damaged spinal cord axons using DC EFs in in vivo experiments. Recent work has revealed that the migration of stem cells and stem cell-derived neural cells can be guided by DC EFs. These studies have raised the possibility that endogenous and applied DC EFs can be used to direct neural tissue regeneration. Although the mechanism of EF-directed axonal growth and cell migration has not been fully understood, studies have shown that the polarization of cell membrane proteins and the activation of intracellular signaling molecules are involved in the process. The application of EFs is a promising biotechnology for regeneration of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA.
| | - Yongchao Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
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40
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Fu Q, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Chen L, Peng J, Ao J, Li Y, Wang S, Song G, Yu L, Liu J, Zhang T. Engrafted peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote locomotive recovery in adult rats after spinal cord injury. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:3950-3966. [PMID: 28979672 PMCID: PMC5622241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe trauma of central nervous system (CNS). Numerous stem cells have been applied for SCI therapy. Peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PBMSCs) have captured researchers' attention by virtue of pluripotency and effectiveness. However, little work has been performed on whether PBMSCs play roles and what role, if any, in the lesion microenvironment. Through the investigation of the differentiation, neuroprotection and immunoloregulation of engrafted PBMSCs, we found that the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was inhibited. Meanwhile, myelin basic protein (MBP), neurofilament protein-200 (NF-200) and microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) were promoted after PBMSC transplantation (PBMSCT) by immunohistochemistry. Though engrafted PKH26+PBMSCs could survive in vivo for at least 8 w, they could not respectively express GFAP, MBP and neuronal specific neucleoprotein (NeuN) by immunofluorescence. Additionally, Flow cytometry demonstrated that the number of CD4+IL17+Th17 cells decreased while CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg ones increased after PBMSCT (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry and Elisa both showed a lower expression of IL-6 and IL-17a while a higher expression of TGF-β after PBMSCT (P < 0.05). RT-PCR indicated that Th17-relevant genes including RORγT, IL-6 and IL-21 were inhibited and resulted in the decrease of IL-23a and IL-22 secretion (P < 0.05); Treg-relevant genes including FoxP3 and TGF-β and the secretion of IL-10 were improved (P < 0.05). Accordingly, we concluded that the PBMSCT-relevant therapy took effect not through the differentiation of PBMSCs into CNS cells, but through regulating Th17/Treg-relevant gene expression, inhibiting Th17-relevant gene expression and meanwhile promoting Treg-relevant gene expression, and eventually resulted in promotion of the functional recovery of SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
- Experimental Centre, Affiliated Dongfeng General Hospital of Hubei University of MedicineShiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiachen Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Ao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shengmin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Gongyu Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Limei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, Guizhou, China
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Manley NC, Priest CA, Denham J, Wirth ED, Lebkowski JS. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells: Preclinical Efficacy and Safety in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1917-1929. [PMID: 28834391 PMCID: PMC6430160 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an important research focus for regenerative medicine given the potential for severe functional deficits and the current lack of treatment options to augment neurological recovery. We recently reported the preclinical safety data of a human embryonic cell‐derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) therapy that supported initiation of a phase I clinical trial for patients with sensorimotor complete thoracic SCI. To support the clinical use of this OPC therapy for cervical injuries, we conducted preclinical efficacy and safety testing of the OPCs in a nude rat model of cervical SCI. Using the automated TreadScan system to track motor behavioral recovery, we found that OPCs significantly improved locomotor performance when administered directly into the cervical spinal cord 1 week after injury, and that this functional improvement was associated with reduced parenchymal cavitation and increased sparing of myelinated axons within the injury site. Based on large scale biodistribution and toxicology studies, we show that OPC migration is limited to the spinal cord and brainstem and did not cause any adverse clinical observations, toxicities, allodynia, or tumors. In combination with previously published efficacy and safety data, the results presented here supported initiation of a phase I/IIa clinical trial in the U.S. for patients with sensorimotor complete cervical SCI. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1917–1929
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Manley
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California, USA
| | | | | | - Edward D Wirth
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California, USA.,Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Jane S Lebkowski
- Asterias Biotherapeutics Inc., Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, California, USA.,Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, California, USA
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42
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Vismara I, Papa S, Rossi F, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Current Options for Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:831-849. [PMID: 28811172 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex pathology that evolves after primary acute mechanical injury, causing further damage to the spinal cord tissue that exacerbates clinical outcomes. Based on encouraging results from preclinical experiments, some cell treatments being translated into clinical practice demonstrate promising and effective improvement in sensory/motor function. Combinatorial treatments of cell and drug/biological factors have been demonstrated to be more effective than cell treatments alone. Recent advances have led to the development of biomaterials aiming to promote in situ cell delivery for SCI, together with combinatorial strategies using drugs/biomolecules to achieve a maximized multitarget approach. This review provides an overview of single and combinatorial regenerative cell treatments as well as potential delivery options to treat SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Vismara
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Simonetta Papa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
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Myelinogenic Plasticity of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells following Spinal Cord Contusion Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8635-8654. [PMID: 28760862 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2409-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous remyelination occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the extent of myelin repair and identity of the cells responsible remain incompletely understood and contentious. We assessed the cellular origin of new myelin by fate mapping platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), Olig2+, and P0+ cells following contusion SCI in mice. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs; PDGFRα+) produced oligodendrocytes responsible for de novo ensheathment of ∼30% of myelinated spinal axons at injury epicenter 3 months after SCI, demonstrating that these resident cells are a major contributor to oligodendrocyte regeneration. OPCs also produced the majority of myelinating Schwann cells in the injured spinal cord; invasion of peripheral myelinating (P0+) Schwann cells made only a limited contribution. These findings reveal that PDGFRα+ cells perform diverse roles in CNS repair, as multipotential progenitors that generate both classes of myelinating cells. This endogenous repair might be exploited as a therapeutic target for CNS trauma and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to profound functional deficits, though substantial numbers of axons often survive. One possible explanation for these deficits is loss of myelin, creating conduction block at the site of injury. SCI leads to oligodendrocyte death and demyelination, and clinical trials have tested glial transplants to promote myelin repair. However, the degree and duration of myelin loss, and the extent and mechanisms of endogenous repair, have been contentious issues. Here, we use genetic fate mapping to demonstrate that spontaneous myelin repair by endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors is much more robust than previously recognized. These findings are relevant to many types of CNS pathology, raising the possibility that CNS precursors could be manipulated to repair myelin in lieu of glial transplantation.
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44
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Prasad A, Teh DBL, Blasiak A, Chai C, Wu Y, Gharibani PM, Yang IH, Phan TT, Lim KL, Yang H, Liu X, All AH. Static Magnetic Field Stimulation Enhances Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Secretion of Neurotrophic Factors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6743. [PMID: 28751716 PMCID: PMC5532210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular-level effects of low/high frequency oscillating magnetic field on excitable cells such as neurons are well established. In contrast, the effects of a homogeneous, static magnetic field (SMF) on Central Nervous System (CNS) glial cells are less investigated. Here, we have developed an in vitro SMF stimulation set-up to investigate the genomic effects of SMF exposure on oligodendrocyte differentiation and neurotrophic factors secretion. Human oligodendrocytes precursor cells (OPCs) were stimulated with moderate intensity SMF (0.3 T) for a period of two weeks (two hours/day). The differential gene expression of cell activity marker (c-fos), early OPC (Olig1, Olig2. Sox10), and mature oligodendrocyte markers (CNP, MBP) were quantified. The enhanced myelination capacity of the SMF stimulated oligodendrocytes was validated in a dorsal root ganglion microfluidics chamber platform. Additionally, the effects of SMF on the gene expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors- BDNF and NT3 was quantified. We also report that SMF stimulation increases the intracellular calcium influx in OPCs as well as the gene expression of L-type channel subunits-CaV1.2 and CaV1.3. Our findings emphasize the ability of glial cells such as OPCs to positively respond to moderate intensity SMF stimulation by exhibiting enhanced differentiation, functionality as well as neurotrophic factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankshita Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, E4, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Daniel B Loong Teh
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Agata Blasiak
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Payam M Gharibani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In Hong Yang
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thang T Phan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School. 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyunsoo Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Angelo H All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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45
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Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:637-647. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Nagoshi N, Okano H. Applications of induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2017; 141:848-860. [PMID: 28199003 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous basic research studies have suggested the potential efficacy of neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, in most such studies, the origin of the cells used was mainly fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells, both of which carry potential ethical concerns with respect to clinical use. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opened a new path toward regenerative medicine for SCI. iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells by induction of transcription factors, and induced to differentiate into NPCs with characteristics of cells of the central nervous system. The beneficial effect of iPSC-derived NPC transplantation has been reported from our group and others working in rodent and non-human primate models. These promising results facilitate the application of iPSCs for clinical applications in SCI patients. However, iPSCs also have issues, such as genetic/epigenetic abnormalities and tumorigenesis because of the artificial induction method, that must be addressed prior to clinical use. The selection of somatic cells, generation of integration-free iPSCs, and characterization of differentiated NPCs with thorough quality management are all needed to address these potential risks. To enhance the efficacy of the transplanted iPSC-NPCs, especially at chronic phase of SCI, administration of a chondroitinase or semaphorin3A inhibitor represents a potentially important means of promoting axonal regeneration through the lesion site. The combined use of rehabilitation with such cell therapy approaches is also important, as repetitive training enhances neurite outgrowth of transplanted cells and strengthens neural circuits at central pattern generators. Our group has already evaluated clinical grade iPSC-derived NPCs, and we look forward to initiating clinical testing as the next step toward determining whether this approach is safe and effective for clinical use. This article is part of the mini review series "60th Anniversary of the Japanese Society for Neurochemistry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Fattorini G, Melone M, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Arellano RO, Bassi S, Matute C, Conti F. GAT-1 mediated GABA uptake in rat oligodendrocytes. Glia 2017; 65:514-522. [PMID: 28071826 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated by the results of a recent paper on the effects of tiagabine, a selective inhibitor of the main GABA transporter GAT-1, on oligodendrogenesis, we verified the possibility that GAT-1 may be expressed in oligodendrocytes using immunocytochemical methods and functional assays. Light microscopic analysis of the subcortical white matter of all animals revealed the presence of numerous GAT-1+ cells of different size (from 3 to 29 µm) and morphology. An electron microscope analysis revealed that, besides fibrous astrocytes and interstitial neurons, GAT-1 immunoreactivity was present in immature and mature oligodendrocytes. Co-localization studies between GAT-1 and markers specific for oligodendrocytes (NG2 and RIP) showed that about 12% of GAT-1 positive cells in the white matter were immature oligodendrocytes, while about 15% were mature oligodendrocytes. In vitro functional assays showed that oligodendrocytes exhibit tiagabine-sensitive Na+ -dependent GABA uptake. Although relationships between GABA and oligodendrocytes have been known for many years, this is the first demonstration that GAT-1 is expressed in oligodendrocytes. The present results on the one hand definitely closes the era of "neuronal" and "glial" GABA transporters, on the other they suggest that oligodendrocytes may contribute to pathophysiology of the several diseases in which GAT-1 have been implicated to date. GLIA 2017;65:514-522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Fattorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60026, Italy.,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Ancona, 60121, Italy
| | - Marcello Melone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60026, Italy.,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Ancona, 60121, Italy
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED, and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Rogelio O Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Silvia Bassi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60026, Italy
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED, and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60026, Italy.,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, Ancona, 60121, Italy.,Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60026, Italy
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48
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Blair NF, Frith TJR, Barbaric I. Regenerative Medicine: Advances from Developmental to Degenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:225-239. [PMID: 28840560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tissue and organ failure caused by an injury, disease, ageing or congenital defects represents some of the most complex therapeutic challenges and poses a significant financial healthcare burden. Regenerative medicine strategies aim to fulfil the unmet clinical need by restoring the normal tissue function either through stimulating the endogenous tissue repair or by using transplantation strategies to replace the missing or defective cells. Stem cells represent an essential pillar of regenerative medicine efforts as they provide a source of progenitors or differentiated cells for use in cell replacement therapies. Whilst significant leaps have been made in controlling the stem cell fates and differentiating them to cell types of interest, transitioning bespoke cellular products from an academic environment to off-the-shelf clinical treatments brings about a whole new set of challenges which encompass manufacturing, regulatory and funding issues. Notwithstanding the need to resolve such issues before cell replacement therapies can benefit global healthcare, mounting progress in the field has highlighted regenerative medicine as a realistic prospect for treating some of the previously incurable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Blair
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas J R Frith
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ivana Barbaric
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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49
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Satti HS, Waheed A, Ahmed P, Ahmed K, Akram Z, Aziz T, Satti TM, Shahbaz N, Khan MA, Malik SA. Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: A Phase I pilot study. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:518-22. [PMID: 26971680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation has immerged as promising therapeutic approach to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). In this pilot study, we investigated the safety of intrathecal injection of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs in nine patients with SCI. METHODS Patients with complete SCI at the thoracic level were divided into two groups: chronic (>6 months, group 1) and sub-acute SCI (<6 months, group 2), according to time elapsed since injury. MSCs were isolated by density gradient separation of autologous bone marrow harvested from the iliac crest. Cells were cultured in a Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant facility to produce clinical scale dose. After quality control testing, MSCs were injected back to patients by intrathecal injection. Safety was defined as absence of adverse event and side effects after 1 month after receiving the injection. RESULTS Six patients had chronic SCI with a median duration of 33 months since date of injury (range: 10-55 months), and three patients were in sub-acute phase of disease. Each patient received two or three injections with a median of 1.2 × 10(6) MSCs/kg body weight. No treatment-related adverse event was observed during median follow-up of 720 days (range: 630-826 days) in group 1 and 366 days (range: 269-367 days) in group 2, respectively. DISCUSSION This pilot study demonstrated that autologous MSCs can be safely administered through intrathecal injection in spinal cord injury patients. Further investigation through randomized, placebo-controlled trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayoon Shafique Satti
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Akhtar Waheed
- Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Parvez Ahmed
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Zaineb Akram
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Nighat Shahbaz
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Ali Khan
- Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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50
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Stem cell regenerative potential for plastic and reconstructive surgery. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:735-744. [PMID: 27604466 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells represent heterogeneous population of undifferentiated cells with unique characteristics of long term self renewal and plasticity. Moreover, they are capable of active migration to diseased tissues, secretion of different bioactive molecules, and they have immunosuppressive potential as well. They occur in all tissues through life and are involved in process of embryogenesis and regeneration. During last decades stem cells attracted significant attention in each field of medicine, including plastic and reconstructive surgery. The main goal of the present review article is to present and discuss the potential of stem cells and to provide information about their safe utilization in chronic wounds and fistulae healing, scar management, breast reconstruction, as well as in bone, tendon and peripheral nerve regeneration.
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