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Xie T, Yao L, Li X. Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:659. [PMID: 38929098 PMCID: PMC11200795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney diseases pose a significant global health issue, frequently resulting in the gradual decline of renal function and eventually leading to end-stage renal failure. Abnormal iron metabolism and oxidative stress-mediated cellular dysfunction facilitates the advancement of kidney diseases. Iron homeostasis is strictly regulated in the body, and disturbance in this regulatory system results in abnormal iron accumulation or deficiency, both of which are associated with the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Iron overload promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction, resulting in oxidative damage to cellular molecules and impaired cellular function. Increased oxidative stress can also influence iron metabolism through upregulation of iron regulatory proteins and altering the expression and activity of key iron transport and storage proteins. This creates a harmful cycle in which abnormal iron metabolism and oxidative stress perpetuate each other, ultimately contributing to the advancement of kidney diseases. The crosstalk of iron metabolism and oxidative stress involves multiple signaling pathways, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. This review delves into the functions and mechanisms of iron metabolism and oxidative stress, along with the intricate relationship between these two factors in the context of kidney diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms should help to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop novel and effective therapeutic strategies to combat the burden of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Hacioglu C, Kar F, Ozbayer C, Gundogdu AC. Ex vivo investigation of betaine and boric acid function as preprotective agents on rat synaptosomes to be treated with Aβ (1-42). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2138-2149. [PMID: 38108610 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death process, may be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. The study evaluated the therapeutic potential of betaine and boric acid (BA) pretreatment administered to rats for 21 days in AD. Then, the rats were sacrificed, and morphological and biochemical analyses were performed in brain tissues. Next, an ex vivo AD model was created by applying amyloid-β (Aβ1-42) to synaptosomes isolated from the brain tissues. Synaptosomes were analyzed with micrograph images, and protein and mRNA levels of ferroptotic markers were determined. Betaine and BA pretreatments did not cause any morphological and biochemical differences in the brain tissue. However, Aβ (1-42) administration in synaptosomes increased the levels of acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member-4 (ACSL4), transferrin receptor-1 protein (TfR1), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and decreased the levels glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4) and glutathione (GSH). Moreover, ACSL4, GPx4, and TfR1 mRNA and protein levels were similar to the ELISA results. In contrast, betaine and BA pretreatments decreased the levels of ACSL4, TfR1, MDA, and 8-OHdG in synaptosomes incubated with Aβ1-42, while promoting increased levels of GPx4 and GSH. In addition, betaine and BA pretreatments completely reversed ACSL4, GPx4, and TfR1 mRNA and protein levels. Therefore, betaine and BA pretreatments may contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative damage by supporting antiferroptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhan Hacioglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Cansu Ozbayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Cakir Gundogdu
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
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Galy B, Conrad M, Muckenthaler M. Mechanisms controlling cellular and systemic iron homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:133-155. [PMID: 37783783 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, hundreds of proteins use iron in a multitude of cellular functions, including vital processes such as mitochondrial respiration, gene regulation and DNA synthesis or repair. Highly orchestrated regulatory systems control cellular and systemic iron fluxes ensuring sufficient iron delivery to target proteins is maintained, while limiting its potentially deleterious effects in iron-mediated oxidative cell damage and ferroptosis. In this Review, we discuss how cells acquire, traffick and export iron and how stored iron is mobilized for iron-sulfur cluster and haem biogenesis. Furthermore, we describe how these cellular processes are fine-tuned by the combination of various sensory and regulatory systems, such as the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)-iron-responsive element (IRE) network, the nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy pathway, the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) axis or the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) regulatory hub. We further describe how these pathways interact with systemic iron homeostasis control through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis to ensure appropriate iron fluxes. This knowledge is key for the identification of novel therapeutic opportunities to prevent diseases of cellular and/or systemic iron mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Galy
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Virus-associated Carcinogenesis (F170), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Muckenthaler
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Umathum V, Weber A, Amsel D, Alexopoulos I, Becker C, Roth A, Günther A, Selignow C, Ritschel N, Nishimura A, Schaiter A, Németh A, van der Ven PFM, Acker T, Schänzer A. Distribution of ferritin complex in the adult brain and altered composition in neuroferritinopathy due to a novel variant in the ferritin heavy chain gene FTH1 (c.409_410del; p.H137Lfs*4). Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13176. [PMID: 37265023 PMCID: PMC10711253 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Umathum
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyBundeswehrkrankenhaus UlmUlmGermany
| | - Axel Weber
- Institute of Human GeneticsJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Daniel Amsel
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- Institute for Lung HealthJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
- Center for Infections and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL)Institute for Lung Health (ILH) Justus‐Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Christina Becker
- Institute of PathologyCytology and Molecular PathologyWetzlarGermany
| | - Angela Roth
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Department of PulmonologyAgaplesion Evangelisches Krankenhaus GiessenGiessenGermany
- Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung DiseasesJustus‐Liebig University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Carmen Selignow
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Nadja Ritschel
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Anna Nishimura
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Alexander Schaiter
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Attila Németh
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | | | - Till Acker
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of NeuropathologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GiessenGiessenGermany
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Zhang M, Liu Z, Zhou W, Shen M, Mao N, Xu H, Wang Y, Xu Z, Li M, Jiang H, Chen Y, Zhu J, Lin W, Yuan J, Lin Z. Ferrostatin-1 attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats by inhibiting ferroptosis. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:1944-1970. [PMID: 38130589 PMCID: PMC10730959 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a type of brain damage that is caused by perinatal asphyxia and serious damages the central nervous system. At present, there is no effective drug for the treatment of this disease. Besides, the pathogenesis of HIBD remains elusive. While studies have shown that ferroptosis plays an important role in HIBD, its role and mechanism in HIBD are yet to be fully understood. Methods The HIBD model of neonatal rats was established using the Rice-Vannucci method. A complete medium of PC12 cells was adjusted to a low-sugar medium, and the oxygen-glucose deprivation model was established after continuous hypoxia for 12 h. Laser Doppler blood flow imaging was used to detect the blood flow intensity after modeling. 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining was employed to detect ischemic cerebral infarction in rat brain tissue, and hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe brain injury and mitochondrial damage. Immunofluorescence was applied to monitor the expression of GFAP. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence were utilized to detect the expression of messenger RNA and protein. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells was detected using the ROS detection kit. Results The results showed that ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) significantly alleviated the brain injury caused by hypoxia and ischemia. Fer-1 significantly increased the expression of SLC3A2, SLC7A11, ACSL3, GSS, and GPX4 (P<0.05) and dramatically decreased the expressions of GFAP, ACSL4, TFRC, FHC, FLC, 4-HNE, HIF-1α, and ROS (P<0.05). Conclusions Fer-1 inhibits ferroptosis and alleviates HIBD by potentially targeting the GPX4/ACSL3/ACSL4 axis; however, its specific mechanism warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Niping Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hang Xu
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zidi Xu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mopu Li
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuetong Chen
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianghu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junhui Yuan
- Department of Neonatology, Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, China
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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6
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Srivastava AK, Reutovich AA, Hunter NJ, Arosio P, Bou-Abdallah F. Ferritin microheterogeneity, subunit composition, functional, and physiological implications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19862. [PMID: 37963965 PMCID: PMC10646083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular iron storage protein that plays a crucial role in iron homeostasis. Animal tissue ferritins consist of multiple isoforms (or isoferritins) with different proportions of H and L subunits that contribute to their structural and compositional heterogeneity, and thus physiological functions. Using size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography, capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), and SDS-capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE), we reveal for the first time a significant variation in ferritin subunit composition and isoelectric points, in both recombinant and native ferritins extracted from animal organs. Our results indicate that subunits composition is the main determinant of the mean pI of recombinant ferritin heteropolymers, and that ferritin microheterogeneity is a common property of both natural and recombinant proteins and appears to be an intrinsic feature of the cellular machinery during ferritin expression, regulation, post-translational modifications, and post-subunits assembly. The functional significance and physiological implications of ferritin heterogeneity in terms of iron metabolism, response to oxidative stress, tissue-specific functions, and pathological processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush K Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY, 13676, USA
| | | | - Nathan J Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY, 13676, USA
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, NY, 13676, USA.
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Walter S, Mertens C, Muckenthaler MU, Ott C. Cardiac iron metabolism during aging - Role of inflammation and proteolysis. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 215:111869. [PMID: 37678569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant trace element in the human body. Since iron can switch between its 2-valent and 3-valent form it is essential in various physiological processes such as energy production, proliferation or DNA synthesis. Especially high metabolic organs such as the heart rely on iron-associated iron-sulfur and heme proteins. However, due to switches in iron oxidation state, iron overload exhibits high toxicity through formation of reactive oxygen species, underlining the importance of balanced iron levels. Growing evidence demonstrates disturbance of this balance during aging. While age-associated cardiovascular diseases are often related to iron deficiency, in physiological aging cardiac iron accumulates. To understand these changes, we focused on inflammation and proteolysis, two hallmarks of aging, and their role in iron metabolism. Via the IL-6-hepcidin axis, inflammation and iron status are strongly connected often resulting in anemia accompanied by infiltration of macrophages. This tight connection between anemia and inflammation highlights the importance of the macrophage iron metabolism during inflammation. Age-related decrease in proteolytic activity additionally affects iron balance due to impaired degradation of iron metabolism proteins. Therefore, this review accentuates alterations in iron metabolism during aging with regards to inflammation and proteolysis to draw attention to their implications and associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Walter
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Wuppertal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Immunology, and Hematology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Immunology, and Hematology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Ott
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Wuppertal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Gehrer CM, Mitterstiller AM, Grubwieser P, Meyron-Holtz EG, Weiss G, Nairz M. Advances in Ferritin Physiology and Possible Implications in Bacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4659. [PMID: 36902088 PMCID: PMC10003477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its advantageous redox properties, iron plays an important role in the metabolism of nearly all life. However, these properties are not only a boon but also the bane of such life forms. Since labile iron results in the generation of reactive oxygen species by Fenton chemistry, iron is stored in a relatively safe form inside of ferritin. Despite the fact that the iron storage protein ferritin has been extensively researched, many of its physiological functions are hitherto unresolved. However, research regarding ferritin's functions is gaining momentum. For example, recent major discoveries on its secretion and distribution mechanisms have been made as well as the paradigm-changing finding of intracellular compartmentalization of ferritin via interaction with nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). In this review, we discuss established knowledge as well as these new findings and the implications they may have for host-pathogen interaction during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M. Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Zhang J, Song Y, Li Y, Lin HB, Fang X. Iron homeostasis in the heart: Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological implications. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 174:15-24. [PMID: 36375319 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is necessary for the life of practically all living things, yet it may also harm people toxically. Accordingly, humans and other mammals have evolved an effective and tightly regulatory system to maintain iron homeostasis in healthy tissues, including the heart. Iron deficiency is common in patients with heart failure, and is associated with worse prognosis in this population; while the prevalence of iron overload-related cardiovascular disorders is also increasing. Therefore, enhancing the therapy of patients with cardiovascular disorders requires a thorough understanding of iron homeostasis. Here, we give readers an overview of the fundamental mechanisms governing systemic iron homeostasis as well as the most recent knowledge about the intake, storage, use, and export of iron from the heart. Genetic mouse models used for investigation of iron metabolism in various in vivo scenarios are summarized and highlighted. We also go through different clinical conditions and therapeutic approaches that target cardiac iron dyshomeostasis. Finally, we conclude the review by outlining the present knowledge gaps and important open questions in this field in order to guide future research on cardiac iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Song
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han-Bin Lin
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, SIMM, CAS, Zhongshan, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuexian Fang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Gehrer CM, Hoffmann A, Hilbe R, Grubwieser P, Mitterstiller AM, Talasz H, Fang FC, Meyron-Holtz EG, Atkinson SH, Weiss G, Nairz M. Availability of Ferritin-Bound Iron to Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13087. [PMID: 36361875 PMCID: PMC9657528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequestration of iron in case of infection, termed nutritional immunity, is an established strategy of host defense. However, the interaction between pathogens and the mammalian iron storage protein ferritin is hitherto not completely understood. To better characterize the function of ferritin in Gram-negative infections, we incubated iron-starved cultures of Salmonella Typhimurium and knockout mutant strains defective for major iron uptake pathways or Escherichia coli with horse spleen ferritin or ionic iron as the sole iron source. Additionally, we added bovine superoxide dismutase and protease inhibitors to the growth medium to assess the effect of superoxide and bacterial proteases, respectively, on Salmonella proliferation and reductive iron release. Compared to free ionic iron, ferritin-bound iron was less available to Salmonella, but was still sufficient to significantly enhance the growth of the bacteria. In the absence of various iron acquisition genes, the availability of ferritin iron further decreased. Supplementation with superoxide dismutase significantly reduced the growth of the ΔentC knockout strain with holoferritin as the sole iron source in comparison with ionic ferrous iron. In contrast, this difference was not observed in the wildtype strain, suggesting that superoxide dismutase undermines bacterial iron uptake from ferritin by siderophore-independent mechanisms. Ferritin seems to diminish iron availability for bacteria in comparison to ionic iron, and its iron sequestering effect could possibly be enhanced by host superoxide dismutase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M. Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Biocenter, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Universitiy of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C. Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Sarah H. Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Reddy DS, Abeygunaratne HN. Experimental and Clinical Biomarkers for Progressive Evaluation of Neuropathology and Therapeutic Interventions for Acute and Chronic Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11734. [PMID: 36233034 PMCID: PMC9570151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes commonly used experimental and clinical biomarkers of neuronal injury and neurodegeneration for the evaluation of neuropathology and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Biomarkers are vital for diagnostics of brain disease and therapeutic monitoring. A biomarker can be objectively measured and evaluated as a proxy indicator for the pathophysiological process or response to therapeutic interventions. There are complex hurdles in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of neurological disorders and the ability to diagnose them at initial stages. Novel biomarkers for neurological diseases may surpass these issues, especially for early identification of disease risk. Validated biomarkers can measure the severity and progression of both acute neuronal injury and chronic neurological diseases such as epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and other brain diseases. Biomarkers are deployed to study progression and response to treatment, including noninvasive imaging tools for both acute and chronic brain conditions. Neuronal biomarkers are classified into four core subtypes: blood-based, immunohistochemical-based, neuroimaging-based, and electrophysiological biomarkers. Neuronal conditions have progressive stages, such as acute injury, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurogenesis, which can serve as indices of pathological status. Biomarkers are critical for the targeted identification of specific molecules, cells, tissues, or proteins that dramatically alter throughout the progression of brain conditions. There has been tremendous progress with biomarkers in acute conditions and chronic diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Intercollegiate School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hasara Nethma Abeygunaratne
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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12
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Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Iron Metabolism in Failing Myocytes. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081203. [PMID: 36013382 PMCID: PMC9409945 DOI: 10.3390/life12081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a common disease that causes significant limitations on the organism's capacity and, in extreme cases, leads to death. Clinically, iron deficiency (ID) plays an essential role in heart failure by deteriorating the patient's condition and is a prognostic marker indicating poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, in HF patients, supplementation of iron is recommended. However, iron treatment may cause adverse effects by increasing iron-related apoptosis and the production of oxygen radicals, which may cause additional heart damage. Furthermore, many knowledge gaps exist regarding the complex interplay between iron deficiency and heart failure. Here, we describe the current, comprehensive knowledge about the role of the proteins involved in iron metabolism. We will focus on the molecular and clinical aspects of iron deficiency in HF. We believe that summarizing the new advances in the translational and clinical research regarding iron deficiency in heart failure should broaden clinicians' awareness of this comorbidity.
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13
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Thapa K, Khan H, Kanojia N, Singh TG, Kaur A, Kaur G. Therapeutic Insights on Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 930:175133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Ke S, Wang C, Su Z, Lin S, Wu G. Integrated Analysis Reveals Critical Ferroptosis Regulators and FTL Contribute to Cancer Progression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:897683. [PMID: 35651950 PMCID: PMC9149379 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.897683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The carcinogenesis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involve complex molecular mechanisms, and ferroptosis is related to the development and therapeutic efficacy of HCC, but the specific mechanism and prognostic role of ferroptosis-related genes in HCC have not been elucidated. Methods: Differentially expressed gene analysis, Cox regression, and unsupervised consensus clustering were applied to identify crucial ferroptosis regulators and establish ferroptosis-related subtypes in HCC. Random forest analysis and survival analysis were adopted to confirm FTL as the hub prognostic and diagnostic ferroptosis regulator in HCC. Results: The ferroptosis-related subtypes based on the crucial prognostic ferroptosis regulators showed that patients in fescluster A had a higher survival probability (p < 0.001) and better clinical characteristics than patients in fescluster B in the TCGA-LIHC cohort. Patients with a high tumor mutation burden (TMB) in fescluster B presented a significantly poorer prognosis. FTL was the core ferroptosis regulator, and its low expression revealed a significant survival advantage compared with its high expression (p = 0.03). The expression and predictive value of FTL were both closely related to the clinical features (p < 0.05). Expression of FTL accurately distinguished HCC from normal tissues in the TCGA-LIHC cohort, ICGC cohort, and GSE14520 dataset. In addition, higher infiltrating fractions of immune cells, such as activated CD8+ T cells and Gamma delta T cells, mainly enriched immune-related signaling pathways, including the IL2-STAT3 signaling pathway and interferon-gamma response signaling pathway, and higher expression of immune checkpoints, including PDCD1, CTLA4, TIGIT, and CD83, were presented in patients with high FTL expression (p < 0.05). Patients with high FTL were more sensitive to some targeted drugs, such as cisplatin, dasatinib, and sorafenib, than those with low FTL (p < 0.05). A nomogram based on FTL accurately predicted the prognosis of HCC. Further knockdown of FTL was determined to significantly inhibit cell proliferation and migration in HCC. Conclusion: Our study validated ferroptosis-related subtypes and FTL with effective prognostic value in HCC and was beneficial for identifying candidates suitable for targeted drug therapy and immunotherapy, thereby offering further insight into individual treatment strategies to improve disease outcomes in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Ke
- Hepatological Surgery Department, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Congren Wang
- Hepatological Surgery Department, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zijian Su
- Hepatological Surgery Department, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shaoze Lin
- Hepatological Surgery Department, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Gongle Wu
- Hepatological Surgery Department, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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15
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Light and heavy ferritin chain expression in the liver and kidneys of Wistar rats: aging, sex differences, and impact of gonadectomy. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:48-61. [PMID: 35390238 PMCID: PMC8999590 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin is the main intracellular storage of iron. Animal studies show that female liver and kidney express more ferritin and accumulate more iron than male. However, no study so far has investigated sex and age differences in light (FtL) and heavy (FtH) ferritin chain expression. To address this, we relied on specific antibodies and immunochemical methods to analyse the expression of both ferritin chains in the liver and kidney of 3-month and 2-year-old male and female Wistar rats. To see how sex hormones may affect expression we also studied adult animals gonadectomised at the age of 10 weeks. FtL and FtH were more expressed in both organs of female rats, while gonadectomy increased the expression in males and decreased it in females, which suggests that it is stimulated by female and inhibited by male steroid hormones. Normal kidney ferritin distribution and change with aging warrant more attention in studies of (patho) physiological and toxicological processes.
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16
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Liu T, Li L, Cheng C, He B, Jiang T. Emerging prospects of protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies for drug delivery and vaccine development. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:7267-7285. [PMID: 35692441 PMCID: PMC9166156 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteins have been widely used in the biomedical field because of their well-defined architecture, accurate molecular weight, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, and easy-to-functionalization. Inspired by the wisdom of nature, increasing proteins/peptides that possess self-assembling capabilities have been explored and designed to generate nanoassemblies with unique structure and function, including spatially organized conformation, passive and active targeting, stimuli-responsiveness, and high stability. These characteristics make protein/peptide-based nanoassembly an ideal platform for drug delivery and vaccine development. In this review, we focus on recent advances in subsistent protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies, including protein nanocages, virus-like particles, self-assemblable natural proteins, and self-assemblable artificial peptides. The origin and characteristics of various protein/peptide-based assemblies and their applications in drug delivery and vaccine development are summarized. In the end, the prospects and challenges are discussed for the further development of protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Tianyue Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
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17
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Kopeć Z, Starzyński RR, Jończy A, Mazgaj R, Lipiński P. Role of Iron Metabolism-Related Genes in Prenatal Development: Insights from Mouse Transgenic Models. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1382. [PMID: 34573364 PMCID: PMC8465470 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient during all stages of mammalian development. Studies carried out over the last 20 years have provided important insights into cellular and systemic iron metabolism in adult organisms and led to the deciphering of many molecular details of its regulation. However, our knowledge of iron handling in prenatal development has remained remarkably under-appreciated, even though it is critical for the health of both the embryo/fetus and its mother, and has a far-reaching impact in postnatal life. Prenatal development requires a continuous, albeit quantitatively matched with the stage of development, supply of iron to support rapid cell division during embryogenesis in order to meet iron needs for erythropoiesis and to build up hepatic iron stores, (which are the major source of this microelement for the neonate). Here, we provide a concise overview of current knowledge of the role of iron metabolism-related genes in the maintenance of iron homeostasis in pre- and post-implantation development based on studies on transgenic (mainly knock-out) mouse models. Most studies on mice with globally deleted genes do not conclude whether underlying in utero iron disorders or lethality is due to defective placental iron transport or iron misregulation in the embryo/fetus proper (or due to both). Therefore, there is a need of animal models with tissue specific targeted deletion of genes to advance the understanding of prenatal iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paweł Lipiński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (Z.K.); (R.R.S.); (A.J.); (R.M.)
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18
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Lu R, Jiang Y, Lai X, Liu S, Sun L, Zhou ZW. A Shortage of FTH Induces ROS and Sensitizes RAS-Proficient Neuroblastoma N2A Cells to Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168898. [PMID: 34445601 PMCID: PMC8396332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, has excellent potential as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy in different types of tumors, especially in RAS-mutated ones. However, the function of ferroptosis for inhibiting neuroblastoma, a common child malignant tumor with minimal treatment, is unclear. This study investigated the anti-cancer function of ferroptosis inducer Erastin or RSL3 in neuroblastoma N2A cells. Our results show that Erastin or RSL3 induces ROS level and cell death and, therefore, reduces the viability of RAS-proficient N2A cells. Importantly, inhibitors to ferroptosis, but not apoptosis, ameliorate the high ROS level and viability defect in Erastin- or RSL3-treated cells. In addition, our data also show that N2A cells are much more sensitive to ferroptosis inducers than primary mouse cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) or neurons. Moreover, a higher level of ROS and PARylation is evidenced in N2A, but not NSCs. Mechanically, ferritin heavy chain 1 (Fth), the ferroxidase function to oxidate redox-active Fe2+ to redox-inactive Fe3+, is likely responsible for the hypersensitivity of N2A to ferroptosis induction since its expression is lower in N2A compared to NSCs; ectopic expression of Fth reduces ROS levels and cell death, and induces expression of GPX4 and cell viability in N2A cells. Most importantly, neuroblastoma cell lines express a significantly low level of Fth than almost all other types of cancer cell lines. All these data suggest that Erastin or RSL3 induce ferroptosis cell death in neuroblastoma N2A cells, but not normal neural cells, regardless of RAS mutations, due to inadequate FTH. This study, therefore, provides new evidence that ferroptosis could be a promising therapeutic target for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Lu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (R.L.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Yinan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (R.L.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Xianxin Lai
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (R.L.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Shujie Liu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (R.L.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Z.-W.Z.); Tel.: +86-20-83271560 (Z.-W.Z.)
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (R.L.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (Z.-W.Z.); Tel.: +86-20-83271560 (Z.-W.Z.)
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19
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Conservative and Atypical Ferritins of Sponges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168635. [PMID: 34445356 PMCID: PMC8395497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritins comprise a conservative family of proteins found in all species and play an essential role in resistance to redox stress, immune response, and cell differentiation. Sponges (Porifera) are the oldest Metazoa that show unique plasticity and regenerative potential. Here, we characterize the ferritins of two cold-water sponges using proteomics, spectral microscopy, and bioinformatic analysis. The recently duplicated conservative HdF1a/b and atypical HdF2 genes were found in the Halisarca dujardini genome. Multiple related transcripts of HpF1 were identified in the Halichondria panicea transcriptome. Expression of HdF1a/b was much higher than that of HdF2 in all annual seasons and regulated differently during the sponge dissociation/reaggregation. The presence of the MRE and HRE motifs in the HdF1 and HdF2 promotor regions and the IRE motif in mRNAs of HdF1 and HpF indicates that sponge ferritins expression depends on the cellular iron and oxygen levels. The gel electrophoresis combined with specific staining and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of ferric ions and ferritins in multi-subunit complexes. The 3D modeling predicts the iron-binding capacity of HdF1 and HpF1 at the ferroxidase center and the absence of iron-binding in atypical HdF2. Interestingly, atypical ferritins lacking iron-binding capacity were found in genomes of many invertebrate species. Their function deserves further research.
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20
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Sun X, Hong Y, Gong Y, Zheng S, Xie D. Bioengineered Ferritin Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7023. [PMID: 34209892 PMCID: PMC8268655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin naturally exists in most organisms and can specifically recognize the transferrin 1 receptor (TfR1), which is generally highly expressed on various types of tumor cells. The pH dependent reversible assembling and disassembling property of ferritin renders it as a suitable candidate for encapsulating a variety of anticancer drugs and imaging probes. Ferritins external surface is chemically and genetically modifiable which can serve as attachment site for tumor specific targeting peptides or moieties. Moreover, the biological origin of these protein cages makes it a biocompatible nanocarrier that stabilizes and protects the enclosed particles from the external environment without provoking any toxic or immunogenic responses. Recent studies, further establish ferritin as a multifunctional nanocarrier for targeted cancer chemotherapy and phototherapy. In this review, we introduce the favorable characteristics of ferritin drug carriers, the specific targeted surface modification and a multifunctional nanocarriers combined chemotherapy with phototherapy for tumor treatment. Taken together, ferritin is a potential ideal base of engineered nanoparticles for tumor therapy and still needs to explore more on its way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanrong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.H.); (Y.G.); (S.Z.); (D.X.)
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21
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Saha P, Xiao X, Li Y, Golonka RM, Abokor AA, Yeoh BS, Vijay-Kumar M. Distinct iron homeostasis in C57BL/6 and Balb/c mouse strains. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14441. [PMID: 32385968 PMCID: PMC7210116 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 (BL6) and Balb/c mice exhibit prototypical Th1- and Th2-dominant immune predispositions, respectively. Iron is a proinflammatory metal ion; however, limited information is documented on the differences in iron homeostasis between BL6 and Balb/c strains. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which strain-level differences in these mice dictates the regulation of iron homeostasis during physiologic and inflammatory conditions. At basal levels, Balb/c mice displayed significantly higher levels of iron in systemic circulation and tissue compared to BL6 mice. Moreover, Balb/c mice had greater iron absorption as indicated by higher gene expressions of duodenal DcytB, DMT1, Fpn, SFT, and Heph. Similarly, hepatic Tf, TfR1, TfR2, and DMT1 expressions were augmented in Balb/c mice. Interestingly, there was no change in hepatic Hamp expression between the two strains, suggesting that the disparity in their maintenance of iron is independent of hepcidin. Additionally, the basal levels of intracellular labile iron pool in Balb/c intestinal epithelial cells, and bone marrow-derived macrophages and neutrophils, were higher compared to BL6 mice. When mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide, the acute inflammatory response in BL6 mice was more pronounced than in Balb/c mice, as indicated by the more rapid development of hypoferremia and upregulation of serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in BL6 mice. In conclusion, this study underscores that iron homeostasis is distinct between BL6 and Balb/c strains under both physiologic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed A Abokor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
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22
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Rui T, Wang H, Li Q, Cheng Y, Gao Y, Fang X, Ma X, Chen G, Gao C, Gu Z, Song S, Zhang J, Wang C, Wang Z, Wang T, Zhang M, Min J, Chen X, Tao L, Wang F, Luo C. Deletion of ferritin H in neurons counteracts the protective effect of melatonin against traumatic brain injury-induced ferroptosis. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12704. [PMID: 33206394 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that ferroptosis may be important in the pathophysiological process of traumatic brain injury (TBI). As a major hormone of the pineal gland, melatonin exerts many beneficial effects on TBI, but there is no information regarding the effects of melatonin on ferroptosis after TBI. As expected, TBI resulted in the time-course changes of ferroptosis-related molecules expression and iron accumulation in the ipsilateral cortex. Importantly, we found that treating with melatonin potently rescued TBI induced the changes mentioned above and improved functional deficits versus vehicle. Similar results were obtained with a ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1. Moreover, the protective effect of melatonin is likely dependent on melatonin receptor 1B (MT2). Although ferritin plays a vital role in iron metabolism by storing excess cellular iron, its precise function in the brain, and whether it involves melatonin's neuroprotection remain unexplored. Considering ferritin H (Fth) is expressed predominantly in the neurons and global loss of Fth in mice induces early embryonic lethality, we then generated neuron-specific Fth conditional knockout (Fth-KO) mice, which are viable and fertile but have altered iron metabolism. In addition, Fth-KO mice were more susceptible to ferroptosis after TBI, and the neuroprotection by melatonin was largely abolished in Fth-KO mice. In vitro siFth experiments further confirmed the results mentioned above. Taken together, these data indicate that melatonin produces cerebroprotection, at least partly by inhibiting neuronal Fth-mediated ferroptosis following TBI, supporting the notion that melatonin is an excellent ferroptosis inhibitor and its anti-ferroptosis provides a potential therapeutic target for treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuexian Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuying Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiya Gu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shunchen Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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23
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Zhang N, Yu X, Xie J, Xu H. New Insights into the Role of Ferritin in Iron Homeostasis and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2812-2823. [PMID: 33507490 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has indicated that iron deposition is one of the key factors leading to neuronal death in the neurodegenerative diseases. Ferritin is a hollow iron storage protein composed of 24 subunits of two types, ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and ferritin light chain (FTL), which plays an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis. Recently, the discovery of extracellular ferritin and ferritin in exosomes indicates that ferritin might be not only an iron storage protein within the cell, but might also be an important factor in the regulation of tissue and body iron homeostasis. In this review, we first described the structural characteristics, regulation and the physiological functions of ferritin. Secondly, we reviewed the current evidence concerning the mechanisms underlying the secretion of ferritin and the possible role of secreted ferritin in the brain. Then, we summarized the relationship between ferritin and the neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neuroferritinopathy (NF). Given the importance and relationship between iron and neurodegenerative diseases, understanding the role of ferritin in the brain can be expected to contribute to our knowledge of iron dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Huamin Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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24
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Adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia on pregnancy outcome and offspring development and intervention of three iron supplements. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1347. [PMID: 33446747 PMCID: PMC7809104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common micronutrient deficiency among pregnant women with severe consequences including impaired immuno-inflammatory system, premature birth, fetal death etc. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of three iron supplements on IDA female rats and their offspring. The IDA female rat model was established with low iron diet and the rats were then mated. After pregnancy, rats were fed diets containing different iron supplements (iron polysaccharide complex, iron protein succinylate and ferrous sulfate) until their offspring were 42 days old. Pregnancy outcomes, haematological, iron metabolism, physical and neurological development indexes were determined. The results showed that all three iron supplements improved the levels of hematological parameters of both mother and offspring rats. After iron supplementation, serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels were increased compared with the IDA group. The level of ferritin light chain in the liver and spleen of both mother and offspring rats in iron supplemented groups was significantly higher than that of the IDA group. The average number of born alive per litter in the iron treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the IDA group. Iron supplements also improved the physical growth and neurobehavioral development of offspring rats. It was also found that iron supplementation improved the expression of ferritin light chain and the synaptic growth associated proteins in the brain and hippocampus. No significant difference was found in the efficacy of three iron supplements. These results suggest that pregnant and postpartum IDA affects pregnancy outcomes, offspring physical development and causes neural impairment. Sufficient iron supplementation can significantly improve IDA and its adverse effects on both mother and offspring.
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25
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Chen X, Yu C, Kang R, Tang D. Iron Metabolism in Ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590226. [PMID: 33117818 PMCID: PMC7575751 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is characterized by iron-dependent oxidative damage and subsequent plasma membrane ruptures and the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Due to the role of iron in mediating the production of reactive oxygen species and enzyme activity in lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis is strictly controlled by regulators involved in many aspects of iron metabolism, such as iron uptake, storage, utilization, and efflux. Translational and transcriptional regulation of iron homeostasis provide an integrated network to determine the sensitivity of ferroptosis. Impaired ferroptosis is implicated in various iron-related pathological conditions or diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of iron metabolism during ferroptosis may provide effective strategies for the treatment of ferroptosis-associated diseases. Indeed, iron chelators effectively prevent the occurrence of ferroptosis, which may provide new approaches for the treatment of iron-related disorders. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the theoretical modeling of iron-dependent ferroptosis, and highlight the therapeutic implications of iron chelators in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chunhua Yu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Daolin Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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26
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Altamura S, Marques O, Colucci S, Mertens C, Alikhanyan K, Muckenthaler MU. Regulation of iron homeostasis: Lessons from mouse models. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Fang X, Cai Z, Wang H, Han D, Cheng Q, Zhang P, Gao F, Yu Y, Song Z, Wu Q, An P, Huang S, Pan J, Chen HZ, Chen J, Linkermann A, Min J, Wang F. Loss of Cardiac Ferritin H Facilitates Cardiomyopathy via Slc7a11-Mediated Ferroptosis. Circ Res 2020; 127:486-501. [PMID: 32349646 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Maintaining iron homeostasis is essential for proper cardiac function. Both iron deficiency and iron overload are associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure via complex mechanisms. Although ferritin plays a central role in iron metabolism by storing excess cellular iron, the molecular function of ferritin in cardiomyocytes remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To characterize the functional role of Fth (ferritin H) in mediating cardiac iron homeostasis and heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice expressing a conditional Fth knockout allele were crossed with 2 distinct Cre recombinase-expressing mouse lines, resulting in offspring that lack Fth expression specifically in myocytes (MCK-Cre) or cardiomyocytes (Myh6-Cre). Mice lacking Fth in cardiomyocytes had decreased cardiac iron levels and increased oxidative stress, resulting in mild cardiac injury upon aging. However, feeding these mice a high-iron diet caused severe cardiac injury and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with molecular features typical of ferroptosis, including reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Ferrostatin-1, a specific inhibitor of ferroptosis, rescued this phenotype, supporting the notion that ferroptosis plays a pathophysiological role in the heart. Finally, we found that Fth-deficient cardiomyocytes have reduced expression of the ferroptosis regulator Slc7a11, and overexpressing Slc7a11 selectively in cardiomyocytes increased GSH levels and prevented cardiac ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide compelling evidence that ferritin plays a major role in protecting against cardiac ferroptosis and subsequent heart failure, thereby providing a possible new therapeutic target for patients at risk of developing cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexian Fang
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University (X.F., P.A., F.W.).,Department of Nutrition, Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, China (X.F., H.W., F.W.)
| | - Zhaoxian Cai
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, China (X.F., H.W., F.W.)
| | - Dan Han
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Gao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital (F.G., J.C.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zijun Song
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng An
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University (X.F., P.A., F.W.)
| | - Sicong Huang
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (H.-Z.C.)
| | - Jinghai Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital (F.G., J.C.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (A.L.)
| | - Junxia Min
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- From the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health (X.F., Z.C., D.H., Q.C., P.Z., Y.Y., Z.S., Q.W., S.H., J.P., J.M., F.W.), Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University (X.F., P.A., F.W.).,Department of Nutrition, Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, China (X.F., H.W., F.W.)
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Abstract
Ferritins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that regulate cellular iron metabolism. It is the only intracellular protein that is capable of storing large quantities of iron. Although the ratio of different subunits determines the iron content of each ferritin molecule, the exact mechanism that dictates organization of these subunits still is unclear. In this review, we address renal ferritin expression and its implication in kidney disease. Specifically, we address the role of ferritin subunits in preventing kidney injury and also promoting tolerance against infection-associated kidney injury. We describe functions for ferritin that are independent of its ability to ferroxidize and store iron. We further discuss the implications of ferritin in body fluids, including blood and urine, during inflammation and kidney disease. Although there are several in-depth review articles on ferritin in the context of iron metabolism, we chose to focus on the role of ferritin particularly in kidney health and disease and highlight unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla McCullough
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Subhashini Bolisetty
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
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29
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Abstract
Iron is critically important and highly regulated trace metal in the human body. However, in its free ion form, it is known to be cytotoxic; therefore, it is bound to iron storing protein, ferritin. Ferritin is a key regulator of body iron homeostasis able to form various types of minerals depending on the tissue environment. Each mineral, e.g. magnetite, maghemite, goethite, akaganeite or hematite, present in the ferritin core carry different characteristics possibly affecting cells in the tissue. In specific cases, it can lead to disease development. Widely studied connection with neurodegenerative conditions is widely studied, including Alzheimer disease. Although the exact ferritin structure and its distribution throughout a human body are still not fully known, many studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms involved in its regulation and pathogenesis. In this review, we try to summarize the iron uptake into the body. Next, we discuss the known occurrence of ferritin in human tissues. Lastly, we also examine the formation of iron oxides and their involvement in brain functions.
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30
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Muhoberac BB, Vidal R. Iron, Ferritin, Hereditary Ferritinopathy, and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1195. [PMID: 31920471 PMCID: PMC6917665 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular growth, function, and protection require proper iron management, and ferritin plays a crucial role as the major iron sequestration and storage protein. Ferritin is a 24 subunit spherical shell protein composed of both light (FTL) and heavy chain (FTH1) subunits, possessing complimentary iron-handling functions and forming three-fold and four-fold pores. Iron uptake through the three-fold pores is well-defined, but the unloading process somewhat less and generally focuses on lysosomal ferritin degradation although it may have an additional, energetically efficient pore mechanism. Hereditary Ferritinopathy (HF) or neuroferritinopathy is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the FTL C-terminal sequence, which in turn cause disorder and unraveling at the four-fold pores allowing iron leakage and enhanced formation of toxic, improperly coordinated iron (ICI). Histopathologically, HF is characterized by iron deposition and formation of ferritin inclusion bodies (IBs) as the cells overexpress ferritin in an attempt to address iron accumulation while lacking the ability to clear ferritin and its aggregates. Overexpression and IB formation tax cells materially and energetically, i.e., their synthesis and disposal systems, and may hinder cellular transport and other spatially dependent functions. ICI causes cellular damage to proteins and lipids through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation because of high levels of brain oxygen, reductants and metabolism, taxing cellular repair. Iron can cause protein aggregation both indirectly by ROS-induced protein modification and destabilization, and directly as with mutant ferritin through C-terminal bridging. Iron release and ferritin degradation are also linked to cellular misfunction through ferritinophagy, which can release sufficient iron to initiate the unique programmed cell death process ferroptosis causing ROS formation and lipid peroxidation. But IB buildup suggests suppressed ferritinophagy, with elevated iron from four-fold pore leakage together with ROS damage and stress leading to a long-term ferroptotic-like state in HF. Several of these processes have parallels in cell line and mouse models. This review addresses the roles of ferritin structure and function within the above-mentioned framework, as they relate to HF and associated disorders characterized by abnormal iron accumulation, protein aggregation, oxidative damage, and the resulting contributions to cumulative cellular stress and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry B. Muhoberac
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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31
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Mumbauer S, Pascual J, Kolotuev I, Hamaratoglu F. Ferritin heavy chain protects the developing wing from reactive oxygen species and ferroptosis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008396. [PMID: 31568497 PMCID: PMC6786644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between signalling pathways and metabolism is crucial for tissue growth. Yet, it remains poorly understood. Here, we studied the consequences of modulating iron metabolism on the growth of Drosophila imaginal discs. We find that reducing the levels of the ferritin heavy chain in the larval wing discs leads to drastic growth defects, whereas light chain depletion causes only minor defects. Mutant cell clones for the heavy chain lack the ability to compete against Minute mutant cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate in wing discs with reduced heavy chain levels, causing severe mitochondrial defects and ferroptosis. Preventing ROS accumulation alleviates some of the growth defects. We propose that the increased expression of ferritin in hippo mutant cells may protect against ROS accumulation. Despite being vital, the role of metals in biology is often overlooked. Specifically, how iron storage contributes to development remains unclear. Here, we dissected the function of the cellular iron storage complex, Ferritin, during development of a model organ, the fly wing. We took a genetic approach to uncover the role of both the heavy and light chains of Ferritin. Targeting the heavy chain consistently produced drastic growth defects in larval discs and adult wings. Moreover, lower levels of the heavy chain led to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing ROS accumulation alleviated the accompanying growth defects. We also observed hallmarks of ferroptosis, an iron dependent non-apoptotic cell death, upon knockdown of the heavy chain. By contrast, reducing the levels of the light chain was tolerable. This is surprising because the individual components of Ferritin were thought to function exclusively as part of the complex. Yet, the heavy chain alone encompasses the ferroxidase center, which is essential for iron loading. All together, we propose that the Ferritin heavy chain functions as an antioxidant and protects the developing organs from ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mumbauer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Pascual
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fisun Hamaratoglu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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32
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He J, Fan K, Yan X. Ferritin drug carrier (FDC) for tumor targeting therapy. J Control Release 2019; 311-312:288-300. [PMID: 31494184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is an iron storage protein that plays a key role in iron homeostasis and anti-oxidation of cells. Due to its unique architecture of 24 self-assembling subunits and hollow cavity capable of encapsulating drugs, and an outer surface that can be modified genetically and chemically for additional functionality, ferritin has recently emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle. Recent research demonstrated that unmodified human heavy chain ferritin binds to its receptor, transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), in different types of tumor tissues, including lung and breast cancer, thus highlighting the potential use of ferritin for tumor-targeting applications. In this review, we consider the many favorable characteristics of ferritin drug carriers (FDCs) for tumor drug delivery. In particular, compared with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), ferritin exhibits superiority in a range of attributes, including drug loading ability, thermostability, and ease of production. Thus, the emergence of FDCs may be the next step in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang He
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes in Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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33
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Houari S, Picard E, Wurtz T, Vennat E, Roubier N, Wu T, Guerquin-Kern J, Duttine M, Thuy T, Berdal A, Babajko S. Disrupted Iron Storage in Dental Fluorosis. J Dent Res 2019; 98:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034519855650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel formation and quality are dependent on environmental conditions, including exposure to fluoride, which is a widespread natural element. Fluoride is routinely used to prevent caries. However, when absorbed in excess, fluoride may also lead to altered enamel structural properties associated with enamel gene expression modulations. As iron plays a determinant role in enamel quality, the aim of our study was to evaluate the iron metabolism in dental epithelial cells and forming enamel of mice exposed to fluoride, as well as its putative relation with enamel mechanical properties. Iron storage was investigated in dental epithelial cells with Perl’s blue staining and secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. Iron was mainly stored by maturation-stage ameloblasts involved in terminal enamel mineralization. Iron storage was drastically reduced by fluoride. Among the proteins involved in iron metabolism, ferritin heavy chain (Fth), in charge of iron storage, appeared as the preferential target of fluoride according to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry analyses. Fluorotic enamel presented a decreased quantity of iron oxides attested by electron spin resonance technique, altered mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation, and ultrastructural defects analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The in vivo functional role of Fth was illustrated with Fth+/-mice, which incorporated less iron into their dental epithelium and exhibited poor enamel quality. These data demonstrate that exposure to excessive fluoride decreases ameloblast iron storage, which contributes to the defective structural and mechanical properties in rodent fluorotic enamel. They raise the question of fluoride’s effects on iron storage in other cells and organs that may contribute to its effects on population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Houari
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
- Garancière Dental Faculty, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - E. Picard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers INSERM UMRS 1138 Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Paris, France
| | - T. Wurtz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - E. Vennat
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Soils, Structures and Materials, CNRS, Centrale-Supélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - N. Roubier
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Soils, Structures and Materials, CNRS, Centrale-Supélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - T.D. Wu
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, Orsay, France
| | - J.L. Guerquin-Kern
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, Orsay, France
| | - M. Duttine
- CNRS UPR 9048, Université de Bordeaux, Institute of Chemistry and Condensed Matter of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - T.T. Thuy
- Faculty of Odonto-stomatology, HochiMinh University of Medicine and Pharmacology, HôchiMinh Ville, Vietnam
| | - A. Berdal
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
- Garancière Dental Faculty, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Oral and Dental Rare Diseases, Rothschild Hospital, Paris, France
| | - S. Babajko
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
- Garancière Dental Faculty, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Ferritin regulates organismal energy balance and thermogenesis. Mol Metab 2019; 24:64-79. [PMID: 30954544 PMCID: PMC6531837 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ferritin heavy/heart chain (FTH) gene encodes the ferroxidase component of the iron (Fe) sequestering ferritin complex, which plays a central role in the regulation of cellular Fe metabolism. Here we tested the hypothesis that ferritin regulates organismal Fe metabolism in a manner that impacts energy balance and thermal homeostasis. METHODS We developed a mouse strain, referred herein as FthR26 fl/fl, expressing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under the control of the Rosa26 (R26) promoter and carrying two LoxP (fl) sites: one at the 5'end of the Fth promoter and another the 3' end of the first Fth exon. Tamoxifen administration induces global deletion of Fth in adult FthR26Δ/Δ mice, testing whether FTH is required for maintenance of organismal homeostasis. RESULTS Under standard nutritional Fe supply, Fth deletion in adult FthR26Δ/Δ mice led to a profound deregulation of organismal Fe metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and multi-organ damage, culminating in death. Unexpectedly, Fth deletion was also associated with a profound atrophy of white and brown adipose tissue as well as with collapse of energy expenditure and thermogenesis. This was attributed mechanistically to mitochondrial dysfunction, as assessed in the liver and in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION The FTH component of ferritin acts as a master regulator of organismal Fe homeostasis, coupling nutritional Fe supply to organismal redox homeostasis, energy expenditure and thermoregulation.
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Nnah IC, Wessling-Resnick M. Brain Iron Homeostasis: A Focus on Microglial Iron. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040129. [PMID: 30477086 PMCID: PMC6316365 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element required for important brain functions including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Disruptions in brain iron homeostasis underlie many neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that accumulation of brain iron and chronic neuroinflammation, characterized by microglia activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, are hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’ s disease. While substantial efforts have led to an increased understanding of iron metabolism and the role of microglial cells in neuroinflammation, important questions still remain unanswered. Whether or not increased brain iron augments the inflammatory responses of microglial cells, including the molecular cues that guide such responses, is still unclear. How these brain macrophages accumulate, store, and utilize intracellular iron to carry out their various functions under normal and disease conditions is incompletely understood. Here, we describe the known and emerging mechanisms involved in microglial cell iron transport and metabolism as well as inflammatory responses in the brain, with a focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel C Nnah
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Emerging and Dynamic Biomedical Uses of Ferritin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040124. [PMID: 30428583 PMCID: PMC6316788 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, a ubiquitously expressed protein, has classically been considered the main iron cellular storage molecule in the body. Owing to the ferroxidase activity of the H-subunit and the nucleation ability of the L-subunit, ferritin can store a large amount of iron within its mineral core. However, recent evidence has demonstrated a range of abilities of ferritin that extends well beyond the scope of iron storage. This review aims to discuss novel functions and biomedical uses of ferritin in the processes of iron delivery, delivery of biologics such as chemotherapies and contrast agents, and the utility of ferritin as a biomarker in a number of neurological diseases.
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Chao T, Ji Z, Hou L, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang G, Wang J. Sheep skeletal muscle transcriptome analysis reveals muscle growth regulatory lncRNAs. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4619. [PMID: 29666768 PMCID: PMC5899421 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As widely distributed domestic animals, sheep are an important species and the source of mutton. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the regulatory lncRNAs associated with muscle growth and development between high production mutton sheep (Dorper sheep and Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep) and low production mutton sheep (Small-tailed Han sheep). In total, 39 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. Using co-expression analysis and functional annotation, 1,206 co-expression interactions were found between 32 lncRNAs and 369 genes, and 29 of these lncRNAs were found to be associated with muscle development, metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis. lncRNA–mRNA interactions revealed 6 lncRNAs as hub lncRNAs. Moreover, three lncRNAs and their associated co-expressed genes were demonstrated by cis-regulatory gene analyses, and we also found a potential regulatory relationship between the pseudogene lncRNA LOC101121401 and its parent gene FTH1. This study provides a genome-wide resolution of lncRNA and mRNA regulation in muscles from mutton sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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Abstract
Brain iron is tightly regulated by a multitude of proteins to ensure homeostasis. Iron dyshomeostasis has become a molecular signature associated with aging which is accompanied by progressive decline in cognitive processes. A common theme in neurodegenerative diseases where age is the major risk factor, iron dyshomeostasis coincides with neuroinflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, neurodegeneration, and neurobehavioral deficits. There is a great need to determine the mechanisms governing perturbations in iron metabolism, in particular to distinguish between physiological and pathological aging to generate fruitful therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present review is to focus on the age-related alterations in brain iron metabolism from a cellular and molecular biology perspective, alongside genetics, and neuroimaging aspects in man and rodent models, with respect to normal aging and neurodegeneration. In particular, the relationship between iron dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation will be evaluated, as well as the effects of systemic iron overload on the brain. Based on the evidence discussed here, we suggest a synergistic use of iron-chelators and anti-inflammatories as putative anti-brain aging therapies to counteract pathological aging in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhaar Ashraf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Clark
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Wah So
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Apostolakis S, Kypraiou AM. Iron in neurodegenerative disorders: being in the wrong place at the wrong time? Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:893-911. [PMID: 28792913 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron deposits have been reported consistently in imaging and histologic examinations of patients with neurodegenerative disorders. While the origins of this finding have not been clarified yet, it is speculated that impaired iron homeostasis or deficient transport mechanisms result in the accumulation of this highly toxic metal ultimately leading to formation of reactive oxygen species and cell death. On the other hand, there are also those who support that iron is just an incidental finding, a by product of neuronal loss. A literature review has been performed in order to present the key findings in support of the iron hypothesis of neurodegeneration, as well as to identify conditions causing or resulting from iron overload and compare and contrast their features with the most prominent neurodegenerative disorders. There is an abundance of experimental and observational findings in support of the hypothesis in question; however, as neurodegeneration is a rare incident of commonly encountered iron-associated disorders of the nervous system, and this metal is found in non-neurodegenerative disorders as well, it is possible that iron is the result or even an incidental finding in neurodegeneration. Understanding the underlying processes of iron metabolism in the brain and particularly its release during cell damage is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the origins of neurodegeneration in the years to come.
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40
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Arosio P, Elia L, Poli M. Ferritin, cellular iron storage and regulation. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:414-422. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Arosio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
| | - Leonardo Elia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterRozzano MI Italy
| | - Maura Poli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBrescia Italy
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Effect of Systemic Iron Overload and a Chelation Therapy in a Mouse Model of the Neurodegenerative Disease Hereditary Ferritinopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161341. [PMID: 27574973 PMCID: PMC5004847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene cause the neurodegenerative disease neuroferritinopathy or hereditary ferritinopathy (HF). HF is characterized by a severe movement disorder and by the presence of nuclear and cytoplasmic iron-containing ferritin inclusion bodies (IBs) in glia and neurons throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and in tissues of multiple organ systems. Herein, using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts from a mouse model of HF, we show significant intracellular accumulation of ferritin and an increase in susceptibility to oxidative damage when cells are exposed to iron. Treatment of the cells with the iron chelator deferiprone (DFP) led to a significant improvement in cell viability and a decrease in iron content. In vivo, iron overload and DFP treatment of the mouse model had remarkable effects on systemic iron homeostasis and ferritin deposition, without significantly affecting CNS pathology. Our study highlights the role of iron in modulating ferritin aggregation in vivo in the disease HF. It also puts emphasis on the potential usefulness of a therapy based on chelators that can target the CNS to remove and redistribute iron and to resolubilize or prevent ferritin aggregation while maintaining normal systemic iron stores.
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Abstract
Ferritins, the main intracellular iron storage proteins, have been studied for over 60 years, mainly focusing on the mammalian ones. This allowed the elucidation of the structure of these proteins and the mechanisms regulating their iron incorporation and mineralization. However, ferritin is present in most, although not all, eukaryotic cells, comprising monocellular and multicellular invertebrates and vertebrates. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the general properties of ferritins that are common to various eukaryotic phyla (except plants), and to give an overview on the structure, function and regulation of ferritins. An update on the animal models that were used to characterize H, L and mitochondrial ferritins is also provided. The data show that ferritin structure is highly conserved among different phyla. It exerts an important cytoprotective function against oxidative damage and plays a role in innate immunity, where it also contributes to prevent parenchymal tissue from the cytotoxicity of pro-inflammatory agonists released by the activation of the immune response activation. Less clear are the properties of the secretory ferritins expressed by insects and molluscs, which may be important for understanding the role played by serum ferritin in mammals.
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Eid R, Boucher E, Gharib N, Khoury C, Arab NTT, Murray A, Young PG, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Identification of human ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1) and yeast RGI1 (YER067W) as pro-survival sequences that counteract the effects of Bax and copper in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:52-61. [PMID: 26886577 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a sub-family of iron binding proteins that form multi-subunit nanotype iron storage structures and prevent oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Here we describe the identification and characterization of human ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1) as a suppressor of the pro-apoptotic murine Bax sequence in yeast. In addition we demonstrate that FTH1 is a general pro-survival sequence since it also prevents the cell death inducing effects of copper when heterologously expressed in yeast. Although ferritins are phylogenetically widely distributed and are present in most species of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, ferritin is conspicuously absent in most fungal species including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An in silico analysis of the yeast proteome lead to the identification of the 161 residue RGI1 (YER067W) encoded protein as a candidate for being a yeast ferritin. In addition to sharing 20% sequence identity with the 183 residue FTH1, RGI1 also has similar pro-survival properties as ferritin when overexpressed in yeast. Analysis of recombinant protein by SDS-PAGE and by electron microscopy revealed the expected formation of higher-order structures for FTH1 that was not observed with Rgi1p. Further analysis revealed that cells overexpressing RGI1 do not show increased resistance to iron toxicity and do not have enhanced capacity to store iron. In contrast, cells lacking RGI1 were found to be hypersensitive to the toxic effects of iron. Overall, our results suggest that Rgi1p is a novel pro-survival protein whose function is not related to ferritin but nevertheless it may have a role in regulating yeast sensitivity to iron stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nada Gharib
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chamel Khoury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alistair Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul G Young
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Zolea F, Biamonte F, Candeloro P, Di Sanzo M, Cozzi A, Di Vito A, Quaresima B, Lobello N, Trecroci F, Di Fabrizio E, Levi S, Cuda G, Costanzo F. H ferritin silencing induces protein misfolding in K562 cells: A Raman analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:614-23. [PMID: 26454082 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The redox state of the cell is involved in the regulation of many physiological functions as well as in the pathogenesis of several diseases, and is strictly dependent on the amount of iron in its catalytically active state. Alterations of iron homeostasis determine increased steady-state concentrations of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and altered protein folding. Ferritin keeps the intracellular iron in a non-toxic and readily available form and consequently plays a central role in iron and redox homeostasis. The protein is composed by 24 subunits of the H- and L-type, coded by two different genes, with structural and functional differences. The aim of this study was to shed light on the role of the single H ferritin subunit (FHC) in keeping the native correct protein three-dimensional structure. To this, we performed Raman spectroscopy on protein extracts from K562 cells subjected to FHC silencing. The results show a significant increase in the percentage of disordered structures content at a level comparable to that induced by H2O2 treatment in control cells. ROS inhibitor and iron chelator were able to revert protein misfolding. This integrated approach, involving Raman spectroscopy and targeted-gene silencing, indicates that an imbalance of the heavy-to-light chain ratio in the ferritin composition is able to induce severe but still reversible modifications in protein folding and uncovers new potential pathogenetic mechanisms associated to intracellular iron perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Zolea
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Patrizio Candeloro
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Maddalena Di Sanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Anna Cozzi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy, 20132
| | - Anna Di Vito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Barbara Quaresima
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Nadia Lobello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Francesca Trecroci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- BioNEM Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100; Physical Science & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 23955-6900
| | - Sonia Levi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy, 20132; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy, 20132
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro, Italy, 88100.
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