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Stephenson AJ, Hunter B, Shaw PN, Kassim NSA, Trengove R, Takechi R, Lam V, Mamo J. A highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of 7 vitamin D metabolites in mouse brain tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1357-1369. [PMID: 36705732 PMCID: PMC9928823 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite its critical role in neurodevelopment and brain function, vitamin D (vit-D) homeostasis, metabolism, and kinetics within the central nervous system remain largely undetermined. Thus, it is of critical importance to establish an accurate, highly sensitive, and reproducible method to quantitate vit-D in brain tissue. Here, we present a novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method and for the first time, demonstrate detection of seven major vit-D metabolites in brain tissues of C57BL/6J wild-type mice, namely 1,25(OH)2D3, 3-epi-1,25(OH)2D3, 1,25(OH)2D2, 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, 24,25(OH)2D3, and 24,25(OH)2D2. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a pentaflurophenyl column with 3 mM ammonium formate water/methanol [A] and 3 mM ammonium formate methanol/isopropanol [B] mobile phase components. Detection was by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with the EVOQ elite triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an Advance ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph and online extraction system. Calibration standards of each metabolite prepared in brain matrices were used to validate the detection range, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Isotopically labelled analogues, 1,25(OH)2D3-d3, 25(OH)D3-c5, and 24,25(OH)2D3-d6, served as the internal standards for the closest molecular-related metabolite in all measurements. Standards between 1 fg/mL and 10 ng/mL were injected with a resulting linear range between 0.001 and 1 ng, with an LLOD and LLOQ of 1 pg/mL and 12.5 pg/mL, respectively. The intra-/inter-day precision and accuracy for measuring brain vit-D metabolites ranged between 0.12-11.53% and 0.28-9.11%, respectively. Recovery in acetonitrile ranged between 99.09 and 106.92% for all metabolites. Collectively, the sensitivity and efficiency of our method supersedes previously reported protocols used to measure vit-D and to our knowledge, the first protocol to reveal the abundance of 25(OH)D2, 1,25(OH)D2, and 24,25(OH)2D2, in brain tissue of any species. This technique may be important in supporting the future advancement of pre-clinical research into the function of vit-D in neurophysiological and neuropsychiatric disorders, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joy Stephenson
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Benjamin Hunter
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
- Separation Science & Metabolomics Laboratory at Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul Nicholas Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD Australia
| | - Nur Sofiah Abu Kassim
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Science, University Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah, Malaysia
| | - Robert Trengove
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
- Separation Science & Metabolomics Laboratory at Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - John Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
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Higher IgG level correlated with vitamin D receptor in the hippocampus of a pristane-induced lupus model. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:1859-1866. [PMID: 35149930 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have neurological complications, characterizing neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE). Studies have investigated alternative therapies such as vitamin D, which has an effect on the immune system and brain, to control manifestations of SLE. Experimental lupus models may be a good alternative to best study the immunological mechanisms underlying the development of NPSLE, and the animal model of pristane-induced lupus (PIL) may mimic SLE symptoms in humans. Our objective was to evaluate central nervous system involvement and vitamin D supplementation in a PIL model. METHOD Female BALB/c mice were divided into controls (CO; n = 7), PIL (n = 9), and PIL supplemented with vitamin D (VD; n = 7). The hippocampus area was measured and immunoassays were performed for detecting vitamin D receptor (VDR) and IgG. RESULTS The PIL group had a higher hippocampal IgG infiltrate when compared to the CO group. Vitamin D showed potential for reducing IgG infiltration. The hippocampus area was similar in all groups. No differences in VDR expression were observed between groups. A positive correlation was observed between the expression of VDR and IgG in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that increased IgG infiltration into the hippocampus indicated an inflammatory process that may have stimulated VDR expression. Key Points • IgG infiltrate is higher in PIL animals than controls • VDR increases along with IgG infiltrate • Hippocampal VDR expression does not increase with vitamin D supplementation.
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Takechi R, Mamo J, Das S, Graneri L, D'Alonzo Z, Nesbit M, Junaldi E, Lam V. Short-term consumption of alcohol (vodka) mixed with energy drink (AMED) attenuated alcohol-induced cerebral capillary disturbances and neuroinflammation in adult wild-type mice. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2398-2407. [PMID: 34549671 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1975364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The ingestion of combinatory Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink (AMED) beverages continues to increase markedly, particularly among young adults. Some studies suggest detrimental health effects related to the combination of alcohol with energy drink formulations; however, the consumption of AMED has not been investigated in context of the cerebral microvasculature or neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that cerebral capillary integrity and glial cells are particularly vulnerable to the combination of AMED.Methods:12-week old wild-type C57BL/6J mice were orally gavaged with either vehicle (water), alcohol (vodka), an energy drink (MotherTM), or a combination AMED, daily for five days. Thereafter, mice were sacrificed, blood alcohol concentrations were analysed and cryosections of brain specimens were subjected to confocal immunofluorescent analysis for measures of cerebral capillary integrity via immunoglobulin G (IgG), and markers of neuroinflammation, ionized-calcium-binding-adaptor-molecule 1 (Iba1) and Glial-Fibrillary-Acidic-Protein (GFAP). Proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2, IL-17A, IFN-ϒ, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10, were also measured in serum.Results: Consistent with previous studies, cerebral capillary dysfunction and astroglial cell activation were markedly greater in the alcohol-only group (AO); however, the AO-induced effects were profoundly attenuated with the AMED combination. Mice maintained on AO and AMED interventions exhibited a moderate increase in microglial recruitment. There were no significant changes in pro-inflammatory nor anti-inflammatory cytokines in ED or AMED treated mice.Conclusion: This study suggests that paradoxically the acute detrimental effects of alcohol on cerebral capillary integrity and astrogliosis are counteracted with the co-provision of an ED, rich in caffeine and taurine and containing B-group vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - John Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sukanya Das
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Liam Graneri
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Zachary D'Alonzo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Nesbit
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Edwin Junaldi
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Genetic, environmental and biomarker considerations delineating the regulatory effects of vitamin D on central nervous system function. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:41-58. [PMID: 31640823 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900268x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that vitamin D (vit-D) (25(OH)D), the bioactive metabolite (1,25(OH)2D3) and vit-D receptors (vit-D receptor; protein disulphide isomerase, family A member 3) are expressed throughout the brain, particularly in regions pivotal to learning and memory. This has led to the paradigm that avoiding vit-D deficiency is important to preserve cognitive function. However, presently, it is not clear if the common clinical measure of serum 25(OH)D serves as a robust surrogate marker for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis or function. Indeed, recent studies report CNS biosynthesis of endogenous 25(OH)D, the CNS expression of the CYP group of enzymes which catalyse conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 and thereafter, deactivation. Moreover, in the periphery, there is significant ethnic/genetic heterogeneity in vit-D conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 and there is a paucity of studies which have actually investigated vit-D kinetics across the cerebrovasculature. Compared with peripheral organs, the CNS also has differential expression of receptors that trigger cellular response to 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolites. To holistically consider the putative association of peripheral (blood) abundance of 25(OH)D on cognitive function, herein, we have reviewed population and genetic studies, pre-clinical and clinical intervention studies and moreover have considered potential confounders of vit-D analysis.
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Sayeed I, Turan N, Stein DG, Wali B. Vitamin D deficiency increases blood-brain barrier dysfunction after ischemic stroke in male rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 312:63-71. [PMID: 30502340 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because vitamin D hormone deficiency (VDHdef) can worsen severity and outcome for ischemic stroke, we examined the role of VDH in maintaining blood-brain-barrier (BBB integrity) in a rat model of stroke. In most types of stroke, the BBB is markedly compromised, potentially leading to a cascade of injury processes and functional deficits, so we examined a number of biomarkers associated with BBB disruption to determine whether VDH deficiency would further compromise the BBB following a stroke. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of two diet cohorts, VDH-sufficient (VDHsuf) and VDHdef. The VDHsuf group was fed standard rat chow and the VDHdef group got a VDH-null version of the same diet for 8 weeks. Animals from both cohorts were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) surgery, killed at 72 h post-stroke, and their brains evaluated for BBB permeability and injury severity using expression of immunoglobulin (IgG), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and alteration of tight junction (TJ) proteins as markers of BBB disruption. We also evaluated modulation of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), osteopontin (OPN), β-catenin and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in VDHsuf and VDHdef subjects. At the time of MCAO, rats on the VDHdef diet had circulating VDH levels one-fourth that of rats fed control chow. IgG extravasation after MCAO, indicating more severe BBB injury, was significantly higher in the MCAO+VDHdef than the MCAO+VDHsuf rats. Following MCAO, expression of MMP-9, GLUT1, VDR and OPN increased and the TJ proteins occludin and claudin-5 decreased significantly in the VDHdef compared to the VDHsuf group. We also observed significantly lower expression of β-catenin in the MCAO group of both VDHsuf and VDHdef rats. Under these conditions, VDH deficiency itself can compromise the BBB. We think that low serum VDH levels are likely to complicate stroke severity and its chronic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nefize Turan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bushra Wali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Hiller AL, Murchison CF, Lobb BM, O’Connor S, O’Connor M, Quinn JF. A randomized, controlled pilot study of the effects of vitamin D supplementation on balance in Parkinson's disease: Does age matter? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203637. [PMID: 30256811 PMCID: PMC6157857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore if short term, high dose vitamin D supplementation is safe and improves balance in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods A pilot randomized, double-blind intervention trial to measure the effects of 16 weeks of high dose vitamin D (10,000 IU/day) on balance as well as other motor and non-motor features of PD. We measured balance, gait, strength, falls, cognition, mood, PD severity, and quality of life before and after 16 weeks of high dose vitamin D supplementation or placebo. All participants also received 1000 mg calcium once daily. Results Fifty-one randomized participants completed sixteen weeks of high dose vitamin D supplementation or placebo. The intervention resulted in a rise in serum concentrations of vitamin D (25-OH) (30.2 ng/ml to 61.1 ng/ml) and was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. Serum vitamin D (25-OH) levels rose steadily and did not suggest a leveling off at the end of the 16 weeks. There was not an improvement in the primary endpoint, balance as measured by the Sensory Organization Test (p = 0.43). A post hoc analysis examining treatment effects in younger (ages 52–66) versus older (ages 67–86) participants found a significant improvement in the SOT of 10.6 points in the younger half of the cohort (p = 0.012). Conclusions Short term, high dose vitamin D supplementation appears safe in persons with PD, but did not significantly improve balance as measured with the Sensory Organization Test in this pilot study population. A post hoc analysis suggests that vitamin D may have potential for improving balance in a younger population with PD. High dose vitamin D supplementation in PD needs further study especially in light of new research suggesting that mega doses and even moderate doses (as low as 4000IU a day) may increase falls in an older populations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01119131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie L. Hiller
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Brenna M Lobb
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Susan O’Connor
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Morgan O’Connor
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Gorman S, Buckley AG, Ling KM, Berry LJ, Fear VS, Stick SM, Larcombe AN, Kicic A, Hart PH. Vitamin D supplementation of initially vitamin D-deficient mice diminishes lung inflammation with limited effects on pulmonary epithelial integrity. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13371. [PMID: 28774952 PMCID: PMC5555896 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In disease settings, vitamin D may be important for maintaining optimal lung epithelial integrity and suppressing inflammation, but less is known of its effects prior to disease onset. Female BALB/c dams were fed a vitamin D3‐supplemented (2280 IU/kg, VitD+) or nonsupplemented (0 IU/kg, VitD−) diet from 3 weeks of age, and mated at 8 weeks of age. Male offspring were fed the same diet as their mother. Some offspring initially fed the VitD− diet were switched to a VitD+ diet from 8 weeks of age (VitD−/+). At 12 weeks of age, signs of low‐level inflammation were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of VitD− mice (more macrophages and neutrophils), which were suppressed by subsequent supplementation with vitamin D3. There was no difference in the level of expression of the tight junction proteins occludin or claudin‐1 in lung epithelial cells of VitD+ mice compared to VitD− mice; however, claudin‐1 levels were reduced when initially vitamin D‐deficient mice were fed the vitamin D3‐containing diet (VitD−/+). Reduced total IgM levels were detected in BALF and serum of VitD−/+ mice compared to VitD+ mice. Lung mRNA levels of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) were greatest in VitD−/+ mice. Total IgG levels in BALF were greater in mice fed the vitamin D3‐containing diet, which may be explained by increased activation of B cells in airway‐draining lymph nodes. These findings suggest that supplementation of initially vitamin D‐deficient mice with vitamin D3 suppresses signs of lung inflammation but has limited effects on the epithelial integrity of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alysia G Buckley
- Centre of Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke J Berry
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vanessa S Fear
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,Occupation and Environment School of Public Health Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Occupation and Environment School of Public Health Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
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Cui X, Gooch H, Petty A, McGrath JJ, Eyles D. Vitamin D and the brain: Genomic and non-genomic actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:131-143. [PMID: 28579120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1,25(OH)2D3 (vitamin D) is well-recognized as a neurosteroid that modulates multiple brain functions. A growing body of evidence indicates that vitamin D plays a pivotal role in brain development, neurotransmission, neuroprotection and immunomodulation. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D exerts these functions in the brain are still unclear. Vitamin D signalling occurs via the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a zinc-finger protein in the nuclear receptor superfamily. Like other nuclear steroids, vitamin D has both genomic and non-genomic actions. The transcriptional activity of vitamin D occurs via the nuclear VDR. Its faster, non-genomic actions can occur when the VDR is distributed outside the nucleus. The VDR is present in the developing and adult brain where it mediates the effects of vitamin D on brain development and function. The purpose of this review is to summarise the in vitro and in vivo work that has been conducted to characterise the genomic and non-genomic actions of vitamin D in the brain. Additionally we link these processes to functional neurochemical and behavioural outcomes. Elucidation of the precise molecular mechanisms underpinning vitamin D signalling in the brain may prove useful in understanding the role this steroid plays in brain ontogeny and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Helen Gooch
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Alice Petty
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - John J McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Qld 4076, Australia; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Qld 4076, Australia.
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Vitamin D2 suppresses amyloid-β 25-35 induced microglial activation in BV2 cells by blocking the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Life Sci 2016; 161:37-44. [PMID: 27477351 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Present emerging world is emphasizing the implication of vitamin D deficiency associated with development of inflammation and neurodegenerative disorder like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The chief neuropathological hallmark of AD is aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides surrounding microglial cells in human brain. Microglial activation plays a key role in inflammatory response and neuronal injury. Naturally abundant vitamin D2 (VD2) exhibiting anti-inflammatory activities are yet to explore more. This study has investigated the inhibitory effect of VD2 on inflammatory activities of BV2 microglial cells. MAIN METHODS Cellular compatibility of VD2 and Aβ25-35 protein in treated BV2 microglial cells were measured by CCK-8 assay. Induction of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB signaling cascade were measured by western blotting, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. In addition, generation of ROS was detected by fluorescence intensity. KEY FINDINGS Morphological observations showed that Aβ25-35 induced BV2 cells stimulation noticeably got reduced in VD2 pre-treated group at 24h time period. Anti-inflammatory activities of VD2 was observed demonstrating the inhibition of up-regulated iNOS and COX-2 protein expression further confirmed by attenuating the activated microglia released pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF- α and ROS, while blocking the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in nucleus by preventing IκB-α degradation and phosphorylation in cytosol. SIGNIFICANCE The present study revealed that VD2 blocked the phosphorylation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in Aβ25-35 induced activated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing ROS generation and inflammatory cytokines. Our finding suggests that vitamin D2 has therapeutic potential against inflammation and Alzheimer's disease.
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Giles C, Albrecht MA, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo JC. Biostatistical analysis of quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy images. J Microsc 2016; 264:321-333. [PMID: 27439177 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Semiquantitative immunofluorescence microscopy has become a key methodology in biomedical research. Typical statistical workflows are considered in the context of avoiding pseudo-replication and marginalising experimental error. However, immunofluorescence microscopy naturally generates hierarchically structured data that can be leveraged to improve statistical power and enrich biological interpretation. Herein, we describe a robust distribution fitting procedure and compare several statistical tests, outlining their potential advantages/disadvantages in the context of biological interpretation. Further, we describe tractable procedures for power analysis that incorporates the underlying distribution, sample size and number of images captured per sample. The procedures outlined have significant potential for increasing understanding of biological processes and decreasing both ethical and financial burden through experimental optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giles
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M A Albrecht
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - V Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J C Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
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Lam V, Albrecht MA, Takechi R, Prasopsang P, Lee YP, Foster JK, Mamo JCL. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with reduced verbal episodic memory in healthy, middle-aged and older adults. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1503-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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