1
|
Csaky KG, Miller JML, Martin DF, Johnson MW. Drug Approval for the Treatment of Geographic Atrophy: How We Got Here and Where We Need to Go. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 263:231-239. [PMID: 38387826 PMCID: PMC11162935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss the clinical trial results leading to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of anti-complement therapies for geographic atrophy (GA), perspectives on functional data from the GA clinical trials, and how lessons from the FDA approval may guide future directions for basic and clinical research in AMD. DESIGN Selected literature review with analysis and perspective METHODS: We performed a targeted review of publicly available data from the clinical trials of pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad for the treatment of GA, as well as scientific literature on the natural history of GA and the genetics and basic science of complement in AMD. RESULTS The approval of pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad was based on an anatomic endpoint of a reduction in the rate of GA expansion over time. However, functional data from 2 phase 3 clinical trials for each drug demonstrated no visual benefit to patients in the treatment groups. Review of the genetics of AMD and the basic science of the role for complement in AMD provides only modest support for targeting complement as treatment for GA expansion, and alternative molecular targets for GA treatment are therefore discussed. Reasons for the disconnect between anatomic and functional outcomes in the clinical trials of anti-complement therapies are discussed, providing insight to guide the configuration of future clinical studies for GA. CONCLUSION Although avacincaptad and pegcetacoplan are our first FDA-approved treatments for GA, results from the clinical trials failed to show any functional improvement after 1 and 2 years, respectively, calling into question whether the drugs represent a "clinically relevant outcome." To improve the chances of more impactful therapies in the future, we provide basic-science rationale for pursuing non-complement targets; emphasize the importance of ongoing clinical research that more closely pins anatomic features of GA to functional outcomes; and provide suggestions for clinical endpoints for future clinical trials on GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl G Csaky
- From the Retina Foundation of the Southwest (K.G.C.), Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Jason M L Miller
- Kellogg Eye Center (J.M.L.M., M.W.J.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program (J.M.L.M.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel F Martin
- Cole Eye Institute (D.F.M.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - Mark W Johnson
- Kellogg Eye Center (J.M.L.M., M.W.J.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ehlers JP, McConville C, Yordi S, Cetin H, Cakir Y, Kalra G, Amine R, Whitney J, Whitmore V, Bonnay M, Reese J, Clark J, Zhu L, Luo D, Jaffe GJ, Srivastava SK. Correlation Between Blue Fundus Autofluorescence and SD-OCT Measurements of Geographic Atrophy in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 266:92-101. [PMID: 38719131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of geographic atrophy (GA) area and to analyze lesion area changes measured by spectral domain OCT in GATHER1. DESIGN An assessment reliability analysis using prospective, randomized, double-masked phase 2/3 clinical trial data. METHODS GATHER1 examined the efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol (ACP) for GA treatment. A post hoc analysis was performed to identify correlations between FAF- and OCT-based measurements of GA. GA area was measured on blue-light FAF images using semiautomatic segmentation software with support from OCT and near-infrared imaging. Machine-learning enhanced, multilayer segmentation of OCT scans were reviewed by human readers, and segmentation errors were corrected as needed. GA area was defined as total RPE loss on cross-sectional B scans. Time points included Months 0, 6, 12, and 18. Additionally, OCT-based GA-area changes between ACP and sham were analyzed. RESULTS There was a strong correlation (r = 0.93) between FAF and OCT GA area measurements that persisted through 18 months. Mean (SD) differences between OCT and FAF GA measurements were negligible: 0.11 mm2 (1.42) at Month 0, 0.03 mm2 (1.62) at Month 6, -0.17 mm2 (1.81) at Month 12, and -0.07 mm2 (1.78) at Month 18. OCT assessments of GA growth revealed a 30% and 27% reduction at Months 12 and 18, respectively, between ACP and sham, replicating FAF measurements from GATHER1. CONCLUSIONS The strong correlation between blue FAF and OCT measurements of GA area supports OCT as a reliable method to measure GA lesion area in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justis P Ehlers
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Conor McConville
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sari Yordi
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hasan Cetin
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yavuz Cakir
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gagan Kalra
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Reem Amine
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jon Whitney
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Victoria Whitmore
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle Bonnay
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jamie Reese
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie Clark
- Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company (J.C., L.Z., D.L.), Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, USA
| | - Liansheng Zhu
- Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company (J.C., L.Z., D.L.), Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, USA
| | - Don Luo
- Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company (J.C., L.Z., D.L.), Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, USA
| | - Glenn J Jaffe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University (G.J.J.), Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sunil K Srivastava
- From The Tony and Leona Campane Center for Excellence in Image-Guided Surgery and Advanced Imaging Research, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic (J.P.E., C.M., S.Y., H.C., Y.C., G.K., R.A., J.W., V.W., M.B., J.R., S.K.S.), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agrón E, Domalpally A, Cukras CA, Chew EY, Keenan TDL. Critical Dependence on Area in Relationship between ARMS2/HTRA1 Genotype and Faster Geographic Atrophy Enlargement: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Report Number 33. Ophthalmology 2024; 131:208-218. [PMID: 37717737 PMCID: PMC10843672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze ARMS2/HTRA1 as a risk factor for faster geographic atrophy (GA) enlargement according to (1) GA area and (2) contiguous enlargement versus progression to multifocality. DESIGN Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) cohort analysis. PARTICIPANTS Eyes with GA: 546 eyes of 406 participants. METHODS Geographic atrophy area was measured from color fundus photographs at annual visits. Mixed-model regression of square root of GA area and proportional hazards regression of progression to multifocality were analyzed by ARMS2 genotype. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in square root GA area and progression to multifocality. RESULTS Geographic atrophy enlargement was significantly faster with ARMS2 risk alleles (P < 0.0001) at 0.224 mm/year (95% CI, 0.195-0.252 mm/year), 0.298 mm/year (95% CI, 0.271-0.324 mm/year), and 0.317 mm/year (95% CI, 0.279-0.355 mm/year), for 0 to 2 risk alleles, respectively. However, a significant interaction (P = 0.011) was observed between genotype and baseline area. In eyes with very small area (< 1.9 mm2), enlargement was significantly faster with ARMS2 risk alleles (P < 0.0001) at 0.193 mm/year (95% CI, 0.162-0.225 mm/year) versus 0.304 mm/year (95% CI, 0.280-0.329 mm/year) for 0 versus 1 to 2 risk alleles, respectively. With moderately small (1.9-3.8 mm2) or medium to large (≥ 3.8 mm2) area, enlargement was not significantly faster with ARMS2 risk alleles (P = 0.66 and P = 0.70, respectively). In nonmultifocal GA, enlargement was significantly faster with ARMS2 risk alleles (P = 0.001) at 0.175 mm/year (95% CI, 0.142-0.209 mm/year), 0.226 mm/year (95% CI, 0.193-0.259 mm/year), and 0.287 mm/year (95% CI, 0.237-0.337 mm/year) with 0 to 2 risk alleles, respectively. ARMS2 genotype was not associated significantly with progression to multifocal GA. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between ARMS2/HTRA1 genotype and faster GA enlargement depends critically on GA area: risk alleles represent a strong risk factor for faster enlargement only in eyes with very small area. They increase the growth rate more through contiguous enlargement than progression to multifocality. ARMS2/HTRA1 genotype is more important in increasing risk of progression to GA and initial GA enlargement (contiguously) than in subsequent enlargement or progression to multifocality. These findings may explain some discrepancies between previous studies and have implications for both research and clinical practice. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Agrón
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amitha Domalpally
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Catherine A Cukras
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tiarnan D L Keenan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martinez Villarruel Hinnerskov J, Krogh Nielsen M, Kai Thomsen A, Steffensen MA, Honoré B, Vorum H, Nissen MH, Sørensen TL. Chemokine Receptor Profile of T Cells and Progression Rate of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:5. [PMID: 38165703 PMCID: PMC10768715 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration is a progressive retinal degenerative disease. Systemic chemokine receptors and known risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with GA pathogenesis. Because halting progression is pivotal for patients, we investigated the association of candidate chemokine receptors and progression rate (PR) of atrophic lesions in patients with GA. Methods This prospective observational study conducted at a single center included 85 patients with GA and 45 healthy controls. Patients were followed up after 13 months on average. Serial fundus autofluorescence images were used to determine the PR of atrophic lesions. The proportion of chemokine receptors on peripheral lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Results Patients with GA had a lower proportion of CCR6 on CD8+T cells compared to healthy controls. Importantly, the proportion of CCR6 on CD4+T cells was lower in patients with fast GA progression compared to patients with slow progression of disease, suggesting that dysregulation of CCR6 could be involved in progression of GA. We also found that GA patients had a markedly higher percentage of CCR5 on CD4+ and CD8+T cells compared to healthy controls. After stratification according to ARMS2 polymorphism, we found a significantly lower level of CCR5 on CD8+T cells among patients with high-risk genotypes compared with patients with the low-risk genotype. Conclusions Our study finds that chemokine receptors are dysregulated in patients with GA and that CCR6 might be involved in GA progression, making it a potential target for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Martinez Villarruel Hinnerskov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Alexander Kai Thomsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mogens Holst Nissen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gasparian SA, Skrehot HC, Weng CY. Therapies for Geographic Atrophy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2024; 64:5-20. [PMID: 38146878 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
|
6
|
Vujosevic S, Alovisi C, Chakravarthy U. Epidemiology of geographic atrophy and its precursor features of intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:839-856. [PMID: 37933608 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness with a significant impact on quality of life. Geographic atrophy (GA) is the atrophic late form of AMD and its prevalence increases markedly with age with around 1 in 5 persons aged 85 and above having GA in at least one eye. Bilateral GA leads to severe visual impairment thus posing a significant burden on patients, careers and health providers. The incidence and prevalence of GA varies across different geographic regions, with the highest rates in those of European ancestry. Although heterogeneity in definitions of GA and reporting strategy can explain some of the discrepancies, the data overall are consistent in showing a lower prevalence in other ethnicities such as those of Asian heritage. This is at present unexplained but thought to be due to the existence of protective factors such as differences in eye pigmentation, diet, environmental exposures and genetic variability. This review covers key aspects of the prevalence and incidence of the ocular precursor features of GA (large drusen, pigmentary abnormalities and reticular pseudo-drusen), the late stage of GA and factors that have been known to be associated with modifying risk including systemic, demographic, environment, genetic and ocular. Understanding the global epidemiology scenario is crucial for the prevention of and management of patients with GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stela Vujosevic
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Eye Clinic, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Center for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riley-Gillis B, Huh H, Shen J, den Hollander AI. Genetic and molecular biomarkers for geographic atrophy. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:869-880. [PMID: 37933607 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is characterized by atrophy of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris, causing a gradual loss of vision over time. Treatment options to prevent initiation or progression of GA are limited; two recently FDA-approved inhibitors of the complement system (pegcetacoplan, avacincaptad pegol) showed a modest decrease in GA lesion growth in phase 3 clinical trials. Exploration of genetic and molecular biomarkers in GA plays a critical role in our battle against this blinding disease to improve early disease detection, to find more effective therapies, and to provide personalized care to patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature investigating genetic and molecular biomarkers for GA. Genetic studies identified multiple genes and variants that play a role in progression to GA and GA lesion growth, involving pathways such as complement activation, extracellular matrix interaction and lipid metabolism. The number of published studies assessing molecular biomarkers for GA initiation and progression in ocular matrices is limited. Several studies evaluated molecular biomarkers in the systemic circulation, showing higher levels of complement activation and a causal role of lipid subfractions in GA. Larger, well-powered studies are needed to identify novel and validate existing biomarkers, and to investigate the potential of combining genetic and molecular markers with imaging techniques for more accurate diagnosis and monitoring of GA. The development of personalized medicine approaches based on individual genetic and molecular profiles could hold promise for more effective and targeted treatments for this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Huh
- AbbVie, Local Delivery Translational Sciences, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- AbbVie, Local Delivery Translational Sciences, Irvine, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Keenan TD. Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Tale of Two Stages. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100306. [PMID: 37197703 PMCID: PMC10183660 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To examine disease progression in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at 2 distinct stages, progression to geographic atrophy (GA) versus GA expansion, by comparison of the risk and protective factors at each stage. Design Perspective. Subjects Individuals at risk of GA or with GA. Main Outcome Measures Progression to GA and GA expansion rate. Methods Critical synthesis of the literature on risk and protective factors, both environmental and genetic, for progression to GA versus GA expansion in AMD. Results Comparison of the risk and protective factors demonstrates partially overlapping but partially distinct risk and protective factors for progression to GA versus GA expansion. Some factors are shared (i.e., operating in the same direction at both stages), others are not shared, and others seem to operate in different directions at each stage. Risk variants at ARMS2/HTRA1 increase both risk of progression to GA and GA expansion rate, presumably through the same mechanism. By contrast, risk and protective variants at CFH/CFHR alter risk of GA but not GA expansion rate. A risk variant at C3 increases risk of GA but is associated with slower GA expansion. In environmental factors, cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of GA and faster GA expansion, whereas increased age is associated with the former but not the latter. The Mediterranean diet is associated with decreased progression at both stages, although the food components with the largest contributions seem to differ between the 2 stages. Some phenotypic features, such as reticular pseudodrusen and hyperreflective foci, are associated with increased progression at both stages. Conclusions Analysis of the risk and protective factors for progression to GA and GA expansion demonstrates partially overlapping but partially distinct elements at each stage: some are shared, some are relevant to 1 stage only, and some even seem active in opposite directions at each stage. Aside from ARMS2/HTRA1, the overlap between the genetic risk factors for the 2 stages is minimal. This suggests that the biologic mechanisms differ at least partially between the 2 disease stages. This has implications for therapeutic approaches and suggests that treatment aimed at the underlying disease processes may need to be tailored by stage. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiarnan D.L. Keenan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence: Tiarnan D. L. Keenan, BM BCh, PhD, NIH, Building 10, CRC, Room 10D45, 10 Center Dr, MSC 1204, Bethesda, MD 20892-1204.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Spaide RF, Vavvas DG. COMPLEMENT INHIBITION FOR GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY: Review of Salient Functional Outcomes and Perspective. Retina 2023; 43:1064-1069. [PMID: 36996460 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate available rationale and outcomes of randomized trial results for complement inhibition for geographic atrophy. METHODS Data from recently completed randomized trials of complement inhibition, particularly for pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol, were evaluated for both the outcome, area of autofluorescence loss, and functional vision tests. RESULTS Pegcetacoplan 2 mg showed statistically significant reduction in expansion of the area of autofluorescence loss with monthly, but not every-other-month dosing, in a 12-month phase two trial. Nearly 40% of patients recruited for the monthly arm did not complete the treatment. In two parallel phase 3 studies there was a statistically significant reduction in the area of atrophy in one but not both studies as compared with untreated controls. Data released at 24 months follow-up showed statistically significant reduction in the area of autofluorescence-detected atrophy in both studies compared with sham. Patients did not show functional difference in best-corrected visual acuity, maximum reading speed, Functional Reading Independence Index, and mean microperimetry threshold sensitivities in the treatment versus sham arms. Avacincaptad pegol was evaluated in two randomized pivotal studies and showed a statistically significant reduction in the expansion of autofluorescence loss at 12 months. Patients in the treatment arms did not show any difference as compared with sham in the best-corrected visual acuity or low luminance visual acuity, the only functional outcomes mentioned. Both drugs increased the risk of macular neovascularization. CONCLUSION Both avacincaptad pegol and pegcetacoplan show significant differences compared with sham in autofluorescence imaging but no benefit in visual function at 12 and 24 months, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Spaide
- The Vitreous Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York; and
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferro Desideri L, Artemiev D, Bernardi E, Paschon K, Zandi S, Zinkernagel M, Anguita R. Investigational drugs inhibiting complement for the treatment of geographic atrophy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1009-1016. [PMID: 37902056 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2276759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Geographic atrophy (GA) is a progressive form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that leads to severe visual impairment and central vision loss. Traditional treatment options for GA are limited, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. In recent years, targeting the complement system has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of GA. AREAS COVERED This expert opinion article reviews the investigational drugs inhibiting the complement cascade for the treatment of GA. Specifically, it focuses on the recent FDA approved pegcetacoplan, a C3 complement inhibitor, and avacincaptad pegol, a C5 complement inhibitor, highlighting their potential efficacy and safety profiles based on clinical trial data. EXPERT OPINION FDA approval of intravitreal pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol marks significant progress in the landscape of GA treatment. However, variable results from trials underscore the complex nature of GA and the importance of patient selection. Complement inhibition holds promise, but ongoing research is vital to refine treatment strategies and offer improved outcomes for GA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ferro Desideri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Photographic Reading Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dmitri Artemiev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Bernardi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karin Paschon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Souska Zandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Photographic Reading Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Photographic Reading Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Anguita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cedro L, Hoffmann L, Hatz K. Geographic Atrophy in AMD: Prognostic Factors Based on Long-Term Follow-Up. Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:791-800. [PMID: 37231906 PMCID: PMC10308554 DOI: 10.1159/000530418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this large-scale long-term retrospective study was to show the enlargement rate (ER) of geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), defined as complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA), to find predictors of progression in a clinical routine setting and to compare GA evaluation methods. METHODS All patients available in our database with follow-up of at least 24 months and cRORA in at least one eye, regardless of neovascular AMD being present, were included. SD-OCT and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) evaluations were performed according to a standardized protocol. The cRORA area ER, the cRORA square root area ER, the FAF GA area, and the condition of the outer retina (inner-/outer-segment [IS/OS] line and external limiting membrane [ELM] disruption scores) were determined. RESULTS 204 eyes of 129 patients were included. Mean follow-up time was 4.2 ± 2.2 (range 2-10) years. 109 of 204 (53.4%) eyes were classified as MNV-associated GA in AMD (initially or during follow-up); 95 of 204 (46.6%) eyes were classified as pure GA in AMD. The primary lesion was unifocal in 146 (72%) eyes and multifocal in 58 (28%) eyes. A strong correlation was observed between the area of cRORA (SD-OCT) and the FAF GA area (r = 0.924; p < 0.001). Mean ER was 1.44 ± 1.2 mm2/year, mean square root ER 0.29 ± 0.19 mm/year. There was no significant difference in mean ER between eyes without (pure GA) and with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (MNV-associated GA) (0.30 ± 0.19 mm/year vs. 0.28 ± 0.20 mm/year; p = 0.466). Eyes with multifocal atrophy pattern at baseline had a significantly higher mean ER compared to eyes with unifocal pattern (0.34 ± 0.19 mm/year vs. 0.27 ± 1.19 mm/year; p = 0.008). There were moderate significant correlations between ELM and IS/OS disruption scores and visual acuity at baseline, 5 and 7 years (all r values ca. -0.5; p < 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis, a multifocal cRORA pattern at baseline (p = 0.022) and a smaller baseline lesion size (p = 0.036) were associated with a higher mean ER. CONCLUSION SD-OCT-evaluated cRORA area might serve as a GA parameter comparable to traditional FAF measurement in clinical routine. The dispersion pattern and baseline lesion size might be predictors of ER, whereas anti-VEGF treatment seems not to be associated with ER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cedro
- Vista Augenklinik Binningen, Binningen, Switzerland
| | - Laura Hoffmann
- Vista Augenklinik Binningen, Binningen, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Hatz
- Vista Augenklinik Binningen, Binningen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sivaprasad S, Chandra S, Kwon J, Khalid N, Chong V. Perspectives from clinical trials: is geographic atrophy one disease? Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:402-407. [PMID: 35641821 PMCID: PMC9905504 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is currently an untreatable condition. Emerging evidence from recent clinical trials show that anti-complement therapy may be a successful treatment option. However, several trials in this therapy area have failed as well. This raises several questions. Firstly, does complement therapy work for all patients with GA? Secondly, is GA one disease? Can we assume that these failed clinical trials are due to ineffective interventions or are they due to flawed clinical trial designs, heterogeneity in GA progression rates or differences in study cohorts? In this article we try to answer these questions by providing an overview of the challenges of designing and interpreting outcomes of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in GA. These include differing inclusion-exclusion criteria, heterogeneous progression rates of the disease, outcome choices and confounders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Shruti Chandra
- National Institute of Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Jeha Kwon
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Victor Chong
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ayón C, Castán D, Mora A, Naranjo D, Obando F, Mora JJ. Monoclonal Antibodies: A Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Ophthalmic Diseases of the Eye Posterior Segment. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i3.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is an organ that allows us to observe the outside world. Pathologies of the eye's posterior segment, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and retinoblastoma, cause vision loss. Traditional treatments consist of applying topical medications that do not penetrate properly or using high doses that generate adverse effects. Different laser surgeries stop the pathology's progression but do not allow visual improvement. So, an alternative is to use monoclonal antibodies, proteins produced by different processes that selectively bind to metabolites associated with diseases, reducing the adverse effects of traditional treatments and improving the application of the drug in the area. The two main molecular targets are TNF (adalimumab, infliximab, and certolizumab pegol) and VEGF (bevacizumab and ranibizumab); other possibilities are under investigation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Novel Treatments for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Clinical Advances in Sustained Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071473. [PMID: 35890368 PMCID: PMC9319243 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of patients with ocular diseases is increasing as a consequence of population aging. Among them, one of the most common is the age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a condition that leads to vision loss if it is not treated. AMD is a multifactorial disorder with two advanced forms, dry and neovascular AMD. Currently, although there is no approved therapy that significantly impacts dry AMD progression, several pharmacologic therapies exist for neovascular AMD. Notwithstanding, evidence suggests a suboptimal result in a high number of patients receiving these therapeutic options. Consequently, finding effective strategies is not only a still unmet medical need in dry AMD but also in neovascular AMD. This underlines the need for new drug delivery technologies that can improve the pharmacological action and drug concentration at the target sites. In this regard, sustained drug delivery systems are presented as the most promising therapeutic options in AMD patients. This review summarized the pathogenesis and the current treatment options for AMD, focusing on the emerging ocular sustained drug delivery approaches undergoing clinical trials.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mallik S, Grodstein F, Bennett DA, Vavvas DG, Lemos B. Novel Epigenetic Clock Biomarkers of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:856853. [PMID: 35783640 PMCID: PMC9244395 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.856853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a bilateral ocular condition resulting in irreversible vision impairment caused by the progressive loss of photoreceptors in the macula, a region at the center of the retina. The progressive loss of photoreceptor is a key feature of dry AMD but not always wet AMD, though both forms of AMD can lead to loss of vision. Regression-based biological age clocks are one of the most promising biomarkers of aging but have not yet been used in AMD. Here we conducted analyses to identify regression-based biological age clocks for the retina and explored their use in AMD using transcriptomic data consisting of a total of 453 retina samples including 105 Minnesota Grading System (MGS) level 1 samples, 175 MGS level 2, 112 MGS level 3 and 61 MGS level 4 samples, as well as 167 fibroblast samples. The clocks yielded good separation among AMD samples with increasing severity score viz., MGS1-4, regardless of whether clocks were trained in retina tissue, dermal fibroblasts, or in combined datasets. Clock application to cultured fibroblasts, embryonic stem cells, and induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) were consistent with age reprograming in iPSCs. Moreover, clock application to in vitro neuronal differentiation suggests broader applications. Interesting, many of the age clock genes identified include known targets mechanistically linked to AMD and aging, such as GDF11, C16ORF72, and FBN2. This study provides new observations for retina age clocks and suggests new applications for monitoring in vitro neuronal differentiation. These clocks could provide useful markers for AMD monitoring and possible intervention, as well as potential targets for in vitro screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Mallik
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fran Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Ines and Frederick Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Bernardo Lemos,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen LL, Sun M, Ahluwalia A, Park MM, Young BK, Del Priore LV. Local Progression Kinetics of Geographic Atrophy Depends Upon the Border Location. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:28. [PMID: 34709347 PMCID: PMC8558522 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.13.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the influence of lesion morphology and location on geographic atrophy (GA) growth rate. Methods We manually delineated GA on color fundus photographs of 237 eyes in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. We calculated local border expansion rate (BER) as the linear distance that a point on the GA border traveled over 1 year based on a Euclidean distance map. Eye-specific BER was defined as the mean local BER of all points on the GA border in an eye. The percentage area affected by GA was defined as the GA area divided by the total retinal area in the region. Results GA enlarged 1.51 ± 1.96 mm2 in area and 0.13 ± 0.11 mm in distance over 1 year. The GA area growth rate (mm2/y) was associated with the baseline GA area (P < 0.001), perimeter (P < 0.001), lesion number (P < 0.001), and circularity index (P < 0.001); in contrast, eye-specific BER (mm/y) was not significantly associated with any of these factors. As the retinal eccentricity increased from 0 to 3.5 mm, the local BER increased from 0.10 to 0.24 mm/y (P < 0.001); in contrast, the percentage of area affected by GA decreased from 49.3% to 2.3%. Conclusions Using distance-based measurements allows GA progression evaluation without significant confounding effects from baseline GA morphology. Local GA progression rates increased as a function of retinal eccentricity within the macula which is opposite of the trend for GA distribution, suggesting that GA initiation and enlargement may be mediated by different biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo L Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Aneesha Ahluwalia
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Michael M Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Benjamin K Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Lucian V Del Priore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fang V, Gomez-Caraballo M, Lad EM. Biomarkers for Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Relevance for Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:691-713. [PMID: 34432254 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TOPIC The purpose of the review was to identify structural, functional, blood-based, and other types of biomarkers for early, intermediate, and late nonexudative stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and summarize the relevant data for proof-of-concept clinical trials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE AMD is a leading cause of blindness in the aging population, yet no treatments exist for its most common nonexudative form. There are limited data on the diagnosis and progression of nonexudative AMD compared to neovascular AMD. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive, systematic review of recently published biomarkers (molecular, structural, and functional) for early AMD, intermediate AMD, and geographic atrophy and to evaluate the relevance of these biomarkers for use in future clinical trials. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and Web of Science from January 1, 1996 to November 30, 2020 and a patent search were conducted. Search terms included "early AMD," "dry AMD," "intermediate AMD," "biomarkers for nonexudative AMD," "fundus autofluorescence patterns," "color fundus photography," "dark adaptation," and "microperimetry." Articles were assessed for bias and quality with the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool. A total of 94 articles were included (61,842 individuals). RESULTS Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was superior at highlighting detailed structural changes in earlier stages of AMD. Fundus autofluorescence patterns were found to be most important in estimating progression of geographic atrophy. Delayed rod intercept time on dark adaptation was the most widely recommended surrogate functional endpoint for early AMD, while retinal sensitivity on microperimetry was most relevant for intermediate AMD. Combinational studies accounting for various patient characteristics and machine/deep-learning approaches were best suited for assessing individualized risk of AMD onset and progression. CONCLUSION This systematic review supports the use of structural and functional biomarkers in early AMD and intermediate AMD, which are more reproducible and less invasive than the other classes of biomarkers described. The use of deep learning and combinational algorithms will gain increasing importance in future clinical trials of nonexudative AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Fang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maria Gomez-Caraballo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin Rd, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin Rd, DUMC 3802, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Corvi F, Sadda SR. Progression of geographic atrophy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1951231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Corvi
- Doheny Eye Institute, United States, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - SriniVas R. Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, United States, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Colijn JM, Liefers B, Joachim N, Verzijden T, Meester-Smoor MA, Biarnés M, Monés J, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Mitchell P, Sánchez CI, Wang JJ, Klaver CCW. Enlargement of Geographic Atrophy From First Diagnosis to End of Life. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:743-750. [PMID: 34014262 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance Treatments for geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are currently under development. Understanding the natural course is needed for optimal trial design. Although enlargement rates of GA and visual acuity (VA) in the short term are known from clinical studies, knowledge of enlargement in the long term, life expectancy, and visual course is lacking. Objective To determine long-term enlargement of GA. Design, Setting, and Participants In this study, participant data were collected from 4 population-based cohort studies, with up to 25 years of follow-up and eye examinations at 5-year intervals: the Rotterdam Study cohorts 1, 2, and 3 and the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Data were collected from 1990 to 2015, and data were analyzed from January 2019 to November 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Area of GA was measured pixel by pixel using all available imaging. Area enlargement and enlargement of the square root-transformed area, time until GA reached the central fovea, and time until death were assessed, and best-corrected VA, smoking status, macular lesions according to the Three Continent AMD Consortium classification, a modified version of the Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system, and AMD genetic variants were covariates in Spearman, Pearson, or Mann-Whitney analyses. Results Of 171 included patients, 106 (62.0%) were female, and the mean (SD) age at inclusion was 82.6 (7.1) years. A total of 147 of 242 eyes with GA (60.7%) were newly diagnosed in our study. The mean area of GA at first presentation was 3.74 mm2 (95% CI, 3.11-4.67). Enlargement rate varied widely between persons (0.02 to 4.05 mm2 per year), with a mean of 1.09 mm2 per year (95% CI, 0.89-1.30). Stage of AMD in the other eye was correlated with GA enlargement (Spearman ρ = 0.34; P = .01). Foveal involvement was already present in incident GA in 55 of 147 eyes (37.4%); 23 of 42 eyes (55%) developed this after a mean (range) period of 5.6 (3-12) years, and foveal involvement did not develop before death in 11 of 42 eyes (26%). After first diagnosis, 121 of 171 patients with GA (70.8%) died after a mean (SD) period of 6.4 (5.4) years. Visual function was visually impaired (less than 20/63) in 47 of 107 patients (43.9%) at last visit before death. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, enlargement of GA appeared to be highly variable in the general population. More than one-third of incident GA was foveal at first presentation; those with extrafoveal GA developed foveal GA after a mean of 5.6 years. Future intervention trials should focus on recruiting those patients who have a high chance of severe visual decline within their life expectancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Liefers
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nichole Joachim
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timo Verzijden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Biarnés
- Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de la Màcula, Hospital Quirón Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Monés
- Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de la Màcula, Hospital Quirón Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, KNAW, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clara I Sánchez
- Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jie J Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin JB, Halawa OA, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Complement Inhibition for Geographic Atrophy: A Tempting Target with Mixed Results. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132890. [PMID: 34209660 PMCID: PMC8267692 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. One of the strongest genetic risk factors for AMD is a complement factor H (CFH) gene polymorphism characterized by a tyrosine-histidine change at amino acid position 402 (Y402H). The magnitude of this association between the Y402H variant and AMD is among the strongest that has been identified for any complex, multifactorial human disease. This strong association has motivated researchers to investigate a potential link between various elements of the complement pathway and AMD pathogenesis. Given the possible contribution of complement dysregulation to AMD, complement inhibition has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for slowing geographic atrophy (GA). Randomized clinical trials thus far have yielded mixed results. In this article, we provide the historical context for complement inhibition as a strategy for treating GA, discuss potential advantages and disadvantages of complement inhibition, and highlight the questions that must be addressed before complement inhibition can take center stage as a therapy for AMD.
Collapse
|
21
|
HK2 Mediated Glycolytic Metabolism in Mouse Photoreceptors Is Not Required to Cause Late Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Like Pathologies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060871. [PMID: 34208233 PMCID: PMC8230848 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease of unclear etiology. We previously proposed that metabolic adaptations in photoreceptors (PRs) play a role in disease progression. We mimicked these metabolic adaptations in mouse PRs through deletion of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) protein TSC1. Here, we confirm our previous findings by deletion of the other complex protein, namely TSC2, in rod photoreceptors. Similar to deletion of Tsc1, mice with deletion of Tsc2 in rods develop AMD-like pathologies, including accumulation of apolipoproteins, migration of microglia, geographic atrophy, and neovascular pathologies. Subtle differences between the two mouse models, such as a significant increase in microglia activation with loss of Tsc2, were seen as well. To investigate the role of altered glucose metabolism in disease pathogenesis, we generated mice with simulation deletions of Tsc2 and hexokinase-2 (Hk2) in rods. Although retinal lactate levels returned to normal in mice with Tsc2-Hk2 deletion, AMD-like pathologies still developed. The data suggest that the metabolic adaptations in PRs that cause AMD-like pathologies are independent of HK2-mediated aerobic glycolysis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Halawa OA, Lin JB, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. A Review of Completed and Ongoing Complement Inhibitor Trials for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122580. [PMID: 34208067 PMCID: PMC8230644 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness among older adults in the Western world. While therapies exist for patients with exudative AMD, there are currently no approved therapies for non-exudative AMD and its advanced form of geographic atrophy (GA). The discovery of genetic variants in complement protein loci with increased susceptibility to AMD has led to the investigation of the role of complement inhibition in AMD with a focus on GA. Here, we review completed and ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of these studies. Overall, complement inhibition in GA has yielded mixed results. The inhibition of complement factor D has failed pivotal phase 3 trials. Studies of C3 and C5 inhibition meeting their primary endpoint are limited by high rates of discontinuation and withdrawal in the treatment arm and higher risks of conversion to exudative AMD. Studies evaluating other complement members (CFB, CFH, CFI and inhibitors of membrane attack complex—CD59) are ongoing and could offer other viable strategies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Shen LL, Sun M, Ahluwalia A, Young BK, Park MM, Del Priore LV. Geographic Atrophy Growth Is Strongly Related to Lesion Perimeter: Unifying Effects of Lesion Area, Number, and Circularity on Growth. Ophthalmol Retina 2020; 5:868-878. [PMID: 33307218 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the underlying reason for the previously observed impact of baseline lesion size, number, and circularity on geographic atrophy (GA) growth rate. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Age-Related Eye Disease Study participants with GA secondary to nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. METHODS We manually delineated atrophic lesions on color fundus photographs of 318 eyes with GA followed up over at least 2 visits (mean follow-up duration, 5.1 ± 3.0 years). We calculated GA area growth rate for each eye based on the first and last visit. GA perimeter-adjusted growth rate was defined as the ratio between GA area growth rate and mean GA perimeter between the first and last visit for each eye. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GA area growth rate, growth rate of the square root of GA area, and GA perimeter-adjusted growth rate. RESULTS GA area growth rate was correlated strongly with mean GA perimeter (r2 = 0.66). GA area growth rate was associated with baseline GA area (r2 = 0.39; P < 0.001), lesion number (r2 = 0.10; P < 0.001), and circularity index (r2 = 0.28; P < 0.001). The use of the square root of GA area reduced the influence of baseline GA area (but not lesion number or circularity) on GA growth rate. In comparison, GA perimeter-adjusted growth rate (0.098 ± 0.062 mm/year) was not correlated with baseline GA area (r2 = 0.005; P = 0.20), lesion number (r2 = 0.00009; P = 0.86), or circularity index (r2 = 0.007; P = 0.14). GA perimeter-adjusted growth rate was 50.0% higher in eyes whose fellow eyes showed GA at any visit (0.102 ± 0.062 mm/year) than in eyes whose fellow eyes never demonstrated GA during follow-up (0.068 ± 0.049 mm/year). CONCLUSIONS The growth rate of GA area is associated strongly with lesion perimeter. This relationship explains the previously observed influences of baseline GA size, lesion number, and circularity on GA growth rate. GA perimeter-adjusted growth rate is uncorrelated with the 3 morphologic factors and may serve as a surrogate outcome measure to monitor GA progression in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo L Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aneesha Ahluwalia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin K Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael M Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lucian V Del Priore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zouache MA, Bennion A, Hageman JL, Pappas C, Richards BT, Hageman GS. Macular retinal thickness differs markedly in age-related macular degeneration driven by risk polymorphisms on chromosomes 1 and 10. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21093. [PMID: 33273512 PMCID: PMC7713215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The two most common genetic contributors to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide, are variants associated with CFH-CFHR5 on chromosome 1 (Chr1) and ARMS2/HTRA1 on chromosome 10 (Chr10). We sought to determine if risk and protective variants associated with these two loci drive differences in macular retinal thickness prior and subsequent to the onset of clinically observable signs of AMD. We considered 299 individuals (547 eyes) homozygous for risk variants or haplotypes on Chr1 or Chr10 exclusively (Chr1-risk and Chr10-risk, respectively) or homozygous for a neutral haplotype (Chr1-neu), for the protective I62 tagged haplotype (Chr1-prot-I62) or for the protection conferring CFHR1/3 deletion haplotype (Chr1-prot-del) on Chr1 without any risk alleles on Chr10. Among eyes with no clinically observable signs of AMD, the deletion of CFHR1/3, which is strongly protective against this disease, is associated with significantly thicker retinas in the perifovea. When controlling for age, Chr10-risk eyes with early or intermediate AMD have thinner retinas as compared to eyes from the Chr1-risk group with similar disease severity. Our analysis indicates that this difference likely results from distinct biological and disease initiation and progression events associated with Chr1- and Chr10-directed AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moussa A Zouache
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, USA.
| | - Alex Bennion
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, USA
| | - Jill L Hageman
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, USA
| | - Christian Pappas
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, USA
| | - Burt T Richards
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, USA
| | - Gregory S Hageman
- Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hwang CK, Agrón E, Domalpally A, Cukras CA, Wong WT, Chew EY, Keenan TDL. Progression of Geographic Atrophy with Subsequent Exudative Neovascular Disease in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: AREDS2 Report 24. Ophthalmol Retina 2020; 5:108-117. [PMID: 33075546 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether the rate of geographic atrophy (GA) enlargement is influenced by subsequent exudative neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and hence, to explore indirectly whether nonexudative nAMD may slow GA enlargement. DESIGN Post hoc analysis of a controlled clinical trial cohort. PARTICIPANTS Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 participants 50 to 85 years of age. METHODS Baseline and annual stereoscopic color fundus photographs were evaluated for (1) GA presence and area and (2) exudative nAMD presence. Two cohorts were constructed: eyes with GA at study baseline (prevalent cohort) and eyes in which GA developed during follow-up (incident cohort). Mixed-model regression of the square root of GA area was performed according to the presence or absence of subsequent exudative nAMD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change over time in square root of GA area. RESULTS Of the 757 eyes in the incident GA cohort, over a mean follow-up of 2.3 years (standard deviation [SD], 1.2 years), 73 eyes (9.6%) demonstrated subsequent exudative nAMD. Geographic atrophy enlargement in these eyes was significantly slower (0.20 mm/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.28 mm/year) compared with the other 684 eyes in which subsequent exudative nAMD did not develop (0.29 mm/year; 95% CI, 0.27-0.30 mm/year; P = 0.037). Of the 456 eyes in the prevalent GA cohort, over a mean follow-up of 4.1 years (SD, 1.4 years), 63 eyes (13.8%) demonstrated subsequent exudative nAMD. Geographic atrophy enlargement in these eyes was similar (0.31 mm/year; 95% CI, 0.24-0.37 mm/year) compared with the other 393 eyes in which subsequent exudative nAMD did not develop (0.28 mm/year; 95% CI, 0.26-0.29 mm/year; P = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS In eyes with recent GA, GA enlargement before the development of exudative nAMD seems slowed. This association was not observed in eyes with more long-standing GA, which have larger lesion sizes. Hence, perilesional nonexudative choroidal neovascular tissue (presumably present before the development of clinically apparent exudation) may slow enlargement of smaller GA lesions through improved perfusion. This hypothesis warrants further evaluation in prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Hwang
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elvira Agrón
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amitha Domalpally
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Catherine A Cukras
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wai T Wong
- Section on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tiarnan D L Keenan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang J, Ying GS. Growth Rate of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis of Natural History Studies and Implications for Designing Future Trials. Ophthalmic Res 2020; 64:205-215. [PMID: 32721951 DOI: 10.1159/000510507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is no effective treatment for geographic atrophy (GA). To help design future GA treatment trials, we conducted a meta-analysis for GA growth rate and its variability in natural history studies. METHODS Literatures were searched up to April 30, 2020. Data were extracted independently by 2 authors and analyzed using random-effects models. RESULTS The pooled mean GA growth rate was 1.66 mm2/year (SD = 1.27 mm2/year, I2 = 97.0%, p < 0.001) from 23 studies (3,078 patients) reported with growth rate in mm2/year and 0.33 mm/year (SD = 0.17 mm/year, I2 = 83.0%, p < 0.001) from 12 studies (1,808 patients) reported with growth rate in mm/year. Larger mean baseline GA area in mm2 was associated with larger mean growth rate in both mm2/year and mm/year (p < 0.001). The sample size at 85% power for detecting 15% reduction in growth rate in a 2-arm GA trial is 464 and 209 patients per arm, respectively, for using mm2/year and mm/year as the primary outcome. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION GA natural history studies had a pooled mean (SD) GA growth rate of 1.66 (1.27) mm2/year or 0.33 (0.17) mm/year. Because GA growth rate using mm/year requires smaller sample size than using mm2/year, GA growth rate in mm/year is recommended as the primary outcome measure for future GA trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Thiele S, Nadal J, Pfau M, Saßmannshausen M, Fleckenstein M, Holz FG, Schmid M, Schmitz-Valckenberg S. Prognostic value of intermediate age-related macular degeneration phenotypes for geographic atrophy progression. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:239-245. [PMID: 32269061 PMCID: PMC7848046 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterise early stages of geographic atrophy (GA) development in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to determine the prognostic value of structural precursor lesions in eyes with intermediate (i) AMD on the subsequent GA progression. METHODS Structural precursor lesions for atrophic areas (lesion size at least 0.5 mm² in fundus autofluorescence images) were retrospectively identified based on multimodal imaging and evaluated for association with the subsequent GA enlargement rates (square-root transformed, sqrt). A linear mixed-effects model was used to account for the hierarchical nature of the data with a Tukey post hoc test to assess the impact of the local precursor on the subsequent GA progression rate. RESULTS A total of 39 eyes with GA of 34 patients with a mean age of 74.4±6.7 (±SD) years were included in this study. Five precursor lesions (phenotypes 1-5) preceding GA development were identified: large, sub-retinal pigment epithelial drusen (n=19), reticular pseudodrusen (RPD, n=10), refractile deposits (n=4), pigment epithelial detachment (n=4) and vitelliform lesions (n=2). Precursor lesions exhibited a significant association with the subsequent (sqrt) GA progression rates (p=0.0018) with RPD (phenotype 2) being associated with the fastest GA enlargement (2.29±0.52 (±SE) mm/year. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the prognostic relevance of iAMD phenotyping for subsequent GA progression highlighting the role of structural AMD features across different AMD stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thiele
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Nadal
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pfau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Monika Fleckenstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Heesterbeek TJ, Lorés-Motta L, Hoyng CB, Lechanteur YTE, den Hollander AI. Risk factors for progression of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:140-170. [PMID: 32100327 PMCID: PMC7155063 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of the macula, often leading to progressive vision loss. The rate of disease progression can vary among individuals and has been associated with multiple risk factors. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature investigating phenotypic, demographic, environmental, genetic, and molecular risk factors, and propose the most consistently identified risk factors for disease progression in AMD based on these studies. Finally, we describe the potential use of these risk factors for personalised healthcare. Recent findings While phenotypic risk factors such as drusen and pigment abnormalities become more important to predict disease progression during the course of the disease, demographic, environmental, genetic and molecular risk factors are more valuable at earlier disease stages. Demographic and environmental risk factors such as age and smoking are consistently reported to be related to disease progression, while other factors such as sex, body mass index (BMI) and education are less often associated. Of all known AMD variants, variants that are most consistently reported with disease progression are rs10922109 and rs570618 in CFH, rs116503776 in C2/CFB/SKIV2L, rs3750846 in ARMS2/HTRA1 and rs2230199 in C3. However, it seems likely that other AMD variants also contribute to disease progression but to a lesser extent. Rare variants have probably a large effect on disease progression in highly affected families. Furthermore, current prediction models do not include molecular risk factors, while these factors can be measured accurately in the blood. Possible promising molecular risk factors are High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL‐C), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), zeaxanthin and lutein. Summary Phenotypic, demographic, environmental, genetic and molecular risk factors can be combined in prediction models to predict disease progression, but the selection of the proper risk factors for personalised risk prediction will differ among individuals and is dependent on their current disease stage. Future prediction models should include a wider set of genetic variants to determine the genetic risk more accurately, and rare variants should be taken into account in highly affected families. In addition, adding molecular factors in prediction models may lead to preventive strategies and personalised advice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Heesterbeek
- Departments of, Department of, Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Lorés-Motta
- Departments of, Department of, Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of, Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Departments of, Department of, Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yara T E Lechanteur
- Departments of, Department of, Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Departments of, Department of, Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of, Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Natural History of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Results from the Prospective Proxima A and B Clinical Trials. Ophthalmology 2019; 127:769-783. [PMID: 32081489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To better characterize visual function decline and geographic atrophy (GA) progression secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Proxima A (NCT02479386)/Proxima B (NCT02399072) were global, prospective, noninterventional, observational clinical trials. PARTICIPANTS Eligible patients were aged ≥50 years. Patients in Proxima A had bilateral GA without choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in either eye (N = 295). Patients in Proxima B had GA without CNV in the study eye and CNV±GA in the fellow eye (fellow eye CNV cohort, n = 168) or GA without CNV in the study eye, no CNV/GA in the fellow eye (fellow eye intermediate AMD cohort, n = 32). METHODS Changes in visual function and imaging/anatomic parameters were evaluated over time using a mixed model for repeated measurement accounting for key baseline characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prespecified end points included change in GA area from baseline, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) score assessed by Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), and visual acuity under low-luminance (LLVA). RESULTS At 24 months, adjusted mean (standard error) change in GA lesion area from baseline was 3.87 (0.15) mm2 in participants with bilateral GA (Proxima A), 3.55 (0.16) mm2 in the fellow eye CNV cohort (Proxima B), and 2.96 (0.25) mm2 in the fellow eye intermediate AMD cohort (Proxima B). Progression of GA was greater in patients with baseline nonsubfoveal (vs. subfoveal) GA lesions and tended to increase as baseline low-luminance deficit increased (all patients). Conversion to GA or CNV in the fellow eye occurred in 30% and 6.7% of participants, respectively, in the Proxima B intermediate AMD cohort at month 12. Adjusted mean (standard error) changes in BCVA and LLVA (ETDRS letters) in the study eye from baseline to 24 months were -13.88 (1.40) and -7.64 (1.20) in Proxima A, -9.49 (1.29) and -7.57 (1.26) in Proxima B fellow eye CNV cohort, and -11.48 (3.39) and -8.37 (3.02) in Proxima B fellow eye intermediate AMD cohort, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The prospective Proxima A and B studies highlight the severe functional impact of GA and the rapid rate of GA lesion progression over a 2-year period, including in patients with unilateral GA at baseline.
Collapse
|
30
|
Pharmacotherapy for metabolic and cellular stress in degenerative retinal diseases. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:292-304. [PMID: 31809750 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinal photoreceptors continually endure stresses associated with prolonged light exposure and the metabolic demands of dark adaptation. Although healthy photoreceptors are able to withstand these stresses for several decades, the disease-affected retina functions at a reduced capacity and is at an increased risk for dysfunction. To alleviate cellular and metabolic stressors in degenerative retinal diseases, a new class of drugs that modulate the metabolic activity of the retina have been developed. A clinical candidate in this class (emixustat) has been shown to reduce retinal pathology in various animal models of human retinal disease and is currently under clinical study. Here, we describe the pharmacological properties of emixustat, its mechanisms of action, and potential for use in the treatment of specific retinal diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Safety and Efficacy of Subretinally Administered Palucorcel for Geographic Atrophy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Phase 2b Study. Ophthalmol Retina 2019; 4:384-393. [PMID: 32033908 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate safety and successful use of a novel subretinal delivery system and suprachoroidal surgical approach and safety and activity of human umbilical tissue-derived cells (palucorcel) via a novel delivery system in patients with geographic atrophy (GA). DESIGN Multicenter, open-label phase 2b study. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 55 to 90 years with GA secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/80 to 20/800. Exclusion criteria included neovascular AMD in the intervention eye, glaucoma with intraocular pressure of 25 mmHg or more, or other significant ophthalmologic conditions. METHODS Participants received a subretinal injection of palucorcel, 3.0 × 105 cells in 50 μl, using the custom-designed delivery system and surgical procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs), immunologic assessments, and ophthalmologic evaluations. Efficacy was evaluated as change in mean number of BCVA letters from baseline, proportion of participants gaining 15 BCVA letters or more, and growth rate of GA lesions at 12 months. RESULTS Surgery and palucorcel administration were performed in 21 participants at 8 sites by 8 different surgeons. At baseline, median total area of GA was 13.4 mm2 and median BCVA was 43 letters in the intervention eye. Eye-related AEs occurred in 76% of participants (16/21), including conjunctival hemorrhage (n = 5), retinal hemorrhage (n = 4), and vitreous floaters (n = 4). Most AEs were mild and resolved within 1 month. No serious AEs, no retinal detachment or perforation, and no significant changes in intraocular pressure occurred. At month 12, mean change in BCVA from baseline was -5.9 letters correct (standard deviation, 13.0 letters correct) in the intervention eye and -3.7 letters correct (standard deviation, 9.0 letters correct) in the fellow eye. No participants showed improvement of 15 letters or more in the intervention eye, and 3 participants lost more than 15 letters by month 1. No apparent effect of treatment was observed. CONCLUSIONS Palucorcel was delivered successfully to the targeted subretinal site using a novel delivery system and suprachoroidal approach for most participants; however, improvement in GA area, retardation of growth, or visual acuity were not demonstrated.
Collapse
|
32
|
Holz FG, Sadda SR, Busbee B, Chew EY, Mitchell P, Tufail A, Brittain C, Ferrara D, Gray S, Honigberg L, Martin J, Tong B, Ehrlich JS, Bressler NM. Efficacy and Safety of Lampalizumab for Geographic Atrophy Due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Chroma and Spectri Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 136:666-677. [PMID: 29801123 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Importance Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of visual disability in older individuals. A phase 2 trial suggested that lampalizumab, a selective complement factor D inhibitor, reduced the rate of GA enlargement, warranting phase 3 trials. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of lampalizumab vs sham procedure on enlargement of GA. Design, Setting, and Participants Two identically designed phase 3 double-masked, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trials, Chroma and Spectri, enrolled participants from August 28, 2014, to October 6, 2016, at 275 sites in 23 countries. Participants were aged 50 years or older, with bilateral GA and no prior or active choroidal neovascularization in either eye and GA lesions in the study eye measuring 2.54 to 17.78 mm2 with diffuse or banded fundus autofluorescence patterns. Interventions Participants were randomized 2:1:2:1 to receive 10 mg of intravitreous lampalizumab every 4 weeks, sham procedure every 4 weeks, 10 mg of lampalizumab every 6 weeks, or sham procedure every 6 weeks, through 96 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures Safety and efficacy assessed as mean change from baseline in GA lesion area at week 48 from centrally read fundus autofluorescence images of the lampalizumab arms vs pooled sham arms, in the intent-to-treat population and by complement factor I-profile genetic biomarker. Results A total of 906 participants (553 women and 353 men; mean [SD] age, 78.1 [8.1] years) were enrolled in Chroma and 975 participants (578 women and 397 men; mean [SD] age, 77.9 [8.1] years) were enrolled in Spectri; 1733 of the 1881 participants (92.1%) completed the studies through 48 weeks. The adjusted mean increases in GA lesion area from baseline at week 48 were 1.93 to 2.09 mm2 across all groups in both studies. Differences in adjusted mean change in GA lesion area (lampalizumab minus sham) were -0.02 mm2 (95% CI, -0.21 to 0.16 mm2; P = .80) for lampalizumab every 4 weeks in Chroma, 0.16 mm2 (95% CI, 0.00-0.31 mm2; P = .048) for lampalizumab every 4 weeks in Spectri, 0.05 mm2 (95% CI, -0.13 to 0.24 mm2; P = .59) for lampalizumab every 6 weeks in Chroma, and 0.09 mm2 (95% CI, -0.07 to 0.24 mm2; P = .27) for lampalizumab every 6 weeks in Spectri. No benefit of lampalizumab was observed across prespecified subgroups, including by complement factor I-profile biomarker. Endophthalmitis occurred after 5 of 12 447 injections (0.04%) or in 5 of 1252 treated participants (0.4%) through week 48. Conclusions and Relevance In Chroma and Spectri, the largest studies of GA conducted to date, lampalizumab did not reduce GA enlargement vs sham during 48 weeks of treatment. Results highlight the substantial and consistent enlargement of GA, at a mean of approximately 2 mm2 per year. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02247479 and NCT02247531.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Srinivas R Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at Los Angeles
| | | | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Daniela Ferrara
- Genentech Inc, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah Gray
- Genentech Inc, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California
| | - Lee Honigberg
- Genentech Inc, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jillian Martin
- Genentech Inc, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California
| | - Barbara Tong
- Genentech Inc, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jason S Ehrlich
- Genentech Inc, a Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California
| | - Neil M Bressler
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Editor
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rosenfeld PJ, Feuer WJ. Lessons from Recent Phase III Trial Failures: Don't Design Phase III Trials Based on Retrospective Subgroup Analyses from Phase II Trials. Ophthalmology 2019; 125:1488-1491. [PMID: 30243330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
34
|
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF SHAPE-DESCRIPTIVE FACTORS FOR THE PROGRESSION OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2019; 39:1527-1540. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Grassmann F, Harsch S, Brandl C, Kiel C, Nürnberg P, Toliat MR, Fleckenstein M, Pfau M, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Holz FG, Chew EY, Swaroop A, Ratnapriya R, Klein ML, Mulyukov Z, Zamiri P, Weber BHF. Assessment of Novel Genome-Wide Significant Gene Loci and Lesion Growth in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 137:867-876. [PMID: 31120506 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Importance Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common threat to vision loss in individuals older than 50 years. While neovascular complications in AMD are treatable, there is currently no therapy for geographic atrophy secondary to AMD. Geographic atrophy lesion progression over time shows considerable interindividual variability, but little is known about prognostic factors. Objective To elucidate the contribution of common genetic variants to geographic atrophy lesion growth. Design, Setting, and Participants This pooled analysis combined 4 independent studies: the Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (FAM) study, the Directional Spread in Geographic Atrophy (DSGA) study, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), and the Geographic Atrophy Treatment Evaluation (GATE) study. Each provided data for geographic atrophy lesion growth in specific designs. Patients with geographic atrophy secondary to AMD were recruited to these studies. Genotypes were retrieved through the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (for AREDS) or generated at the Cologne Center for Genomics (for FAM, DSGA, and GATE). Main Outcomes The correlation between square root-transformed geographic atrophy growth rate and 7 596 219 genetic variants passing quality control was estimated using linear regression. The calculations were adjusted for known factors influencing geographic atrophy growth, such as the presence of bilateral geographic atrophy as well as the number of lesion spots and follow-up times. Main Outcomes and Measures Slopes per allele, 95% CIs, and P values of genetic variants correlated with geographic atrophy lesion growth. Results A total of 935 patients (mean [SD] age, 74.7 [7.8] years; 547 female participants [59.0%]) were included. Two gene loci with conservative genome-wide significance were identified. Each minor allele of the genome-wide associated variants increased the geographic atrophy growth rate by a mean of about 15% or 0.05 mm per year. Gene prioritization within each locus suggests the protein arginine methyltransferase 6 gene (PRMT6; chromosome 1; slope, 0.046 [95% CI, 0.026-0.066]; P = 4.09 × 10-8) and the lanosterol synthase gene (LSS; chromosome 21; slope, 0.105 [95% CI, 0.068-0.143]; P = 4.07 × 10-7) as the most likely progression-associated genes. Conclusions and Relevance These data provide further insight into the genetic architecture of geographic atrophy lesion growth. Geographic atrophy is a clinical outcome with a high medical need for effective therapy. The genes PRMT6 and LSS are promising candidates for future studies aimed at understanding functional aspects of geographic atrophy progression and also for designing novel and targeted treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Harsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Brandl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Kiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Maximilian Pfau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, Clinical Trials Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael L Klein
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | | | - Parisa Zamiri
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Complement C3 Inhibitor Pegcetacoplan for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized Phase 2 Trial. Ophthalmology 2019; 127:186-195. [PMID: 31474439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a major cause of blindness. Even while central visual acuity remains relatively well preserved, GA often causes considerable compromise of visual function and quality of life. No treatment currently exists. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of pegcetacoplan, a complement C3 inhibitor, for treatment of GA. DESIGN Prospective, multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled phase 2 study. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred forty-six patients with GA. METHODS Patients with GA were assigned randomly in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive intravitreal injections of 15 mg pegcetacoplan monthly or every other month (EOM) or sham intravitreal injections monthly or EOM for 12 months with follow-up at months 15 and 18. Area and growth of GA were measured using fundus autofluorescence imaging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary efficacy end point was mean change in square root GA lesion area from baseline to month 12. Secondary outcome measures included mean change from baseline in GA lesion area without the square root transformation, distance of GA lesion from the fovea, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low-luminance BCVA, and low-luminance visual acuity deficit. The primary safety end point was the number and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events. RESULTS In patients receiving pegcetacoplan monthly or EOM, the GA growth rate was reduced by 29% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9-49; P = 0.008) and 20% (95% CI, 0-40; P = 0.067) compared with the sham treatment group. Post hoc analysis showed that the effect was greater in the second 6 months of treatment, with observed reductions of 45% (P = 0.0004) and 33% (P = 0.009) for pegcetacoplan monthly and EOM, respectively. Two cases of culture-positive endophthalmitis and 1 case of culture-negative endophthalmitis occurred in the pegcetacoplan monthly group. New-onset investigator-determined exudative AMD was reported more frequently in pegcetacoplan-treated eyes (18/86 eyes [20.9%] and 7/79 eyes [8.9%] in monthly and EOM groups, respectively) than in sham-treated eyes (1/81 eyes [1.2%]). CONCLUSIONS Local C3 inhibition with pegcetacoplan resulted in statistically significant reductions in the growth of GA compared with sham treatment. Phase 3 studies will define the efficacy and safety profile further.
Collapse
|
37
|
Insights into the loss of the Y chromosome with age in control individuals and in patients with age-related macular degeneration using genotyping microarray data. Hum Genet 2019; 139:401-407. [PMID: 31134332 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The extent of aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes increases with age in human leukocytes. Here, we re-explore the dynamics of normal loss of the Y chromosome (LOY) with age based on microarray data using two exponential models and two different ways to estimate the fraction of LOY. This analysis shows the existence of a significant correlation between the fraction of LOY estimated from molecular cytogenetics and genotyping microarray data. Although the specific estimates of the parameters for the two exponential models are different from those derived from cytogenetics data, the present analysis in an independent dataset of normal individuals confirms that X0 cells have a selective advantage over XY cells. Moreover, patients with age-related macular degeneration display higher fraction of LOY values and seem to have a predisposition to lose their Y chromosome even at young ages compared to control individuals. As there are no data available for the same individuals at different time points, the parameters reported here are average values drawn from population analyses.
Collapse
|
38
|
Rosenfeld PJ, Berger B, Reichel E, Danis RP, Gress A, Ye L, Magee M, Parham LR, McLaughlin MM. A Randomized Phase 2 Study of an Anti–Amyloid β Monoclonal Antibody in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:1028-1040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Mantel I, Zola M, De Massougnes S, Dirani A, Bergin C. Factors influencing macular atrophy growth rates in neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with ranibizumab or aflibercept according to an observe-and-plan regimen. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:900-905. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background/aimsTo investigate the factors associated with macular atrophy (MA) growth rates in neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with either ranibizumab or aflibercept.MethodsWe obtained data from two identical prospective studies using ranibizumab or aflibercept under observe-and-plan variable dosing regimens. We analysed eyes that presented MA within 2 years. After applying square root transformations to MA sizes, we calculated MA growth rate from baseline to the year 2 endpoint and used univariate and multivariate analyses to detect ocular and treatment factors associated with the MA growth rate.ResultsIncluded were 109 eyes from 101 patients (mean age 80.6 years). The mean square-root-transformed MA growth rate was 0.54±0.34 mm/year. The univariate analyses revealed that MA growth rates were significantly associated with lower baseline visual acuities (p=0.001) and thicker subretinal tissue complexes (p=0.006) and near-significantly associated with the presence of pigment epithelium detachment (p=0.057) and choroidal neovascularisation subtypes (p=0.069). Our multivariate analysis confirmed the significance of lower baseline visual acuities (p=0.008) and pigment epithelium detachments higher than 200 µm (p=0.035). Furthermore, MA growth rates in neovascular eyes significantly correlated with MA growth rates in non-neovascular fellow eyes (n=61; p=0.003).ConclusionMA growth rates were associated with ocular factors in the study eyes and the fellow eyes but not with the drug or the number of injections within this variable dosing regimen.
Collapse
|
40
|
Keenan TD, Agrón E, Domalpally A, Clemons TE, van Asten F, Wong WT, Danis RG, Sadda S, Rosenfeld PJ, Klein ML, Ratnapriya R, Swaroop A, Ferris FL, Chew EY. Progression of Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration: AREDS2 Report Number 16. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:1913-1928. [PMID: 30060980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of eyes with geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including clinical and genetic factors affecting enlargement. DESIGN Prospective cohort study within a controlled clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) participants, aged 50-85 years. METHODS Baseline and annual stereoscopic color fundus photographs were evaluated for GA presence and area. Analyses included GA prevalence and incidence rates, Kaplan-Meier rates, mixed-model regression, and multivariable analysis of the square root of GA, area adjusted for covariates, including clinical/imaging characteristics and genotype. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (1) Presence or development of GA; (2) change in the square root of GA area over time. RESULTS At baseline, 517 eyes (6.2%) of 411 participants (9.8%) had pre-existing GA (without neovascular AMD), with the following characteristics: 33% central, 67% noncentral; and the following configurations: 36% small, 26% solid/unifocal, 24% multifocal, 9% horseshoe/ring, and 6% indeterminate. Of the remaining 6530 eyes at risk, 1099 eyes (17.3%) of 883 participants developed incident GA without prior neovascular disease during mean follow-up of 4.4 years. The Kaplan-Meier rate of incident GA was 19% of eyes at 5 years. In eyes with incident GA, 4-year risk of subsequent neovascular AMD was 29%. In eyes with incident noncentral GA, 4-year risk of central involvement was 57%. GA enlargement rate (following square root transformation) was similar in eyes with pre-existing GA (0.29 mm/year; 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.30) and incident GA (0.28 mm/year; 0.27-0.30). In the combined group, GA enlargement was significantly faster with noncentrality, multifocality, intermediate baseline size, and bilateral GA (P < 0.0001 for interaction in each case) but not with AREDS2 treatment assignment (P = 0.33) or smoking status (P = 0.05). Enlargement was significantly faster with ARMS2 risk (P < 0.0001), C3 non-risk (P = 0.0002), and APOE non-risk (P = 0.001) genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of AREDS2 data on natural history of GA provide representative data on GA evolution and enlargement. GA enlargement, which was influenced by lesion features, was relentless, resulting in rapid central vision loss. The genetic variants associated with faster enlargement were partially distinct from those associated with risk of incident GA. These findings are relevant to further investigations of GA pathogenesis and clinical trial planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiarnan D Keenan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elvira Agrón
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amitha Domalpally
- Fundus Photographic Reading Center, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Freekje van Asten
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Microglia, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ronald G Danis
- Fundus Photographic Reading Center, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Philip J Rosenfeld
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael L Klein
- Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon; Devers Eye Clinic, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frederick L Ferris
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rosenfeld PJ, Dugel PU, Holz FG, Heier JS, Pearlman JA, Novack RL, Csaky KG, Koester JM, Gregory JK, Kubota R. Emixustat Hydrochloride for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:1556-1567. [PMID: 29716784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether emixustat hydrochloride (emixustat) reduces the rate of enlargement of geographic atrophy (GA) compared with placebo in subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of emixustat over 24 months of treatment. DESIGN Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Patients with GA secondary to AMD, a visual acuity score of at least 35 letters, and GA with a total area of 1.25 to 18 mm2 were enrolled. METHODS Subjects were randomized (1:1:1:1) to emixustat 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, or placebo, administered orally once daily for 24 months. Visits included screening, baseline, and months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 25. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary efficacy end point was the mean annual growth rate of total GA area in the study eye, as measured by a central reading center using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images. The change from baseline in normal luminance best-corrected visual acuity (NL-BCVA) was a secondary efficacy end point. RESULTS Of 508 randomized subjects, 320 completed the study. Demographics and baseline characteristics were comparable between treatment groups. On average, GA lesions in the study eye grew at a similar rate in each group (emixustat: 1.69 to 1.84 mm2/year; placebo: 1.69 mm2/year; P ≥ 0.81). Changes in NL-BCVA were also comparable between groups. Subjects with a larger low luminance deficit (LLD) at baseline (≥20 letters) demonstrated a more rapid growth of GA over 24 months. No relationship was observed between the risk-allele status of the AMD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms tested and the growth rate of GA. The most common adverse events in emixustat-treated subjects were delayed dark adaptation (55%), chromatopsia (18%), visual impairment (15%), and erythropsia (15%). CONCLUSIONS Emixustat did not reduce the growth rate of GA in AMD. The most common adverse events were ocular in nature and likely related to the drug's mechanism of action. Data gained from this study over a 2-year period add to the understanding of the natural history of GA and the baseline characteristics affecting the growth rate of GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Rosenfeld
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | | | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Roger L Novack
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cobos E, Recalde S, Anter J, Hernandez-Sanchez M, Barreales C, Olavarrieta L, Valverde A, Suarez-Figueroa M, Cruz F, Abraldes M, Pérez-Pérez J, Fernández-Robredo P, Arias L, García-Layana A. Association between CFH, CFB, ARMS2, SERPINF1, VEGFR1 and VEGF polymorphisms and anatomical and functional response to ranibizumab treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e201-e212. [PMID: 28926193 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine if specific genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition response to ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A total of 403 Caucasian patients diagnosed with exudative AMD were included. After a three-injection loading phase, a pro re nata regimen was followed. Nine SNPs from six different genes (CFH, CFB, ARMS2, SERPINF1, VEGFR1, VEGF) were genotyped. Non-genetic risk factors (gender, smoking habit and hypertension) were also assessed. Patients were classified as good or poor responders (GR or PR) according to functional (visual acuity), anatomical (foveal thickness measured by OCT) and fluid criteria (fluid/no fluid measured by OCT). RESULTS Hypertension was the environmental factor with the strongest poor response association with ranibizumab in the anatomical measure after the loading phase (p = 0.0004; OR 3.7; 95% CI, 2.4-5.8) and after 12 months of treatment (p = 10-5 ; OR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.4). The genetic variants rs12614 (CFB), rs699947 (VEGFA) and rs7993418 (VEGFR1) predisposed patients to a good response, while rs12603486 and rs1136287 (SERPINF1) were associated with a poor response. The protective genotype of rs800292 variant (CFH) was also associated with a poor anatomical response (p 0.0048). CONCLUSION All these data suggest that genetics play an important role in treatment response in AMD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Cobos
- Department of Ophthalmology; Bellvitge University Hospital; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory; Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - Jaouad Anter
- Department of Celular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas and Ciber de Enfermedades Raras; Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Hernandez-Sanchez
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory; Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - Carla Barreales
- Deparment of Ophthalmology; Hospital Virgen del Camino; Pamplona Spain
| | | | - Alicia Valverde
- Deparment of Ophthalmology; Hospital Clínico de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Fernando Cruz
- Deparment of Ophthalmology; Complejo asistencial Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Maximino Abraldes
- Deparment of Ophthalmology; Hospital Universitario Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | | | - Patricia Fernández-Robredo
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory; Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - Luis Arias
- Department of Ophthalmology; Bellvitge University Hospital; Barcelona Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Layana
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory; Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fleckenstein M, Mitchell P, Freund KB, Sadda S, Holz FG, Brittain C, Henry EC, Ferrara D. The Progression of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2017; 125:369-390. [PMID: 29110945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that leads to progressive and irreversible loss of visual function. Geographic atrophy is defined by the presence of sharply demarcated atrophic lesions of the outer retina, resulting from loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and underlying choriocapillaris. These lesions typically appear first in the perifoveal macula, initially sparing the foveal center, and over time often expand and coalesce to include the fovea. Although the kinetics of GA progression are highly variable among individual patients, a growing body of evidence suggests that specific characteristics may be important in predicting disease progression and outcomes. This review synthesizes current understanding of GA progression in AMD and the factors known or postulated to be relevant to GA lesion enlargement, including both affected and fellow eye characteristics. In addition, the roles of genetic, environmental, and demographic factors in GA lesion enlargement are discussed. Overall, GA progression rates reported in the literature for total study populations range from 0.53 to 2.6 mm2/year (median, ∼1.78 mm2/year), assessed primarily by color fundus photography or fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging. Several factors that could inform an individual's disease prognosis have been replicated in multiple cohorts: baseline lesion size, lesion location, multifocality, FAF patterns, and fellow eye status. Because best-corrected visual acuity does not correspond directly to GA lesion enlargement due to possible foveal sparing, alternative assessments are being explored to capture the relationship between anatomic progression and visual function decline, including microperimetry, low-luminance visual acuity, reading speed assessments, and patient-reported outcomes. Understanding GA progression and its individual variability is critical in the design of clinical studies, in the interpretation and application of clinical trial results, and for counseling patients on how disease progression may affect their individual prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Bailey Freund
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - SriniVas Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California; University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Erin C Henry
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chirco KR, Lewis CJ, Scheetz TE, Johnston RM, Tucker BA, Stone EM, Fingert JH, Mullins RF. Evaluation of sFLT1 protein levels in human eyes with the FLT1 rs9943922 polymorphism. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 39:68-72. [PMID: 28949775 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1369550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disease characterized by central vision impairment in individuals with advanced age. Neovascular AMD is a form of end-stage disease in which choroidal vessel outgrowth occurs beneath the retina. While many hypotheses have been raised as to what triggers the formation of pathological choroidal neovascular membranes, the exact mechanism for their initiation remains unresolved. Polymorphisms in the FLT1 gene have previously been associated with neovascular AMD risk, including the rs9943922 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Here, we aimed to determine the association between the high-risk FLT1 genotype and FLT1 protein levels in human retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid tissue. METHODS Retina and RPE/choroid tissue from 10 human donor eyes was selected from a collection of eyes genotyped for the rs9943922 SNP. Differences in soluble and membrane bound FLT1 protein levels were assessed for retina versus RPE/choroid donor tissue using ELISA and Western blotting analyses. Genotype-associated changes in FLT1 protein levels were also evaluated. RESULTS We found soluble FLT1 levels in the RPE/choroid tissue to be approximately three times higher than that of the retina (p < 0.001), while both samples have similar levels of the membrane bound form. When tissue with the rs9943922 SNP was compared with controls, no significant genotypic differences in FLT1 protein levels were observed. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, we conclude that the rs9943922 SNP in the FLT1 gene does not result in a large difference in FLT1 protein levels, regardless of whether it is the soluble or the membrane bound form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Chirco
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Carly J Lewis
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Rebecca M Johnston
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - John H Fingert
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- a The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ho AC, Chang TS, Samuel M, Williamson P, Willenbucher RF, Malone T. Experience With a Subretinal Cell-based Therapy in Patients With Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-related Macular Degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 179:67-80. [PMID: 28435054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and tolerability of and clinical response to a single, subretinal dose of human umbilical tissue-derived cells (palucorcel [CNTO-2476]) in the eyes of adults aged ≥50 years with bilateral geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Phase 1/2a, multicenter, open-label, dose-escalation, fellow-eye-controlled study. METHODS In the phase 1 portion, eyes were assigned to receive a single, subretinal dose of palucorcel (ranging from 6.0 × 104 to 5.6 × 105 viable cells). In the phase 2a portion, eyes were assigned to one of 2 palucorcel doses (6.0 × 104 or 3.0 × 105 cells) determined during the phase 1 portion. The intervention eye was the eye with worse baseline visual acuity. RESULTS A total of 35 eligible subjects underwent at least a partial surgical procedure. Palucorcel was administered in 33 eyes. Overall, 17.1% (6/35) of subjects experienced retinal detachments and 37.1% (13/35) experienced retinal perforations. No episodes of immune rejection or tumor formation were observed. At 1 year, ≥10- and ≥15-letter gains in best-corrected visual acuity were observed in 34.5% (10/29) and 24.1% (7/29) of eyes receiving palucorcel, respectively, and in 3.3% (1/30; for both) of fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS The subretinal delivery procedure in this study was associated with a high rate of retinal perforations (n = 13) and retinal detachments (n = 6). When cells were sequestered in the subretinal space, palucorcel was well tolerated and may be associated with improvements in visual acuity. Larger randomized controlled studies are required to confirm these results. Future studies would require a modified surgical approach.
Collapse
|
46
|
Genetische Risiken und Therapieentwicklung bei Netzhautdegenerationen. MED GENET-BERLIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-017-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Das Wissen um die genetischen Ursachen von Netzhautdegenerationen, ob monogen oder komplex, ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung, um grundlegende physiologische Prozesse der Krankheitsentwicklung zu verstehen und darauf aufbauend eine individualisierte, präzise auf den Patienten zugeschnittene Therapie entwickeln zu können. Diese Übersicht fasst zunächst den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand der Genetik von erblichen Netzhautdystrophien und von komplexen retinalen Degenerationen zusammen. Hieraus lassen sich ursächliche Mechanismen und molekulare Pathologien des klinisch und genetisch heterogenen Krankheitsbildes der Netzhautdegenerationen ableiten. Aufbauend auf diesen Kenntnissen lässt sich schließlich die Rolle der Genetik in der Therapieentwicklung beleuchten, die wesentlich die große Vielfalt von therapeutischen Strategien in diesem Bereich begründet. In weiteren Artikeln dieses Schwerpunktheftes werden solche Therapiestrategien an ausgewählten Beispielen veranschaulicht.
Collapse
|
47
|
Yaspan BL, Williams DF, Holz FG, Regillo CD, Li Z, Dressen A, van Lookeren Campagne M, Le KN, Graham RR, Beres T, Bhangale TR, Honigberg LA, Smith A, Henry EC, Ho C, Strauss EC. Targeting factor D of the alternative complement pathway reduces geographic atrophy progression secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Sci Transl Med 2017. [PMID: 28637922 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Zhengrong Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Dressen
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Kha N Le
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashley Smith
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Erin C Henry
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Carole Ho
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sardell RJ, Persad PJ, Pan SS, Whitehead P, Adams LD, Laux RA, Fortun JA, Brantley MA, Kovach JL, Schwartz SG, Agarwal A, Haines JL, Scott WK, Pericak-Vance MA. Progression Rate From Intermediate to Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration Is Correlated With the Number of Risk Alleles at the CFH Locus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:6107-6115. [PMID: 27832277 PMCID: PMC5104418 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Progression rate of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) varies substantially, yet its association with genetic variation has not been widely examined. Methods We tested whether progression rate from intermediate AMD to geographic atrophy (GA) or choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was correlated with genotype at seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the four genes most strongly associated with risk of advanced AMD. Cox proportional hazards survival models examined the association between progression time and SNP genotype while adjusting for age and sex and accounting for variable follow-up time, right censored data, and repeated measures (left and right eyes). Results Progression rate varied with the number of risk alleles at the CFH:rs10737680 but not the CFH:rs1061170 (Y402H) SNP; individuals with two risk alleles progressed faster than those with one allele (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-2.40, P < 0.02, n = 547 eyes), although this was not significant after Bonferroni correction. This signal was likely driven by an association at the correlated protective variant, CFH:rs6677604, which tags the CFHR1-3 deletion; individuals with at least one protective allele progressed more slowly. Considering GA and CNV separately showed that the effect of CFH:rs10737680 was stronger for progression to CNV. Conclusions Results support previous findings that AMD progression rate is influenced by CFH, and suggest that variants within CFH may have different effects on risk versus progression. However, since CFH:rs10737680 was not significant after Bonferroni correction and explained only a relatively small portion of variation in progression rate beyond that explained by age, we suggest that additional factors contribute to progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Sardell
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Patrice J Persad
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Samuel S Pan
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Patrice Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Reneé A Laux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jorge A Fortun
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Milam A Brantley
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jaclyn L Kovach
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Stephen G Schwartz
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Anita Agarwal
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Grassmann F, Kiel C, Zimmermann ME, Gorski M, Grassmann V, Stark K, Heid IM, Weber BHF. Genetic pleiotropy between age-related macular degeneration and 16 complex diseases and traits. Genome Med 2017; 9:29. [PMID: 28347358 PMCID: PMC5368911 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common condition of vision loss with disease development strongly influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Recently, 34 loci were associated with AMD at genome-wide significance. So far, little is known about a genetic overlap between AMD and other complex diseases or disease-relevant traits. METHODS For each of 60 complex diseases/traits with publicly available genome-wide significant association data, the lead genetic variant per independent locus was extracted and a genetic score was calculated for each disease/trait as the weighted sum of risk alleles. The association with AMD was estimated based on 16,144 AMD cases and 17,832 controls using logistic regression. RESULTS Of the respective disease/trait variance, the 60 genetic scores explained on average 4.8% (0.27-20.69%) and 16 of them were found to be significantly associated with AMD (Q-values < 0.01, p values from < 1.0 × 10-16 to 1.9 × 10-3). Notably, an increased risk for AMD was associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases, increased risk for autoimmune diseases, higher HDL and lower LDL levels in serum, lower bone-mineral density as well as an increased risk for skin cancer. By restricting the analysis to 1824 variants initially used to compute the 60 genetic scores, we identified 28 novel AMD risk variants (Q-values < 0.01, p values from 1.1 × 10-7 to 3.0 × 10-4), known to be involved in cardiovascular disorders, lipid metabolism, autoimmune diseases, anthropomorphic traits, ocular disorders, and neurological diseases. The latter variants represent 20 novel AMD-associated, pleiotropic loci. Genes in the novel loci reinforce previous findings strongly implicating the complement system in AMD pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a substantial overlap of the genetics of several complex diseases/traits with AMD and provide statistically significant evidence for an additional 20 loci associated with AMD. This highlights the possibility that so far unrelated pathologies may have disease pathways in common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Kiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina E Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Grassmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Thavikulwat AT, Jacobs-El N, Kim JS, Agrón E, Hasan J, Meyerle CB, Valent D, Cukras CA, Wiley HE, Wong WT, Chew EY. Evolution of Geographic Atrophy in Participants Treated with Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina 2017; 1:34-41. [PMID: 28630947 PMCID: PMC5473650 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the risk factors, incidence, and rate of progression of geographic atrophy (GA) in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with ranibizumab. DESIGN Post-hoc analysis of a prospective clinical study. PARTICIPANTS 69 participants with nAMD in at least one eye. METHODS Participants were prospectively treated in the study eye with 0.5 mg intravitreal ranibizumab. Study eyes received 4 monthly injections followed by pro re nata injections until a fluid-free macula was achieved on optical coherence tomography. Risk factors assessed included baseline demographics, treatment, and ocular characteristics on imaging. Eyes were evaluated on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) for GA. The rate of GA area growth in study and fellow eyes was analyzed by linear regression of square-root transformed areas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Development of new-onset GA and rate of GA area growth measured on ocular imaging, including FAF images of the study eyes. RESULTS Sixty-nine participants (mean age 78.8±7.8 years) with an average of 40.0±13.6 months of follow-up were analyzed. Twenty-two of 69 study eyes (32%) were treatment naïve. During their first year of the study, participants received an average of 9.2±3.3 injections in the study eye. Of 63 study eyes with quality baseline images, 22 (35%) had pre-existing GA. Of the remaining 41 eyes, 7 (17%) developed new-onset GA during study follow-up. Those who developed new GA were older (all ≥79 years old) and had received fewer study injections on average (6.9 vs. 10.4 injections at 1 year) compared to those who did not develop new GA. Of the 12 treatment naïve study eyes without GA at baseline, 1 (8.3%) developed new GA during the study. In 21 study eyes with quantifiable GA area, eyes with GA present at baseline (16/21) enlarged by 0.34±0.26 mm/year, compared to 0.19±0.12 mm/year in eyes developing new-onset GA (5/21). CONCLUSIONS While 17% of study eyes without GA present at baseline receiving ranibizumab developed new GA, the role of ranibizumab in the development of GA is unclear. Further prospective longitudinal studies are required to determine the eyes most at risk of developing GA in the setting of anti-VEGF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa T. Thavikulwat
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Naima Jacobs-El
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jane S. Kim
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elvira Agrón
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jesia Hasan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Catherine B. Meyerle
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Valent
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Catherine A. Cukras
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Henry E. Wiley
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wai T. Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|