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de Jong PTVM. Correction to: A history of visual acuity testing and optotypes. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:226. [PMID: 37407696 PMCID: PMC10764754 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, KNAW. Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ophthalmology, AmsterdamUMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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de Jong PTVM. A history of visual acuity testing and optotypes. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:13-24. [PMID: 35922542 PMCID: PMC10764321 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
After going into the etymology of the word "optotype", this article covers some tasks in ancient times that required good visual acuity (VA). Around 300 BCE, Euclid formulated the existence of a visual cone with a minimal visual angle at its tip. Trials to test VA appeared AD 1754. Around that time, texts were introduced by opticians in order to be able to prescribe more reliably. In the early nineteenth century, the need for VA tests in ophthalmology resulted in German and English test charts. Numerous variants emerged after the first edition of Snellen's optotypes in 1862 in The Netherlands. However, 100 years later there was still no standard optotype to reliably test VA. Multidisciplinary approaches between ophthalmology, linguistics, psychology and psychophysics improved optotypes and VA testing, which led to the more reliable LogMAR charts. Recent advances in aids and therapies for the blind and severely visually handicapped, necessitate further development of new and standardized VA tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, KNAW. Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ophthalmology, AmsterdamUMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Colijn JM, Liefers B, Joachim N, Verzijden T, Meester-Smoor MA, Biarnés M, Monés J, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Mitchell P, Sánchez CI, Wang JJ, Klaver CCW. Enlargement of Geographic Atrophy From First Diagnosis to End of Life. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:743-750. [PMID: 34014262 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance Treatments for geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are currently under development. Understanding the natural course is needed for optimal trial design. Although enlargement rates of GA and visual acuity (VA) in the short term are known from clinical studies, knowledge of enlargement in the long term, life expectancy, and visual course is lacking. Objective To determine long-term enlargement of GA. Design, Setting, and Participants In this study, participant data were collected from 4 population-based cohort studies, with up to 25 years of follow-up and eye examinations at 5-year intervals: the Rotterdam Study cohorts 1, 2, and 3 and the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Data were collected from 1990 to 2015, and data were analyzed from January 2019 to November 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Area of GA was measured pixel by pixel using all available imaging. Area enlargement and enlargement of the square root-transformed area, time until GA reached the central fovea, and time until death were assessed, and best-corrected VA, smoking status, macular lesions according to the Three Continent AMD Consortium classification, a modified version of the Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system, and AMD genetic variants were covariates in Spearman, Pearson, or Mann-Whitney analyses. Results Of 171 included patients, 106 (62.0%) were female, and the mean (SD) age at inclusion was 82.6 (7.1) years. A total of 147 of 242 eyes with GA (60.7%) were newly diagnosed in our study. The mean area of GA at first presentation was 3.74 mm2 (95% CI, 3.11-4.67). Enlargement rate varied widely between persons (0.02 to 4.05 mm2 per year), with a mean of 1.09 mm2 per year (95% CI, 0.89-1.30). Stage of AMD in the other eye was correlated with GA enlargement (Spearman ρ = 0.34; P = .01). Foveal involvement was already present in incident GA in 55 of 147 eyes (37.4%); 23 of 42 eyes (55%) developed this after a mean (range) period of 5.6 (3-12) years, and foveal involvement did not develop before death in 11 of 42 eyes (26%). After first diagnosis, 121 of 171 patients with GA (70.8%) died after a mean (SD) period of 6.4 (5.4) years. Visual function was visually impaired (less than 20/63) in 47 of 107 patients (43.9%) at last visit before death. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, enlargement of GA appeared to be highly variable in the general population. More than one-third of incident GA was foveal at first presentation; those with extrafoveal GA developed foveal GA after a mean of 5.6 years. Future intervention trials should focus on recruiting those patients who have a high chance of severe visual decline within their life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Liefers
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nichole Joachim
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timo Verzijden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Biarnés
- Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de la Màcula, Hospital Quirón Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Monés
- Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de la Màcula, Hospital Quirón Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, KNAW, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clara I Sánchez
- Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jie J Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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de Jong PTVM. The diopter. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:1801-1803. [PMID: 33531695 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Stam AH, Kothari PH, Shaikh A, Gschwendter A, Jen JC, Hodgkinson S, Hardy TA, Hayes M, Kempster PA, Kotschet KE, Bajema IM, van Duinen SG, Maat-Schieman MLC, de Jong PTVM, de Smet MD, de Wolff-Rouendaal D, Dijkman G, Pelzer N, Kolar GR, Schmidt RE, Lacey J, Joseph D, Fintak DR, Grand MG, Brunt EM, Liapis H, Hajj-Ali RA, Kruit MC, van Buchem MA, Dichgans M, Frants RR, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Haan J, Baloh RW, Atkinson JP, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD. Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations. Brain 2018; 139:2909-2922. [PMID: 27604306 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anine H Stam
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Parul H Kothari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Aisha Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Andreas Gschwendter
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Joanna C Jen
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - Todd A Hardy
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Hayes
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Peter A Kempster
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Katya E Kotschet
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ingeborg M Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G van Duinen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Retinal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1000 GC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc D de Smet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Greet Dijkman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Pelzer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110 USA
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110 USA
| | - JoAnne Lacey
- West County Radiology Group, Mercy Hospital in St Louis, MO 63141, USA
| | - Daniel Joseph
- The Retina Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110 USA
| | - David R Fintak
- The Retina Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110 USA
| | - M Gilbert Grand
- The Retina Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110 USA
| | - Elizabeth M Brunt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110 USA
| | - Helen Liapis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110 USA
| | - Rula A Hajj-Ali
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195 USA
| | - Mark C Kruit
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, D-81377 München, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Rune R Frants
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Haan
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Baloh
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Worldwide, and especially in Asia, myopia is a major vision-threatening disorder. From AD 1600 on, to prevent myopia, authors warned against near work without sufficient pauses. There was an abundance of theories about the causes of myopia, the most common one being the necessity of extra convergence on nearby work with thickened extraocular muscles and elevated intraocular pressure. Ocular tenotomies against myopia were in vogue for a while. Axial lengthening of the eye in myopia was mentioned around 1700, but it took 150 years to become accepted as the most prevalent sign of high myopia. In 1864, a lucid concept of myopia and other ametropias arose through a clear separation between accommodation and refraction. Posterior staphyloma was known around 1800 and its association with myopia became evident some 30 years later. There still seems to be no generally accepted classification of myopia and particularly not of degenerative or pathologic myopia. This review focuses on myopia from 350 BC until the 21st century and on the earliest writings on the histology of eyes with posterior staphyloma. A proposal for myopia classification is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Corominas J, Colijn JM, Geerlings MJ, Pauper M, Bakker B, Amin N, Lores Motta L, Kersten E, Garanto A, Verlouw JAM, van Rooij JGJ, Kraaij R, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Schick T, Fauser S, de Jong EK, van Duijn CM, Hoyng CB, Klaver CCW, den Hollander AI. Whole-Exome Sequencing in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Identifies Rare Variants in COL8A1, a Component of Bruch's Membrane. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:1433-1443. [PMID: 29706360 PMCID: PMC6104593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genome-wide association studies and targeted sequencing studies of candidate genes have identified common and rare variants that are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies allow a more comprehensive analysis of rare coding variants across all genes of the genome and will contribute to a better understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. To date, the number of WES studies in AMD case-control cohorts remains scarce and sample sizes are limited. To scrutinize the role of rare protein-altering variants in AMD cause, we performed the largest WES study in AMD to date in a large European cohort consisting of 1125 AMD patients and 1361 control participants. DESIGN Genome-wide case-control association study of WES data. PARTICIPANTS One thousand one hundred twenty-five AMD patients and 1361 control participants. METHODS A single variant association test of WES data was performed to detect variants that are associated individually with AMD. The cumulative effect of multiple rare variants with 1 gene was analyzed using a gene-based CMC burden test. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the localization of the Col8a1 protein in mouse eyes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genetic variants associated with AMD. RESULTS We detected significantly more rare protein-altering variants in the COL8A1 gene in patients (22/2250 alleles [1.0%]) than in control participants (11/2722 alleles [0.4%]; P = 7.07×10-5). The association of rare variants in the COL8A1 gene is independent of the common intergenic variant (rs140647181) near the COL8A1 gene previously associated with AMD. We demonstrated that the Col8a1 protein localizes at Bruch's membrane. CONCLUSIONS This study supported a role for protein-altering variants in the COL8A1 gene in AMD pathogenesis. We demonstrated the presence of Col8a1 in Bruch's membrane, further supporting the role of COL8A1 variants in AMD pathogenesis. Protein-altering variants in COL8A1 may alter the integrity of Bruch's membrane, contributing to the accumulation of drusen and the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Corominas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Geerlings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pauper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Lores Motta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost A M Verlouw
- Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen G J van Rooij
- Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences (NIN), Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Departments of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tina Schick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Joachim N, Kifley A, Colijn JM, Lee KE, Buitendijk GHS, Klein BEK, Myers C, Meuer SM, Tan AG, Flood V, Schoufour JD, Franco OH, Holliday EG, Attia J, Liew G, Iyengar SK, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Mitchell P, Klein R, Klaver CCW, Wang JJ. Joint Contribution of Genetic Susceptibility and Modifiable Factors to the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration over 10 Years: The Three Continent AMD Consortium Report. Ophthalmol Retina 2017; 2:684-693. [PMID: 31047378 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess joint effects of genetic and modifiable factors on the 10-year progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Individual and pooled data analyses of 2 population-based cohorts. PARTICIPANTS Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) and Rotterdam Study (RS) participants (n = 835). METHODS Participants of the BMES and RS were followed up over 10 years or more. At baseline and follow-up visits, interviews using questionnaires and eye examinations with retinal photography were performed. Age-related macular degeneration was assessed by trained photographic graders and verified by retinal specialists. Genetic susceptibility to AMD meant carrying 2 or more risk alleles of the CFH or ARMS2 SNPs, or both (rs1061170 and rs10490924), relative to 0 or 1 risk allele. Discrete logistic regression models were used to investigate the joint associations of genetic susceptibility and either smoking, fish consumption, dietary intake of lutein-zeaxanthin, or combined environmental risk scores from the 3 modifiable factors with the risk of AMD progression. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and synergy indexes are reported. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Ten-year progression of AMD, categorized as any (≥1 step) or 2-step (≥2 steps) progression on the Three Continent AMD Consortium 5-step severity scale. RESULTS Older age, the presence of AMD genetic susceptibility, and baseline AMD status were associated strongly with AMD progression (P < 0.0001). In analyses of pooled data, each additional score from the combined environmental risk scores was associated with an increased risk of 2-step progression over 10 years (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.02-1.56). The copresence of AMD genetic susceptibility and combined risk score of 3 or more was associated with a substantially higher risk of 2-step progression compared with the presence of either factor alone. There was a significant synergistic effect (OR, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.07-15.95) and interaction (P = 0.025) between genetic susceptibility and environmental risk score of 3 or more. CONCLUSIONS Among persons with AMD genetic susceptibility and pre-existing early AMD lesions, presenting with high environmental risk scores from 3 modifiable factors (smoking, infrequent consumption of fish, low lutein-zeaxanthin intake) were associated with an increased risk of 2-step progression over 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Joachim
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Annette Kifley
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Johanna Maria Colijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gabriëlle H S Buitendijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chelsea Myers
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stacy M Meuer
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ava G Tan
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Victoria Flood
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, Australia
| | - Josje D Schoufour
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Department of Medicine, John Hunter Hospital and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, and Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Office of Clinical Sciences and Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Colijn JM, Buitendijk GHS, Prokofyeva E, Alves D, Cachulo ML, Khawaja AP, Cougnard-Gregoire A, Merle BMJ, Korb C, Erke MG, Bron A, Anastasopoulos E, Meester-Smoor MA, Segato T, Piermarocchi S, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Topouzis F, Creuzot-Garcher C, Bertelsen G, Pfeiffer N, Fletcher AE, Foster PJ, Silva R, Korobelnik JF, Delcourt C, Klaver CCW. Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Europe: The Past and the Future. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:1753-1763. [PMID: 28712657 PMCID: PMC5755466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a frequent, complex disorder in elderly of European ancestry. Risk profiles and treatment options have changed considerably over the years, which may have affected disease prevalence and outcome. We determined the prevalence of early and late AMD in Europe from 1990 to 2013 using the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium, and made projections for the future. Design Meta-analysis of prevalence data. Participants A total of 42 080 individuals 40 years of age and older participating in 14 population-based cohorts from 10 countries in Europe. Methods AMD was diagnosed based on fundus photographs using the Rotterdam Classification. Prevalence of early and late AMD was calculated using random-effects meta-analysis stratified for age, birth cohort, gender, geographic region, and time period of the study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was compared between late AMD subtypes; geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of early and late AMD, BCVA, and number of AMD cases. Results Prevalence of early AMD increased from 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1%–5.0%) in those aged 55–59 years to 17.6% (95% CI 13.6%–21.5%) in those aged ≥85 years; for late AMD these figures were 0.1% (95% CI 0.04%–0.3%) and 9.8% (95% CI 6.3%–13.3%), respectively. We observed a decreasing prevalence of late AMD after 2006, which became most prominent after age 70. Prevalences were similar for gender across all age groups except for late AMD in the oldest age category, and a trend was found showing a higher prevalence of CNV in Northern Europe. After 2006, fewer eyes and fewer ≥80-year-old subjects with CNV were visually impaired (P = 0.016). Projections of AMD showed an almost doubling of affected persons despite a decreasing prevalence. By 2040, the number of individuals in Europe with early AMD will range between 14.9 and 21.5 million, and for late AMD between 3.9 and 4.8 million. Conclusion We observed a decreasing prevalence of AMD and an improvement in visual acuity in CNV occuring over the past 2 decades in Europe. Healthier lifestyles and implementation of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment are the most likely explanations. Nevertheless, the numbers of affected subjects will increase considerably in the next 2 decades. AMD continues to remain a significant public health problem among Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabriëlle H S Buitendijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena Prokofyeva
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium; Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dalila Alves
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria L Cachulo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, Coimbra Hospital and University Center (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte M J Merle
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christina Korb
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maja G Erke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alain Bron
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Dijon, France
| | | | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Segato
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences (NIN), Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Department of Ophthalmology, AMC, Amsterdam and LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Fotis Topouzis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Geir Bertelsen
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway/University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid E Fletcher
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Integrative Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rufino Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, Coimbra Hospital and University Center (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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10
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Joachim N, Colijn JM, Kifley A, Lee KE, Buitendijk GHS, Klein BEK, Myers CE, Meuer SM, Tan AG, Holliday EG, Attia J, Liew G, Iyengar SK, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Mitchell P, Klaver CCW, Klein R, Wang JJ. Five-year progression of unilateral age-related macular degeneration to bilateral involvement: the Three Continent AMD Consortium report. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101:1185-1192. [PMID: 28108569 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the 5-year progression from unilateral to bilateral age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and associated risk factors. DESIGN Pooled data analyses of three prospective population-based cohorts, the Blue Mountains Eye Study, Beaver Dam Eye Study and Rotterdam Study. METHODS Retinal photography and interview with comprehensive questionnaires were conducted at each visit of three studies. AMD was assessed following the modified Wisconsin AMD grading protocol. Progression to bilateral any (early and late) or late AMD was assessed among participants with unilateral involvement only. Factors associated with the progression were assessed using logistic regression models while simultaneously adjusting for other significant risk factors. RESULTS In any 5-year duration, 19-28% of unilateral any AMD cases became bilateral and 27-68% of unilateral late AMD became bilateral. Factors associated with the progression to bilateral involvement of any AMD were age (per year increase, adjusted OR 1.07), carrying risk alleles of the complement factor H and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 genes (compared with none, OR 1.76 for 1 risk allele and OR 3.34 for 2+ risk alleles), smoking (compared with non-smokers, OR 1.64 for past and OR 1.67 for current smokers), and the presence of large drusen area or retinal pigmentary abnormalities in the first eye. CONCLUSION One in four to one in five unilateral any AMD cases, and up to one in two unilateral late AMD cases, progressed to bilateral in 5 years. Known AMD risk factors, including smoking, are significantly associated with the progression to bilateral involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Joachim
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johanna Maria Colijn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Kifley
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gabriëlle H S Buitendijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chelsea E Myers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stacy M Meuer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ava G Tan
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medicine, John Hunter Hospital and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Departments of Ophthalmology AMC, Amsterdam and LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Abstract
Vitamin D has been linked to various cardiovascular risk factors including indices of large-vessel disease. However, it remains unclear whether vitamin D is also associated with microvascular damage. In a community-dwelling population, we studied associations between vitamin D serum levels and retinal microvascular damage defined as retinopathy signs, narrower arterioles, and wider venules.From the population-based Rotterdam Study, we included 5675 participants (age ≥45 years) with vitamin D data and gradable retinal photographs. Serum levels of vitamin D were measured using an antibody-based assay. Retinal exudates, microaneurysms, cotton wool spots, and dot/blot hemorrhages were graded on fundus photographs by experienced graders in the whole sample; retinal vascular calibers, that is, arteriolar and venular diameters, were semiautomatically measured in a subsample (n = 2973). We examined the cross-sectional association between vitamin D and retinal microvascular damage using logistic and linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors.We found that persons with lower vitamin D levels were more likely to have retinopathy (adjusted odds ratio per standard deviation (SD) decrease of vitamin D = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): = 1.12-1.49). Furthermore, lower vitamin D levels were associated with wider venular calibers (adjusted mean difference per SD decrease in vitamin D = 1.35; 95% CI = 0.64-2.06). This association was strongest among men (P for interaction = 0.023).Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with retinal microvascular damage, suggesting that the link with cardiovascular risk may partly run through changes in the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unal Mutlu
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Ophthalmology
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Radiology
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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de Jong PTVM. A Historical Analysis of the Quest for the Origins of Aging Macula Disorder, the Tissues Involved, and Its Terminology. Ophthalmol Eye Dis 2016; 8:5-14. [PMID: 27812291 PMCID: PMC5091095 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s40523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although ocular tissues involved in aging macula disorder (AMD) were already known in 300 BC, the last type of photoreceptors was discovered only 10 years ago. The earliest descriptions of AMD appeared around 1850. It took over 150 years, till a clearer concept of AMD was formulated and even longer to grasp its pathophysiology. The uncertainty of researchers about the pathogenesis of AMD over the last century is reflected in its changing terminology. The evolution of this terminology is provided in a table to afford the reader a better insight into explanations proposed by researchers during this quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T V M de Jong
- Emeritus Professor, Department of Retinal Signal Processing, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Buitendijk GHS, Hooghart AJ, Brussee C, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW. Epidemiology of Reticular Pseudodrusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Rotterdam Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 57:5593-5601. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle H. S. Buitendijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ada J. Hooghart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corina Brussee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 4Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 5Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 6The Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 7Department of Ophthalmology, Radbound University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, KNAW, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Springelkamp H, Mishra A, Hysi PG, Gharahkhani P, Höhn R, Khor CC, Cooke Bailey JN, Luo X, Ramdas WD, Vithana E, Koh V, Yazar S, Xu L, Forward H, Kearns LS, Amin N, Iglesias AI, Sim KS, van Leeuwen EM, Demirkan A, van der Lee S, Loon SC, Rivadeneira F, Nag A, Sanfilippo PG, Schillert A, de Jong PTVM, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Zhou T, Burdon KP, Spector TD, Lackner KJ, Saw SM, Vingerling JR, Teo YY, Pasquale LR, Wolfs RCW, Lemij HG, Tai ES, Jonas JB, Cheng CY, Aung T, Jansonius NM, Klaver CCW, Craig JE, Young TL, Haines JL, MacGregor S, Mackey DA, Pfeiffer N, Wong TY, Wiggs JL, Hewitt AW, van Duijn CM, Hammond CJ. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies Identifies Novel Loci Associated With Optic Disc Morphology. Genet Epidemiol 2015; 39:207-16. [PMID: 25631615 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common optic neuropathy and an important cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The optic nerve head or optic disc is divided in two parts: a central cup (without nerve fibers) surrounded by the neuroretinal rim (containing axons of the retinal ganglion cells). The International Glaucoma Genetics Consortium conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies consisting of 17,248 individuals of European ancestry and 6,841 individuals of Asian ancestry. The outcomes of the genome-wide association studies were disc area and cup area. These specific measurements describe optic nerve morphology in another way than the vertical cup-disc ratio, which is a clinically used measurement, and may shed light on new glaucoma mechanisms. We identified 10 new loci associated with disc area (CDC42BPA, F5, DIRC3, RARB, ABI3BP, DCAF4L2, ELP4, TMTC2, NR2F2, and HORMAD2) and another 10 new loci associated with cup area (DHRS3, TRIB2, EFEMP1, FLNB, FAM101, DDHD1, ASB7, KPNB1, BCAS3, and TRIOBP). The new genes participate in a number of pathways and future work is likely to identify more functions related to the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriët Springelkamp
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Klein R, Meuer SM, Myers CE, Buitendijk GHS, Rochtchina E, Choudhury F, de Jong PTVM, McKean-Cowdin R, Iyengar SK, Gao X, Lee KE, Vingerling JR, Mitchell P, Klaver CCW, Wang JJ, Klein BEK. Harmonizing the classification of age-related macular degeneration in the three-continent AMD consortium. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 21:14-23. [PMID: 24467558 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2013.867512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe methods to harmonize the classification of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) phenotypes across four population-based cohort studies: the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES), the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES), and the Rotterdam Study (RS). METHODS AMD grading protocols, definitions of categories, and grading forms from each study were compared to determine whether there were systematic differences in AMD severity definitions and lesion categorization among the three grading centers. Each center graded the same set of 60 images using their respective systems to determine presence and severity of AMD lesions. A common 5-step AMD severity scale and definitions of lesion measurement cutpoints and early and late AMD were developed from this exercise. RESULTS Applying this severity scale changed the age-sex adjusted prevalence of early AMD from 18.7% to 20.3% in BDES, from 4.7% to 14.4% in BMES, from 14.1% to 15.8% in LALES, and from 7.5% to 17.1% in RS. Age-sex adjusted prevalences of late AMD remained unchanged. Comparison of each center's grades of the 60 images converted to the consortium scale showed that exact agreement of AMD severity among centers varied from 61.0-81.4%, and one-step agreement varied from 84.7-98.3%. CONCLUSION Harmonization of AMD classification reduced categorical differences in phenotypic definitions across the studies, resulted in a new 5-step AMD severity scale, and enhanced similarity of AMD prevalence among the four cohorts. Despite harmonization it may still be difficult to remove systematic differences in grading, if present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin , USA
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17
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Springelkamp H, Höhn R, Mishra A, Hysi PG, Khor CC, Loomis SJ, Bailey JNC, Gibson J, Thorleifsson G, Janssen SF, Luo X, Ramdas WD, Vithana E, Nongpiur ME, Montgomery GW, Xu L, Mountain JE, Gharahkhani P, Lu Y, Amin N, Karssen LC, Sim KS, van Leeuwen EM, Iglesias AI, Verhoeven VJM, Hauser MA, Loon SC, Despriet DDG, Nag A, Venturini C, Sanfilippo PG, Schillert A, Kang JH, Landers J, Jonasson F, Cree AJ, van Koolwijk LME, Rivadeneira F, Souzeau E, Jonsson V, Menon G, Weinreb RN, de Jong PTVM, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Ennis S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Burdon KP, Spector TD, Mirshahi A, Saw SM, Vingerling JR, Teo YY, Haines JL, Wolfs RCW, Lemij HG, Tai ES, Jansonius NM, Jonas JB, Cheng CY, Aung T, Viswanathan AC, Klaver CCW, Craig JE, Macgregor S, Mackey DA, Lotery AJ, Stefansson K, Bergen AAB, Young TL, Wiggs JL, Pfeiffer N, Wong TY, Pasquale LR, Hewitt AW, van Duijn CM, Hammond CJ. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies novel loci that influence cupping and the glaucomatous process. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4883. [PMID: 25241763 PMCID: PMC4199103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by irreversible optic nerve degeneration and is the most frequent cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Here, the International Glaucoma Genetics Consortium conducts a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), an important disease-related optic nerve parameter. In 21,094 individuals of European ancestry and 6,784 individuals of Asian ancestry, we identify 10 new loci associated with variation in VCDR. In a separate risk-score analysis of five case-control studies, Caucasians in the highest quintile have a 2.5-fold increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma as compared with those in the lowest quintile. This study has more than doubled the known loci associated with optic disc cupping and will allow greater understanding of mechanisms involved in this common blinding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriët. Springelkamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Aniket Mishra
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Stephanie J. Loomis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jessica N. Cooke Bailey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jane Gibson
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Sarah F. Janssen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Wishal D. Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Monisha E. Nongpiur
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jenny E. Mountain
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Kar-Seng Sim
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | | | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Seng-Chee Loon
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | | | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John Landers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Fridbert Jonasson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Angela J. Cree
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vesteinn Jonsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Geeta Menon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley GU16 7UJ, UK
| | - Robert N. Weinreb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague 2593 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE/Amgen, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Hans G. Lemij
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam 3011 BH, The Netherlands
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Seegartenklinik Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Ananth C. Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Stuart Macgregor
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE/Amgen, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T V M de Jong
- Retinal Signal Processing, NIN KNAW Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, BA, 1105, The Netherlands,
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands2Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands3Department of Ophthalmolog
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia5Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Astrid E. Fletcher
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Buitendijk GHS, Rochtchina E, Myers C, van Duijn CM, Lee KE, Klein BEK, Meuer SM, de Jong PTVM, Holliday EG, Tan AG, Uitterlinden AG, Sivakumaran TS, Attia J, Hofman A, Mitchell P, Vingerling JR, Iyengar SK, Janssens ACJW, Wang JJ, Klein R, Klaver CCW. Prediction of age-related macular degeneration in the general population: the Three Continent AMD Consortium. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:2644-2655. [PMID: 24120328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prediction models for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based on case-control studies have a tendency to overestimate risks. The aim of this study is to develop a prediction model for late AMD based on data from population-based studies. DESIGN Three population-based studies: the Rotterdam Study (RS), the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES), and the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) from the Three Continent AMD Consortium (3CC). PARTICIPANTS People (n = 10,106) with gradable fundus photographs, genotype data, and follow-up data without late AMD at baseline. METHODS Features of AMD were graded on fundus photographs using the 3CC AMD severity scale. Associations with known genetic and environmental AMD risk factors were tested using Cox proportional hazard analysis. In the RS, the prediction of AMD was estimated for multivariate models by area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). The best model was validated in the BDES and BMES, and associations of variables were re-estimated in the pooled data set. Beta coefficients were used to construct a risk score, and risk of incident late AMD was calculated using Cox proportional hazard analysis. Cumulative incident risks were estimated using Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incident late AMD determined per visit during a median follow-up period of 11.1 years with a total of 4 to 5 visits. RESULTS Overall, 363 participants developed incident late AMD, 3378 participants developed early AMD, and 6365 participants remained free of any AMD. The highest AUC was achieved with a model including age, sex, 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms in AMD risk genes, smoking, body mass index, and baseline AMD phenotype. The AUC of this model was 0.88 in the RS, 0.85 in the BDES and BMES at validation, and 0.87 in the pooled analysis. Individuals with low-risk scores had a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.04) to develop late AMD, and individuals with high-risk scores had an HR of 22.0 (95% CI, 15.2-31.8). Cumulative risk of incident late AMD ranged from virtually 0 to more than 65% for those with the highest risk scores. CONCLUSIONS Our prediction model is robust and distinguishes well between those who will develop late AMD and those who will not. Estimated risks were lower in these population-based studies than in previous case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlle H S Buitendijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Rochtchina
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chelsea Myers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stacy M Meuer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paulus T V M de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ava G Tan
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Theru S Sivakumaran
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John Attia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Medicine, John Hunter Hospital and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - A Cecile J W Janssens
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Sim X, Jensen RA, Ikram MK, Cotch MF, Li X, MacGregor S, Xie J, Smith AV, Boerwinkle E, Mitchell P, Klein R, Klein BEK, Glazer NL, Lumley T, McKnight B, Psaty BM, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Harris TB, Jonasson F, Launer LJ, Attia J, Baird PN, Harrap S, Holliday EG, Inouye M, Rochtchina E, Scott RJ, Viswanathan A, Li G, Smith NL, Wiggins KL, Kuo JZ, Taylor KD, Hewitt AW, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Sun C, Young TL, Mackey DA, van Zuydam NR, Doney ASF, Palmer CNA, Morris AD, Rotter JI, Tai ES, Gudnason V, Vingerling JR, Siscovick DS, Wang JJ, Wong TY. Genetic loci for retinal arteriolar microcirculation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65804. [PMID: 23776548 PMCID: PMC3680438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrow arterioles in the retina have been shown to predict hypertension as well as other vascular diseases, likely through an increase in the peripheral resistance of the microcirculatory flow. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study in 18,722 unrelated individuals of European ancestry from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium and the Blue Mountain Eye Study, to identify genetic determinants associated with variations in retinal arteriolar caliber. Retinal vascular calibers were measured on digitized retinal photographs using a standardized protocol. One variant (rs2194025 on chromosome 5q14 near the myocyte enhancer factor 2C MEF2C gene) was associated with retinal arteriolar caliber in the meta-analysis of the discovery cohorts at genome-wide significance of P-value <5×10−8. This variant was replicated in an additional 3,939 individuals of European ancestry from the Australian Twins Study and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (rs2194025, P-value = 2.11×10−12 in combined meta-analysis of discovery and replication cohorts). In independent studies of modest sample sizes, no significant association was found between this variant and clinical outcomes including coronary artery disease, stroke, myocardial infarction or hypertension. In conclusion, we found one novel loci which underlie genetic variation in microvasculature which may be relevant to vascular disease. The relevance of these findings to clinical outcomes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Sim
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur Capital Region, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Glazer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur Capital Region, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fridbert Jonasson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medicine, John Hunter Hospital and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Harrap
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena Rochtchina
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ananth Viswanathan
- National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kerri L. Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jane Z. Kuo
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cong Sun
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terri L. Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur Capital Region, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Jensen RA, Sim X, Li X, Cotch MF, Ikram MK, Holliday EG, Eiriksdottir G, Harris TB, Jonasson F, Klein BEK, Launer LJ, Smith AV, Boerwinkle E, Cheung N, Hewitt AW, Liew G, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Attia J, Scott R, Glazer NL, Lumley T, McKnight B, Psaty BM, Taylor K, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Tay WT, Teo YY, Seielstad M, Liu J, Cheng CY, Saw SM, Aung T, Ganesh SK, O'Donnell CJ, Nalls MA, Wiggins KL, Kuo JZ, van Duijn CM, Gudnason V, Klein R, Siscovick DS, Rotter JI, Tai ES, Vingerling J, Wong TY. Genome-wide association study of retinopathy in individuals without diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54232. [PMID: 23393555 PMCID: PMC3564946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mild retinopathy (microaneurysms or dot-blot hemorrhages) is observed in persons without diabetes or hypertension and may reflect microvascular disease in other organs. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of mild retinopathy in persons without diabetes. Methods A working group agreed on phenotype harmonization, covariate selection and analytic plans for within-cohort GWAS. An inverse-variance weighted fixed effects meta-analysis was performed with GWAS results from six cohorts of 19,411 Caucasians. The primary analysis included individuals without diabetes and secondary analyses were stratified by hypertension status. We also singled out the results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously shown to be associated with diabetes and hypertension, the two most common causes of retinopathy. Results No SNPs reached genome-wide significance in the primary analysis or the secondary analysis of participants with hypertension. SNP, rs12155400, in the histone deacetylase 9 gene (HDAC9) on chromosome 7, was associated with retinopathy in analysis of participants without hypertension, −1.3±0.23 (beta ± standard error), p = 6.6×10−9. Evidence suggests this was a false positive finding. The minor allele frequency was low (∼2%), the quality of the imputation was moderate (r2 ∼0.7), and no other common variants in the HDAC9 gene were associated with the outcome. SNPs found to be associated with diabetes and hypertension in other GWAS were not associated with retinopathy in persons without diabetes or in subgroups with or without hypertension. Conclusions This GWAS of retinopathy in individuals without diabetes showed little evidence of genetic associations. Further studies are needed to identify genes associated with these signs in order to help unravel novel pathways and determinants of microvascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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23
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Saw SM, Vitart V, Mirshahi A, Guggenheim JA, Cotch MF, Yamashiro K, Baird PN, Mackey DA, Wojciechowski R, Ikram MK, Hewitt AW, Duggal P, Janmahasatian S, Khor CC, Fan Q, Zhou X, Young TL, Tai ES, Goh LK, Li YJ, Aung T, Vithana E, Teo YY, Tay W, Sim X, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Fleck BW, Nakata I, Yoshimura N, Yamada R, Matsuda F, Ohno-Matsui K, Nag A, McMahon G, Pourcain BS, Lu Y, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Bhattacharya S, Simpson CL, Atwood LD, Li X, Raffel LJ, Murgia F, Portas L, Despriet DDG, van Koolwijk LME, Wolfram C, Lackner KJ, Tönjes A, Mägi R, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Esko T, Metspalu A, Rantanen T, Pärssinen O, Klein BE, Meitinger T, Spector TD, Oostra BA, Smith AV, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Amin N, Karssen LC, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Eiríksdóttir G, Gudnason V, Döring A, Bettecken T, Uitterlinden AG, Williams C, Zeller T, Castagné R, Oexle K, van Duijn CM, Iyengar SK, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Höhn R, Pfeiffer N, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Wong TY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CCW. Large scale international replication and meta-analysis study confirms association of the 15q14 locus with myopia. The CREAM consortium. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1467-80. [PMID: 22665138 PMCID: PMC3418496 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is a complex genetic disorder and a common cause of visual impairment among working age adults. Genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci on chromosomes 15q14 and 15q25 in Caucasian populations of European ancestry. Here, we present a confirmation and meta-analysis study in which we assessed whether these two loci are also associated with myopia in other populations. The study population comprised 31 cohorts from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM) representing 4 different continents with 55,177 individuals; 42,845 Caucasians and 12,332 Asians. We performed a meta-analysis of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 15q14 and 5 SNPs on 15q25 using linear regression analysis with spherical equivalent as a quantitative outcome, adjusted for age and sex. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of myopia versus hyperopia for carriers of the top-SNP alleles using a fixed effects meta-analysis. At locus 15q14, all SNPs were significantly replicated, with the lowest P value 3.87 × 10(-12) for SNP rs634990 in Caucasians, and 9.65 × 10(-4) for rs8032019 in Asians. The overall meta-analysis provided P value 9.20 × 10(-23) for the top SNP rs634990. The risk of myopia versus hyperopia was OR 1.88 (95 % CI 1.64, 2.16, P < 0.001) for homozygous carriers of the risk allele at the top SNP rs634990, and OR 1.33 (95 % CI 1.19, 1.49, P < 0.001) for heterozygous carriers. SNPs at locus 15q25 did not replicate significantly (P value 5.81 × 10(-2) for top SNP rs939661). We conclude that common variants at chromosome 15q14 influence susceptibility for myopia in Caucasian and Asian populations world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sarayut Janmahasatian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Kee Goh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanting Tay
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Isao Nakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Beate St. Pourcain
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Claire L. Simpson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Larry D. Atwood
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dominiek D. G. Despriet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonieke M. E. van Koolwijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wolfram
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Taina Rantanen
- Department of Health Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Barbara E. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences (NIN), An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Angela Döring
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bettecken
- Center for Applied Genotyping, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, German Research Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raphaële Castagné
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC, Paris 6) and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Marcus MW, Müskens RPHM, Ramdas WD, Wolfs RCW, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Stricker BHC, Jansonius NM. Antithrombotic medication and incident open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:3801-5. [PMID: 22589449 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the associations between the use of antithrombotic drugs and incident open-angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS Ophthalmic examinations including measurements of the IOP and perimetry were performed at baseline and follow-up in 3939 participants of the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study who did not have OAG at baseline. The use of antithrombotic drugs was monitored continuously during follow-up. Antithrombotic drugs were stratified into anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors. Associations between incident OAG and the use of antithrombotic drugs were assessed using Cox regression; the model was adjusted for age, sex, baseline IOP and IOP-lowering treatment, family history of glaucoma, and myopia. Associations between antithrombotic drugs and IOP at follow-up were analyzed with multiple linear regression. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, 108 participants (2.7%) developed OAG. The hazard ratio for anticoagulant use was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-1.48; P = 0.69) and for platelet aggregation inhibitors 0.80 (0.53-1.21; P = 0.28). There was no trend towards a reduced or increased risk of incident OAG with prolonged anticoagulant use (P value for trend 0.84) or platelet aggregation inhibitor use (0.59). There was a significant IOP-lowering effect of anticoagulants (-0.31 mm Hg; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.04 mm Hg; P = 0.025) but not of platelet aggregation inhibitors (P = 0.06). The IOP-lowering effect of anticoagulants disappeared after additional adjustment for the use of systemic beta-blockers. CONCLUSIONS Use of anticoagulants or platelet aggregation inhibitors appears not to be associated with incident OAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Marcus
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, Wolfs RCW, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Nutrient intake and risk of open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2012; 27:385-93. [PMID: 22461101 PMCID: PMC3374099 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-012-9672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is the commonest cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Apart from an increased intraocular pressure (IOP), oxidative stress and an impaired ocular blood flow are supposed to contribute to OAG. The aim of this study was to determine whether the dietary intake of nutrients that either have anti-oxidative properties (carotenoids, vitamins, and flavonoids) or influence the blood flow (omega fatty acids and magnesium) is associated with incident OAG. We investigated this in a prospective population-based cohort, the Rotterdam Study. A total of 3502 participants aged 55 years and older for whom dietary data at baseline and ophthalmic data at baseline and follow-up were available and who did not have OAG at baseline were included. The ophthalmic examinations comprised measurements of the IOP and perimetry; dietary intake of nutrients was assessed by validated questionnaires and adjusted for energy intake. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was applied to calculate hazard ratios of associations between the baseline intake of nutrients and incident OAG, adjusted for age, gender, IOP, IOP-lowering treatment, and body mass index. During an average follow-up of 9.7 years, 91 participants (2.6%) developed OAG. The hazard ratio for retinol equivalents (highest versus lowest tertile) was 0.45 (95% confidence interval 0.23–0.90), for vitamin B1 0.50 (0.25–0.98), and for magnesium 2.25 (1.16–4.38). The effects were stronger after the exclusion of participants taking supplements. Hence, a low intake of retinol equivalents and vitamin B1 (in line with hypothesis) and a high intake of magnesium (less unambiguous to interpret) appear to be associated with an increased risk of OAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Gasten AC, Ramdas WD, Broer L, van Koolwijk LME, Ikram MK, de Jong PTVM, Aulchenko YS, Wolfs RC, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Oostra BA, Lemij HG, Klaver CCW, Jansonius NM, Vingerling JR, van Duijn CM. A genetic epidemiologic study of candidate genes involved in the optic nerve head morphology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:1485-91. [PMID: 22266513 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The size of the optic nerve head, referred to as disc area (DA), and the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), are clinically relevant parameters for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Although these measures have a high heritability, little is known about the underlying genes. Previously, the genes SALL1 and SIX1 were found to be genome-wide significantly associated with DA and VCDR. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether genes encoding protein known to interact with protein encoded by SALL1 and SIX1 are also associated with either DA or VCDR. METHODS A total of 38 candidate genes were chosen covering all known proteins interacting with SALL1 and SIX1. These were initially studied in the Rotterdam Study (RS)-I, including 5312 Caucasian subjects characterized for DA and VCDR. Positive findings were further investigated in two independent cohorts (RS-II and RS-III) and finally replicated in a fourth population (ERF). Bonferroni correction was applied to the meta-analyses. RESULTS Three loci were found to be associated with DA. The only locus significant after correcting for multiple testing is located on chromosome 11p13. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ELP4, a gene which neighbors and plays a crucial role in the expression of PAX6, show association in meta-analysis of the four cohorts yielding P values of respectively 4.79 × 10(-6), 3.92 × 10(-6), and 4.88 × 10(-6) which is below the threshold dictated by the most conservative Bonferroni correction (P = 5.2 × 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the ELP4-PAX6 region plays a role in the DA. Further research to confirm this finding is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Gasten
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Author Response: Incident Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Perfusion Pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:150-1. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Departments of Epidemiology and 2Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Departments of Epidemiology and 3Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, RNAAS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Departments of Epidemiology and 2Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Departments of Epidemiology and 5Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Sofat R, Casas JP, Webster AR, Bird AC, Mann SS, Yates JRW, Moore AT, Sepp T, Cipriani V, Bunce C, Khan JC, Shahid H, Swaroop A, Abecasis G, Branham KEH, Zareparsi S, Bergen AA, Klaver CCW, Baas DC, Zhang K, Chen Y, Gibbs D, Weber BHF, Keilhauer CN, Fritsche LG, Lotery A, Cree AJ, Griffiths HL, Bhattacharya SS, Chen LL, Jenkins SA, Peto T, Lathrop M, Leveillard T, Gorin MB, Weeks DE, Ortube MC, Ferrell RE, Jakobsdottir J, Conley YP, Rahu M, Seland JH, Soubrane G, Topouzis F, Vioque J, Tomazzoli L, Young I, Whittaker J, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PTVM, Smeeth L, Fletcher A, Hingorani AD. Complement factor H genetic variant and age-related macular degeneration: effect size, modifiers and relationship to disease subtype. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:250-62. [PMID: 22253316 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the complement factor H gene (CFH) is associated with risk of late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Previous studies have been case-control studies in populations of European ancestry with little differentiation in AMD subtype, and insufficient power to confirm or refute effect modification by smoking. METHODS To precisely quantify the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1061170, 'Y402H') with risk of AMD among studies with differing study designs, participant ancestry and AMD grade and to investigate effect modification by smoking, we report two unpublished genetic association studies (n = 2759) combined with data from 24 published studies (26 studies, 26,494 individuals, including 14,174 cases of AMD) of European ancestry, 10 of which provided individual-level data used to test gene-smoking interaction; and 16 published studies from non-European ancestry. RESULTS In individuals of European ancestry, there was a significant association between Y402H and late-AMD with a per-allele odds ratio (OR) of 2.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.10-2.45; P = 1.1 x 10(-161)]. There was no evidence of effect modification by smoking (P = 0.75). The frequency of Y402H varied by ancestral origin and the association with AMD in non-Europeans was less clear, limited by paucity of studies. CONCLUSION The Y402H variant confers a 2-fold higher risk of late-AMD per copy in individuals of European descent. This was stable to stratification by study design and AMD classification and not modified by smoking. The lack of association in non-Europeans requires further verification. These findings are of direct relevance for disease prediction. New research is needed to ascertain if differences in circulating levels, expression or activity of factor H protein explain the genetic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reecha Sofat
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Ramdas WD, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT3) in population-based epidemiology: normative values and criteria for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2011; 18:198-210. [PMID: 21961509 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2011.602504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish normative values for Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT3) variables and to develop HRT3-based criteria for glaucomatous optic neuropathy for epidemiological research in a white population. METHODS Consecutive participants in the Rotterdam Study were examined with HRT and simultaneous stereoscopic fundus photography (ImageNet) in addition to other ophthalmic examinations including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements and perimetry. Normative values for all HRT3 variables were determined in participants who met all the following criteria: no glaucomatous visual field loss (GVFL), an IOP of 21mmHg or less, no IOP lowering treatment, and a negative family history of glaucoma. Sensitivity was determined in participants with glaucomatous visual field loss at a fixed high specificity of 97.5% - a value commonly used in population-based epidemiology. RESULTS A total of 2516 participants were included in this study of whom 66 had glaucomatous visual field loss in at least one eye and 1680 fulfilled the criteria for contributing to the normative values. The HRT3 linear cup-disc ratio (LCDR) variable, adjusted for disc area, showed the highest sensitivity, 35%, at the required specificity of 97.5%. The 97.5th percentile of the LCDR was 0.67 for small discs (up to 1.5 mm(2)), 0.71 [corrected] for medium-sized discs and 0.76 [corrected] for large discs (above 2.0 mm(2)).The HRT3 Glaucoma Probability Score and previously published linear discriminant functions showed a lower sensitivity than LCDR at this specificity. CONCLUSIONS At the high specificity of 97.5% as is commonly used in population-based epidemiology, the sensitivity of the HRT3 is low - albeit not lower than that of the vertical cup-disc ratio as assessed with simultaneous stereoscopic fundus photography and analyzed with the ImageNet software. The LCDR variable, stratified for disc area, seems to be the most suitable variable to develop criteria for glaucomatous optic neuropathy for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, Rizopoulos D, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Defining glaucomatous optic neuropathy from a continuous measure of optic nerve damage - the optimal cut-off point for risk-factor analysis in population-based epidemiology. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2011; 18:211-6. [PMID: 21961510 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2011.595038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diseases characterized by a continuous trait can be defined by setting a cut-off point for the disease measure in question, accepting some misclassification. The 97.5th percentile is commonly used as a cut-off point. However, it is unclear whether this percentile is the optimal cut-off point from the point of view of risk-factor analysis. The optimal cut-off point for risk-factor analysis can be found with a statistical method that minimizes the effect of misclassification. We applied this method to glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Here, the continuous trait is the cup-disc ratio. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal cup-disc ratio cut-off point for risk-factor analysis in population-based epidemiology. METHODS All participants in the population-based Rotterdam Study underwent intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, assessment of the cup-disc ratio with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) and visual field testing. In the statistical method, the cup-disc ratio (the continuous trait) and the IOP (a major risk factor) were independent variables and glaucomatous visual field loss (the true glaucoma endpoint) the dependent variable in a logistic regression model. The optimal cup-disc ratio cut-off point was found by minimizing the influence of IOP in this model. Variability of the approach was assessed by using a bootstrap resampling technique. RESULTS Of 2444 included participants, 93 had glaucomatous visual field loss. The median optimal cup-disc ratio cut-off point was the 97.0th percentile with a 95% central range from 95.5 to 98.5. CONCLUSION The optimal cup-disc ratio cut-off point for risk-factor analysis is close to the commonly used 97.5th percentile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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de Jong PTVM. Reflections on “Hot” Blind Spots: Lessons from Research on Aging Macula Disorder and Glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 52:7717-24, 7716. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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McKay GJ, Patterson CC, Chakravarthy U, Dasari S, Klaver CC, Vingerling JR, Ho L, de Jong PTVM, Fletcher AE, Young IS, Seland JH, Rahu M, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vioque J, Hingorani AD, Sofat R, Dean M, Sawitzke J, Seddon JM, Peter I, Webster AR, Moore AT, Yates JRW, Cipriani V, Fritsche LG, Weber BHF, Keilhauer CN, Lotery AJ, Ennis S, Klein ML, Francis PJ, Stambolian D, Orlin A, Gorin MB, Weeks DE, Kuo CL, Swaroop A, Othman M, Kanda A, Chen W, Abecasis GR, Wright AF, Hayward C, Baird PN, Guymer RH, Attia J, Thakkinstian A, Silvestri G. Evidence of association of APOE with age-related macular degeneration: a pooled analysis of 15 studies. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1407-16. [PMID: 21882290 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of incurable visual impairment in high-income countries. Previous studies report inconsistent associations between AMD and apolipoprotein E (APOE), a lipid transport protein involved in low-density cholesterol modulation. Potential interaction between APOE and sex, and smoking status has been reported. We present a pooled analysis (n = 21,160) demonstrating associations between late AMD and APOε4 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72 per haplotype; confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.74; P = 4.41×10(-11) ) and APOε2 (OR = 1.83 for homozygote carriers; CI: 1.04-3.23; P = 0.04), following adjustment for age group and sex within each study and smoking status. No evidence of interaction between APOE and sex or smoking was found. Ever smokers had significant increased risk relative to never smokers for both neovascular (OR = 1.54; CI: 1.38-1.72; P = 2.8×10(-15) ) and atrophic (OR = 1.38; CI: 1.18-1.61; P = 3.37×10(-5) ) AMD but not early AMD (OR = 0.94; CI: 0.86-1.03; P = 0.16), implicating smoking as a major contributing factor to disease progression from early signs to the visually disabling late forms. Extended haplotype analysis incorporating rs405509 did not identify additional risks beyond ε2 and ε4 haplotypes. Our expanded analysis substantially improves our understanding of the association between the APOE locus and AMD. It further provides evidence supporting the role of cholesterol modulation, and low-density cholesterol specifically, in AMD disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Ramdas WD, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Ocular perfusion pressure and the incidence of glaucoma: real effect or artifact? The Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6875-81. [PMID: 21715354 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association between the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP; essentially the difference between the blood pressure and the intraocular pressure [IOP]) and incident open-angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS A subset of 3882 participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study for whom data from ophthalmic examinations at baseline and follow-up and blood pressure measurements at baseline were available, and who did not have OAG at baseline, were included. Associations between the mean, systolic and diastolic OPP, and incident OAG were assessed using Cox regression models adjusted for age and sex, with and without adjustment for IOP. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, 103 participants (2.7%) developed OAG. The association between the mean OPP and incident OAG was not significant (hazard ratio 0.995 per mm Hg increase in mean OPP; 95% confidence interval 0.971-1.019) when adjusted for IOP, but became significant if not adjusted for IOP (0.968; 0.945-0.992). The systolic and diastolic OPP showed a pattern similar to that of the mean OPP, though less significant. CONCLUSIONS The OPP appears to be associated with incident OAG but this association seems to be due to the fact that the IOP, a strong risk factor for OAG, is part of the OPP, rather than that OPP is an independent OAG risk factor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, van Koolwijk LME, Cree AJ, Janssens ACJW, Amin N, de Jong PTVM, Wolfs RCW, Gibson J, Kirwan JF, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Ennis S, Lotery AJ, Lemij HG, Klaver CCW, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM, van Duijn CM. Clinical implications of old and new genes for open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:2389-97. [PMID: 21872936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies have revealed new insights into the genetic determinants of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). This study was performed to determine to what extent variants within established genes (MYOC, OPTN, and WDR36) and newly identified common genetic variants (ATOH7, CDKN2B, and SIX1) contribute to the risk of OAG. DESIGN Population-based setting, family-based setting, and a case-control study. PARTICIPANTS The Rotterdam Study I cohort (N = 5312; mean age±standard deviation [SD], 68.0±8.4 years). Findings were replicated in the Genetic Research in Isolated Populations combined with the Erasmus Rucphen Family study (N = 1750; mean age±SD, 48.3±15.2 years), and a cohort from Southampton (N = 702; mean age±SD, 72.5±10.7 years). METHODS After identifying common variants associated with OAG within the established genes, the risk of OAG was analyzed using logistic regression. Discriminative accuracy was assessed by comparing the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) for models, including the number of risk alleles, intraocular pressure, age, and gender, with the AUC for the same model but without the risk alleles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Odds ratios and AUCs of individual and combined risk alleles. RESULTS No consistent significant associations for the established genes (MYOC, OPTN, and WDR36) with OAG were found. However, when comparing the load of risk variants between cases and controls, 2 of 3 studies showed a significant increased risk of OAG for participants carrying more risk alleles of the 3 established genes. When combining all 6 genes, participants carrying a high number of risk alleles (highest tertile) had a 2.29-fold to 3.19-fold increase in risk of OAG compared with those carrying only a few risk alleles. The addition of the newly identified genes to IOP, age, and gender resulted in a higher AUC compared with the AUC without the newly identified genes (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS A significant contribution to the risk of OAG was found for the new common variants identified by recent genome-wide association studies, but not for variants within the established genes. Participants carrying a high number of risk alleles had an approximately 3-fold increase in the risk of OAG compared with those with a low number of risk alleles. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ho L, van Leeuwen R, Witteman JCM, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW. Reducing the genetic risk of age-related macular degeneration with dietary antioxidants, zinc, and ω-3 fatty acids: the Rotterdam study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 129:758-66. [PMID: 21670343 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether dietary nutrients can reduce the genetic risk of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) conferred by the genetic variants CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S in a nested case-control study. METHODS For 2167 individuals (≥55 years) from the population-based Rotterdam Study at risk of AMD, dietary intake was assessed at baseline using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and genetic variants were determined using TaqMan assay. Incident early AMD was determined on fundus photographs at 3 follow-up visits (median follow-up, 8.6 years). The synergy index was used to evaluate biological interaction between risk factors; hazard ratios were calculated to estimate risk of early AMD in strata of nutrient intake and genotypes. RESULTS Five hundred seventeen participants developed early AMD. Significant synergy indices supported the possibility of biological interaction between CFH Y402H and zinc, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) and between LOC387715 A69S and zinc and EPA/DHA (all P < .05). Homozygotes of CFH Y402H with dietary intake of zinc in the highest tertile reduced their hazard ratio of early AMD from 2.25 to 1.27. For intakes of β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and EPA/DHA, these risk reductions were from 2.54 to 1.47, 2.63 to 1.72, and 1.97 to 1.30, respectively. Carriers of LOC387715 A69S with the highest intake of zinc and EPA/DHA reduced their risk from 1.70 to 1.17 and 1.59 to 0.95, respectively (all P trends <.05). CONCLUSIONS High dietary intake of nutrients with antioxidant properties reduces the risk of early AMD in those at high genetic risk. Therefore, clinicians should provide dietary advice to young susceptible individuals to postpone or prevent the vision-disabling consequences of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintje Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, van Koolwijk LME, Lemij HG, Pasutto F, Cree AJ, Thorleifsson G, Janssen SF, Jacoline TB, Amin N, Rivadeneira F, Wolfs RCW, Walters GB, Jonasson F, Weisschuh N, Mardin CY, Gibson J, Zegers RHC, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Uitterlinden AG, Oostra BA, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gramer E, Welgen-Lüssen UC, Kirwan JF, Bergen AAB, Reis A, Stefansson K, Lotery AJ, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM, Klaver CCW, van Duijn CM. Common genetic variants associated with open-angle glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2464-71. [PMID: 21427129 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Open-angle glaucoma (glaucoma) is a major eye disorder characterized by optic disc pathology. Recent genome-wide association studies identified new loci associated with clinically relevant optic disc parameters, such as the optic disc area and vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). We examined to what extent these loci are involved in glaucoma. The loci studied include ATOH7, CDC7/TGFBR3 and SALL1 for optic disc area, and CDKN2B, SIX1, SCYL1/LTBP3, CHEK2, ATOH7 and DCLK1 for VCDR. We performed a meta-analysis using data from six independent studies including: the Rotterdam Study (n= 5736), Genetic Research in Isolated Populations combined with Erasmus Rucphen Family study (n= 1750), Amsterdam Glaucoma Study (n= 296) and cohorts from Erlangen and Tübingen (n= 1363), Southampton (n= 702) and deCODE (n= 36 151) resulting in a total of 3161 glaucoma cases and 42 837 controls. Of the eight loci, we found significant evidence (P= 1.41 × 10(-8)) for the association of CDKN2B with glaucoma [odds ratio (OR) for those homozygous for the risk allele: 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-0.84], for the role of ATOH7 (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.12-1.47) and for SIX1 (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.10-1.31) when adjusting for the number of tested loci. Furthermore, there was a borderline significant association of CDC7/TGFBR3 and SALL1 (both P= 0.04) with glaucoma. In conclusion, we found consistent evidence for three common variants (CDKN2B, ATOH7 and SIX1) significantly associated with glaucoma. These findings may shed new light on the pathophysiological protein pathways leading to glaucoma, and point to pathways involved in the growth and development of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Lifestyle and risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 129:767-72. [PMID: 21320952 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether lifestyle-related risk factors, such as socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity, are associated with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS Participants from the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort study, were considered eligible if they participated at both baseline and follow-up and if they had no OAG at baseline. All participants underwent an identical ophthalmologic examination at all visits, including intraocular pressure measurements, optic nerve head assessment, and perimetry. Lifestyle-related factors were assessed by questionnaires by trained research assistants or measured during the examinations (body mass index and waist to hip ratio). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was applied to calculate hazard ratios. RESULTS Of 3939 eligible participants, 108 (2.7%) developed OAG during 9.7 years' mean follow-up. No statistically significant effect of socioeconomic status, smoking, or alcohol intake was found. In women, each unit increase in body mass index resulted in a 7% decrease in the risk of developing OAG (P = .04). There was a significant increasing effect of body mass index on intraocular pressure (P < .001) in women. CONCLUSIONS Obesity appears to be associated with a higher intraocular pressure and a lower risk of developing OAG. These associations were only present in women. Other lifestyle-related factors, such as socioeconomic status, smoking, and alcohol consumption, were not associated with OAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ramdas WD, Amin N, van Koolwijk LME, Janssens ACJW, Demirkan A, de Jong PTVM, Aulchenko YS, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Oostra BA, Lemij HG, Klaver CCW, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM, van Duijn CM. Genetic architecture of open angle glaucoma and related determinants. J Med Genet 2010; 48:190-6. [PMID: 21059592 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2010.083337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR) and intraocular pressure (IOP) are important determinants of open angle glaucoma (OAG), it is unclear to what extent the genetic origin of these traits overlap with those of OAG. We evaluated whether the same genes that determine VCDR and IOP also predict OAG. METHODS Genetic risk scores were constructed from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using genome wide association data of 9326 participants from the Rotterdam Study cohorts (mean ± SD age: 64.6 ± 9.1 years). These risk scores were used to calculate the explained variance of VCDR and IOP in an independent cohort (Erasmus Rucphen Family study) consisting of 1646 participants (mean ± SD age: 46.8 ± 14.1 years) and the OAG risk in a subset of the Rotterdam Study cohorts. To evaluate false positive findings, we generated two new variables containing randomly sampled values to serve as a negative control. RESULTS The explained variance of VCDR increased when increasing the number of SNPs included in the risk score, suggesting a polygenic model. We found no clear evidence for a similar model for IOP, suggesting that a small number of SNPs determine the susceptibility to IOP. The SNPs related to IOP in terms of p values contributed little to VCDR. The risk scores associated with VCDR were also associated significantly with OAG. This suggests a common polygenic background for VCDR and OAG CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence for a polygenic model underlying one of the major traits of OAG, VCDR, and OAG itself. The IOP did not show any evidence for such a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ikram MK, Xueling S, Jensen RA, Cotch MF, Hewitt AW, Ikram MA, Wang JJ, Klein R, Klein BEK, Breteler MMB, Cheung N, Liew G, Mitchell P, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, van Duijn CM, Kao L, Cheng CY, Smith AV, Glazer NL, Lumley T, McKnight B, Psaty BM, Jonasson F, Eiriksdottir G, Aspelund T, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Taylor KD, Li X, Iyengar SK, Xi Q, Sivakumaran TA, Mackey DA, MacGregor S, Martin NG, Young TL, Bis JC, Wiggins KL, Heckbert SR, Hammond CJ, Andrew T, Fahy S, Attia J, Holliday EG, Scott RJ, Islam FMA, Rotter JI, McAuley AK, Boerwinkle E, Tai ES, Gudnason V, Siscovick DS, Vingerling JR, Wong TY. Four novel Loci (19q13, 6q24, 12q24, and 5q14) influence the microcirculation in vivo. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001184. [PMID: 21060863 PMCID: PMC2965750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the microcirculation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Changes in retinal vascular caliber reflect early microvascular disease and predict incident cardiovascular events. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with retinal vascular caliber. We analyzed data from four population-based discovery cohorts with 15,358 unrelated Caucasian individuals, who are members of the Cohort for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and replicated findings in four independent Caucasian cohorts (n = 6,652). All participants had retinal photography and retinal arteriolar and venular caliber measured from computer software. In the discovery cohorts, 179 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) spread across five loci were significantly associated (p<5.0×10−8) with retinal venular caliber, but none showed association with arteriolar caliber. Collectively, these five loci explain 1.0%–3.2% of the variation in retinal venular caliber. Four out of these five loci were confirmed in independent replication samples. In the combined analyses, the top SNPs at each locus were: rs2287921 (19q13; p = 1.61×10−25, within the RASIP1 locus), rs225717 (6q24; p = 1.25×10−16, adjacent to the VTA1 and NMBR loci), rs10774625 (12q24; p = 2.15×10−13, in the region of ATXN2,SH2B3 and PTPN11 loci), and rs17421627 (5q14; p = 7.32×10−16, adjacent to the MEF2C locus). In two independent samples, locus 12q24 was also associated with coronary heart disease and hypertension. Our population-based genome-wide association study demonstrates four novel loci associated with retinal venular caliber, an endophenotype of the microcirculation associated with clinical cardiovascular disease. These data provide further insights into the contribution and biological mechanisms of microcirculatory changes that underlie cardiovascular disease. The microcirculation plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Retinal vascular caliber changes reflect early microvascular disease and predict incident cardiovascular events. In order to identify genetic variants associated with retinal vascular caliber, we performed a genome-wide association study and analyzed data from four population-based discovery cohorts with 15,358 unrelated Caucasian individuals, who are members of the Cohort for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and replicated findings in four independent Caucasian cohorts (n = 6,652). We found evidence for association of four loci with retinal venular caliber: on chromosomes 19q13 within the RASIP1 locus, 6q24 adjacent to the VTA1 and NMBR loci, 12q24 in the region of ATXN2,SH2B3 and PTPN11 loci, and 5q14 adjacent to the MEF2C locus. In two independent samples, locus 12q24 was also associated with coronary heart disease and hypertension. In the present study, we demonstrate that four novel loci were associated with retinal venular caliber, an endophenotype of the microcirculation associated with clinical cardiovascular disease. Our findings will help focus research on novel genes and pathways involving the microcirculation and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Genetic Loci/genetics
- Genome-Wide Association Study/methods
- Humans
- Male
- Meta-Analysis as Topic
- Microcirculation
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Retinal Vessels/physiopathology
- White People/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sim Xueling
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard A. Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Ning Cheung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nicole L. Glazer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fridbert Jonasson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Statistics, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Quansheng Xi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Theru A. Sivakumaran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Perth, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Terri L. Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Josh C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kerri L. Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Health Studies, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Andrew
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Fahy
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Attia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - F. M. Amirul Islam
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Annie K. McAuley
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tien Y. Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Singapore National Eye Centre and Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Solouki AM, Verhoeven VJM, van Duijn CM, Verkerk AJMH, Ikram MK, Hysi PG, Despriet DDG, van Koolwijk LM, Ho L, Ramdas WD, Czudowska M, Kuijpers RWAM, Amin N, Struchalin M, Aulchenko YS, van Rij G, Riemslag FCC, Young TL, Mackey DA, Spector TD, Gorgels TGMF, Willemse-Assink JJM, Isaacs A, Kramer R, Swagemakers SMA, Bergen AAB, van Oosterhout AALJ, Oostra BA, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Hammond CJ, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW. A genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for refractive errors and myopia at 15q14. Nat Genet 2010; 42:897-901. [PMID: 20835239 PMCID: PMC4115149 DOI: 10.1038/ng.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Refractive errors are the most common ocular disorders worldwide and may lead to blindness. Although this trait is highly heritable, identification of susceptibility genes has been challenging. We conducted a genome-wide association study for refractive error in 5,328 individuals from a Dutch population-based study with replication in four independent cohorts (combined 10,280 individuals in the replication stage). We identified a significant association at chromosome 15q14 (rs634990, P = 2.21 × 10⁻¹⁴). The odds ratio of myopia compared to hyperopia for the minor allele (minor allele frequency = 0.47) was 1.41 (95% CI 1.16-1.70) for individuals heterozygous for the allele and 1.83 (95% CI 1.42-2.36) for individuals homozygous for the allele. The associated locus is near two genes that are expressed in the retina, GJD2 and ACTC1, and appears to harbor regulatory elements which may influence transcription of these genes. Our data suggest that common variants at 15q14 influence susceptibility for refractive errors in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas M Solouki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Ramdas WD, van Koolwijk LME, Ikram MK, Jansonius NM, de Jong PTVM, Bergen AAB, Isaacs A, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hysi P, Hammond CJ, Lemij HG, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW, van Duijn CM. A genome-wide association study of optic disc parameters. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000978. [PMID: 20548946 PMCID: PMC2883590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The optic nerve head is involved in many ophthalmic disorders, including common diseases such as myopia and open-angle glaucoma. Two of the most important parameters are the size of the optic disc area and the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). Both are highly heritable but genetically largely undetermined. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association (GWA) data to identify genetic variants associated with optic disc area and VCDR. The gene discovery included 7,360 unrelated individuals from the population-based Rotterdam Study I and Rotterdam Study II cohorts. These cohorts revealed two genome-wide significant loci for optic disc area, rs1192415 on chromosome 1p22 (p = 6.72×10−19) within 117 kb of the CDC7 gene and rs1900004 on chromosome 10q21.3-q22.1 (p = 2.67×10−33) within 10 kb of the ATOH7 gene. They revealed two genome-wide significant loci for VCDR, rs1063192 on chromosome 9p21 (p = 6.15×10−11) in the CDKN2B gene and rs10483727 on chromosome 14q22.3-q23 (p = 2.93×10−10) within 40 kbp of the SIX1 gene. Findings were replicated in two independent Dutch cohorts (Rotterdam Study III and Erasmus Rucphen Family study; N = 3,612), and the TwinsUK cohort (N = 843). Meta-analysis with the replication cohorts confirmed the four loci and revealed a third locus at 16q12.1 associated with optic disc area, and four other loci at 11q13, 13q13, 17q23 (borderline significant), and 22q12.1 for VCDR. ATOH7 was also associated with VCDR independent of optic disc area. Three of the loci were marginally associated with open-angle glaucoma. The protein pathways in which the loci of optic disc area are involved overlap with those identified for VCDR, suggesting a common genetic origin. Morphologic characteristics of the optic nerve head are involved in many ophthalmic diseases. Its size, called the optic disc area, is an important measure and has been associated with e.g. myopia and open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Another important and clinical parameter of the optic disc is the vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). Although studies have shown a high heritability of optic disc area and VCDR, its genetic determinants are still undetermined. We therefore conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) study on these quantitative traits, using data of over 11,000 Caucasian participants, and related the findings to myopia and OAG. We found evidence for association of three loci with optic disc area: CDC7/TGFBR3 region, ATOH7, and SALL1; and six with VCDR: CDKN2B, SIX1, SCYL1, CHEK2, ATOH7, and DCLK1; and additionally one borderline significant locus: BCAS3. None of the loci could be related to myopia. There was marginal evidence for association of ATOH7, CDKN2B, and SIX1 with OAG, which remains to be confirmed. The present study reveals new insights into the physiological development of the optic nerve and may shed light on the pathophysiological protein pathways leading to (neuro-) ophthalmologic diseases such as OAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wishal D. Ramdas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonieke M. E. van Koolwijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. B. Bergen
- Department of Ophthalmogenetics, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans G. Lemij
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Booij JC, Boon CJF, van Schooneveld MJ, ten Brink JB, Bakker A, de Jong PTVM, Hoyng CB, Bergen AAB, Klaver CCW. Course of visual decline in relation to the Best1 genotype in vitelliform macular dystrophy. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:1415-22. [PMID: 20381869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the disease course in patients with vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) with a Best1 mutation and to determine the association between Best1 genotype and visual prognosis. DESIGN Consecutive case series. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-three patients with VMD with Best1 mutations from 27 Dutch families, aged 11 to 87 years. METHODS Best-corrected visual acuity (VA), fundus appearance, and Arden ratio on the electro-oculogram (EOG) during clinical follow-up were assessed from medical records. Mutation analysis of the Best1 gene was performed on DNA samples using denaturing high-pressure liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cumulative lifetime risk of visual decline below 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 for the entire group and stratified for genotype. RESULTS Median age of onset of visual symptoms was 33 years (range: 2-78). The cumulative risk of VA below 0.5 (20/40) was 50% at 55 years and 75% at 66 years. The cumulative risk of decline less than 0.3 (20/63) was 50% by age 66 years and 75% by age 74 years. Two patients progressed to VA less than 0.1 (20/200). Fourteen different mutations were found. Most patients (96%) had missense mutations; the Thr6Pro, Ala10Val, and Tyr227Asn mutations were most common. Visual decline was significantly faster in patients with an Ala10Val mutation than either the Thr6Pro or the Tyr227Asn mutation (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Age of onset of visual symptoms varies greatly among patients with VMD. All patients show a gradual decrease in VA, and most progress to visual impairment at a relatively late age. Our data suggest a phenotype-genotype correlation, because the Ala10Val mutation has a more rapid disease progression than other common mutations. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Booij
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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McGeechan K, Liew G, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Klein R, Klein BEK, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Vingerling JR, de Jong PTVM, Witteman JCM, Breteler MMB, Shaw J, Zimmet P, Wong TY. Prediction of incident stroke events based on retinal vessel caliber: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:1323-32. [PMID: 19884126 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The caliber of the retinal vessels has been shown to be associated with stroke events. However, the consistency and magnitude of association, and the changes in predicted risk independent of traditional risk factors, are unclear. To determine the association between retinal vessel caliber and the risk of stroke events, the investigators combined individual data from 20,798 people, who were free of stroke at baseline, in 6 cohort studies identified from a search of the Medline (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) and EMBASE (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands) databases. During follow-up of 5-12 years, 945 (4.5%) incident stroke events were recorded. Wider retinal venular caliber predicted stroke (pooled hazard ratio = 1.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.25 per 20-micron increase in caliber), but the caliber of retinal arterioles was not associated with stroke (pooled hazard ratio = 1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.92, 1.08). There was weak evidence of heterogeneity in the hazard ratio for retinal venular caliber, which may be attributable to differences in follow-up strategies across studies. Inclusion of retinal venular caliber in prediction models containing traditional stroke risk factors reassigned 10.1% of people at intermediate risk into different, mostly lower, risk categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McGeechan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore
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Fletcher AE, Bentham GC, Agnew M, Young IS, Augood C, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PTVM, Rahu M, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vingerling JR, Vioque J. Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age-related macular degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 126:1396-403. [PMID: 18852418 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.126.10.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of sunlight exposure and antioxidant level with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Four thousand seven hundred fifty-three participants aged 65 years or older in the European Eye Study underwent fundus photography, were interviewed for adult lifetime sunlight exposure, and gave blood for antioxidant analysis. Blue light exposure was estimated by combining meteorologic and questionnaire data. RESULTS Data on sunlight exposure and antioxidants were available in 101 individuals with neovascular AMD, 2182 with early AMD, and 2117 controls. No association was found between blue light exposure and neovascular or early AMD. Significant associations were found between blue light exposure and neovascular AMD in individuals in the quartile of lowest antioxidant level-vitamin C, zeaxanthin, vitamin E, and dietary zinc-with an odds ratio of about 1.4 for 1 standard deviation unit increase in blue light exposure. Higher odds ratios for blue light were observed with combined low antioxidant levels, especially vitamin C, zeaxanthin, and vitamin E (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-8.9), which were also associated with early stages of AMD. CONCLUSIONS Although it is not possible to establish causality between sunlight exposure and neovascular AMD, our results suggest that people in the general population should use ocular protection and follow dietary recommendations for the key antioxidant nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Fletcher
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, England.
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Augood C, Chakravarthy U, Young I, Vioque J, de Jong PTVM, Bentham G, Rahu M, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vingerling JR, Fletcher AE. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:398-406. [PMID: 18689376 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.2.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish intake, the major source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of oily fish and dietary DHA and EPA with neovascular AMD (NV-AMD). DESIGN Participants aged >/=65 y in the cross-sectional population-based EUREYE study underwent fundus photography and were interviewed by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Fundus images were graded by the International Classification System for Age Related Maculopathy. Questionnaire data were converted to nutrient intakes with the use of food-composition tables. Survey logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of energy-adjusted quartiles of EPA or DHA with NV-AMD, taking into account potential confounders. RESULTS Dietary intake data and fundus images were available for 105 cases with NV-AMD and for 2170 controls without any features of early or late AMD. Eating oily fish at least once per week compared with less than once per week was associated with a halving of the odds of NV-AMD (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.68; P = 0.002). Compared with the lowest quartile, there was a significant trend for decreased odds with increasing quartiles of either DHA or EPA. ORs in the highest quartiles were 0.32 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.87; P = 0.03) for DHA and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.73; P = 0.02) for EPA. CONCLUSIONS Eating oily fish at least once per week compared with less than once per week was associated with a halving of the OR for NV-AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Augood
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Emonts M, Uitterlinden AG, Nouwen JL, Kardys I, Maat MPMD, Melles DC, Witteman J, Jong PTVMD, Verbrugh HA, Hofman A, Hermans PWM, Belkum AV. Host polymorphisms in interleukin 4, complement factor H, and C-reactive protein associated with nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and occurrence of boils. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1244-53. [PMID: 18422436 DOI: 10.1086/533501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is capable of persistently colonizing the vestibulum nasi. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in host inflammatory response genes and genetic variation in S. aureus contribute to susceptibility to S. aureus carriage and infection. METHODS The prevalence of persistent nasal carriage of S. aureus in 3851 participants aged 61-101 years was 18% (678 of 3851 participants), whereas 73% of volunteers (2804 of 3851) were not colonized. A total of 1270 individuals had boils. Polymorphisms in TNFA (C -863T), IL4 (C -542T), CFH (Tyr402His), and CRP (C1184T, C2042T, and C2911G) were determined. Genetic similarity among 428 S. aureus isolates was determined by use of amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP)-mediated genotyping. RESULTS The IL4 -524 C/C host genotype was associated with an increased risk of persistent S. aureus carriage, irrespective of S. aureus AFLP genotype. The CRP haplotype 1184C; 2042C; 2911C was overrepresented in individuals who were not colonized . In individuals with boils, carriers of the CFH Tyr402 variant, and the CRP 2911 C/C genotype were overrepresented. CONCLUSION Persistent carriage of S. aureus is influenced by genetic variation in host inflammatory response genes. As would be expected in multifactorial host-microbe interactions, these effects are limited. Interestingly, host genotype was associated with the carriage of certain S. aureus genotypes. Apparently, a close interaction between host and bacterial determinants are prerequisites for long-term colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Emonts
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Boekhoorn SS, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM. Alcohol consumption and risk of aging macula disorder in a general population: the Rotterdam Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 126:834-9. [PMID: 18541849 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.126.6.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible relationship between overall or specific alcohol consumption and risk of aging macula disorder (AMD), a synonym for age-related macular degeneration, in a general population. METHODS Alcohol consumption and risk of early or late incident AMD (iAMD) were examined among all participants in the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study, with complete data on alcohol consumption among 4229 subjects at risk of AMD. Aging macula disorder was graded according to the International Classification and Grading System for AMD by 2 trained professionals who were masked for all other determinants. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 8.0 years, 600 cases of iAMD were identified, of which 519 were early iAMD and 81 were late iAMD. After correction for age, sex, smoking, complement factor H genotype status, and other potential confounders, we did not find an association between overall or specific alcohol consumption and development of early iAMD or dry or wet late iAMD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that overall or specific alcohol consumption is not a risk factor for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila S Boekhoorn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ho L, Boekhoorn SS, Liana, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM, Stijnen T, Vingerling JR. Cataract surgery and the risk of aging macula disorder: the rotterdam study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4795-800. [PMID: 18599571 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate still-controversial associations between prior cataract surgery and aging macula disorder (AMD) in a general population. METHODS Baseline lens status and risk of incident AMD (iAMD) were examined in participants of the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study at risk for AMD (n = 6032). Slit lamp examination was used to determine lens status and stereoscopic color fundus photography to determine the presence of AMD. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Stratified analyses were also performed for CFH Y402H genotype. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, follow-up time, and the correlation between eyes, a history of cataract surgery was associated with incident dry late AMD (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.82-6.49). This association remained significant after additional adjustment for smoking status and AMD stage at baseline (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.68-7.08). No statistically significant association was found between prior cataract surgery and the incidence of wet late AMD or early AMD. Homozygous CFH Y402H carriers had higher risks for all types of AMD compared to heterozygotes and noncarriers after cataract surgery, particularly for dry AMD. CONCLUSIONS The findings imply that cataract surgery increases the risk of dry AMD, particularly in homozygous CFH Y402H carriers. The risk of AMD progression should be considered before recommending cataract surgery to patients with cataract and early AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintje Ho
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Despriet DDG, Bergen AAB, Merriam JE, Zernant J, Barile GR, Smith RT, Barbazetto IA, van Soest S, Bakker A, de Jong PTVM, Allikmets R, Klaver CCW. Comprehensive analysis of the candidate genes CCL2, CCR2, and TLR4 in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:364-71. [PMID: 18172114 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether variants in the candidate genes TLR4, CCL2, and CCR2 are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS This study was performed in two independent Caucasian populations that included 357 cases and 173 controls from the Netherlands and 368 cases and 368 controls from the United States. Exon 4 of the TLR4 gene and the promoter, all exons, and flanking intronic regions of the CCL2 and CCR2 genes were analyzed in the Dutch study and common variants were validated in the U.S. study. Quantitative (q)PCR reactions were performed to evaluate expression of these genes in laser-dissected retinal pigment epithelium from 13 donor AMD and 13 control eyes. RESULTS Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR4 gene did not show a significant association between D299G or T399I and AMD, nor did haplotypes containing these variants. Univariate analyses of the SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2 did not demonstrate an association with AMD. For CCR2, haplotype frequencies were not significantly different between cases and controls. For CCL2, one haplotype containing the minor allele of C35C was significantly associated with AMD (P = 0.03), but this did not sustain after adjustment for multiple testing (q = 0.30). Expression analysis did not demonstrate altered RNA expression of CCL2 and CCR2 in the retinal pigment epithelium from AMD eyes (for CCL2 P = 0.62; for CCR2 P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS No evidence was found of an association between TLR4, CCR2, and CCL2 and AMD, which implies that the common genetic variation in these genes does not play a significant role in the etiology of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek D G Despriet
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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