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Das UN. The Dysregulation of Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Metabolism May Be a Factor in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:934. [PMID: 38929553 PMCID: PMC11205989 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
I propose that a deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and an alteration in their (EFAs) metabolism could be a major factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis and sepsis-related mortality. The failure of corticosteroids, anti-TNF-α, and anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibodies can be attributed to this altered EFA metabolism in sepsis. Vitamin C; folic acid; and vitamin B1, B6, and B12 serve as co-factors necessary for the activity of desaturase enzymes that are the rate-limiting steps in the metabolism of EFAs. The altered metabolism of EFAs results in an imbalance in the production and activities of pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines resulting in both hyperimmune and hypoimmune responses seen in sepsis. This implies that restoring the metabolism of EFAs to normal may form a newer therapeutic approach both in the prevention and management of sepsis and other critical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N. Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St., Battle Ground, WA 98604, USA; ; Tel.: +1-508-904-5376
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Hyderabad, Sangareddy 502285, India
- Department of Medicine, Omega Hospitals, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
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Shu Q, Zhao C, Yu J, Liu Y, Hu S, Meng J, Zhang J. Causal analysis of serum polyunsaturated fatty acids with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and ocular comorbidity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:75-81. [PMID: 35974138 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE To investigate the causal effects of plasma Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and ocular comorbidity through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS Genetic variants (formerly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) that are strongly associated with PUFAs levels (P < 5×10-8) were selected as instrumental variables. Summary-level MR was performed with outcome estimates for JIA (n = 31,142) and JIA associated iridocyclitis (n = 94,197). The inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method was employed as the main approach to combine the estimation for each SNP. Two set of models with summary statistics were conducted and multiple sensitivity analyses were applied for testing of pleiotropic bias. RESULTS In model 1, genetically predicted n-6 PUFAs linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were associated with lower and higher risk of JIA associated iridocyclitis using IVW (ORLA = 0.940, 95% CI: 0.895-0.988, P = 0.015; ORAA = 1.053, 95% CI: 1.007-1.101, P = 0.024). No such association was observed between each plasma PUFAs and JIA susceptibility (P > 0.05). In further MR analysis, results from model 2 also showed a consistent trend. Besides, multiple sensitivity analyses revealed that there was no obvious evidence for unknown pleiotropy (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our MR study provides genetic evidence on the possible causality that plasma LA level might protect against JIA associated iridocyclitis, whereas AA was responsible for opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxin Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yusen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuqiong Hu
- Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China.
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Pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids imbalance contributes to the pathobiology of autoimmune diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022:10.1038/s41430-022-01173-8. [PMID: 35701524 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are driven by TH17 cells that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17. Under normal physiological conditions, autoreactive T cells are suppressed by TGF-β and IL-10 secreted by microglia and dendritic cells. When this balance is upset due to injury, infection and other causes, leukocyte recruitment and macrophage activation occurs resulting in secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17 and PGE2, LTs (leukotrienes) accompanied by a deficiency of anti-inflammatory LXA4, resolvins, protecting, and maresins. PGE2 facilitates TH1 cell differentiation and promotes immune-mediated inflammation through TH17 expansion. There is evidence to suggest that autoimmune diseases can be suppressed by anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids LXA4, resolvins, protecting, and maresins. These results imply that systemic and/or local application of LXA4, resolvins, protecting, and maresins and administration of their precursors AA/EPA/DHA could form a potential therapeutic approach in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Badr MY, Halwani AA, Odunze U, Eskandarpour M, Calder VL, Schätzlein AG, Uchegbu IF. The Topical Ocular Delivery of Rapamycin to Posterior Eye Tissues and the Suppression of Retinal Inflammatory Disease. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121755. [PMID: 35447226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of posterior eye diseases with intravitreal injections of drugs, while effective, is invasive and associated with side effects such as retinal detachment and endophthalmitis. In this work, we have formulated a model compound, rapamycin (RAP), in nanoparticle-based eye drops and evaluated the delivery of RAP to the posterior eye tissues in a healthy rabbit. We have also studied the formulation in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mouse model with retinal inflammation. Aqueous RAP eye drops were prepared using N-palmitoyl-N-monomethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-6-O-glycolchitosan (Molecular Envelope Technology - MET) containing 0.23 ± 0.001% w/v RAP with viscosity, osmolarity, and pH within the ocular comfort range, and the formulation (MET-RAP) was stable in terms of drug content at both refrigeration and room temperature for one month. The MET-RAP eye drops delivered RAP to the choroid-retina with a Cmax of 145 ± 49 ng/g (tmax = 1 hour). The topical application of the MET-RAP eye drops to the EAU mouse model resulted in significant disease suppression compared to controls, with activity similar to dexamethasone eye drops. The MET-RAP eye drops also resulted in a reduction of RORγt and an increase in both Foxp3 expression and IL-10 secretion, indicating a mechanism involving the inhibition of Th17 cells and the up-regulation of T-reg cells. The MET-RAP formulation delivers RAP to the posterior eye segments, and the formulation is active in EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutaz Y Badr
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Halwani
- School of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Abdullah Sulayman St, Jeddah, 80200, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uchechukwu Odunze
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Malihe Eskandarpour
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia L Calder
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas G Schätzlein
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Nanomerics Ltd., 6th Floor, 2 London Wall Place, London EC2Y 5AU, United Kingdom
| | - Ijeoma F Uchegbu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Nanomerics Ltd., 6th Floor, 2 London Wall Place, London EC2Y 5AU, United Kingdom.
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5
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West AL, Miles EA, Han L, Lillycrop KA, Napier JA, Calder PC, Burdge GC. Dietary Supplementation with Transgenic Camelina sativa Oil Containing 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 or Fish Oil Induces Differential Changes in the Transcriptome of CD3 + T Lymphocytes. Nutrients 2021; 13:3116. [PMID: 34578993 PMCID: PMC8466821 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) are important for leukocyte function. This study investigated whether consuming transgenic Camelina sativa (tCSO) seed oil containing both 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 is as effective as fish oil (FO) for increasing the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 content of leukocytes and altering mitogen-induced changes to the T cell transcriptome. Healthy adults (n = 31) consumed 450 mg/day of 20:5n-3 plus 22:6n-3 from either FO or tCSO for 8 weeks. Blood was collected before and after the intervention. 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 incorporation from tCSO into immune cell total lipids was comparable to FO. The relative expression of the transcriptomes of mitogen-stimulated versus unstimulated T lymphocytes in a subgroup of 16 women/test oil showed 4390 transcripts were differentially expressed at Baseline (59% up-regulated), 4769 (57% up-regulated) after FO and 3443 (38% up-regulated) after tCSO supplementation. The 20 most altered transcripts after supplementation differed between test oils. The most altered pathways were associated with cell proliferation and immune function. In conclusion, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 incorporation into immune cells from tCSO was comparable to FO and can modify mitogen-induced changes in the T cell transcriptome, contingent on the lipid matrix of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette L. West
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.L.W.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.L.W.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Lihua Han
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK; (L.H.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Karen A. Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK; (L.H.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.L.W.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.L.W.); (E.A.M.); (P.C.C.)
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Das UN. Molecular biochemical aspects of salt (sodium chloride) in inflammation and immune response with reference to hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 34334139 PMCID: PMC8327432 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HTN) are common that are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Diet, genetic factors, inflammation, and immunocytes and their cytokines play a role in their pathobiology. But the exact role of sodium, potassium, magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins in the pathogenesis of HTN and T2DM is not known. Recent studies showed that sodium and potassium can modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, alter the autonomic nervous system and induce dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune responses in addition to their action on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These actions of sodium, potassium and magnesium and other minerals, trace elements and vitamins are likely to be secondary to their action on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 and metabolism of essential fatty acids that may account for their involvement in the pathobiology of insulin resistance, T2DM, HTN and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2221 NW 5th St, Battle Ground, WA, 98604, USA.
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7
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Guo X, Chen Z, Xing Y. Immune-mediated uveitis and lifestyle factors: A review. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64:687-695. [PMID: 34348329 DOI: 10.1159/000518496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Xia DN, Tan YQ, Yang JY, Zhou G. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a promising approach for the management of oral lichen planus. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:989-999. [PMID: 32770320 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease with a risk of malignant transformation. Although the etiology of OLP is still uncertain, growing evidence suggests that oral microbiota, antigen-specific, and non-specific mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. Antigen-specific mechanisms include antigen presentation, T-cell activation, nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, and cytokine secretion, while non-specific mechanisms consist of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 upregulation, psychological pressure, oxidative damage, aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), and autophagy. Till now, there is no cure for OLP, and the main purpose of OLP therapy is symptomatic control. FINDING Seafood and its derivative omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can suppress antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, modulate the overexpressed inflammatory cytokines, inhibit the expression of MMP-9, as well as regulate the expression of miRNAs and autophagy. And they are possible agents for ameliorating psychological disorder and oxidative damage. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs supplementation has a beneficial effect on preventing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION n-3 PUFAs consumption may provide a non-toxic, inexpensive administration for OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Na Xia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Qin Tan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Ya Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Takeda A, Yanai R, Murakami Y, Arima M, Sonoda KH. New Insights Into Immunological Therapy for Retinal Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1431. [PMID: 32719682 PMCID: PMC7348236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the twentieth century, a conspicuous lack of effective treatment strategies existed for managing several retinal disorders, including age-related macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy (DR); retinopathy of prematurity (ROP); retinitis pigmentosa (RP); uveitis, including Behçet's disease; and vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL). However, in the first decade of this century, advances in biomedicine have provided new treatment strategies in the field of ophthalmology, particularly biologics that target vascular endothelial growth factor or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Furthermore, clinical trials on gene therapy specifically for patients with autosomal recessive or X-linked RP have commenced. The overall survival rates of patients with VRL have improved, owing to earlier diagnoses and better treatment strategies. However, some unresolved problems remain such as primary or secondary non-response to biologics or chemotherapy, and the lack of adequate strategies for treating most RP patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunological mechanisms of the eye under normal conditions and in several retinal disorders, including uveitis, DR, ROP, RP, and VRL. In addition, we discuss recent studies that describe the inflammatory responses that occur during the course of these retinal disorders to provide new insights into their diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Research Institute, Kyushu Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Silva AR, Moraes BPT, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. Mediterranean Diet: Lipids, Inflammation, and Malaria Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124489. [PMID: 32599864 PMCID: PMC7350014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) consists of consumption of vegetables and healthy oils and have beneficial effects on metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Our goal here is to discuss the role of fatty acid content in MedDiet, mostly omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 on malaria. Malaria affects millions of people around the globe. The parasite Plasmodium causes the disease. The metabolic and inflammatory alterations in the severe forms have damaging consequences to the host. The lipid content in the MedDiet holds anti-inflammatory and pro-resolutive features in the host and have detrimental effects on the Plasmodium. The lipids from the diet impact the balance of pro- and anti-inflammation, thus, lipids intake from the diet is critical to parasite elimination and host tissue damage caused by an immune response. Herein, we go into the cellular and molecular mechanisms and targets of the MedDiet fatty acids in the host and the parasite, reviewing potential benefits of the MedDiet, on inflammation, malaria infection progression, and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R. Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Neurociências da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (A.R.S.); or (C.F.G.-d.-A.)
| | - Bianca P. T. Moraes
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Neurociências da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 20210-010, Brazil
| | - Cassiano F. Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Neurociências da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 20210-010, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro 20210-010, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (A.R.S.); or (C.F.G.-d.-A.)
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Gutiérrez S, Svahn SL, Johansson ME. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205028. [PMID: 31614433 PMCID: PMC6834330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations on the immune system caused by omega-3 fatty acids have been described for 30 years. This family of polyunsaturated fatty acids exerts major alterations on the activation of cells from both the innate and the adaptive immune system, although the mechanisms for such regulation are diverse. First, as a constitutive part of the cellular membrane, omega-3 fatty acids can regulate cellular membrane properties, such as membrane fluidity or complex assembly in lipid rafts. In recent years, however, a new role for omega-3 fatty acids and their derivatives as signaling molecules has emerged. In this review, we describe the latest findings describing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on different cells from the immune system and their possible molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sara L Svahn
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Dendritic cells mediate the anti-inflammatory action of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in experimental autoimmune uveitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219405. [PMID: 31335861 PMCID: PMC6650034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that dietary omega (ω)–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) suppress inflammation in mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We have now investigated the role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in this action of ω-3 LCPUFAs. C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet supplemented with ω-3 or ω-6 LCPUFAs for 2 weeks, after which splenocytes were isolated from the mice and cocultured with CD4+ T cells isolated from mice with EAU induced by injection of a human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptide together with complete Freund’s adjuvant. The proliferation of and production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 by T cells from EAU mice in vitro were attenuated in the presence of splenocytes from ω-3 LCPUFA–fed mice as compared with those from mice fed ω-6 LCPUFAs. Splenocyte fractionation by magnetic-activated cell sorting revealed that, among APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) were the target of ω-3 LCPUFAs. Adoptive transfer of DCs from mice fed ω-3 LCPUFAs attenuated disease progression in EAU mice as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by T cells isolated from these latter animals. The proliferation of T cells from control Balb/c mice was also attenuated in the presence of DCs from ω-3 LCPUFA–fed mice as compared with those from ω-6 LCPUFA–fed mice. Furthermore, T cell proliferation in such a mixed lymphocyte reaction was inhibited by prior exposure of DCs from mice fed an ω-6 LCPUFA diet to ω-3 LCPUFAs in vitro. Our results thus suggest that DCs mediate the anti-inflammatory action of dietary ω-3 LCPUFAs in EAU.
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Saika A, Nagatake T, Kunisawa J. Host- and Microbe-Dependent Dietary Lipid Metabolism in the Control of Allergy, Inflammation, and Immunity. Front Nutr 2019; 6:36. [PMID: 31024921 PMCID: PMC6468274 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the largest immune organ in the body, provides the first line of defense against pathogens, and prevents excessive immune reactions to harmless or beneficial non-self-materials, such as food and intestinal bacteria. Allergic and inflammatory diseases in the intestine occur as a result of dysregulation of immunological homeostasis mediated by intestinal immunity. Several lines of evidence suggest that gut environmental factors, including nutrition and intestinal bacteria, play important roles in controlling host immune responses and maintaining homeostasis. Among nutritional factors, ω3 and ω6 essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) profoundly influence the host immune system. Recent advances in lipidomics technology have led to the identification of lipid mediators derived from ω3- and ω6-PUFAs. In particular, lipid metabolites from ω3-PUFAs (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) have recently been shown to exert anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory responses; these metabolites include resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Furthermore, a new class of anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory lipid metabolites of 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid has recently been identified in the control of allergic and inflammatory diseases in the gut and skin. Although these lipid metabolites were found to be endogenously generated in the host, accumulating evidence indicates that intestinal bacteria also participate in lipid metabolism and thus generate bioactive unique lipid mediators. In this review, we discuss the production machinery of lipid metabolites in the host and intestinal bacteria and the roles of these metabolites in the regulation of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Saika
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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14
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Chehimi M, Ward R, Pestel J, Robert M, Pesenti S, Bendridi N, Michalski MC, Laville M, Vidal H, Eljaafari A. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit IL-17A Secretion through Decreased ICAM-1 Expression in T Cells Co-Cultured with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Harvested from Adipose Tissues of Obese Subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801148. [PMID: 30848861 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Obese adipose tissue (AT) is infiltrated by inflammatory immune cells including IL-17A-producing-T (Th17) cells. It has been previously demonstrated that adipose-derived stem cells from obese (ob-ASCs), but not lean AT promote Th17 cells. Because n-3 PUFAs are known to inhibit obese AT inflammation, it is tested here whether they could inhibit ob-ASC-mediated IL-17A secretion. METHODS AND RESULTS The n-3 PUFA precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or its derivatives, eicosapentaenoic, or docosahexaenoic acid, is added to co-cultures of human ob-ASCs and mononuclear cells (MNCs). All three inhibited IL-17A, but not IL-1β, IL-6, nor TNFα secretion. As a control, palmitic acid (PA), a saturated fatty acid, did not inhibit IL-17A secretion. ALA also inhibited IL-17A secretion mediated by adipocytes differentiated from ob-ASCs. Toll-like-receptor 4 is shown to be involved in ob-ASC-mediated-IL-17A secretion, and to be inhibited by ALA, together with Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 and Signal-Transducer-and-Activator-of-transcription-3. In addition, ALA down-regulated Intercellular-Adhesion-Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in both monocytes and ASCs, which resulted in decreased interactions between ob-ASCs and MNCs, and inhibition of IL-17A secretion. CONCLUSION It is demonstrated herein that ALA inhibits Th17 cell promotion, through decreased ICAM-1expression in both ob-ASCs and monocytes. This novel mechanism may contribute to explain the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in IL-17A-related inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Chehimi
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Robert Ward
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Julien Pestel
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Maud Robert
- Department of Surgery in Gastro-enterology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, 1 place d'Arsonval, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Pesenti
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Nadia Bendridi
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Martine Laville
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France.,Department of Nutrition, South Lyon Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Assia Eljaafari
- INSERM U 1060-CarMen, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France.,Research DO-IT Team, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculte de Medecine Lyon Sud, Inserm U1060-CarMen, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
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15
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Costantino E, Actis AB. Dietary Fatty Acids and Other Nutrients in Relation to Inflammation and Particularly to Oral Mucosa Inflammation. A Literature Review. Nutr Cancer 2018; 71:718-730. [PMID: 30450980 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1521439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosa is site of inflammatory process development. When they are chronic, they provide a microenvironment based on cytokines and inflammatory mediators that contribute to cancer initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Certain dietary fatty acids (FAs) have immunomodulatory, inflammatory, and antiinflammatory effects. This review examined the literature on inflammation, mainly referred to the oral mucosa, and its association with dietary FAs and other nutrients. A Pubmed search of studies published in English until June 2018 was carried out. N-3 FAs have shown immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory activity in certain human diseases. These FAs and their mediators may inhibit inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer via multiple mechanisms. Studies on cellular models of murine and human intestinal mucosa indicate association between dietary n-3 FA intake and the inflammatory state of mucosa membranes. Nevertheless scarce information on the association between dietary FAs and oral inflammation could be found. Based on the evidence, we hypothesize that n-3 FAs reduce the oral mucosa inflammation thus decreasing the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancer. Molecular and clinical studies referred to this topic should be carried out as a contribution to the oral cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Costantino
- a Cátedra B de Anatomía, Facultad de Odontología , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina.,b Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Adriana Beatriz Actis
- a Cátedra B de Anatomía, Facultad de Odontología , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina.,b Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
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16
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Downie LE, Vingrys AJ. Oral Omega-3 Supplementation Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Normotensive Adults. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:1. [PMID: 29736322 PMCID: PMC5931260 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major modifiable risk factor for the sight-threatening eye disease, glaucoma. We investigated whether oral omega-3 supplements affect IOP in normotensive adults. METHODS We undertook a pooled analysis of data from two double-masked, placebo-controlled randomized trials (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12614001019695, ACTRN12615000173594) that investigated the efficacy and safety of oral omega-3 supplementation for treating ocular surface inflammation. Recruitment involved adults (n = 105) with IOP <21 mm Hg, and without a current or prior glaucoma diagnosis. Participants were randomly allocated to either an oral omega-3 (∼1000 mg/day eicosapentaenoic acid + ∼500 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid ± 900 mg/day α-linolenic acid) or placebo (olive oil, 1500 mg/day) supplement. IOP was quantified at baseline and after 3 months of supplementation (day 90). Change in IOP, relative to baseline, was compared between groups. RESULTS At baseline, participants were of similar age (omega-3/placebo groups: mean ± SEM, 33.7 ± 1.7, n = 72/35.6 ± 3.0 years, n = 33), sex (65%/79% female), and had similar IOP (14.3 ± 0.3/13.8 ± 0.5 mm Hg). At day 90, IOP was reduced to 13.6 ± 0.3 mm Hg in the omega-3 group; controls had a slight IOP increase to 14.2 ± 0.4 mm Hg (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oral omega-3 supplementation for 3 months significantly reduced IOP in normotensive adults. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that omega-3 fatty acids lower IOP in humans. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE These findings justify further investigation into the therapeutic potential of omega-3 supplementation for reducing IOP, to prevent and/or treat conditions with IOP elevation, including ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elizabeth Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Algis Jonas Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Yanai R, Chen S, Uchi SH, Nanri T, Connor KM, Kimura K. Attenuation of choroidal neovascularization by dietary intake of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and lutein in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196037. [PMID: 29694386 PMCID: PMC5919067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and lutein each protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We here examined the effects of ω-3 LCPUFAs and lutein supplementation in a mouse model of AMD. Mice were assigned to four groups: (1) a control group fed an ω-3 LCPUFA-free diet, (2) a lutein group fed an ω-3 LCPUFA-free diet with oral administration of lutein, (3) an ω-3 group fed an ω-3 LCPUFA-supplemented diet, and (4) an ω-3 + lutein group fed an ω-3 LCPUFA-supplemented diet with oral administration of lutein. Mice were fed the defined diets beginning 2 weeks before, and received lutein with an oral gavage needle beginning 1 week before, induction of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by laser photocoagulation. The area of CNV measured in choroidal flat-mount preparations was significantly reduced in mice fed ω-3 LCPUFAs or lutein compared with those in the control group, and it was reduced in an additive manner in those receiving both ω-3 LCPUFAs and lutein. The concentrations of various inflammatory mediators in the retina or choroid were reduced in mice fed ω-3 LCPUFAs or lutein, but no additive effect was apparent. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chorioretinal lesions revealed by dihydroethidium staining as well as the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in the retina revealed by immunohistofluorescence and immunoblot analyses were attenuated by ω-3 LCPUFAs and lutein in a synergistic manner. Our results thus show that dietary intake of ω-3 LCPUFAs and lutein attenuated CNV in an additive manner and in association with suppression of inflammatory mediator production, ROS generation, and Nox4 expression. Dietary supplementation with both ω-3 LCPUFAs and lutein warrants further study as a means to protect against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Sho-Hei Uchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Kip M. Connor
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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18
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MicroRNA-146a Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Anterior Uveitis in the Eyes of Lewis Rats. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9601349. [PMID: 29434444 PMCID: PMC5757132 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9601349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to determine the effect and roles of microRNA (miRNA, miR) treatment in experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU). Materials and Methods Uveitis was induced in Lewis rats by simultaneous injections of bovine melanin-associated antigen into the hind footpad and the intraperitoneal cavity. The animals were injected intravitreally with low-dose (0.5 μg) or high-dose (1.5 μg) miR-146a. The clinical scores, leukocyte count in the aqueous humor, and histology were assessed. Cytokine changes were evaluated by relative mRNA expression and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Evaluation of the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was performed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results Treatment with miR-146a significantly attenuated clinical scores and leukocyte infiltration in a dose-dependent manner, a result that was compatible with histological findings. Following miR-146a injections, downregulation of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and IL-12 and interferon- (IFN-) γ and upregulation of IL-10 and IL-17 were noted. The decreased NF-κB expression on immunofluorescence and Western blotting and reduced DNA-binding activity on EMSA were demonstrated following miR-146a treatment. Conclusions miR-146a effectively reduced intraocular inflammation in EAAU through the inhibition of NF-κB. miR-146a might be a new treatment choice for uveitis.
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Dietary Factors Associated with Plasma Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroglobulin Antibodies. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111186. [PMID: 29143786 PMCID: PMC5707658 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about dietary habits and their influence in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease is insufficient. The aim of this study was to analyse the association of dietary factors and plasma thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) and/or thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab). The study enrolled 1887 participants originating from the South Croatia. Participants with elevated plasma TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab were defined as cases (n = 462) and those with TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab within referent values were defined as controls (n = 1425). Dietary intake was evaluated according to a food frequency questionnaire containing 58 food items. Principal component analysis was used to group food items into dietary groups. We used logistic regression analysis to examine dietary groups associated with positive plasma TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab. The results indicate that the dietary group with frequent consumption of animal fats and butter is associated with positive plasma TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab (p = 0.01). The dietary group with frequent consumption of vegetables as well as the dietary group with high consumption of dried fruit, nuts, and muesli are associated with negative findings of TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab (p = 0.048 and p = 0.02, respectively). We showed that the anti-inflammatory dietary groups are associated with the negative findings of plasma TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab.
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Debnath M, Berk M. Functional Implications of the IL-23/IL-17 Immune Axis in Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8170-8178. [PMID: 27900676 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of schizophrenia seems to stem from complex interactions amongst environmental, genetic, metabolic, immunologic and oxidative components. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been persistently linked to schizophrenia, and this has primarily been based on the findings derived from Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. While the IL-23/IL-17 axis plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, it has remained relatively unexplored in neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered levels of cytokines related to IL-23/IL-17 axis have been observed in schizophrenia patients in a few studies. In addition, other indirect factors known to confer schizophrenia risk like complement activation and altered gut microbiota are shown to modulate the IL-23/IL-17 axis. These preliminary observations provide crucial clues about the functional implications of IL-23/IL-17 axis in schizophrenia. In this review, an attempt has been made to highlight the biology of IL-23/IL-17 axis and its relevance to schizophrenia risk and pathogenesis. Given the pathogenic potential of the IL-23/IL-17 axis, therapeutic targeting of this axis may be a promising approach to benefit patients suffering from this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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