1
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Super enhancers as master gene regulators in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188697. [PMID: 35150791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional deregulation of multiple oncogenes, tumor suppressors and survival pathways is a cancer cell hallmark. Super enhancers (SE) are long stretches of active enhancers in close linear proximity that ensure extraordinarily high expression levels of key genes associated with cell lineage, function and survival. SE landscape is intrinsically prone to changes and reorganization during the course of normal cell differentiation. This functional plasticity is typically utilized by cancer cells, which remodel their SE landscapes to ensure oncogenic transcriptional reprogramming. Multiple recent studies highlighted structural genetic mechanisms in non-coding regions that create new SE or hijack already existing ones. In addition, alterations in abundance/activity of certain SE-associated proteins or certain viral infections can elicit new super enhancers and trigger SE-driven transcriptional changes. For these reasons, SE profiling emerged as a powerful tool for discovering the core transcriptional regulatory circuits in tumor cells. This, in turn, provides new insights into cancer cell biology, and identifies main nodes of key cellular pathways to be potentially targeted. Since SEs are susceptible to inhibition, their disruption results in exponentially amassing 'butterfly' effect on gene expression and cell function. Moreover, many of SE elements are druggable, opening new therapeutic opportunities. Indeed, SE targeting drugs have been studied preclinically in various hematologic malignancies with promising effects. Herein, we review the unique features of SEs, present different cis- and trans-acting mechanisms through which hematologic tumor cells acquire SEs, and finally, discuss the potential of SE targeting in the therapy of hematologic malignancies.
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2
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Sieh W, Rothstein JH, Klein RJ, Alexeeff SE, Sakoda LC, Jorgenson E, McBride RB, Graff RE, McGuire V, Achacoso N, Acton L, Liang RY, Lipson JA, Rubin DL, Yaffe MJ, Easton DF, Schaefer C, Risch N, Whittemore AS, Habel LA. Identification of 31 loci for mammographic density phenotypes and their associations with breast cancer risk. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5116. [PMID: 33037222 PMCID: PMC7547012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammographic density (MD) phenotypes are strongly associated with breast cancer risk and highly heritable. In this GWAS meta-analysis of 24,192 women, we identify 31 MD loci at P < 5 × 10-8, tripling the number known to 46. Seventeen identified MD loci also are associated with breast cancer risk in an independent meta-analysis (P < 0.05). Mendelian randomization analyses show that genetic estimates of dense area (DA), nondense area (NDA), and percent density (PD) are all significantly associated with breast cancer risk (P < 0.05). Pathway analyses reveal distinct biological processes involving DA, NDA and PD loci. These findings provide additional insights into the genetic basis of MD phenotypes and their associations with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiva Sieh
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Joseph H Rothstein
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Klein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stacey E Alexeeff
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Russell B McBride
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca E Graff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ninah Achacoso
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Luana Acton
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rhea Y Liang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jafi A Lipson
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel L Rubin
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin J Yaffe
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Neil Risch
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laurel A Habel
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
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3
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McCarter C, Howrylak J, Kim S. Learning gene networks underlying clinical phenotypes using SNP perturbation. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007940. [PMID: 33095769 PMCID: PMC7584257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of genome sequence, molecular, and clinical phenotype data for large patient cohorts generated by recent technological advances provides an opportunity to dissect the genetic architecture of complex diseases at system level. However, previous analyses of such data have largely focused on the co-localization of SNPs associated with clinical and expression traits, each identified from genome-wide association studies and expression quantitative trait locus mapping. Thus, their description of the molecular mechanisms behind the SNPs influencing clinical phenotypes was limited to the single gene linked to the co-localized SNP. Here we introduce PerturbNet, a statistical framework for learning gene networks that modulate the influence of genetic variants on phenotypes, using genetic variants as naturally occurring perturbation of a biological system. PerturbNet uses a probabilistic graphical model to directly model the cascade of perturbation from genetic variants to the gene network to the phenotype network along with the networks at each layer of the biological system. PerturbNet learns the entire model by solving a single optimization problem with an efficient algorithm that can analyze human genome-wide data within a few hours. PerturbNet inference procedures extract a detailed description of how the gene network modulates the genetic effects on phenotypes. Using simulated and asthma data, we demonstrate that PerturbNet improves statistical power for detecting disease-linked SNPs and identifies gene networks and network modules mediating the SNP effects on traits, providing deeper insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin McCarter
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judie Howrylak
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seyoung Kim
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Demenais F, Margaritte-Jeannin P, Barnes KC, Cookson WOC, Altmüller J, Ang W, Barr RG, Beaty TH, Becker AB, Beilby J, Bisgaard H, Bjornsdottir US, Bleecker E, Bønnelykke K, Boomsma DI, Bouzigon E, Brightling CE, Brossard M, Brusselle GG, Burchard E, Burkart KM, Bush A, Chan-Yeung M, Chung KF, Couto Alves A, Curtin JA, Custovic A, Daley D, de Jongste JC, Del-Rio-Navarro BE, Donohue KM, Duijts L, Eng C, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Fedorova Y, Feenstra B, Ferreira MA, Freidin MB, Gajdos Z, Gauderman J, Gehring U, Geller F, Genuneit J, Gharib SA, Gilliland F, Granell R, Graves PE, Gudbjartsson DF, Haahtela T, Heckbert SR, Heederik D, Heinrich J, Heliövaara M, Henderson J, Himes BE, Hirose H, Hirschhorn JN, Hofman A, Holt P, Hottenga J, Hudson TJ, Hui J, Imboden M, Ivanov V, Jaddoe VWV, James A, Janson C, Jarvelin MR, Jarvis D, Jones G, Jonsdottir I, Jousilahti P, Kabesch M, Kähönen M, Kantor DB, Karunas AS, Khusnutdinova E, Koppelman GH, Kozyrskyj AL, Kreiner E, Kubo M, Kumar R, Kumar A, Kuokkanen M, Lahousse L, Laitinen T, Laprise C, Lathrop M, Lau S, Lee YA, Lehtimäki T, Letort S, Levin AM, Li G, Liang L, Loehr LR, London SJ, Loth DW, Manichaikul A, Marenholz I, Martinez FJ, Matheson MC, Mathias RA, Matsumoto K, Mbarek H, McArdle WL, Melbye M, Melén E, Meyers D, Michel S, Mohamdi H, Musk AW, Myers RA, Nieuwenhuis MAE, Noguchi E, O'Connor GT, Ogorodova LM, Palmer CD, Palotie A, Park JE, Pennell CE, Pershagen G, Polonikov A, Postma DS, Probst-Hensch N, Puzyrev VP, Raby BA, Raitakari OT, Ramasamy A, Rich SS, Robertson CF, Romieu I, Salam MT, Salomaa V, Schlünssen V, Scott R, Selivanova PA, Sigsgaard T, Simpson A, Siroux V, Smith LJ, Solodilova M, Standl M, Stefansson K, Strachan DP, Stricker BH, Takahashi A, Thompson PJ, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Tiesler CMT, Torgerson DG, Tsunoda T, Uitterlinden AG, van der Valk RJP, Vaysse A, Vedantam S, von Berg A, von Mutius E, Vonk JM, Waage J, Wareham NJ, Weiss ST, White WB, Wickman M, Widén E, Willemsen G, Williams LK, Wouters IM, Yang JJ, Zhao JH, Moffatt MF, Ober C, Nicolae DL. Multiancestry association study identifies new asthma risk loci that colocalize with immune-cell enhancer marks. Nat Genet 2017; 50:42-53. [PMID: 29273806 PMCID: PMC5901974 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined common variation in asthma risk by conducting a meta-analysis of worldwide asthma genome-wide association studies (23,948 cases, 118,538 controls) from ethnically-diverse populations. We identified five new asthma loci, uncovered two additional novel associations at two known asthma loci, established asthma associations at two loci implicated previously in comorbidity of asthma plus hay fever, and confirmed nine known loci. Investigation of pleiotropy showed large overlaps in genetic variants with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Enrichment of asthma risk loci in enhancer marks, especially in immune cells, suggests a major role of these loci in the regulation of immune-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Demenais
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit (UMR-946), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France. .,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Patricia Margaritte-Jeannin
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit (UMR-946), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wei Ang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Graham Barr
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John Beilby
- Department of the Diagnostic Genomics Laboratory, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eugene Bleecker
- Center for Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrjie Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Bouzigon
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit (UMR-946), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Myriam Brossard
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit (UMR-946), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esteban Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin M Burkart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Bush
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Royal Brompton Harefield National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Moira Chan-Yeung
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
| | | | - John A Curtin
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Denise Daley
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kathleen M Donohue
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Farrall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuliya Fedorova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel A Ferreira
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Maxim B Freidin
- Population Genetics Laboratory, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Zofia Gajdos
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jim Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ulrike Gehring
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raquel Granell
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Penelope E Graves
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dick Heederik
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital in Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - John Henderson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Blanca E Himes
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hirose
- Health Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Holt
- Cell Biology Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jouke Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrjie Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,AbbVie Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Jennie Hui
- Department of the Diagnostic Genomics Laboratory, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Medea Imboden
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Ivanov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory, Allergy & Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham Jones
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - David B Kantor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra S Karunas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation.,Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation.,Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eskil Kreiner
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Divison of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Kuokkanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tarja Laitinen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susanne Lau
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Pediatric Allergology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sébastien Letort
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit (UMR-946), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Albert M Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura R Loehr
- Division of General Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie J London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daan W Loth
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ingo Marenholz
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Pediatric Allergology, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrjie Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- Bristol Bioresource Laboratories, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deborah Meyers
- Center for Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sven Michel
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hamida Mohamdi
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit (UMR-946), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Schools of Population Health and of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel A Myers
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maartje A E Nieuwenhuis
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emiko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - George T O'Connor
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ludmila M Ogorodova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Cameron D Palmer
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Departments of Medicine, of Neurology and of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie E Park
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valery P Puzyrev
- Population Genetics Laboratory, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk NRMC, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Colin F Robertson
- Respiratory Medicine, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Mory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Muhammad T Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Kern Medical, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation & Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Polina A Selivanova
- Department of Faculty Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation & Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,University Hospital of South Manchester, National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Valérie Siroux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.,Université de Grenoble Alpes/CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Lewis J Smith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Solodilova
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Healthcare Inspectorate, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip J Thompson
- Institute for Respiratory Health and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia and The Lung Health Clinic, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dara G Torgerson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf J P van der Valk
- The Generation R Study Group, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amaury Vaysse
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit (UMR-946), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea von Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Waage
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nick J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy B White
- Undergraduate Training and Education Center (UTEC), Jackson Heart Study, Tougaloo College, Jackson, MI, USA
| | - Magnus Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrjie Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James J Yang
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- Section of Genomic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan L Nicolae
- Departments of Statistics, Human Genetics and Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
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5
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Kilpeläinen TO, Carli JFM, Skowronski AA, Sun Q, Kriebel J, Feitosa MF, Hedman ÅK, Drong AW, Hayes JE, Zhao J, Pers TH, Schick U, Grarup N, Kutalik Z, Trompet S, Mangino M, Kristiansson K, Beekman M, Lyytikäinen LP, Eriksson J, Henneman P, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Luan J, Greco M FD, Pasko D, Renström F, Willems SM, Mahajan A, Rose LM, Guo X, Liu Y, Kleber ME, Pérusse L, Gaunt T, Ahluwalia TS, Ju Sung Y, Ramos YF, Amin N, Amuzu A, Barroso I, Bellis C, Blangero J, Buckley BM, Böhringer S, I Chen YD, de Craen AJN, Crosslin DR, Dale CE, Dastani Z, Day FR, Deelen J, Delgado GE, Demirkan A, Finucane FM, Ford I, Garcia ME, Gieger C, Gustafsson S, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Havulinna AS, Herder C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Hunter DJ, Illig T, Ingelsson E, Ioan-Facsinay A, Jansson JO, Jenny NS, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Karlsson M, Koenig W, Kraft P, Kwekkeboom J, Laatikainen T, Ladwig KH, LeDuc CA, Lowe G, Lu Y, Marques-Vidal P, Meisinger C, Menni C, Morris AP, Myers RH, Männistö S, Nalls MA, Paternoster L, Peters A, Pradhan AD, Rankinen T, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rathmann W, Rice TK, Brent Richards J, Ridker PM, Sattar N, Savage DB, Söderberg S, Timpson NJ, Vandenput L, van Heemst D, Uh HW, Vohl MC, Walker M, Wichmann HE, Widén E, Wood AR, Yao J, Zeller T, Zhang Y, Meulenbelt I, Kloppenburg M, Astrup A, Sørensen TIA, Sarzynski MA, Rao DC, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Heliövaara M, Knekt PB, Koskinen S, Jula A, Perola M, Huupponen RK, Viikari JS, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Mellström D, Lorentzon M, Casas JP, Bandinelli S, März W, Isaacs A, van Dijk KW, van Duijn CM, Harris TB, Bouchard C, Allison MA, Chasman DI, Ohlsson C, Lind L, Scott RA, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Ferrucci L, Frayling TM, Pramstaller PP, Borecki IB, Waterworth DM, Bergmann S, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Hu FB, Eline Slagboom P, Grallert H, Spector TD, Jukema J, Klein RJ, Schadt EE, Franks PW, Lindgren CM, Leibel RL, Loos RJF. Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10494. [PMID: 26833098 PMCID: PMC4740377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone, the circulating levels of which correlate closely with overall adiposity. Although rare mutations in the leptin (LEP) gene are well known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity, no common loci regulating circulating leptin levels have been uncovered. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating leptin levels from 32,161 individuals and followed up loci reaching P<10(-6) in 19,979 additional individuals. We identify five loci robustly associated (P<5 × 10(-8)) with leptin levels in/near LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 and FTO. Although the association of the FTO obesity locus with leptin levels is abolished by adjustment for BMI, associations of the four other loci are independent of adiposity. The GCKR locus was found associated with multiple metabolic traits in previous GWAS and the CCNL1 locus with birth weight. Knockdown experiments in mouse adipose tissue explants show convincing evidence for adipogenin, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, as the novel causal gene in the SLC32A1 locus influencing leptin levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue and open new avenues for examining the influence of variation in leptin levels on adiposity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Jayne F. Martin Carli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia
University, New York, New York
10032, USA
| | - Alicja A. Skowronski
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University,
New York, New York
10032, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Åsa K. Hedman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Uppsala
750 85, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala
751 85, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander W. Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James E. Hayes
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New
York, New York
10021, USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tune H. Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic
and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital,
Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
2142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum
Institut, Copenhagen
2300, Denmark
| | - Ursula Schick
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne
University Hospital, Lausanne
1010, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne
1015, Switzerland
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research
Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust,
London
SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories,
Tampere
FI-33101, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School
of Medicine, Tampere
FI-33014, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Medical
Center, Amsterdam
1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00014, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on
Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
21225, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical
School, University of Exeter, Exeter
EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular
Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö
20502, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå
University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Sara M. Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical
Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences,
Torrance, California
90502, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences,
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina
27157, USA
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine,
Heidelberg University, Mannheim
68167, Germany
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
| | - Tom Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood,
Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg
Allé, Copenhagen
DK-2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte
DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Yolande F. Ramos
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Amuzu
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton
CB10 1SA, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of
Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories,
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for
Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore
138672, Singapore
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical
Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane,
Queensland
4001, Australia
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San
Antonio, Texas
78245, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San
Antonio, Texas
78245, USA
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College
Cork, Cork
T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical
Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences,
Torrance, California
90502, USA
| | - Anton J. N. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - David R. Crosslin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington
98195, USA
| | - Caroline E. Dale
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Zari Dastani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
H3A 0G4
| | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Graciela E. Delgado
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine,
Heidelberg University, Mannheim
68167, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Francis M. Finucane
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow
G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH,
Bethesda, Maryland
2089, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Uppsala
750 85, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala
751 85, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå
University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public
Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center,
Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
40225, Germany
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover
30625, Germany
- Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover
30625, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University,
Uppsala
750 85, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala
751 85, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,
California
94305, USA
| | - Andreea Ioan-Facsinay
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and
Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg
41345, Sweden
| | - Nancy S. Jenny
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of
Medicine, Colchester, Vermont
05405, USA
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University
Hospital, Glostrup
2600, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg,
Aalborg
9100, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen
2200, Denmark
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department
of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne
University Hospital, Malmö
21428, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of
Ulm, Ulm
89081, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische
Universität München, Munich
80636, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site
Munich Heart Alliance, Munich
80539, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Joanneke Kwekkeboom
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University
of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
FI-70211, Finland
- Hospital District of North Karelia, Joensuu
FI-80210, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy,
Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität
München, Munich
81675, Germany
| | - Charles A. LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
Columbia University, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Gordon Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow
G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne
1011, Switzerland
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool
L69 3GA, UK
| | - Richard H. Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachussetts
02118, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site
Munich Heart Alliance, Munich
80539, Germany
| | - Aruna D. Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes
Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf
40225, Germany
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Medicine, Human Genetics and Epidemiology,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
H3A 0G4
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research
Centre, Glasgow
G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David B. Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories,
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology
and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec
City, Quebec, Canada
G1V 0A6
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne
NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Klinikum Grosshadern,
Munich
80336, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical
University Munich, Munich
81675, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical
School, University of Exeter, Exeter
EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical
Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences,
Torrance, California
90502, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner
site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg
20246, Germany
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University
Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg
20246, Germany
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
Columbia University, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and
Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and
Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS82BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg
Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen
2000, Denmark
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC,
Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central
Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu
University Central Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu
90220, Finland
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton,
Southampton General Hospital, Southampton
SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton
CB10 1SA, UK
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and
Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
02114, USA
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and
Welfare, Helsinki
FI-00271, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki
FI-00290, Finland
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Centre,
Tartu
51010, Estonia
| | - Risto K. Huupponen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics,
University of Turku, Turku
FI-20520, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University
Hospital, Turku
FI-20520, Finland
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital,
Turku
FI-20520, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku,
Turku
FI-20520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University
Hospital, Tampere
FI-33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere
School of Medicine, Tampere
FI-33014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories,
Tampere
FI-33101, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School
of Medicine, Tampere
FI-33014, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku
University Hospital, Turku
FI-2051, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular
Medicine, University of Turku, Turku
FI-20520, Finland
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Juan P. Casas
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College
London, London
NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Winfried März
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine,
Heidelberg University, Mannheim
68167, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim
68161, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory
Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz
8010, Austria
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Ko W. van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
MC, Rotterdam
3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research
Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles
70808, USA
| | - Matthew A. Allison
- Family and Preventive Medicine, University of
California–San Diego, La Jolla, California
92161, USA
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's
Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts
02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachussetts
02115, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal
Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy,
University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg
413 45, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology,
Uppsala University, Uppsala
75185, Sweden
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on
Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
21225, USA
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical
School, University of Exeter, Exeter
EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital,
Bolzano
39100, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck,
Lübeck
23562, Germany
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
63110, USA
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne
1015, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne,
Lausanne
1015, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne
1011, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University
Hospital, Lausanne
1011, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte
DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern
Denmark, Odense
5230, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research,
Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU
Building, Copenhagen
2100, Denmark
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
02115, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München - German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum
München-German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Neuherberg
85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD),
München-Neuherberg
85764, Germany
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology,
King's College London, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - J.W. Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden
2333, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands,
Utrecht
3511 EP, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research,
Amsterdam
1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Klein
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Erik E Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachussetts
02115, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular
Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö
20502, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine,
Umeå University, Umeå
90187, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford
OX3 7BN, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts
02142, USA
- The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford,
Oxford
OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
Columbia University, New York, New York
10029, USA
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program,
Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine
at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
10029, USA
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