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Wang Y, Yao Y, Cui Y, An L, Li X, Bai Y, Ding B, Yao X, Wu K. Unveiling the mysteries of HvANS: a study on anthocyanin biosynthesis in qingke (hordeum vulgare L. var. Nudum hook. f.) seeds. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:637. [PMID: 38971739 PMCID: PMC11227189 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on our previous research, a full-length cDNA sequence of HvANS gene was isolated from purple and white Qingke. The open reading frame (ORF) in the purple variety Nierumuzha was 1320 base pairs (bp), encoding 439 amino acids, while the ORF in the white variety Kunlun 10 was 1197 bp, encoding 398 amino acids. A nonsynonymous mutation was found at the position of 1195 bp (T/C) in the coding sequence (CDS) of the HvANS gene. We carried out a series of studies to further clarify the relationship between the HvANS gene and anthocyanin synthesis in Qingke. RESULTS The conservative structural domain prediction results showed that the encoded protein belonged to the PLN03178 superfamily. Multiple comparisons showed that this protein had the highest homology with Hordeum vulgare, at 88.61%. The approximately 2000 bp promoter sequence of the HvANS gene was identical in both varieties. The real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) results revealed that HvANS expression was either absent or very low in the roots, stems, leaves, and awns of Nierumuzha. In contrast, the HvANS expression was high in the seed coats and seeds of Nierumuzha. Likewise, in Kunlun 10, HvANS expression was either absent or very low, indicating a tissue-specific and variety-specific pattern for HvANS expression. The subcellular localization results indicated that HvANS was in the cell membrane. Metabolomic results indicated that the HvANS gene is closely related to the synthesis of three anthocyanin substances (Idaein chloride, Kinetin 9-riboside, and Cyanidin O-syringic acid). Yeast single hybridization experiments showed that the HvANS promoter interacted with HvANT1, which is the key anthocyanin regulatory protein. In a yeast two-hybrid experiment, we obtained two significantly different proteins (ZWY2020 and POMGNT2-like) and verified the results by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a basis for further studies on the regulatory mechanism of HvANS in the synthesis of anthocyanins in Qingke purple grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Youhua Yao
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yongmei Cui
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Likun An
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yixiong Bai
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Baojun Ding
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China.
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China.
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China.
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Kunlun Wu
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China.
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, Qinghai, China.
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, Qinghai, China.
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, Qinghai, China.
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Zhao X, Feng Y, Ke D, Teng Y, Yuan Z. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles reveal fruit peel color variation in two red pomegranate cultivars. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:51. [PMID: 38691187 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) which belongs to family Lythraceae, is one of the most important fruit crops of many tropical and subtropical regions. A high variability in fruit color is observed among different pomegranate accessions, which arises from the qualitative and quantitative differences in anthocyanins. However, the mechanism of fruit color variation is still not fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the red color mutation between a red-skinned pomegranate 'Hongbaoshi' and a purple-red-skinned cultivar 'Moshiliu', by using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. A total of 51 anthocyanins were identified from fruit peels, among which 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp), and pelargonidin (Pg) were dominant. High proportion of Pg in early stages of 'Hongbaoshi' but high Dp in late stages of 'Moshiliu' were characterized. The unique high levels of Cy and Dp anthocyanins accumulating from early developmental stages accounted for the purple-red phenotype of 'Moshiliu'. Transcriptomic analysis revealed an early down-regulated and late up-regulated of anthocyanin-related structure genes in 'Moshiliu' compared with 'Hongbaoshi'. Alao, ANR was specially expressed in 'Hongbaoshi', with extremely low expression levels in 'Moshiliu'. For transcription factors R2R3-MYB, the profiles demonstrated a much higher transcription levels of three subgroup (SG) 5 MYBs and a sharp decrease in expression of SG6 MYB LOC116202527 in high-anthocyanin 'Moshiliu'. SG4 MYBs exhibited two entirely different patterns, LOC116203744 and LOC116212505 were down-regulated whereas LOC116205515 and LOC116212778 were up-regulated in 'Moshiliu' pomegranate. The results indicate that specific SG members of the MYB family might promote the peel coloration in different manners and play important roles in color mutation in pomegranate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yingyi Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ding Ke
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yingfen Teng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhaohe Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Cai O, Zhang H, Yang L, Wu H, Qin M, Yao W, Huang F, Li L, Lin S. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Bamboo Culm Color Formation Mechanisms Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthetic in Phyllostachys nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1738. [PMID: 38339012 PMCID: PMC10855043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Phyllostachys nigra has green young culms (S1) and purple black mature culms (S4). Anthocyanins are the principal pigment responsible for color presentation in ornamental plants. We employ a multi-omics approach to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanins in Ph. nigra. Firstly, we found that the pigments of the culm of Ph. nigra accumulated only in one to four layers of cells below the epidermis. The levels of total anthocyanins and total flavonoids gradually increased during the process of bamboo culm color formation. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the predominant pigment metabolites observed were petunidin 3-O-glucoside and malvidin O-hexoside, exhibiting a significant increase of up to 9.36-fold and 13.23-fold, respectively, during pigmentation of Ph. nigra culm. Transcriptomics sequencing has revealed that genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were significantly enriched, leading to color formation. A total of 62 differentially expressed structural genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis were identified. Notably, PnANS2, PnUFGT2, PnCHI2, and PnCHS1 showed significant correlations with anthocyanin metabolites. Additionally, certain transcription factors such as PnMYB6 and PnMYB1 showed significant positive or negative correlations with anthocyanins. With the accumulation of sucrose, the expression of PnMYB6 is enhanced, which in turn triggers the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Based on these findings, we propose that these key genes primarily regulate the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in the culm and contribute to the accumulation of anthocyanin, ultimately resulting in the purple-black coloration of Ph. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hanjiao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Min Qin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjing Yao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Feiyi Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Long Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (O.C.); (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (H.W.); (M.Q.); (W.Y.); (F.H.)
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Jiang T, He Y, Wu Z, Cui Y, Wang X, Huang H, Fan Y, Han M, Wang J, Wang S, Chen X, Lu X, Wang D, Guo L, Zhao L, Hao F, Ye W. Enhancing stimulation of cyaniding, GhLDOX3 activates reactive oxygen species to regulate tolerance of alkalinity negatively in cotton. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115655. [PMID: 37924802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins belong to flavonoid secondary metabolites that act as plant pigments to give flowers and fruits different colors and as "scavengers" of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Few studies linked anthocyanins to alkaline resistance so far. In this study, anthocyanin synthesis-related gene leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) was screened as a candidate gene to explore its relationship with alkali stress. The results found that pYL156: GhLDOX3 lines treated with 50 mM Na2CO3 (pH 11.11) for 24 h showed a significant increase in peroxidase (POD) activity, a decrease in total anthocyanin content and an increase in cyanidin content and a decrease in ROS accumulation compared to pYL156. The overexpressed (OE) lines, ldox mutant and wild-type (WT) lines in Arabidopsis were treated with 50 mM Na2CO3, 100 mM Na2CO3 and 150 mM Na2CO3 for 8 d, respectively. The wilted degree of the OE lines was more severe than WT lines, and less severe in the mutant lines in the 150 mM Na2CO3 treatment. After treatment, the expression levels of AtCAT and AtGSH genes related to antioxidant system in OE lines were significantly lower than in WT, and the expression levels of AtCAT and AtGSH in mutant lines were significantly higher than in WT. In conclusion, the above results suggest GhLDOX3 played a negative regulatory role in the mechanism of resisting Na2CO3 stress. Therefore, it can be considered in cotton breeding to improve the alkali tolerance of cotton by regulating the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Jiang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization / School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Yunxin He
- Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde 415101, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan 063299, Hebei, China
| | - Yupeng Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan 063299, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yapeng Fan
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Mingge Han
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Delong Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Fushun Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization / School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization / School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
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Luo X, An F, Xue J, Zhu W, Wei Z, Ou W, Li K, Chen S, Cai J. Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals the mechanism of color formation in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1181257. [PMID: 37360704 PMCID: PMC10289162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves are often used as vegetables in Africa. Anthocyanins possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. They are poor in green leaves but rich in the purple leaves of cassava. The mechanism of anthocyanin's accumulation in cassava is poorly understood. In this study, two cassava varieties, SC9 with green leaves and Ziyehuangxin with purple leaves (PL), were selected to perform an integrative analysis using metabolomics and transcriptomics. The metabolomic analysis indicated that the most significantly differential metabolites (SDMs) belong to anthocyanins and are highly accumulated in PL. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are enriched in secondary metabolites biosynthesis. The analysis of the combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics showed that metabolite changes are associated with the gene expressions in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. In addition, some transcription factors (TFs) may be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. To further investigate the correlation between anthocyanin accumulation and color formation in cassava leaves, the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system was used. VIGS-MeANR silenced plant showed the altered phenotypes of cassava leaves, partially from green to purple color, resulting in a significant increase of the total anthocyanin content and reduction in the expression of MeANR. These results provide a theoretical basis for breeding cassava varieties with anthocyanin-rich leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Cai
- *Correspondence: Songbi Chen, ; Jie Cai,
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Kapoor P, Sharma S, Tiwari A, Kaur S, Kumari A, Sonah H, Goyal A, Krishania M, Garg M. Genome–Transcriptome Transition Approaches to Characterize Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes in Blue, Black and Purple Wheat. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040809. [PMID: 37107567 PMCID: PMC10137985 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colored wheat has gained enormous attention from the scientific community, but the information available on the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes is very minimal. The study involved their genome-wide identification, in silico characterization and differential expression analysis among purple, blue, black and white wheat lines. The recently released wheat genome mining putatively identified eight structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway with a total of 1194 isoforms. Genes showed distinct exon architecture, domain profile, regulatory elements, chromosome emplacement, tissue localization, phylogeny and synteny, indicative of their unique function. RNA sequencing of developing seeds from colored (black, blue and purple) and white wheats identified differential expressions in 97 isoforms. The F3H on group two chromosomes and F3′5′H on 1D chromosomes could be significant influencers in purple and blue color development, respectively. Apart from a role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, these putative structural genes also played an important role in light, drought, low temperature and other defense responses. The information can assist in targeted anthocyanin production in the wheat seed endosperm.
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Lioliopoulou S, Papadopoulos GA, Giannenas I, Vasilopoulou K, Squires C, Fortomaris P, Mantzouridou FT. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Pomegranate Peel with Xylanase on Egg Quality and Antioxidant Parameters in Laying Hens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010208. [PMID: 36671069 PMCID: PMC9854943 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate contains bioactive compounds in all its parts. In this study, two levels of pomegranate peel byproduct (PPB) with or without the inclusion of xylanase enzyme were used to supplement laying hens' diet, in a 2 × 2 full factorial design. A total of 48 Isa brown laying hens were fed the following experimental diets for 8 weeks: T1 (2.5% PPB); T2 (2.5% PPB and xylanase); T3 (5% PPB); T4 (5% PPB and xylanase). Eggs collected were analyzed for egg quality parameters. Moreover, egg yolks were analyzed for Malondialdehyde content (MDA), fatty acid profile and total phenolic content. The T2 eggs showed enhanced yolk coloration and greater yolk total phenolic content. The T3 and T4 egg yolks showed lower MDA levels compared with T1, T2. Overall, results have shown that (a) xylanase inclusion affected egg yolk coloration and total phenolic content when combined with 2.5% PPB dietary supplementation; (b) dietary supplementation of 5% PPB resulted in eggs with reduced MDA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Lioliopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Georgios A. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Vasilopoulou
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Clare Squires
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Fortomaris
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani Th. Mantzouridou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gonda I, Abu-Abied M, Adler C, Milavski R, Tal O, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Faigenboim A, Kahane-Achinoam T, Shachter A, Chaimovitsh D, Dudai N. Two independent loss-of-function mutations in anthocyanidin synthase homeologous genes are responsible for the all-green phenotype of sweet basil. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13870. [PMID: 36724166 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is an important culinary herb grown worldwide. Although basil is green, many landraces, breeding lines, and exotic cultivars have purple stems and flowers. This anthocyanin pigmentation is unacceptable in traditional Italian basil used for Pesto sauce production. In the current study, we aimed to resolve the genetics that underlines the different colors. We used the recently published sweet basil genome to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flower and stem color in a bi-parental F2 population. It was found that the pigmentation is governed by a single QTL, harboring an anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene (EC 1.14.20.4). Further analysis revealed that the basil genome harbors two homeologous ANS genes, each carrying a loss-of-function mutation. ObANS1 carries a single base pair insertion resulting in a frameshift, and ObANS2 carries a missense mutation within the active site. In the purple-flower parent, ANS1 is functional, and ANS2 carries a nonsense mutation. The functionality of the ObANS1 active allele was validated by complementation assay in an Arabidopsis ANS mutant. Moreover, we have restored the functionality of the missense-mutated ObANS2 using site-directed activation. We found that the non-functional alleles were expressed to similar levels as the functional allele, suggesting polyploids invest futile effort in expressing non-functional genes, offsetting their advantageous redundancy. This work demonstrated the usefulness of the genomics and genetics of basil to understand the basic mechanism of metabolic traits and raise fundamental questions in polyploid plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Gonda
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Chen Adler
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Renana Milavski
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofir Tal
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Tali Kahane-Achinoam
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Alona Shachter
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - David Chaimovitsh
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Nativ Dudai
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Ramat-Yishay, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel
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9
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Xia X, Gong R, Zhang C. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals flavonoid biosynthesis regulation in Rhododendron pulchrum petals. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:401. [PMID: 35974307 PMCID: PMC9380304 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Color is the major ornamental feature of the Rhododendron genus, and it is related to the contents of flavonoid in petals. However, the regulatory mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in Rhododendron pulchrum remains unknown. The transcriptome and metabolome analysis of Rhododendron pulchrum with white, pink and purple color in this study aimed to reveal the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis and to provide insight for improving the petal color. RESULTS Flavonoids and flavonols are the major components of flavonoid metabolites in R.pulchrum, such as laricitrin, apigenin, tricin, luteolin, isoorientin, isoscutellarein, diosmetin and their glycosides derivatives. With transcriptome and metabolome analysis, we found CHS, FLS, F3'H, F3'5'H, DFR, ANS, GT, FNS, IFR and FAOMT genes showed significantly differential expression in cultivar 'Zihe'. FNS and IFR were discovered to be associated with coloration in R.pulchrum for the first time. The FNS gene existed in the form of FNSI. The IFR gene and its related metabolites of medicarpin derivatives were highly expressed in purple petal. In cultivar 'Fenhe', up-regulation of F3'H and F3'5'H and down-regulation of 4CL, DFR, ANS, and GT were associated with pink coloration. With the transcription factor analysis, a subfamily of DREBs was found to be specifically enriched in pink petals. This suggested that the DREB family play an important role in pink coloration. In cultivars 'Baihe', flavonoid biosynthesis was inhibited by low expression of CHS, while pigment accumulation was inhibited by low expression of F3'5'H, DFR, and GT, which led to a white coloration. CONCLUSIONS By analyzing the transcriptome and metabolome of R.pulchrum, principal differential expression genes and metabolites of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were identified. Many novel metabolites, genes, and transcription factors associated with coloration have been discovered. To reveal the mechanism of the coloration of different petals, a model of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of R.pulchrum was constructed. These results provide in depth information regarding the coloration of the petals and the flavonoid metabolism of R.pulcherum. The study of transcriptome and metabolome profiling gains insight for further genetic improvement in Rhododendron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xia
- Shanghai Urban Plant Resources Development and Application Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Shanghai Urban Plant Resources Development and Application Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunying Zhang
- Shanghai Urban Plant Resources Development and Application Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Gómez-Garduño J, León-Rodríguez R, Alemón-Medina R, Pérez-Guillé BE, Soriano-Rosales RE, González-Ortiz A, Chávez-Pacheco JL, Solorio-López E, Fernandez-Pérez P, Rivera-Espinosa L. Phytochemicals That Interfere With Drug Metabolism and Transport, Modifying Plasma Concentration in Humans and Animals. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221120485. [PMID: 36158743 PMCID: PMC9500303 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals (Pch) present in fruits, vegetables and other foods, are known to inhibit or induce drug metabolism and transport. An exhaustive search was performed in five databases covering from 2000 to 2021. Twenty-one compounds from plants were found to modulate CYP3A and/or P-gp activities and modified the pharmacokinetics and the therapeutic effect of 27 different drugs. Flavonols, flavanones, flavones, stilbenes, diferuloylmethanes, tannins, protoalkaloids, flavans, hyperforin and terpenes, reduce plasma concentration of cyclosporine, simvastatin, celiprolol, midazolam, saquinavir, buspirone, everolimus, nadolol, tamoxifen, alprazolam, verapamil, quazepam, digoxin, fexofenadine, theophylline, indinavir, clopidogrel. Anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavonoid glycosides, stilbenes, diferuloylmethanes, catechin, hyperforin, alkaloids, terpenes, tannins and protoalkaloids increase of plasma concentration of buspirone, losartan, diltiazem, felodipine, midazolam, cyclosporine, triazolam, verapamil, carbamazepine, diltiazem, aripiprazole, tamoxifen, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, nicardipine. Interactions between Pchs and drugs affect the gene expression and enzymatic activity of CYP3A and P-gp transporter, which has an impact on their bioavailability; such that co-administration of drugs with food, beverages and food supplements can cause a subtherapeutic effect or overdose. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to consider these interactions to obtain a better therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato León-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Contención Biológica BSL-3, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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He J, Ye S, Correia P, Fernandes I, Zhang R, Wu M, Freitas V, Mateus N, Oliveira H. Dietary polyglycosylated anthocyanins, the smart option? A comprehensive review on their health benefits and technological applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3096-3128. [PMID: 35534086 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, anthocyanins have emerged as one of the most enthralling groups of natural phenolic compounds and more than 700 distinct structures have already been identified, illustrating the exceptional variety spread in nature. The interest raised around anthocyanins goes way beyond their visually appealing colors and their acknowledged structural and biological properties have fueled intensive research toward their application in different contexts. However, the high susceptibility of monoglycosylated anthocyanins to degradation under certain external conditions might compromise their application. In that regard, polyglycosylated anthocyanins (PGA) might offer an alternative to overcome this issue, owing to their peculiar structure and consequent less predisposition to degradation. The most recent scientific and technological findings concerning PGA and their food sources are thoroughly described and discussed in this comprehensive review. Different issues, including their physical-chemical characteristics, consumption, bioavailability, and biological relevance in the context of different pathologies, are covered in detail, along with the most relevant prospective technological applications. Due to their complex structure and acyl groups, most of the PGA exhibit an overall higher stability than the monoglycosylated ones. Their versatility allows them to act in a wide range of pathologies, either by acting directly in molecular pathways or by modulating the disease environment attributing an added value to their food sources. Their recent usage for technological applications has also been particularly successful in different industry fields including food and smart packaging or in solar energy production systems. Altogether, this review aims to put into perspective the current state and future research on PGA and their food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingren He
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuxin Ye
- Yun-Hong Group Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Patrícia Correia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iva Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Zhang
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muci Wu
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Victor Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Oliveira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Lin C, Xing P, Jin H, Zhou C, Li X, Song Z. Loss of anthocyanidin synthase gene is associated with white flowers of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba, a natural variant of S. miltiorrhiza. PLANTA 2022; 256:15. [PMID: 35725965 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SmANS deletion leads to white flower mutation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. SmANS deletion leads to white flower mutation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Abstract Salvia miltiorrhiza is an essential traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with purple flowers, and S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba is a unique intraspecific variation with white flowers. The molecular mechanism of flower color formation in S. miltiorrhiza will provide vital information for the variation and evolution. Here, we performed HPLC, transcriptomic, and re-sequencing analyses of purple-flowered S. miltiorrhiza line 'Zihua105' (ZH105) and white-flowered S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba line 'Baihua18' (BH18). Delphinidin was the most anthocyanidin in ZH105, which become the main different between ZH105 vs. BH18 flowers. Transcriptome analysis revealed 299 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). SmANS, the anthocyanidin synthase gene in the down-stream anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, was significantly expressed in ZH105 corollas, suggesting it might play a key role in white petal formation. Whole-genome re-sequencing revealed that a 6.75 kb segment located on chromosome 5, which contains the complete sequence of the SmANS genes, was lost in BH18 and another S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba line. In contrast, the other five purple-flowered S. miltiorrhiza lines both possessed this segment. Further molecular marker identification also confirmed that wild S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba lines lost regions that contained a complete or important part of SmANS sequences. Subsequently, the research showed that the deletion mutant of SmANS genes resulted in the natural white flower color variant of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caicai Lin
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271028, Shandong, China
| | - Piyi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271028, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271028, Shandong, China
| | - Changhao Zhou
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271028, Shandong, China
| | - Xingfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271028, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhenqiao Song
- Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271028, Shandong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271028, Shandong, China.
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Ferrara L, Joksimovic M, D'Angelo S. Effects of Punica granatum Fruit (a Super Food) Juice on Human Health. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401318666220407101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), one of the oldest known edible fruits, is nowadays broadly consumed throughout the world. Its fruits and seed are rich in many bioactive compounds, as polyphenols, and the scientific interest in this plant has been constantly growing in recent years.
Introduction:
Pomegranate fruit and its juice have been shown to have health benefits relating to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in alternative medicine as adaptogens and ergogens protecting against many neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, and skin disorders.
Methods:
Given the amount of evidence, this narrative review does not seek to supply a comprehensive summary of all study findings, but rather focuses on human clinical trials related the last five years. In this regard, we have performed a check in MEDLINE, and clinical trials presented in this time are summarized.
Result:
The use of pomegranate as table fruit or juice, rich source of polyphenols, can so be recommended in human nutrition for its benefic properties. The consumption of pomegranate fruit symbolizes a promising therapeutic approach to avert many chronic syndromes.
Conclusion:
Importantly, the findings call for the need for a larger, rigorously designed human clinical trials to allow continued investigation into the potential specific effects of pomegranate fruit, and to obtain the best dose and duration of supplementation with pomegranate juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ferrara
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Stefania D'Angelo
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy
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Influence of Blanching on the Gene Expression Profile of Phenylpropanoid, Flavonoid and Vitamin Biosynthesis, and Their Accumulation in Oenanthe javanica. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030470. [PMID: 35326120 PMCID: PMC8944621 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Field blanching is a process used in agriculture to obtain sweet, delicious, and tender stems of water dropwort by obstructing sunlight. The nutritional and transcriptomic profiling of blanched water dropwort has been investigated in our previous studies. However, the effect of blanching on the production of secondary metabolites and different vitamins in water dropwort has not been investigated at the transcriptomic level. This study explored the transcriptomic variations in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and different vitamin biosynthesis pathways under different blanching periods in the water dropwort stems (pre-blanching, mid-blanching, post-blanching, and control). The results show that polyphenol and flavonoid contents decreased; however, the contents of vitamins (A, B1, B2, and C) and antioxidant activity increased significantly after blanching. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of blanched water dropwort showed the downregulation of many important genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, and the downregulation of these genes might be the reason for the reduction in polyphenol and flavonoid contents. We also examined and highlighted the genes involved in the higher vitamin content, antioxidant activity, pale color, tenderness, and sweetness of the blanched stem of water dropwort. In conclusion, the present study explored the role of phenylpropanoid and vitamin biosynthesis, and it will provide a basis for future investigation and application in the blanch cultivation of water dropwort.
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Granados-Balbuena SY, Santacruz-Juárez E, Canseco-González D, Aztatzi-Rugerio L, Sánchez-Minutti L, Ramírez-López C, Ocaranza-Sánchez E. Identification of anthocyanic profile and determination of antioxidant activity of Dahlia pinnata petals: A potential source of anthocyanins. J Food Sci 2022; 87:957-967. [PMID: 35157324 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the food industry has focused on the search for potential sources of anthocyanins that are able to provide color to replace synthetic dyes and at the same time provide health benefits through food products. Thus, in the present work, we propose the Dahlia pinnata flower as a potential source of anthocyanins. The dahlia is a native, annual flower from Mexico with a wide diversity of shapes and colors. The ancestral use of the flower in several dishes, its abundance, and the intense color of the flowers known as black make the D. pinnata flower a suitable candidate to be considered as a potential source of anthocyanins. Thus, the aim of this research is the determination of its nutritional composition, anthocyanin profile, and antioxidant activity. For this purpose, proximate composition of petals was determined by the AOAC standard methods. Anthocyanins were extracted from the dried petals of the flower with 0.1% HCl in methanol and 70% aqueous acetone solution and purified through Amberlite-XAD7-HP resin. Then, the purified extracts were analyzed for antioxidant activity by the DPPH method and the anthocyanin profile was characterized by HPLC and UPLC-MS/MS. Results showed that D. pinnata flowers have a proximate composition similar to other important edible flowers with a high level of moisture (87%-92%) and fiber (6%-7%). The antioxidant activity of both purified extracts was considerable (2.6-12 g/ml) compared to other sources of anthocyanins. The anthocyanin profile of the purified extracts contains four main anthocyanins: delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, and peonidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, the last two being uncommon as major anthocyanin components in other plant sources. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We present a potential and novel source of anthocyanins based on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of Dahlia pinnata petals. On the basis of UPLC-MS/MS studies, we identified four main anthocyanins, so this information provides the opportunity to study the source in many areas such as natural pigment stabilization, food additives, and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Canseco-González
- CONACYT-Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal, Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, Texcoco de Mora, México
| | - Lucía Aztatzi-Rugerio
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Lilia Sánchez-Minutti
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica No.1, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Carolina Ramírez-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Erik Ocaranza-Sánchez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Tlaxcala, México
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Dhakarey R, Yaritz U, Tian L, Amir R. A Myb transcription factor, PgMyb308-like, enhances the level of shikimate, aromatic amino acids, and lignins, but represses the synthesis of flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins, in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac008. [PMID: 35147167 PMCID: PMC9113223 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate fruit peels are highly abundant in metabolites derived from the shikimate pathway, such as hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) and flavonoids. These metabolites are beneficial to human health (commercial juice is enriched with peel metabolites), and also protect the fruit from environmental stresses. To understand the transcriptional control of shikimate pathway-related metabolites in pomegranate, we cloned and characterized a subgroup S4 R2R3 Myb transcription factor, PgMyb308-like. Overexpressing PgMyb308-like in pomegranate hairy roots increased the accumulation of shikimate, aromatic amino acids, isoferulic acid, and total lignins, but led to reduced gallic acid and its downstream products HTs, as well as multiple flavonoids. Changes in these metabolites are supported by the increased expression of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase and shikimate dehydrogenase 1 (PgSDH1) (the SDH isoform associated with shikimate biosynthesis), and the reduced expression of PgSDH4 (the SDH isoform suggested to produce gallic acid). Transcriptome analysis of PgMyb308-like-overexpressing hairy roots further revealed reprogramming of cell wall-related genes, while overexpression of PgMyb308-like in Arabidopsis thaliana plants uncovered its distinct role in a different genetic and metabolic background. These results together suggest that PgMyb308-like activates genes in the shikimate pathway and lignin biosynthesis, but suppresses those involved in the production of HTs and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakarey
- Department of Plant Science, Migal – Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 1101600, Israel
| | - Uri Yaritz
- Department of Plant Science, Migal – Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 1101600, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rachel Amir
- Department of Plant Science, Migal – Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 1101600, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
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Yaritz U, Schweitzer R, Holland D, Tian L, Amir R. Metabolic profiling of outer fruit peels from 15 accessions of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Geng F, Nie R, Yang N, Cai L, Hu Y, Chen S, Cheng X, Wang Z, Chen L. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome profiling of Camellia reticulata reveal mechanisms of flower color differentiation. Front Genet 2022; 13:1059717. [PMID: 36482888 PMCID: PMC9725097 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1059717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia reticulata (Lindl.) is an important ornamental plant in China. Long-term natural or artificial selections have resulted in diverse phenotypes, especially for flower colors. Modulating flower colors can enhance the visual appeal and economic value in ornamental plants. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color differentiation in C. reticulata. We performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the petals of a popular variety C. reticulata (HHYC) (red), and its two cultivars "Xuejiao" (XJ) (pink) and "Tongzimian" (TZM) (white). Targeted metabolome profiling identified 310 flavonoid compounds of which 18 anthocyanins were differentially accumulated among the three samples with an accumulation pattern of HHYC > XJ > TZM. Likewise, transcriptome analysis showed that carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes were mostly expressed in order of HHYC > XJ > TZM. Two genes (gene-LOC114287745765 and gene-LOC114289234) encoding for anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase are predicted to be responsible for red coloration in HHYC and XJ. We also detected 42 MYB and 29 bHLH transcription factors as key regulators of anthocyanin-structural genes. Overall, this work showed that flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins contents are the major determinants of flower color differentiation among the 3 C. reticulata samples. In addition, the main regulatory and structural genes modulating anthocyanin contents in C. reticulata have been unveiled. Our results will help in the development of Camellia varieties with specific flower color and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Geng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruimin Nie
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - YunChong Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengtong Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaomao Cheng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhonglang Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Sciences, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Gurdon C, Kozik A, Tao R, Poulev A, Armas I, Michelmore RW, Raskin I. Isolating an active and inactive CACTA transposon from lettuce color mutants and characterizing their family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:929-944. [PMID: 33768232 PMCID: PMC8195511 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids play an important role in human nutrition and health. Flavonoid biosynthesis genes have recently been identified in lettuce (Lactuca sativa); however, few mutants have been characterized. We now report the causative mutations in Green Super Lettuce (GSL), a natural light green mutant derived from red cultivar NAR; and GSL-Dark Green (GSL-DG), an olive-green natural derivative of GSL. GSL harbors CACTA 1 (LsC1), a 3.9-kb active nonautonomous CACTA superfamily transposon inserted in the 5' untranslated region of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), a gene coding for a key enzyme in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Both terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) of this transposon were intact, enabling somatic excision of the mobile element, which led to the restoration of ANS expression and the accumulation of red anthocyanins in sectors on otherwise green leaves. GSL-DG harbors CACTA 2 (LsC2), a 1.1-kb truncated copy of LsC1 that lacks one of the TIRs, rendering the transposon inactive. RNA-sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative PCR of NAR, GSL, and GSL-DG indicated the relative expression level of ANS was strongly influenced by the transposon insertions. Analysis of flavonoid content indicated leaf cyanidin levels correlated positively with ANS expression. Bioinformatic analysis of the cv Salinas lettuce reference genome led to the discovery and characterization of an LsC1 transposon family with a putative transposon copy number greater than 1,700. Homologs of tnpA and tnpD, the genes encoding two proteins necessary for activation of transposition of CACTA elements, were also identified in the lettuce genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csanad Gurdon
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
| | | | - Rong Tao
- UC Davis Genome Center, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
| | - Isabel Armas
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
| | | | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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20
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Vilperte V, Boehm R, Debener T. A highly mutable GST is essential for bract colouration in Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotsch. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:208. [PMID: 33757424 PMCID: PMC7988969 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation breeding is an extraordinary tool in plant breeding to increase the genetic variability, where mutations in anthocyanin biosynthesis are targets to generate distinctive phenotypes in ornamental species. In poinsettia, ionizing radiation is routinely applied in breeding programs to obtaining a range of colours, with nearly all pink and white varieties being obtained after γ- or X-ray mutagenesis of red varieties. In the present study we performed a thorough characterization of a potential mutagenesis target gene as the main responsible for the ‘white paradox’ in poinsettia. Results We identified a GST gene in poinsettia (Bract1) as an essential factor for the expression of anthocyanin-based red colouration of bracts, which presents a high phylogenetic similarity to known anthocyanin-related GSTs. Red poinsettia varieties and white mutants generated from these varieties by X-ray were analysed for polymorphisms related to the ‘white paradox’ in the species. A 4 bp mutation in a short repeat within the coding region of Bract1 is most likely responsible for the appearance of white phenotypes upon irradiation treatment. The polymorphism between wild-type and mutant alleles co-segregates with the phenotype in progeny from heterozygous red and white parents. Moreover, overexpression of Bract1 wild-type allele in Arabidopsis tt19 mutants restored the anthocyanin phenotype, while the Bract1 mutated allele showed to be non-functional. Conclusions The identified repeat seems to be highly unstable, since mutated plants can be easily detected among fewer than 200 shoots derived from 10 mutated plants. Our data indicate that particular short repeat sequences, similar to microsatellite sequences or so-called dynamic mutations, might be hot spots for genetic variability. Moreover, the identification of the Bract1 mutation fills a gap on the understanding on the molecular mechanism of colour formation in poinsettia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07527-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vilperte
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.,Present address: KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, 37574, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Robert Boehm
- Klemm + Sohn GmbH & Co., 70379, Stuttgart, KG, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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21
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Trainin T, Harel-Beja R, Bar-Ya’akov I, Ben-Simhon Z, Yahalomi R, Borochov-Neori H, Ophir R, Sherman A, Doron-Faigenboim A, Holland D. Fine Mapping of the "black" Peel Color in Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) Strongly Suggests That a Mutation in the Anthocyanidin Reductase ( ANR) Gene Is Responsible for the Trait. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642019. [PMID: 33719321 PMCID: PMC7947214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important dietary and health-promoting substances present in high quantities in the peel and arils of the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit. Yet, there is a high variation in the content of anthocyanin among different pomegranate varieties. The 'Black' pomegranate variety (P.G.127-28) found in Israel contains exceptionally high levels of anthocyanins in its fruit peel which can reach up to two orders of magnitude higher content as compared to that of other pomegranate varieties' peel anthocyanins. Biochemical analysis reveals that delphinidin is highly abundant in the peel of 'Black' variety. The pattern of anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit peel during fruit development of 'Black' variety differs from that of other pomegranates. High anthocyanin levels are maintained during all developmental stages. Moreover, the accumulation of anthocyanin in the fruit peel of 'Black' variety is not dependent on light. Genetic analysis of an F2 population segregating for the "black" phenotype reveals that it is determined by a single recessive gene. Genetic mapping of the F2 population using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified few markers tightly linked to the "black" phenotype. Recombination analysis of the F2 population and F3 populations narrowed the "black" trait to an area of 178.5 kb on the draft genome sequence of pomegranate cv. 'Dabenzi.' A putative anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) gene is located in this area. Only pomegranate varieties displaying the "black" trait carry a base pair deletion toward the end of the gene, causing a frame shift resulting in a shorter protein. We propose that this mutation in the ANR gene is responsible for the different anthocyanin composition and high anthocyanin levels of the "black" trait in pomegranate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taly Trainin
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Rotem Harel-Beja
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Irit Bar-Ya’akov
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Zohar Ben-Simhon
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Rami Yahalomi
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | | | - Ron Ophir
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amir Sherman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- *Correspondence: Doron Holland,
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22
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Diaconeasa Z, Știrbu I, Xiao J, Leopold N, Ayvaz Z, Danciu C, Ayvaz H, Stǎnilǎ A, Nistor M, Socaciu C. Anthocyanins, Vibrant Color Pigments, and Their Role in Skin Cancer Prevention. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E336. [PMID: 32916849 PMCID: PMC7555344 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Until today, numerous studies evaluated the topic of anthocyanins and various types of cancer, regarding the anthocyanins' preventative and inhibitory effects, underlying molecular mechanisms, and such. However, there is no targeted review available regarding the anticarcinogenic effects of dietary anthocyanins on skin cancers. If diagnosed at the early stages, the survival rate of skin cancer is quite high. Nevertheless, the metastatic form has a short prognosis. In fact, the incidence of melanoma skin cancer, the type with high mortality, has increased exponentially over the last 30 years, causing the majority of skin cancer deaths. Malignant melanoma is considered a highly destructive type of skin cancer due to its particular capacity to grow and spread faster than any other type of cancers. Plants, in general, have been used in disease treatment for a long time, and medicinal plants are commonly a part of anticancer drugs on the market. Accordingly, this work primarily aims to emphasize the most recent improvements on the anticarcinogenic effects of anthocyanins from different plant sources, with an in-depth emphasis on melanoma skin cancer. We also briefly summarized the anthocyanin chemistry, their rich dietary sources in flowers, fruits, and vegetables, as well as their associated potential health benefits. Additionally, the importance of anthocyanins in topical applications such as their use in cosmetics is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorița Diaconeasa
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioana Știrbu
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nicolae Leopold
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Zayde Ayvaz
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Marine Technology Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey;
| | - Corina Danciu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Huseyin Ayvaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Canakkale, Turkey;
| | - Andreea Stǎnilǎ
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mǎdǎlina Nistor
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.S.); (M.N.); (C.S.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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23
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Arlotta C, Puglia GD, Genovese C, Toscano V, Karlova R, Beekwilder J, De Vos RCH, Raccuia SA. MYB5-like and bHLH influence flavonoid composition in pomegranate. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110563. [PMID: 32771164 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fruit of the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important nutraceutical food rich in polyphenolic compounds, including hydrolysable tannins, anthocyanins and flavonols. Their composition varies according to cultivar, tissue and fruit development stage and is probably regulated by a combination of MYB and bHLH type transcription factors (TFs). In this study, metabolomics analysis during fruit developmental stages in the main pomegranate cultivars, Wonderful and Valenciana with contrasting colour of their ripe fruits, showed that flavonols were mostly present in flowers while catechins were highest in unripe fruits and anthocyanins in late fruit maturation stages. A novel MYB TF, PgMYB5-like, was identified, which differs from previously isolated pomegranate TFs by unique C-terminal protein motifs and lack of the amino-acid residues conserved among anthocyanins promoting MYBs. In both pomegranate cultivars the expression of PgMYB5-like was high at flowering stage, while it decreased during fruit ripening. A previously identified bHLH-type TF, PgbHLH, also showed high transcript levels at flowering stage in both cultivars, while it showed a decrease in expression during fruit ripening in cv. Valenciana, but not in cv. Wonderful. Functional analysis of both TFs was performed by agro-infiltration into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Plants infiltrated with the PgMYB5-like+PgbHLH combined construct showed a specific and significant accumulation of intermediates of the flavonoid pathway, especially dihydroflavonols, while anthocyanins were not produced. Thus, we propose a role for PgMYB5-like and PgbHLH in the first steps of flavonoid production in flowers and in unripe fruits. The expression patterns of these two TFs may be key in determining the differential flavonoid composition in both flowers and fruits of the pomegranate varieties Wonderful and Valenciana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Arlotta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D Puglia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy.
| | - Claudia Genovese
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Toscano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Wageningen Plant Research, Bioscience, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Wageningen Plant Research, Bioscience, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ric C H De Vos
- Wageningen Plant Research, Bioscience, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Salvatore A Raccuia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
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24
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Starkevič P, Ražanskienė A, Starkevič U, Kazanavičiūtė V, Denkovskienė E, Bendokas V, Šikšnianas T, Rugienius R, Stanys V, Ražanskas R. Isolation and Analysis of Anthocyanin Pathway Genes from Ribes Genus Reveals MYB Gene with Potent Anthocyanin-Inducing Capabilities. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091078. [PMID: 32842576 PMCID: PMC7570362 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural crops of the Ribes genus are valued for their anthocyanin-rich fruits, but until now, there were no data about the genes and regulation of their flavonoid pathway. In this study, the coding sequences of flavonoid pathway enzymes and their putative regulators MYB10, bHLH3 and WD40 were isolated, and their expression analyzed in fruits with varying anthocyanin levels from different cultivars of four species belonging to the Ribes genus. Transcription levels of anthocyanin synthesis enzymes and the regulatory gene RrMYB10 correlated with fruit coloration and anthocyanin quantities of different Ribes cultivars. Regulatory genes were tested for the ability to modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during transient expression in the leaves of two Nicotiana species and to activate Prunus avium promoters of late anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in N. tabacum. Functional tests showed a strong capability of RrMyb10 to induce anthocyanin synthesis in a heterologous system, even without the concurrent expression of any heterologous bHLH, whereas RrbHLH3 enhanced MYB-induced anthocyanin synthesis. Data obtained in this work facilitate further analysis of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in key Ribes species, and potent anthocyanin inducer RrMyb10 can be used to manipulate anthocyanin expression in heterologous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Starkevič
- Department of Eukaryotic Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.S.); (A.R.); (U.S.); (V.K.); (E.D.)
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Ražanskienė
- Department of Eukaryotic Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.S.); (A.R.); (U.S.); (V.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Urtė Starkevič
- Department of Eukaryotic Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.S.); (A.R.); (U.S.); (V.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Vaiva Kazanavičiūtė
- Department of Eukaryotic Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.S.); (A.R.); (U.S.); (V.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Erna Denkovskienė
- Department of Eukaryotic Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.S.); (A.R.); (U.S.); (V.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Vidmantas Bendokas
- Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (V.B.); (T.Š.); (R.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Tadeušas Šikšnianas
- Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (V.B.); (T.Š.); (R.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Rytis Rugienius
- Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (V.B.); (T.Š.); (R.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Vidmantas Stanys
- Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania; (V.B.); (T.Š.); (R.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Raimundas Ražanskas
- Department of Eukaryotic Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.S.); (A.R.); (U.S.); (V.K.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Jiang T, Zhang M, Wen C, Xie X, Tian W, Wen S, Lu R, Liu L. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of the anthocyanin regulatory networks in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:349. [PMID: 32703155 PMCID: PMC7379815 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to reveal the anthocyanin biosynthesis metabolic pathway in white and purple flowers of Salvia miltiorrhiza using metabolomics and transcriptomics, to identify different anthocyanin metabolites, and to analyze the differentially expressed genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. RESULTS We analyzed the metabolomics and transcriptomics data of S. miltiorrhiza flowers. A total of 1994 differentially expressed genes and 84 flavonoid metabolites were identified between the white and purple flowers of S. miltiorrhiza. Integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics showed that cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside were mainly responsible for the purple flower color of S. miltiorrhiza. A total of 100 unigenes encoding 10 enzymes were identified as candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza flowers. Low expression of the ANS gene decreased the anthocyanin content but enhanced the accumulation of flavonoids in S. miltiorrhiza flowers. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide valuable information on the anthocyanin metabolites and the candidate genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Meidi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Chunxiu Wen
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xie
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Saiqun Wen
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Ruike Lu
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Lingdi Liu
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
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Gullón P, Astray G, Gullón B, Tomasevic I, Lorenzo JM. Pomegranate Peel as Suitable Source of High-Added Value Bioactives: Tailored Functionalized Meat Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2859. [PMID: 32575814 PMCID: PMC7355679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the consumer's concern with the relationship between health and diet has led to the search of foods with functional properties beyond the nutritional. In this framework, the consumption of pomegranate has increased due to their sensorial attributes and remarkable amounts of bioactive compounds, which generate, at the same time, huge amounts of by-products. A search in the Scopus database for the last 10 years has revealed the rising interest in pomegranate peel (PP), the main residue from this fruit. The meat industry is a food sector that has had to search for new alternatives to substitute the use of synthetic preservatives by new natural additives, to extend the self-life and keep the quality attributes of their processed products. This review sets out the main bioactivities of PP extracts, and their incorporation in meat products is elaborated. PP is a good source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins, which have beneficial health effects. It can be concluded that the reformulation of meat products with PP extracts is a suitable strategy for enhancing their technological characteristics, in addition to conferring functional properties that make them healthier and potentially more acceptable for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gullón
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Gonzalo Astray
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Igor Tomasevic
- Department of Animal Source Food Technology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia No 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Luo X, Li H, Wu Z, Yao W, Zhao P, Cao D, Yu H, Li K, Poudel K, Zhao D, Zhang F, Xia X, Chen L, Wang Q, Jing D, Cao S. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) draft genome dissects genetic divergence between soft- and hard-seeded cultivars. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:955-968. [PMID: 31549477 PMCID: PMC7061868 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Complete and highly accurate reference genomes and gene annotations are indispensable for basic biological research and trait improvement of woody tree species. In this study, we integrated single-molecule sequencing and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture techniques to produce a high-quality and long-range contiguity chromosome-scale genome assembly of the soft-seeded pomegranate cultivar 'Tunisia'. The genome covers 320.31 Mb (scaffold N50 = 39.96 Mb; contig N50 = 4.49 Mb) and includes 33 594 protein-coding genes. We also resequenced 26 pomegranate varieties that varied regarding seed hardness. Comparative genomic analyses revealed many genetic differences between soft- and hard-seeded pomegranate varieties. A set of selective loci containing SUC8-like, SUC6, FoxO and MAPK were identified by the selective sweep analysis between hard- and soft-seeded populations. An exceptionally large selective region (26.2 Mb) was identified on chromosome 1. Our assembled pomegranate genome is more complete than other currently available genome assemblies. Our results indicate that genomic variations and selective genes may have contributed to the genetic divergence between soft- and hard-seeded pomegranate varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Luo
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Haoxian Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhikun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceCollege of Life SciencesHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western ChinaMinistry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Da Cao
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Kaidi Li
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Krishna Poudel
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Diguang Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Fuhong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiaocong Xia
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Lina Chen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Qi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Dan Jing
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
| | - Shangyin Cao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou Fruit Tree Research InstituteZhengzhouChina
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Wu X, Zhou Y, Yao D, Iqbal S, Gao Z, Zhang Z. DNA methylation of LDOX gene contributes to the floral colour variegation in peach. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 246-247:153116. [PMID: 31981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peach is an important fruit and ornamental plant around the globe. Variegation in flowers often captures consumers' attention, and variegated plants are of high ornamental value. To determine the relationship between DNA methylation and phenotype, we obtained the first single-nucleotide resolution DNA methylation of variegation cultivars in peach through bisulfite sequencing. In this study, a similar methylation rate of 12.90 % in variegated flower buds (VF) and 11.96 % in red flower buds (RF) was determined. The methyl-CG (mCG) was the main context in both samples. We identified 503 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in all chromosomes. These DMRs were focused on 96 genes and 156 promoters. Associated with the transcriptional and proteome analysis, 106 differently expressed genes and 52 different proteins had varying degrees of methylation. Silent genes exhibited higher methylation levels than expressed genes. The methylation state of the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) promoter in VF was higher than RF at flower stages 2 (FS2) based on bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) results. Moreover, further experiments showed LDOX gene expression and enzyme activity in RF was higher than VF. The DNA methylation trend consisted of the gene expression and flower colour phenotype. Several cis-acting regulatory elements on BSP sequences were involved in phytohormones, transcription factors, and light responsiveness, which could affect gene expression. The higher level of LDOX gene expression promoted synthesis of colourful anthocyanidins, which caused red spots on the petal. Together, this study identified the context and level of methylation at each site with bisulfite sequencing (BS). These results are helpful in uncovering the mechanism of variegated flower petal formation in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dan Yao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Habashi R, Hacham Y, Dhakarey R, Matityahu I, Holland D, Tian L, Amir R. Elucidating the role of shikimate dehydrogenase in controlling the production of anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins in the outer peels of pomegranate. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:476. [PMID: 31694546 PMCID: PMC6836501 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outer peels of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) possess two groups of polyphenols that have health beneficial properties: anthocyanins (ATs, which also affect peel color); and hydrolysable tannins (HTs). Their biosynthesis intersects at 3-dehydroshikimate (3-DHS) in the shikimate pathway by the activity of shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), which converts 3-DHS to shikimate (providing the precursor for AT biosynthesis) or to gallic acid (the precursor for HTs biosynthesis) using NADPH or NADP+ as a cofactor. The aim of this study is to gain more knowledge about the factors that regulate the levels of HTs and ATs, and the role of SDH. RESULTS The results have shown that the levels of ATs and HTs are negatively correlated in the outer fruit peels of 33 pomegranate accessions, in the outer peels of two fruits exposed to sunlight, and in those covered by paper bags. When calli obtained from the outer fruit peel were subjected to light/dark treatment and osmotic stresses (imposed by different sucrose concentrations), it was shown that light with high sucrose promotes the synthesis of ATs, while dark at the same sucrose concentration promotes the synthesis of HTs. To verify the role of SDH, six PgSDHs (PgSDH1, PgSDH3-1,2, PgSDH3a-1,2 and PgSDH4) were identified in pomegranate. The expression of PgSDH1, which presumably contributes to shikimate biosynthesis, was relatively constant at different sucrose concentrations. However, the transcript levels of PgSDH3s and PgSDH4 increased with the accumulation of gallic acid and HTs under osmotic stress, which apparently accumulates to protect the cells from the stress. CONCLUSIONS The results strongly suggest that the biosynthesis of HTs and ATs competes for the same substrate, 3-DHS, and that SDH activity is regulated not only by the NADPH/NADP+ ratio, but also by the expression of the PgSDHs. Since the outer peel affects the customer's decision regarding fruit consumption, such knowledge could be utilized for the development of new genetic markers for breeding pomegranates having higher levels of both ATs and HTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Habashi
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology Center, 12100 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 11016 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology Center, 12100 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 11016 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Rohit Dhakarey
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology Center, 12100 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Ifat Matityahu
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology Center, 12100 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California USA
| | - Rachel Amir
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology Center, 12100 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 11016 Upper Galilee, Israel
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Yisimayili Z, Abdulla R, Tian Q, Wang Y, Chen M, Sun Z, Li Z, Liu F, Aisa HA, Huang C. A comprehensive study of pomegranate flowers polyphenols and metabolites in rat biological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bar-Ya'akov I, Tian L, Amir R, Holland D. Primary Metabolites, Anthocyanins, and Hydrolyzable Tannins in the Pomegranate Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:620. [PMID: 31164897 PMCID: PMC6534183 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important and interesting fruit tree that is cultivated in many parts of the world. In recent years, along with the increase in its cultivation and consumption there has been a dramatic increase in the scientific interest in its biology, methods of cultivation, adaptation to environmental cues and its health-promoting properties. Quite a large proportion of the various metabolites produced in the pomegranate were determined and their content in the bark, roots, leaves, and fruit was reported. Many reviews on polyphenolic compound content, antioxidant activity and health-promoting compounds were published recently. However, only very few recent reports were dedicated to primary metabolites, despite the fact that much work was done on organic acids, sugars, proteins, lipids, and amino acids of the pomegranate fruit. In this review, a special effort was made to present these recent studies and the review is devoted to primary metabolites. The reported data show high variation in the content of primary metabolites within the pomegranate fruit; therefore the data is presented (whenever possible) according to fruit tissues (peel, arils, and seeds), developmental stages of the fruit, environmental and climatic conditions, and genetic background. Most of the data on pomegranate is based on metabolic content and contains no genetic or molecular analysis except for work done on anthocyanins and hydrolyzable tannins. In those cases, gene assignment and genetic control studies were pointed out in the review. The recent publication of the genome sequences from several pomegranate varieties and transcriptomic data from fruits, flowers, and leaves is expected to facilitate the understanding of genetic control of metabolites in pomegranate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Bar-Ya'akov
- Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Metabolism, Department of Plant Science, Migal, Tel Hai College, Qiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Overexpression of SmANS Enhances Anthocyanin Accumulation and Alters Phenolic Acids Content in Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba Plantlets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092225. [PMID: 31064132 PMCID: PMC6539416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids play multiple roles in plant coloration and stress resistance and are closely associated with human health. Flavonoids and non-flavonoids (such as phenolic acids) are produced via the phenylpropanoid-derived pathway. Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) catalyzes the synthesis of anthocyanins from leucoanthocyanidin in the flavonoids branched pathway. In this study, SmANS from Salvia miltiorrhiza was cloned and mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plastids, Golgi, plasma membrane, and nucleus of tobacco epidermal cells, and was most highly expressed in purple petals in S. miltiorrhiza, whereas it showed almost no expression in white petals, green calyxes, and pistils in S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba. Overexpressed SmANS enhanced anthocyanin accumulation but reduced salvianolic acid B (SAB) and rosmarinic acid (RA) biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba plantlets, meanwhile, it restored the purple-red phenotype in S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba. These changes were due to reallocation of the metabolic flow, which was influenced by the SmANS gene. These findings indicate that SmANS not only plays a key role in anthocyanin accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza, but also acts as a “switch” for the coloration of S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba. This study provides baseline information for further research on flavonoids metabolism and improvement of anthocyanin or phenolic acid production by genetic engineering.
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de Camargo AC, Schwember AR, Parada R, Garcia S, Maróstica MR, Franchin M, Regitano-d'Arce MAB, Shahidi F. Opinion on the Hurdles and Potential Health Benefits in Value-Added Use of Plant Food Processing By-Products as Sources of Phenolic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3498. [PMID: 30404239 PMCID: PMC6275048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant foods, their products and processing by-products are well recognized as important sources of phenolic compounds. Recent studies in this field have demonstrated that food processing by-products are often richer sources of bioactive compounds as compared with their original feedstock. However, their final application as a source of nutraceuticals and bioactives requires addressing certain hurdles and challenges. This review discusses recent knowledge advances in the use of plant food processing by-products as sources of phenolic compounds with special attention to the role of genetics on the distribution and biosynthesis of plant phenolics, as well as their profiling and screening, potential health benefits, and safety issues. The potentialities in health improvement from food phenolics in animal models and in humans is well substantiated, however, considering the emerging market of plant food by-products as potential sources of phenolic bioactives, more research in humans is deemed necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina 86051-990, Parana State, Brazil.
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo State, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Andrés R Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Roberto Parada
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sandra Garcia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Londrina State University, Londrina 86051-990, Parana State, Brazil.
| | - Mário Roberto Maróstica
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Franchin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Aparecida Bismara Regitano-d'Arce
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Padinjarathil H, Joseph MM, Unnikrishnan B, Preethi G, Shiji R, Archana M, Maya S, Syama H, Sreelekha T. Galactomannan endowed biogenic silver nanoparticles exposed enhanced cancer cytotoxicity with excellent biocompatibility. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1174-1182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Attanayake R, Eeswaran R, Rajapaksha R, Weerakkody P, Bandaranayake PCG. Biochemical Composition and Expression of Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes of a Yellow Peeled and Pinkish Ariled Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) Cultivar are Differentially Regulated in Response to Agro-Climatic Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8761-8771. [PMID: 30053779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of beneficial biochemical compounds in different parts of pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) fruit determines fruit quality and highly depends on environmental conditions. We investigated the effects of agro-climatic conditions on major biochemical compounds and on the expression of major anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in the peels and arils of a yellow-peeled and pink-ariled pomegranate cultivar in three agro-climatologically different locations in Sri Lanka. Drier and warmer climates promoted the accumulation of the measured biochemical compounds, i.e. total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOX), and α, β, and total punicalagin, in both peels and arils compared to wetter and cooler climates. Pomegranate DFR, F3H, and ANS transcripts in both peels and arils showed higher relative expression in hotter and drier regions, compared to those grown in cooler and wetter conditions. Therefore, growing pomegranates in drier and warmer environments maximizes the production of beneficial biochemical compounds and associated gene expression in pomegranate fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasu Eeswaran
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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Luo X, Cao D, Li H, Zhao D, Xue H, Niu J, Chen L, Zhang F, Cao S. Complementary iTRAQ-based proteomic and RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic analyses reveal a complex network regulating pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peel colour. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12362. [PMID: 30120285 PMCID: PMC6098015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peel colour is an important factor affecting the marketability of pomegranate fruits. Therefore, elucidating the genetic mechanism of fruit peel colour development may be useful for breeding pomegranate cultivars with enhanced fruit peel colours. In this study, we combined an iTRAQ-based proteome-level analysis with an RNA sequencing-based transcriptome-level analysis to detect the proteins and genes related to fruit peel colour development in pomegranate. We analysed the ‘Tunisia’ (red fruit) and ‘White’ (white fruit) pomegranate cultivars at two stages of fruit development. A total of 27 differentially abundant proteins (increased abundance) and 54 differentially expressed genes (16 up-regulated and 38 down-regulated) were identified from our proteomics and transcriptomics data. The identified proteins and genes contribute to pomegranate fruit peel colour by participating in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, stilbenoids, diarylheptanoids, gingerols, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids. Several candidate proteins and genes corresponded to enzymes related to general reactions (PAL, 4CL, DFR, LDOX/ANS, CHS, and F3′5′H) and glycosylation (GT1 and UGAT) of compounds and pigments related to the colour of pomegranate fruit peel. Complementary proteome- and transcriptome-level analyses revealed a complex molecular network controlling fruit peel colour. The candidate genes identified in this study may be useful for the marker-based breeding of new pomegranate cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Luo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Da Cao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Haoxian Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Diguang Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xue
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Juan Niu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Lina Chen
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Fuhong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China
| | - Shangyin Cao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, P. R. China.
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Yuan Z, Fang Y, Zhang T, Fei Z, Han F, Liu C, Liu M, Xiao W, Zhang W, Wu S, Zhang M, Ju Y, Xu H, Dai H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Zhou J, Guan D, Yan M, Xia Y, Huang X, Liu D, Wei H, Zheng H. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genome provides insights into fruit quality and ovule developmental biology. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1363-1374. [PMID: 29271050 PMCID: PMC5999313 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has an ancient cultivation history and has become an emerging profitable fruit crop due to its attractive features such as the bright red appearance and the high abundance of medicinally valuable ellagitannin-based compounds in its peel and aril. However, the limited genomic resources have restricted further elucidation of genetics and evolution of these interesting traits. Here, we report a 274-Mb high-quality draft pomegranate genome sequence, which covers approximately 81.5% of the estimated 336-Mb genome, consists of 2177 scaffolds with an N50 size of 1.7 Mb and contains 30 903 genes. Phylogenomic analysis supported that pomegranate belongs to the Lythraceae family rather than the monogeneric Punicaceae family, and comparative analyses showed that pomegranate and Eucalyptus grandis share the paleotetraploidy event. Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of ellagitannin-based compounds, the colour formation in both peels and arils during pomegranate fruit development, and the unique ovule development processes that are characteristic of pomegranate. This genome sequence provides an important resource to expand our understanding of some unique biological processes and to facilitate both comparative biology studies and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Yuan
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yanming Fang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of Biology and the EnvironmentNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Taikui Zhang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson InstituteCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and HealthIthacaNYUSA
| | | | - Cuiyu Liu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Liu
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Wei Xiao
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Shan Wu
- Boyce Thompson InstituteCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Youhui Ju
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Huili Xu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - He Dai
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Yujun Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lili Wang
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Jianqing Zhou
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dian Guan
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Ming Yan
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yanhua Xia
- Biomarker Technologies CorporationBeijingChina
| | - Xianbin Huang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Hongmin Wei
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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Deng Y, Li C, Li H, Lu S. Identification and Characterization of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Enzyme Genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae). Molecules 2018; 23:E1467. [PMID: 29914175 PMCID: PMC6099592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of important secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of pharmacological functions. Salviamiltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herb with a broad diversity of flavonoids. However, flavonoid biosynthetic enzyme genes have not been systematically and comprehensively analyzed in S.miltiorrhiza. Through genome-wide prediction and molecular cloning, twenty six flavonoid biosynthesis-related gene candidates were identified, of which twenty are novel. They belong to nine families potentially encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavone synthase (FNS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), flavonol synthase (FLS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), respectively. Analysis of intron/exon structures, features of deduced proteins and phylogenetic relationships revealed the conservation and divergence of S.miltiorrhiza flavonoid biosynthesis-related proteins and their homologs from other plant species. These genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns and differentially responded to MeJA treatment. Through comprehensive and systematic analysis, fourteen genes most likely to encode flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes were identified. The results provide valuable information for understanding the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Deng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Heqin Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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39
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Wu S, Tian L. Diverse Phytochemicals and Bioactivities in the Ancient Fruit and Modern Functional Food Pomegranate (Punica granatum). Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101606. [PMID: 28946708 PMCID: PMC6151597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Having served as a symbolic fruit since ancient times, pomegranate (Punica granatum) has also gained considerable recognition as a functional food in the modern era. A large body of literature has linked pomegranate polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins (ATs) and hydrolyzable tannins (HTs), to the health-promoting activities of pomegranate juice and fruit extracts. However, it remains unclear as to how, and to what extent, the numerous phytochemicals in pomegranate may interact and exert cooperative activities in humans. In this review, we examine the structural and analytical information of the diverse phytochemicals that have been identified in different pomegranate tissues, to establish a knowledge base for characterization of metabolite profiles, discovery of novel phytochemicals, and investigation of phytochemical interactions in pomegranate. We also assess recent findings on the function and molecular mechanism of ATs as well as urolithins, the intestinal microbial derivatives of pomegranate HTs, on human nutrition and health. A better understanding of the structural diversity of pomegranate phytochemicals as well as their bioconversions and bioactivities in humans will facilitate the interrogation of their synergistic/antagonistic interactions and accelerate their applications in dietary-based cancer chemoprevention and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Li Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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40
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Zorenc Z, Veberic R, Koron D, Miosic S, Hutabarat OS, Halbwirth H, Mikulic-Petkovsek M. Polyphenol metabolism in differently colored cultivars of red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) through fruit ripening. PLANTA 2017; 246:217-226. [PMID: 28315000 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rare red currants colors caused by low anthocyanin content in the pink and a lack of anthocyanins in the white cultivar correlated with low ANS gene expression, enzyme activity, and increased sugar/acid ratios. Changes in the contents of polyphenols, sugars, and organic acids in berries of the three differently colored Ribes rubrum L. cultivars ('Jonkheer van Tets', 'Pink Champagne', and 'Zitavia') were determined by LC-MS and HPLC at 4 sampling times during the last month of fruit ripening. The activities of the main flavonoid enzymes, chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase (CHS/CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FHT), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and the expression of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were additionally measured. Despite many attempts, activities of flavonol synthase and glycosyltransferase did not show reliable results, the reason of which they could not be demonstrated in this study. The pink fruited cultivar 'Pink Champagne' showed generally lower enzyme activity than the red cultivar 'Jonkheer van Tets'. The white cultivar 'Zitavia' showed very low CHS/CHI activity and ANS expression and no FHT and DFR activities were detected. The DFR of R. rubrum L. clearly preferred dihydromyricetin as substrate although no 3',4',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins were present. The anthocyanin content of the red cultivar slightly increased during the last three weeks of ripening and reached a maximum of 890 mg kg-1 FW. Contrary to this, the pink cultivar showed low accumulation of anthocyanins; however, in the last three weeks of ripening, their content increased from 14 to 105 mg kg-1 FW. Simultaneously, the content of polyphenols slightly decreased in all 3 cultivars, while the sugar/acid ratio increased. The white cultivar had no anthocyanins, but the sugar/acid ratios were the highest. In the white and pink cultivars, reduction/lack of anthocyanins was mainly compensated by increased relative concentrations of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Zorenc
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Veberic
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darinka Koron
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silvija Miosic
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olly Sanny Hutabarat
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Chair for Fruit, Wine and Vegetable Growing, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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41
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Rafique MZ, Carvalho E, Stracke R, Palmieri L, Herrera L, Feller A, Malnoy M, Martens S. Nonsense Mutation Inside Anthocyanidin Synthase Gene Controls Pigmentation in Yellow Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1892. [PMID: 28066458 PMCID: PMC5165238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Yellow raspberry fruits have reduced anthocyanin contents and offer unique possibility to study the genetics of pigment biosynthesis in this important soft fruit. Anthocyanidin synthase (Ans) catalyzes the conversion of leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin, a key committed step in biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Molecular analysis of the Ans gene enabled to identify an inactive ans allele in a yellow fruit raspberry ("Anne"). A 5 bp insertion in the coding region was identified and designated as ans+5. The insertion creates a premature stop codon resulting in a truncated protein of 264 amino acids, compared to 414 amino acids wild-type ANS protein. This mutation leads to loss of function of the encoded protein that might also result in transcriptional downregulation of Ans gene as a secondary effect, i.e., nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Further, this mutation results in loss of visible and detectable anthocyanin pigments. Functional characterization of raspberry Ans/ans alleles via complementation experiments in the Arabidopsis thaliana ldox mutant supports the inactivity of encoded protein through ans+5 and explains the proposed block in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in raspberry. Taken together, our data shows that the mutation inside Ans gene in raspberry is responsible for yellow fruit phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z. Rafique
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Elisabete Carvalho
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Ralf Stracke
- Genome Research, Department of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Luisa Palmieri
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Lorena Herrera
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Antje Feller
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Stefan Martens
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
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