The Angiogenic Effect of microRNA-21 Targeting TIMP3 through the Regulation of MMP2 and MMP9

Novel therapeutic target for diabetic kidney disease through downregulation of miRNA-192-5p and miRNA-21-5p by celastrol: implication of autophagy, oxidative stress, and fibrosis

One of the most common microvascular effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) that may result in end-stage renal failure is diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Current treatments carry a substantial residual risk of disease progression regardless of treatment. By modulating various molecular targets, pentacyclic triterpenoid celastrol has been found to possess curative properties in the treatment of diabetes and other inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the present study investigated whether celastrol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrotic effects as a natural compound against experimental DKD. Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) was utilized for inducing DKD in a rat model. Antioxidant enzymes and renal function tests were assessed in serum samples. In kidney homogenate, relative miRNA-192-5p and miRNA-21-5p gene expressions were measured. Furthermore, using real-time PCR to evaluate the gene expressions of nucleus erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), proapoptotic caspase-3, antiapoptotic Bcl-2, LC-3, and Beclin-1. Moreover, the transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), LC-3, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) renal expressions were assessed semi-quantitatively using immunohistochemistry. Seven weeks of celastrol (1.5 mg/kg/day) treatment significantly ameliorated DKD. Celastrol improves kidney functions. Moreover, celastrol treatment demonstrated potent antioxidant effect. The mechanism of apoptosis resulting from the administration of celastrol included the modulation of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 expression in the kidney. Celasterol administration leads to an increase in LC-3 and Beclin-1 renal expression that resulting in autophagy. Celastrol treatment improved renal fibrosis by decreasing TGF-β1 and MMP-2 renal expression. These antifibrotic effects could be due to their ability to inhibit miRNA-192-5p and miRNA-21-5p expression in renal tissues. Celastrol exerts a renoprotective effect by targeting miRNA-21 and miRNA-192, as well as their downstream pathways, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and fibrosis.

Statistical analysis supports pervasive RNA subcellular localization and alternative 3' UTR regulation

Targeted low-throughput studies have previously identified subcellular RNA localization as necessary for cellular functions including polarization, and translocation. Furthermore, these studies link localization to RNA isoform expression, especially 3' Untranslated Region (UTR) regulation. The recent introduction of genome-wide spatial transcriptomics techniques enables the potential to test if subcellular localization is regulated in situ pervasively. In order to do this, robust statistical measures of subcellular localization and alternative poly-adenylation (APA) at single-cell resolution are needed. Developing a new statistical framework called SPRAWL, we detect extensive cell-type specific subcellular RNA localization regulation in the mouse brain and to a lesser extent mouse liver. We integrated SPRAWL with a new approach to measure cell-type specific regulation of alternative 3' UTR processing and detected examples of significant correlations between 3' UTR length and subcellular localization. Included examples, Timp3, Slc32a1, Cxcl14, and Nxph1 have subcellular localization in the mouse brain highly correlated with regulated 3' UTR processing that includes the use of unannotated, but highly conserved, 3' ends. Together, SPRAWL provides a statistical framework to integrate multi-omic single-cell resolved measurements of gene-isoform pairs to prioritize an otherwise impossibly large list of candidate functional 3' UTRs for functional prediction and study. In these studies of data from mice, SPRAWL predicts that 3' UTR regulation of subcellular localization may be more pervasive than currently known.

Pharmacological modulation of gp130 signalling enhances Achilles tendon repair by regulating tenocyte migration and collagen synthesis via SHP2-mediated crosstalk of the ERK/AKT pathway

Tendon injuries typically display limited reparative capacity, often resulting in suboptimal outcomes and an elevated risk of recurrence or rupture. While cytokines of the IL-6 family are primarily recognised for their inflammatory properties, they also have multifaceted roles in tissue regeneration and repair. Despite this, studies examining the association between IL-6 family cytokines and tendon repair remained scarce. gp130, a type of glycoprotein, functions as a co-receptor for all cytokines in the IL-6 family. Its role is to assist in the transmission of signals following the binding of ligands to receptors. RCGD423 is a gp130 modulator. Phosphorylation of residue Y759 of gp130 recruits SHP2 and SOCS3 and inhibits activation of the STAT3 pathway. In our study, RCGD423 stimulated the formation of homologous dimers of gp130 and the phosphorylation of Y759 residues without the involvement of IL-6 and IL-6R. Subsequently, the phosphorylated residues recruited SHP2, activating the downstream ERK and AKT pathways. These mechanisms ultimately promoted the migration ability of tenocytes and matrix synthesis, especially collagen I. Moreover, RCGD423 also demonstrated significant improvements in collagen content, alignment of collagen fibres, and biological and biomechanical function in a rat Achilles tendon injury model. In summary, we demonstrated a promising gp130 modulator (RCGD423) that could potentially enhance tendon injury repair by redirecting downstream signalling of IL-6, suggesting its potential therapeutic application for tendon injuries.

Osteopontin Promotes Angiogenesis in the Spinal Cord and Exerts a Protective Role Against Motor Function Impairment and Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury

STUDY DESIGN

Basic science study using a hemisection spinal cord injury (SCI) model.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to assess the effect of blocking osteopontin (OPN) upregulation on motor function recovery and pain behavior after SCI and to further investigate the possible downstream target of OPN in the injured spinal cord.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

OPN is a noncollagenous extracellular matrix protein widely expressed across different tissues. Its expression substantially increases following SCI. A previous study suggested that this protein might contribute to locomotor function recovery after SCI. However, its neuroprotective potential was not fully explored, nor were the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We constructed a SCI mouse model and analyzed the expression of OPN at different time points and the particular cell distribution in the injured spinal cord. Then, we blocked OPN upregulation with lentivirus-delivering siRNA targeting OPN specifically and examined its effect on motor function impairment and neuropathic pain after SCI. The underlying mechanisms were explored in the OPN-knockdown mice model and cultured vascular endothelial cells.

RESULTS

The proteome study revealed that OPN was the most dramatically increased protein following SCI. OPN in the spinal cord was significantly increased three weeks after SCI. Suppressing OPN upregulation through siRNA exacerbated motor function impairment and neuropathic pain. In addition, SCI resulted in an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), AKT phosphorylation, and angiogenesis within the spinal cord, all of which were curbed by OPN reduction. Similarly, OPN knockdown suppressed VEGF expression, AKT phosphorylation, cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in cultured vascular endothelial cells.

CONCLUSION

OPN demonstrates a protective influence against motor function impairment and neuropathic pain following SCI. This phenomenon may result from the proangiogenetic effect of OPN, possibly due to activation of the VEGF and/or AKT pathways.

Exosomal microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs: as novel biomarkers for endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological inflammatory disorder characterized by the development of endometrial-like cells outside the uterine cavity. This disease is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, such as debilitating pelvic pain and infertility issues. Endometriosis diagnosis is not easily discovered by ultrasound or clinical examination. Indeed, difficulties in noninvasive endometriosis diagnosis delay the confirmation and management of the disorder, increase symptoms, and place a significant medical and financial burden on patients. So, identifying specific and sensitive biomarkers for this disease should therefore be a top goal. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types. They transport between cells' bioactive molecules such as noncoding RNAs and proteins. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs which are key molecules transferred by exosomes have recently been identified to have a significant role in endometriosis by modulating different proteins and their related genes. As a result, the current review focuses on exosomal micro-and-long noncoding RNAs that are involved in endometriosis disease. Furthermore, major molecular mechanisms linking corresponding RNA molecules to endometriosis development will be briefly discussed to better clarify the potential functions of exosomal noncoding RNAs in the therapy and diagnosis of endometriosis.

Promising renoprotective effect of gold nanoparticles and dapagliflozin in diabetic nephropathy via targeting miR-192 and miR-21

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a worldwide issue that eventually leads to end-stage renal failure, with limited therapeutic options. Prior research has revealed that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have a substantial antidiabetic impact. In addition, sodium-glucose cotransporter2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including dapagliflozin (DAPA), had renoprotective impact on DN. Therefore, this research attempted to determine the potential AuNPs and DAPA impacts in ameliorating experimentally DN induction and the underlying mechanisms focusing on miR-192 and miR-21, correlating them with autophagy, apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. Diabetes induction was through a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) injection, and rats with diabetes received AuNPs (2.5 mg/kg/day) as well as DAPA (2 mg/kg/day) for 7 weeks as a treatment. AuNPs and DAPA treatment for 7 weeks substantially alleviated DN. AuNPs and DAPA significantly increased catalase (CAT) activity as well as serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), along with a substantial decline in malondialdehyde (MDA). AuNPs and DAPA treatment alleviated renal fibrosis as they decreased transforming growth factorß1(TGF-ß1) as well as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) renal expression, decreased apoptosis through alleviating the proapoptotic gene (caspase-3) renal expression and increased the antiapoptotic gene (Bcl-2) renal expression, and increased autophagy as they increased LC-3 as well as Beclin-1 renal expression. Autophagy activation, inhibition of apoptosis, and renal fibrosis could be due to their inhibitory impact on miR-192 and miR-21 renal expression. AuNPs and DAPA have a protective effect on DN in rats by targeting miR-192 and miR-21 and their downstream pathways, including fibrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress.

Isolation and characterization of ZK002, a novel dual function snake venom protein from Deinagkistrodon acutus with anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties

Introduction: Pathological angiogenesis, the abnormal or excessive generation of blood vessels, plays an important role in many diseases including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, and arthritis. Additionally, increasing evidence supports the close linkage between angiogenesis and inflammation. Snake venoms are a rich natural source of biologically active molecules and carry rich potential for the discovery of anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory modulators. Methods: Here, we isolated and purified a novel protein, ZK002, from the venom of the snake Deinagkistrodon acutus, and investigated its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms. Results: ZK002 was identified as a 30 kDa heterodimeric protein of α and β chains, which exhibited anti-angiogenic activity in various in vitro assays. Mechanistically, ZK002 inhibited activation of VEGF signaling and related mediators including eNOS, p38, LIMK, and HSP27. ZK002 also upregulated the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP3 and inhibited components of the VEGF-induced signaling cascade, PPP3R2 and SH2D2A. The anti-angiogenic activity of ZK002 was confirmed in multiple in vivo models. ZK002 could also inhibit the in vitro expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as in vivo inflammation in the carrageenin-induced edema rat model. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential for further development of ZK002 as a dual function therapeutic against diseases with involvement of pathogenic angiogenesis and chronic inflammation.

Simultaneous suppression of miR-21 and restoration of miR-145 in gastric cancer cells; a promising strategy for inhibition of cell proliferation and migration

Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. microRNAs are a group of regulatory non-coding RNAs that are involved in GC progression. miR-145 as a tumor suppressor and miR-21 as an oncomiR were shown to be dysregulated in many cancers including GC. This research aimed to enhance the expression of miR-145 while reducing the expression of miR-21 and examine their impact on the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of GC cells.

Methods

KATO III cells with high expression levels of miR-21-5p and low expression of miR-145-5p were selected. These cells were then transfected with either miR-145-5p mimics or anti-miR-21-5p, alone or in combination. Afterward, the cell survival rate was determined using the MTT assay, while apoptosis induction was investigated through V-FITC/PI and DAPI staining. Additionally, cell migration was examined using the wound healing assay, and cell cycle progression was analyzed through flow cytometry. Furthermore, gene expression levels were quantified utilizing the qRT-PCR technique.

Results

The study's findings indicated that the co-replacement of miR-145-5p and anti-miR-21-5p led to a decrease in cell viability and the induction of apoptosis in GC cells. This was achieved via modulating the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, major cell survival regulators. Additionally, the combination therapy significantly increased sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and reduced cell migration by downregulating MMP-9 expression as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker. This study provides evidence for the therapeutic possibility of the combination of miR-145-5p and anti-miR-21-5p and also suggests that they could inhibit cell proliferation by modulating the PTEN/AKT1 signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Our research revealed that utilizing miR-145-5p and anti-miR-21-5p together could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating GC.

Endothelial plasticity across PTEN and Hippo pathways: A complex hormetic rheostat modulated by extracellular vesicles

Vascularization is a multifactorial and spatiotemporally regulated process, essential for cell and tissue survival. Vascular alterations have repercussions on the development and progression of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Additionally, vascularization continues to be a challenge for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Hence, vascularization is the center of interest for physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic processes. Within vascularization, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Hippo signaling have pivotal roles in the development and homeostasis of the vascular system. Their suppression is related to several pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the regulators of PTEN and/or Hippo pathways during development and disease. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the mechanisms by which exosome-derived ncRNAs modulate endothelial cell plasticity during physiological and pathological angiogenesis, through the regulation of PTEN and Hippo pathways, aiming to establish new perspectives on cellular communication during tumoral and regenerative vascularization.

An Overview of the Role of MicroRNAs on Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Cell Cycle, Angiogenesis and Metastasis

In recent years, the importance of epigenetic markers in the carcinogenesis of different malignant neoplasms has been demonstrated, also demonstrating their utility for understanding metastatic spread and tumor progression in cancer patients. Among the different biomarkers, microRNAs represent a set of non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, having been involved in a wide variety of neoplasia acting in different oncogenic pathways. Both the overexpression and downregulation of microRNAs represent a complex interaction with various genes whose ultimate consequence is increased cell proliferation, tumor invasion and interaction with various driver markers. It should be noted that in current clinical practice, even though the combination of different microRNAs has been shown to be useful by different authors at diagnostic and prognostic levels, there are no diagnostic kits that can be used for the initial approach or to assess recurrences of oncological diseases. Previous works have cited microRNAs as having a critical role in several carcinogenic mechanisms, ranging from cell cycle alterations to angiogenesis and mechanisms of distant metastatic dissemination. Indeed, the overexpression or downregulation of specific microRNAs seem to be tightly involved in the modulation of various components related to these processes. For instance, cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, transcription factors, signaling molecules and angiogenic/antiangiogenic products, among others, have been recognized as specific targets of microRNAs in different types of cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to describe the main implications of different microRNAs in cell cycle alterations, metastasis and angiogenesis, trying to summarize their involvement in carcinogenesis.

Hypertension Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of ccRCC Cells by Downregulation of TIMP3 in Tumor Endothelial Cells through the miR-21-5p/TGFBR2/P38/EGR1 Axis

Recent studies have demonstrated that hypertension correlates with tumorigenesis and prognosis of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. By analyzing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data and experimental examining of surgical excised ccRCC samples, we found that tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3), a pivotal paracrine factor in suppressing tumor progression, was significantly reduced in the tumor endothelial cells of patients with hypertensive ccRCC. Besides, in tumor xenograft of NCG mouse model, compared with saline normotensive group the expression of TIMP3 was significantly decreased in the angiotensin II-induced hypertension group. Treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with the plasma of patients with hypertensive ccRCC and miR-21-5p, elevated in the plasma of patients with hypertensive ccRCC, reduced the expression of TIMP3 compared with normotensive and control littermates. We also found that the inhibition of TIMP3 expression by miR-21-5p was not through directly targeting at 3'UTR of TIMP3 but through suppressing the expression of TGFβ receptor 2 (TGFBR2). In addition, the knockout of TGFBR2 reduced TIMP3 expression in HUVECs through P38/EGR1 (early growth response protein 1) signaling axis. Moreover, via coculture of ccRCC cell lines with HUVECs and mouse tumor xenograft model, we discovered that the TIMP3 could suppress the proliferation and migration of ccRCC.

IMPLICATIONS

Overall, our findings shed new light on the role of hypertension in promoting the progression of ccRCC and provide a potential therapeutic target for patients with ccRCC with hypertension.

Cancer-derived exosomal miR-197-3p confers angiogenesis via targeting TIMP2/3 in lung adenocarcinoma metastasis

Cancer-derived exosomal miRNAs are implicated in tumorigenesis and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The objective of this study is to unravel the biological function of exosomal miR-197-3p in LUAD metastasis. qRT-PCR showed that elevated miR-197-3p in LUAD tissues was positively correlated with LUAD metastasis. CCK-8, tube formation, transwell and wound healing assays revealed that exosomal miR-197-3p from LUAD cells promoted the proliferation, angiogenesis and migration of HUVECs in vitro. LUAD cells-derived exosomal miR-197-3p also facilitated tumor growth and angiogenesis in LUAD cells-derived tumor xenograft model. TIMP2 and TIMP3 were identified as target genes of miR-197-3p in HUVECs by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Functional studies illustrated that exosomal miR-197-3p promoted angiogenesis and migration via targeting TIMP2 and TIMP3 in HUVECs. In vivo data further supported that exosomal miR-197-3p promoted lung metastasis via TIMP2/3-mediated angiogenesis. In conclusion, LUAD cells-derived exosomal miR-197-3p conferred angiogenesis via targeting TIMP2/3 in LUAD metastasis.

Targeting miR-21 in spinal cord injuries: a game-changer?

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological state causing physical disability, psychological stress and financial burden. SCI global rate is estimated between 250,000 and 500,000 individuals every year, of which 60% of victims are young, healthy males between 15 and 35 years. A variety of pathological conditions such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, glial scar formation, blood-spinal cord barrier disruption, and angiogenesis disruption occur after SCI leading to a limitation in recovery. MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous and non-coding RNAs consisting of 22 nucleotides that regulate 60% of all human genes and involve several normal physiological processes and pathological conditions. miR-21 is among the most highly expressed miRs and its expression has been shown to increase one day after SCI and this elevation is sustained up to 28 days after injury. Overexpression of miR-21 exerts many protective effects against SCI by inhibiting neuroinflammation, improving blood-spinal cord barrier function, regulating angiogenesis, and controlling glial scar formation. It also exhibits anti-apoptotic effects in SCI by down-regulating the expression of PTEN, Spry2, and PDCD4. This review provides a novel therapeutic perspective for miR-21 in SCI.

Downregulation of miR-21 as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer

Despite tremendous achievements in the field of targeted cancer therapy, chemotherapy is still the main treatment option, which is challenged by acquired drug resistance. Various microRNAs are involved in developing drug-resistant cells. miR-21 is one of the first identified miRNAs involved in this process. Here, we conducted a literature review to categorize different mechanisms employed by miR-21 to drive drug resistance. miR-21 targets various genes involved in many pathways that can justify chemoresistance. It alters cancer cell metabolism and facilitates adaptation to the new environment. It also enhances drug detoxification in cancerous cells and increases genomic instability. We also summarized various strategies applied for the inhibition of miR-21 in order to reverse cancer drug resistance. These strategies include the delivery of antagomiRs, miRZip knockdown vectors, inhibitory small molecules, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, catalytic nucleic acids, artificial DNA and RNA sponges, and nanostructures like mesoporous silica nanoparticles, dendrimers, and exosomes. Furthermore, current challenges and limitations in targeting miR-21 are discussed in this article. Although huge progress has been made in the downregulation of miR-21 in drug-resistant cancer cells, there are still many challenges to be resolved. More research is still required to find the best strategy and timeline for the downregulation of miR-21 and also the most feasible approach for the delivery of this system into the tumor cells. In conclusion, downregulation of miR-21 would be a promising strategy to reverse chemoresistance, but still, more studies are required to clarify the aforementioned issues.

AS1411 Nucleolin-Specific Binding Aptamers Reduce Pathological Angiogenesis through Inhibition of Nucleolin Phosphorylation

Proliferative retinopathies produces an irreversible type of blindness affecting working age and pediatric population of industrialized countries. Despite the good results of anti-VEGF therapy, intraocular and systemic complications are often associated after its intravitreal use, hence novel therapeutic approaches are needed. The aim of the present study is to test the effect of the AS1411, an antiangiogenic nucleolin-binding aptamer, using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models of angiogenesis and propose a mechanistic insight. Our results showed that AS1411 significantly inhibited retinal neovascularization in the oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) in vivo model, as well as inhibited branch formation in the rat aortic ex vivo assay, and, significantly reduced proliferation, cell migration and tube formation in the HUVEC in vitro model. Importantly, phosphorylated NCL protein was significantly abolished in HUVEC in the presence of AS1411 without affecting NFκB phosphorylation and -21 and 221-angiomiRs, suggesting that the antiangiogenic properties of this molecule are partially mediated by a down regulation in NCL phosphorylation. In sum, this new research further supports the NCL role in the molecular etiology of pathological angiogenesis and identifies AS1411 as a novel anti-angiogenic treatment.

miR-21 mimic blocks obesity in mice: A novel therapeutic option

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are promising drug targets for obesity and metabolic disorders. Recently, miRNA mimics are providing a unique mechanism of action that guides the process for drug development and sets out the context of their therapeutic application. miRNA (miR)-21 expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) has been associated with obesity. We aimed to analyze miR-21 expression levels in relation to diabetes and obesity to determine the effect that miR-21 mimic has on processes involved in WAT functionality, to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms, and to study the potential therapeutic application of the miR-21 mimic against obesity. We found higher miR-21 levels in WAT from non-diabetic obese compared to normoweight humans and mice. Moreover, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, miR-21 mimic affect genes involved in WAT functionality regulation and significantly increase the expression of genes involved in browning and thermogenesis. Interestingly, in vivo treatment with the miR-21 mimic blocked weight gain induced by a high-fat diet in obese mice, without modifying food intake or physical activity. This was associated with metabolic enhancement, WAT browning, and brown adipose tissue (AT) thermogenic programming through vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), p53, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that miR-21 mimic-based therapy may provide a new opportunity to therapeutically manage obesity and consequently, its associated alterations.

A Trojan-Horse Strategy by In Situ Piggybacking onto Endogenous Albumin for Tumor-Specific Neutralization of Oncogenic MicroRNA

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a recently discovered class of noncoding RNAs, play pivotal roles in regulating fundamental biological processes by suppressing the expression of target genes. Aberrant miRNA expression is commonly correlated with human diseases, including cancers. Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides provide an innovative therapeutic strategy for silencing disease-associated miRNAs. However, the clinical application of anti-miRNA therapy has been limited by formulation challenges and physiological delivery barriers. Here, to provide the safe and effective tumor-targeted delivery of anti-miRNAs, we designed carrier-free maleimide-functionalized anti-miRNAs (MI-Anti-miRNAs) that enable "piggybacking" onto albumin in vivo. These functionalized MI-Anti-miRNAs covalently bind to cysteine-34 of endogenous albumin within minutes. In addition to resulting in a markedly extended blood circulation lifetime, this strategy allows MI-Anti-miRNAs to "hitchhike" to the tumor site. Importantly, in situ-generated albumin-Anti-miRNAs are capable of intracellularly internalizing highly negatively charged anti-miRNA molecules and knocking down target miRNAs. In particular, MI-Anti-miRNAs that targeted miRNA-21, which is involved in tumor initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis in several types of cancer, successfully repressed miRNA-21 activity, resulting in a superior antitumor activity in both solid and metastatic tumor models without causing systemic toxicity. This endogenous albumin-piggybacking approach using MI-Anti-miRNAs provides a simple and broadly applicable platform strategy for the systemic delivery of anti-miRNA therapeutics.

An Insight into the microRNAs Associated with Arteriovenous and Cavernous Malformations of the Brain

Background: Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) and cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are rare developmental anomalies of the intracranial vasculature, with an irregular tendency to rupture, and as of yet incompletely deciphered pathophysiology. Because of their variety in location, morphology, and size, as well as unpredictable natural history, they represent a management challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are strands of non-coding RNA of around 20 nucleotides that are able to modulate the expression of target genes by binding completely or partially to their respective complementary sequences. Recent breakthroughs have been made on elucidating their contribution to BAVM and CCM occurrence, growth, and evolution; however, there are still countless gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms involved. Methods: We have searched the Medline (PubMed; PubMed Central) database for pertinent articles on miRNAs and their putative implications in BAVMs and CCMs. To this purpose, we employed various permutations of the terms and idioms: ‘arteriovenous malformation’, ‘AVM’, and ‘BAVM’, or ‘cavernous malformation’, ‘cavernoma’, and ‘cavernous angioma’ on the one hand; and ‘microRNA’, ‘miRNA’, and ‘miR’ on the other. Using cross-reference search; we then investigated additional articles concerning the individual miRNAs identified in other cerebral diseases. Results: Seven miRNAs were discovered to play a role in BAVMs, three of which were downregulated (miR-18a, miR-137, and miR-195*) and four upregulated (miR-7-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-200b-3p, and let-7b-3p). Similarly, eight miRNAs were identified in CCM in humans and experimental animal models, two being upregulated (miR-27a and mmu-miR-3472a), and six downregulated (miR-125a, miR-361-5p, miR-370-3p, miR-181a-2-3p, miR-95-3p, and let-7b-3p). Conclusions: The following literature review endeavored to address the recent discoveries related to the various implications of miRNAs in the formation and growth of BAVMs and CCMs. Additionally, by presenting other cerebral pathologies correlated with these miRNAs, it aimed to emphasize the potential directions of upcoming research and biological therapies.

miR-21: A Key Small Molecule with Great Effects in Combination Cancer Therapy

The increasing incidence of various cancers indicates the urgent need for finding accurate early diagnostic markers and more effective treatments for these malignancies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs with great potentials to enter into cancer clinics as both diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. miR-21 is elevated in many cancers, and promotes cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. In recent years, many studies have shown that targeting miR-21 combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents could enhance their therapeutic efficacy, and overcome drug resistance and cancer recurrence both in vitro and in animal models. In this review, we first summarize the effects and importance of miR-21 in various cancers, and explore its function in drug resistance of cancer cells. Next, the challenges and prospects for clinical translation of anti-miR-21, as a therapeutic agent, will be discussed in combination cancer therapy.

Post-transcriptional regulation of MMP2 mRNA by its interaction with miR-20a and Nucleolin in breast cancer cell lines

Matrix-metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) is a foremost MMP, governing invasion of breast cancer cells during metastasis. miR-20a was reported to induce mesenchymal to epithelial transition in MDA-MB-231 cells and its endogenous expression varies directly with invasiveness of breast cancer cells. The inverse and direct correlation of invasiveness with miR-20a and Nucleolin respectively led us to study the post-transcriptional regulation of MMP2 by miR-20a and mRNA stabilizing protein, Nucleolin. Thus, understanding the mechanism of its regulation will enable modification of the invasion potential. MMP2 was found to be higher in MDA-MB-231 than MCF-7 cells both at RNA and protein levels. RNA-protein co-immunoprecipitation assay with Argonaute 2 revealed that MMP2 undergoes miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. miR-20a decreased MMP2 expression as well as its enzymatic activity as found by zymogram assay. Reporter assay showed that miR-20a directly binds to its putative binding site in MMP2 3'-UTR as per in silico prediction. miR-20a additionally impeded MMP2 mRNA stability, and binding of stabilizing trans-factor Nucleolin to its 3'-UTR was confirmed by RNA-protein co-immunoprecipitation assay. Partial down-regulation of Nucleolin by Si-RNA resulted in the downregulation of MMP2 and Nucleolin over-expression rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-20a on MMP2 expression. Delineating the mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation of MMP2, two of its potent regulators, miR-20a and Nucleolin were identified. It was established for the first time that MMP2 is a direct target of miR-20a. The results also elucidated that Nucleolin binds to MMP2 3' UTR and its abundance affects MMP2 expression.

Knockdown of long non-coding RNA RMRP protects cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the microRNA-613/ATG3 axis and the JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can induce the mitophagy of neurons in the ischemic brain. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of various injuries, especially in cerebral I/R injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism of lncRNA RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP) in cerebral I/R injury. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model was established. Neurological deficit score, pathological structure, infarcted area, neuron number, cell apoptosis, and coagulation ability of MCAO mice were evaluated. The expressions of RMRP, microRNA (miR)-613, and ATG3 in MCAO mice were detected. The binding relationships among miR-613, RMRP, and ATG3 were predicted and verified. Neuro 2A (N2a) cells were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to simulate I/R injury. Cell viability and apoptosis assays were performed. The effects of miR-613, ATG3, and RMRP on I/R injury were verified by functional rescue experiments. JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation level was detected. We found significantly upregulated RMRP and ATG3, and downregulated miR-613 expressions in MCAO mice. RMRP could escalate ATG3 mRNA expression through miR-613. RMRP knockdown promoted viability and inhibited apoptosis of OGD/R-treated N2a cells, which could be reversed by miR-613 inhibition or ATG3 overexpression. RMRP overexpression inhibited the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. We demonstrated that lncRNA RMRP competitively bound to miR-613, leading to the increase of ATG3 expression and the inhibition the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, thus promoting cerebral I/R injury in mice.

A Correlative Study Between IVIM-DWI Parameters and the Expression Levels of Ang-2 and TKT in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Noninvasive evaluation of the expression of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and transketolase (TKT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is of great significance for the clinical development of individualized treatment plans. However, the correlation between intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) and the expression of Ang-2 and TKT has not been reported. We sought to investigate the correlations between IVIM-DWI parameters and Ang-2 and TKT expression levels in HCCs.

Methods

Conventional non-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and IVIM-DWI and dynamic contrast MRI were performed for 61 patients with HCC before surgical treatment. Various IVIM-DWI parameters, such as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), slow apparent diffusion coefficient (D), fast apparent diffusion coefficient (D^*) and fraction of fast apparent diffusion coefficient (f), were calculated using Function-MADC software. Expression levels of Ang-2 and TKT in HCC were detected via immunohistochemical staining and classified into two grades. Independent sample t tests were used to compare differences in parameters between the two groups. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze the correlations between IVIM-DWI parameters and Ang-2 and TKT expression levels in HCCs.

Results

The D^* and f values were significantly higher in the high Ang-2 group than in the low Ang-2 group; there were no obvious between-group differences in ADC and D. Ang-2 expression was positively correlated with D* and f but not with ADC and D. The ADC and D values were significantly lower in the high TKT group than in the low TKT group, whereas the between-group differences for D* and f were not significant. TKT expression was negatively correlated with ADC and D but not with D* and f.

Conclusions

IVIM-DWI can be used to evaluate Ang-2 and TKT expression in HCC.

UTX/KDM6A deletion promotes the recovery of spinal cord injury by epigenetically triggering intrinsic neural regeneration

Interrupted axons that fail to regenerate mainly cause poor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). How neurons epigenetically respond to injury determines the intrinsic growth ability of axons. However, the mechanism underlying epigenetic regulation of axonal regeneration post-SCI remains largely unknown. In this study, we elucidated the role of the epigenetic regulatory network involving ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat on chromosome X (UTX)/microRNA-24 (miR-24)/NeuroD1 in axonal regeneration and functional recovery in mice following SCI. Our results showed that UTX was significantly increased post-SCI and repressed axonal regeneration in vitro. However, downregulation of UTX remarkably promoted axonal regeneration. Furthermore, miR-24 was increased post-SCI and positively regulated by UTX. miR-24 also inhibited axonal regeneration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) indicated that UTX binds to the miR-24 promoter and regulates miR-24 expression. Genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis suggested that NeuroD1 is a potential downstream target of UTX/miR-24. A dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-24 binds to NeuroD1; moreover, it represses axonal regeneration by negatively regulating the expression of NeuroD1 via modulation of microtubule stability. UTX deletion in vivo prominently promoted axonal regeneration and improved functional recovery post-SCI, and silencing NeuroD1 restored UTX function. Our findings indicate that UTX could be a potential target in SCI.

Associations of TIMP-3 Genetic Polymorphisms with EGFR Statuses and Cancer Clinicopathologic Development in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients

Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is a major subtype of lung cancer, particularly among populations of East Asia. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the most frequently mutated oncogene promoting LADC progression and can serve as a therapeutic target in LADC. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 is a major regulator of extracellular matrix turnover via targeting of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and thus, plays a critical role in tumor development and progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential associations among TIMP-3 genetic polymorphisms, EGFR statuses, and cancer clinicopathologic development in patients with LADC. In this study, 277 LADC patients with different EGFR statuses were recruited to dissect the allelic discrimination of TIMP-3 -1296 T>C (rs9619311), TIMP3 249T>C (rs9862), and TIMP3 261C>T (rs11547635) polymorphisms using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Our data showed that compared to those LADC patients with wild-type CC homozygotes of TIMP-3 rs9862, patients harboring TT homozygotes of rs9862 were at a higher risk of developing mutant EGFR (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.530; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.230–5.205; p = 0.012), particularly the EGFR L858R point mutation (AOR = 2.975; 95% CI: 1.182–7.488; p = 0.021). Moreover, we observed that TIMP-3 TT homozygotes of rs9862 were correlated with the incidence of EGFR mutations in patients with a smoking habit (p = 0.045). Within male patients harboring a mutant EGFR, TIMP-3 rs9862 T (CT+TT) allele carriers were at higher risk of developing an advanced stage (p = 0.025) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.043). Further analyses of clinical datasets revealed correlations of TIMP-3 expression with a favorable prognosis in patients with LADC. In conclusion, the data suggest that TIMP-3 rs9862 polymorphisms may contribute to identify subgroups of lung cancer patients at high risk for tumor progression, among carriers of LADC-bearing mutant EGFR.

Houshiheisan promotes angiogenesis via HIF-1α/VEGF and SDF-1/CXCR4 pathways: in vivo and in vitro

Rationale: Houshiheisan (HSHS), a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has remarkable efficacy in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Objective: To investigate the pro-angiogenic effect and molecular mechanism of HSHS for stroke recovery.

Methods and results: The rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model was constructed by suture method, HSHS (5.25 or 10.5 g/kg) and Ginaton (28 mg/kg) treatment was intragastrically administrated at 6 h after modeling which remained for 7 consecutive days. Pathological evaluation conducted by Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) staining and the results showed that HSHS alleviated blood vessel edema, reduced the damage to blood vessels and neurons in the ischemic areas. Immunostaining, quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR results showed that HSHS up-regulated pro-angiogenic factors including platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31)), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), while down-regulated angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and cxc chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in infarct rat cortex, and similar results were obtained in subsequent Western blot experiment. Furthermore, CCK8 assay and transwell migration assay were performed to assess cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. The medicated serum (MS) of HSHS appeared to have beneficial effects for immortalized human umbilical vein cells (Im-HUVECs) on proliferation and migration after persistence hypoxia. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), VEGFA, Ang-1, Ang-2, and CXCR4 were significantly up-regulated while Ang-2 was down-regulated by HSHS MS treatment compared with vehicle group in vitro.

Conclusion: The present study suggests a novel application of HSHS as an effective angiogenic formula for stroke recovery.

miR‑802 inhibits the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion of cervical cancer by regulating BTF3

MicroRNA (miR)-802 has been discovered to be involved in the occurrence and development of numerous types of tumor; however, studies into the role of miR‑802 in cervical cancer are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of miR‑802 in cervical cancer cells. miR‑802 expression levels in cervical cancer tissue and cells were analyzed using reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q)PCR, a dual‑reporter luciferase activity assay was used to identify the direct target gene of miR‑802, and RT‑qPCR and western blotting were performed to determine the relationship between miR‑802 and basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3). Cell viability, and migration and invasion were analyzed using Cell Counting Kit‑8 and Transwell assays, respectively. Finally, the expression levels of metastasis‑associated proteins, N‑cadherin and E‑cadherin, were determined using RT‑qPCR and western blotting. Decreased expression levels of miR‑802 were found in cervical cancer tissues and cells, and the overexpression of miR‑802 inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion. Moreover, miR‑802 was discovered to directly target BTF3 to inhibit its expression. Notably, the overexpression miR‑802 markedly reversed the promotive effect of BTF3 on cell viability, in addition to the migratory and invasive abilities of the cells. Simultaneously, the overexpression of miR‑802 significantly suppressed epithelial‑mesenchymal transition, and the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2 and MMP9 in cells through regulating BTF3. In conclusion, the present study revealed that miR‑802 may suppress cervical cancer progression by decreasing BTF3 expression levels, indicating that it may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prognosis of patients with cervical cancer.

Biology of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), and Its Therapeutic Implications in Cardiovascular Pathology

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) is unique among the four TIMPs due to its extracellular matrix (ECM)-binding property and broad range of inhibitory substrates that includes matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), and ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs). In addition to its metalloproteinase-inhibitory function, TIMP3 can interact with proteins in the extracellular space resulting in its multifarious functions. TIMP3 mRNA has a long 3' untranslated region (UTR) which is a target for numerous microRNAs. TIMP3 levels are reduced in various cardiovascular diseases, and studies have shown that TIMP3 replenishment ameliorates the disease, suggesting a therapeutic potential for TIMP3 in cardiovascular diseases. While significant efforts have been made in identifying the effector targets of TIMP3, the regulatory mechanism for the expression of this multi-functional TIMP has been less explored. Here, we provide an overview of TIMP3 gene structure, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators (transcription factors and microRNAs), protein structure and partners, its role in cardiovascular pathology and its application as therapy, while also drawing reference from TIMP3 function in other diseases.

SRμCT Reveals 3D Microstructural Alterations of the Vascular and Neuronal Network in a Rat Model of Chronic Compressive Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury

The complex pathology of chronic thoracic spinal cord compression involves vascular and neuroarchitectural repair processes that are still largely unknown. In this study, we used synchrotron radiation microtomography (SRμCT) to quantitatively characterize the 3D temporal-spatial changes in the vascular and neuronal network after chronic thoracic spinal cord compression in order to obtain further insights into the pathogenesis of this disease and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Direct 3D characterization of the spinal cord microvasculature and neural microstructure of the thoracic spinal cord was successfully reconstructed. The significant reduction in vasculature and degeneration of neurons in the thoracic spinal cord visualized via SRμCT after chronic compression were consistent with the changes detected by immunofluorescence staining. The 3D morphological measurements revealed significant reductions of neurovascular parameters in the thoracic spinal cord after 1 month of compression and became even worse after 6 months without relief of compression. In addition, the distinct 3D morphological twist and the decrease in branches of the central sulcal artery after chronic compression vividly displayed that these could be the potential triggers leading to blood flow reduction and neural deficits of the thoracic spinal cord. Our findings propose a novel methodology for the 3D analysis of neurovascular repair in chronic spinal cord compression, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicated that compression simultaneously caused vascular dysfunction and neuronal network impairment, which should be acknowledged as concurrent events after chronic thoracic spinal cord injury. Combining neuroprotection with vasoprotection may provide promising therapeutic targets for chronic thoracic spinal cord compression.

The Promising Role of miR-21 as a Cancer Biomarker and Its Importance in RNA-Based Therapeutics

MicroRNAs are small noncoding transcripts that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression via base-pairing complementarity. Their role in cancer can be related to tumor suppression or oncogenic function. Moreover, they have been linked to processes recognized as hallmarks of cancer, such as apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and proliferation. Particularly, one of the first oncomiRs found upregulated in a variety of cancers, such as gliomas, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer, was microRNA-21 (miR-21). Some of its target genes associated with cancer are PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), PDCD4 (programmed cell death protein 4), RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs), and STAT3 (signal transducer activator of transcription 3). As a result, miR-21 has been proposed as a plausible diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target for several types of cancer. Currently, research and clinical trials to inhibit miR-21 through anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides and ADM-21 are being conducted. As all of the evidence suggests, miR-21 is involved in carcinogenic processes; therefore, inhibiting it could have effects on more than one type of cancer. However, whether miR-21 can be used as a tissue-specific biomarker should be analyzed with caution. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to outline the available information and recent advances regarding miR-21 as a potential biomarker in the clinical setting and as a therapeutic target in cancer to highlight its importance in the era of precision medicine.

The Protective Effect of Bosentan against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Is Mediated by miRNA-21

Vascular calcification is an independent risk factor for plaque instability and is associated with endothelial cell function. Here, we investigated the role of endothelial cell function in the calcification of atherosclerotic plaques. We hypothesized that atherosclerosis would be associated with endothelial dysfunction and that bosentan (Tracleer®), a dual endothelin-receptor antagonist, would preserve endothelial cell function in an apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, 4-6-week-old ApoE^-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet and treated with bosentan, and the effects of this treatment on body weight and blood lipid concentrations was evaluated. Endothelial damage in the aortic arch was assessed immunohistochemically to detect the proapoptotic proteins PDCD4, caspase-3, and Bax and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Notably, bosentan treatment was associated with decreased concentrations of these proteins and of blood lipids in ApoE^-/- mice. Consistent with these findings, we observed increased concentrations of miRNA-21 and PDCD4 mRNA expression in the aortic arch endothelium after bosentan treatment. We conclude that bosentan can prevent endothelial cell death and protect against atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by upregulating miRNA-21.

UTX/KDM6A Deletion Promotes Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury by Epigenetically Regulating Vascular Regeneration

The regeneration of the blood vessel system post spinal cord injury (SCI) is essential for the repair of neurological function. As a significant means to regulate gene expression, epigenetic regulation of angiogenesis in SCI is still largely unknown. Here, we found that Ubiquitously Transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat on chromosome X (UTX), the histone H3K27 demethylase, increased significantly in endothelial cells post SCI. Knockdown of UTX can promote the migration and tube formation of endothelial cells. The specific knockout of UTX in endothelial cells enhanced angiogenesis post SCI accompanied with improved neurological function. In addition, we found regulation of UTX expression can change the level of microRNA 24 (miR-24) in vitro. The physical binding of UTX to the promotor of miR-24 was indicated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Meanwhile, methylation sequencing of endothelial cells demonstrated that UTX could significantly decrease the level of methylation in the miR-24 promotor. Furthermore, miR-24 significantly abolished the promoting effect of UTX deletion on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we predicted the potential target mRNAs of miR-24 related to angiogenesis. We indicate that UTX deletion can epigenetically promote the vascular regeneration and functional recovery post SCI by forming a regulatory network with miR-24.

Silencing microRNA-221/222 cluster suppresses glioblastoma angiogenesis by suppressor of cytokine signaling-3-dependent JAK/STAT pathway

Angiogenesis is a major pathologic characteristic of glioblastoma, which is one aggressive primary brain tumor. MicroRNA-221/222 (miR-221/222) cluster has been previously reported to function importantly in malignant glioma biological process. The current study aims at evaluating the effects of miR-221/222 cluster on angiogenesis of glioblastoma cells. Microarray data were analyzed to select glioblastoma-associated differentially expressed genes, and dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to assess targeting correlation between miR-221/222 cluster and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3). Subsequently, the expression patterns of miR-221 and miR-222 in glioblastoma cells were identified. miR-221 and miR-222 were overexpressed or silenced in glioblastoma cells to identify the effect of miR-221/222 cluster in cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. To define downstream pathway of miR-221/222 cluster or SOCS3 in glioblastoma, levels of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway-related proteins were assessed. Additionally, the functions of miR-221/222 on glioblastoma cell angiogenesis were measured in vivo with microvessel density assayed. miR-221 and miR-222 were expressed at a high level and SOCS3 was at a low level in glioblastoma. Downregulation of the miR-221/222 cluster diminished the invasion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis with reduced protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor in glioblastoma cells. Also, silencing miR-221/222 cluster reduced p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3. Consistently, the inhibitory role of silencing miR-221/222 cluster on tumorigenesis of glioblastoma cells was confirmed in vivo. Collectively, the inhibition of miR-221/222 cluster could attenuate the glioblastoma angiogenesis through inactivation of the JAK/STAT pathway by upregulating SOCS3.

Construction of rat spinal cord injury model based on Allen's animal model

The aim of this study is to explore the construction of rat spinal cord injury model guided by Allen's model. Methods: Male rats aged 4–5 weeks and weighing about 250 g are selected as subjects in the Animal Laboratory Center of XX Hospital. Rats are divided into two groups, which are experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, respectively, so as to construct spinal cord injury model in rats. The first group is given 300 g.cm hitting force of T10 spinal cord, and the second group is given 500 g.cm hitting force of T10 spinal cord. Within 25 days after spinal cord injury in Allen's rats, the survival, neurological function, diet, motor ability, tactile ability and auditory ability of the two groups are monitored and evaluated daily. Results: In terms of survival, the survival rate of rats in group 1 is 85%, while that of rats in group 2 is 21%, and there is a concentrated death phenomenon in group 2. In terms of neurological function recovery, experimental group 1 is stable and gets 7 points and experimental group 2 is stable and gets 3 points. In terms of diet, the experimental group 1 is stable and gets 5 points and the experimental group 2 is stable and gets 2 points. In terms of motor ability, the experimental group 1 is stable and gets 5 points and the experimental group 2 is stable and gets 2 points. In tactile sense, experimental group 1 is stable and gets 17 points and experimental group 2 is stable and gets 12 points. It can be seen that the post-operative recovery ability of the experimental group 1 is better than that of the experimental group 2. Conclusion: Under the guidance of Allen's model, compared with the group 2, the experimental group 1 of the rat spinal cord injury model has better recovery in each index. It can be seen that the smaller impact strength is more beneficial to the recovery of rats after spinal cord injury surgery.

MMP-9-Related microRNAs as Prognostic Markers for Hemorrhagic Transformation in Cardioembolic Stroke Patients

Studies suggest that microRNAs that regulate expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 may be involved in hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after cardioembolic stroke, so we examined whether such microRNAs could predict HT in acute cardioembolic stroke patients. Blood samples were prospectively collected from patients who later experienced HT (n = 29) or did not (n = 29), and the samples were assayed for eight microRNAs identified as related to MMP-9 based on three microRNA databases. Expression levels of these microRNAs were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 28 of the 58 patients, 14 of whom suffered HT and 14 of whom did not. Four differentially expressed miRNAs were identified: hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-206, hsa-miR-491-5p, and hsa-miR-3123. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis of these four miRNAs across all 58 patients showed that levels of miR-21-5p, miR-206, and miR-3123 were significantly higher in patients with HT than in those without HT, while expression of miR-491-5p was similar between the two groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting HT was 0.677 (95% CI 0.535–0.818) for miR-21-5p, 0.687 (95% CI 0.543–0.830) for miR-206, and 0.661 (95% CI 0.512–0.810) for miR-3123. Our results suggest that these three microRNAs may be prognostic markers for HT after cardioembolic stroke, which should be verified by future studies with large samples.

The intracerebral hemorrhage blood transcriptome in humans differs from the ischemic stroke and vascular risk factor control blood transcriptomes

Understanding how the blood transcriptome of human intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) differs from ischemic stroke (IS) and matched controls (CTRL) will improve understanding of immune and coagulation pathways in both disorders. This study examined RNA from 99 human whole-blood samples using GeneChip® HTA 2.0 arrays to assess differentially expressed transcripts of alternatively spliced genes between ICH, IS and CTRL. We used a mixed regression model with FDR-corrected p(Dx) < 0.2 and p < 0.005 and |FC| > 1.2 for individual comparisons. For time-dependent analyses, subjects were divided into four time-points: 0(CTRL), <24 h, 24-48 h, >48 h; 489 transcripts were differentially expressed between ICH and CTRL, and 63 between IS and CTRL. ICH had differentially expressed T-cell receptor and CD36 genes, and iNOS, TLR, macrophage, and T-helper pathways. IS had more non-coding RNA. ICH and IS both had angiogenesis, CTLA4 in T lymphocytes, CD28 in T helper cells, NFAT regulation of immune response, and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways. Self-organizing maps revealed 4357 transcripts changing expression over time in ICH, and 1136 in IS. Understanding ICH and IS transcriptomes will be useful for biomarker development, treatment and prevention strategies, and for evaluating how well animal models recapitulate human ICH and IS.

Unilateral Osteotomy of Lumbar Facet Joint Induces a Mouse Model of Lumbar Facet Joint Osteoarthritis

STUDY DESIGN

The lumbar facet joint (LFJ) osteoarthritis (OA) model that highly mimics the clinical conditions was established and evaluated.

OBJECTIVE

Here, we innovatively constructed and evaluated the aberrant mechanical loading-related LFJ OA model.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

LFJ is the only true synovial joint in a functional spinal unit in mammals. The LFJ osteoarthritis is considered to contribute 15% to 45% of low back pain. The establish of animal models highly mimicking the clinical conditions is a useful tool for the investigation of LFJ OA. However, the previously established animal models damaged the LFJ structure directly, which did not demonstrate the effect of aberrant mechanical loading on the development of LFJ osteoarthritis.

METHODS

In the present study, an animal model for LFJ degeneration was established by the unilateral osteotomy of LFJ (OLFJ) in L4/5 unit to induce the spine instability. Then, the change of contralateral LFJ was evaluated by morphological and molecular biological techniques.

RESULTS

We showed that the OLFJ induced instability accelerated the cartilage degeneration of the contralateral LFJ. Importantly, the SRμCT elucidated that the three-dimensional structure of the subchondral bone changed in contralateral LFJ, indicated as the abnormity of bone volume/total volume ratio (BV/TV), trabecular pattern factor (Tb. Pf), and the trabecular thickness (Tb. Th). Immunostaining further demonstrated the uncoupled osteoclastic bone resorption, and bone formation in the subchondral bone of contralateral LFJ, indicated as increased activity of osteoclast, osteoblast, and Type H vessels.

CONCLUSION

We develop a novel LFJ OA model demonstrating the effect of abnormal mechanical instability on the degeneration of LFJ. This LFJ degeneration model that highly mimics the clinical conditions is a valuable tool to investigate the LFJ osteoarthritis.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

N/A.

Non-Coding RNAs as New Therapeutic Targets in the Context of Renal Fibrosis

Fibrosis, or tissue scarring, is defined as the excessive, persistent and destructive accumulation of extracellular matrix components in response to chronic tissue injury. Renal fibrosis represents the final stage of most chronic kidney diseases and contributes to the progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function. Limited therapeutic options are available and the molecular mechanisms governing the renal fibrosis process are complex and remain poorly understood. Recently, the role of non-coding RNAs, and in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), has been described in kidney fibrosis. Seminal studies have highlighted their potential importance as new therapeutic targets and innovative diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers. This review will summarize recent scientific advances and will discuss potential clinical applications as well as future research directions.

Silencing of lncRNA PKIA-AS1 Attenuates Spinal Nerve Ligation-Induced Neuropathic Pain Through Epigenetic Downregulation of CDK6 Expression

Neuropathic pain (NP) is among the most intractable comorbidities of spinal cord injury. Dysregulation of non-coding RNAs has also been implicated in the development of neuropathic pain. Here, we identified a novel lncRNA, PKIA-AS1, by using lncRNA array analysis in spinal cord tissue of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model rats, and investigated the role of PKIA-AS1 in SNL-mediated neuropathic pain. We observed that PKIA-AS1 was significantly upregulated in SNL model rats and that PKIA-AS1 knockdown attenuated neuropathic pain progression. Alternatively, overexpression of PKIA-AS1 was sufficient to induce neuropathic pain-like symptoms in uninjured rats. We also found that PKIA-AS1 mediated SNL-induced neuropathic pain by directly regulating the expression and function of CDK6, which is essential for the initiation and maintenance of neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain. Therefore, our study identifies PKIA-AS1 as a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammation related neuropathic pain.

GATA5 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells malignant behaviours by blocking expression of reprogramming genes

Evidence indicated that GATA5 may suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell malignant transformation, but the mechanism of how GATA5 affects cancer cell reprogramming to inhibit HCC malignant behaviour is still unclear. In this study, we report that the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes p‐Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, c‐myc and EpCAM was significantly higher in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. In contrast, the expression of GATA5 was significantly lower in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. Transfection of CDH‐GATA5 vectors into HCC cells (HLE, Bel 7402 and PLC/PRF/5 cells) increased the GATA5 expression and decreased the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes p‐Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, c‐myc and EpCAM. Increased GATA5 expression by transfection with its expression vectors was also able to inhibit the cell growth, colony formation and capability of migration, invasion, while promoting apoptosis in HCC cells. Results revealed that GATA5 co‐localization with β‐catenin in the cytoplasm, preventing β‐catenin from entering the nucleus. Treatment with the specific Wnt/β‐catenin pathway inhibitor salinomycin was able to reduce the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes. Salinomycin exerted a similar influence as GATA5, and siRNA‐GATA5 restored β‐catenin and reprogramming gene expression. This study demonstrates that an increase in the expression of GATA5 inhibits the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes and suppresses tumour growth, colony formation, metastasis and invasion, while promoting apoptosis in HCC cells. The mechanism of GATA5 inhibiting the malignant behaviours of HCC cells may involve in the disruption of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and the reduction of reprogramming gene expression.

Aberrant CEACAM19 expression is associated with metastatic phenotype in penile cancer

Objective

A greater knowledge of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of penile cancers may assist in the development of more tailored targeted therapy. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the expression of CEACAM19 in penile cancer and to explore its regulatory mechanisms.

Material and methods

This retrospective study enrolled 64 penile cancer patients who underwent penectomy between 2011 and 2015. CEACAM19 expression in tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry, which was analyzed in association with clinicopathological parameters. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between CEACAM19 expression and prognosis of patients with penile cancer. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and clonogenic assay were used to evaluate the cell viability and tumorigenic potential of penile cancer cell line, respectively; wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay were conducted to evaluate the effect of CEACAM19 depletion on cell migration and invasion in penile cancer cells; CEACAM19 protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Culture supranatant matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP2/9) was detected by ELISA.

Results

CEACAM19 was differentially expressed in non-cancerous and penile cancer tissues. Over-expression of CEACAM19 was significantly associated with nodal and distant metastasis, and predicted unfavorable cancer-specific survival in penile cancer. Depletion of CEACAM19 expression suppressed cell proliferation, reduced colony formation, and attenuated cell migration and invasion in Penl1 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of CEACAM19 expression attenuated the levels of p-Smad2/3 and reduced secretion of MMP2/9 in Penl1 cells. The effects of CEACAM19 might result from its function in regulating the Smad2/3 activation, as inhibition on Smad2/3 activation suppressed cell migration and invasion and reduced MMP2/9 secretion in Penl1 cells.

Conclusion

Over-expression of CEACAM19 might serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for clinical management of penile cancer. Strategies targeting CEACAM19-regulated signaling pathways may have a therapeutic benefit in penile cancer.

Epigenetic influences on genetically triggered thoracic aortic aneurysm

Genetically triggered thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) account for 30% of all TAAs and can result in early morbidity and mortality in affected individuals. Epigenetic factors are now recognised to influence the phenotype of many genetically triggered conditions and have become an area of interest because of the potential for therapeutic manipulation. Major epigenetic modulators include DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA. This review examines epigenetic modulators that have been significantly associated with genetically triggered TAAs and their potential utility for translation to clinical practice.

CDK8 Selectively Promotes the Growth of Colon Cancer Metastases in the Liver by Regulating Gene Expression of TIMP3 and Matrix Metalloproteinases

: Unresectable hepatic metastases of colon cancer respond poorly to existing therapies and are a major cause of colon cancer lethality. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic viability of targeting the mediator kinase CDK8, an early clinical stage drug target, as a means to suppress metastasis of colon cancer. CDK8 was amplified or overexpressed in many colon cancers and CDK8 expression correlated with shorter patient survival. Knockdown or inhibition of CDK8 had little effect on colon cancer cell growth but suppressed metastatic growth of mouse and human colon cancer cells in the liver. This effect was due in part to inhibition of already established hepatic metastases, indicating therapeutic potential of CDK8 inhibitors in the metastatic setting. In contrast, knockdown or inhibition of CDK8 had no significant effect on the growth of tumors implanted subcutaneously, intrasplenically, or orthotopically in the cecum. CDK8 mediated colon cancer growth in the liver through downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor TIMP3 via TGFβ/SMAD-driven expression of a TIMP3-targeting microRNA, miR-181b, along with induction of Mmp3 in murine or MMP9 in human colon cancer cells via Wnt/β-catenin-driven transcription. These findings reveal a new mechanism for negative regulation of gene expression by CDK8 and a site-specific role for CDK8 in colon cancer hepatic metastasis. Our results indicate the utility of CDK8 inhibitors for the treatment of colon cancer metastases in the liver and suggest that CDK8 inhibitors may be considered in other therapeutic settings involving TGFβ/SMAD or Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that inhibition of the transcription-regulating kinase CDK8 exerts a site-specific tumor-suppressive effect on colon cancer growth in the liver, representing a unique therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of advanced colon cancer.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/23/6594/F1.large.jpg.

Onset and Progression of Human Osteoarthritis-Can Growth Factors, Inflammatory Cytokines, or Differential miRNA Expression Concomitantly Induce Proliferation, ECM Degradation, and Inflammation in Articular Cartilage?

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative whole joint disease, for which no preventative or therapeutic biological interventions are available. This is likely due to the fact that OA pathogenesis includes several signaling pathways, whose interactions remain unclear, especially at disease onset. Early OA is characterized by three key events: a rarely considered early phase of proliferation of cartilage-resident cells, in contrast to well-established increased synthesis, and degradation of extracellular matrix components and inflammation, associated with OA progression. We focused on the question, which of these key events are regulated by growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and/or miRNA abundance. Collectively, we elucidated a specific sequence of the OA key events that are described best as a very early phase of proliferation of human articular cartilage (AC) cells and concomitant anabolic/catabolic effects that are accompanied by incipient pro-inflammatory effects. Many of the reviewed factors appeared able to induce one or two key events. Only one factor, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), is capable of concomitantly inducing all key events. Moreover, AC cell proliferation cannot be induced and, in fact, is suppressed by inflammatory signaling, suggesting that inflammatory signaling cannot be the sole inductor of all early OA key events, especially at disease onset.

Effects of CoCl2-simulated hypoxia on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases in renal adenocarcinoma cells and renal tubular epithelial cells

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with hypoxia, but the effects of hypoxia on the process of angiogenesis in the two diseases are dramatically different. Some of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP2 and MMP9, may have a role because they represent the most prominent family of proteinases associated with angiogenesis. In the present study, the differential response of human renal cell cancer cells (786-0), human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) to hypoxia with regards to the expression of MMP2, MMP9, MMP14, TIMP2, RECK was investigated. Cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) treatment was used to simulate the hypoxia environment in RCC and CKD. The expression levels of HIF-1α, RECK, MMP2, MMP9, MMP14 and TIMP2 in HK2, 786-0 and HMEC-1 cells were determined by western blot analysis after incubation with varying concentrations of CoCl₂ for 24 h. It was indicated that the effects of hypoxia on the endogenous expression of RECK and MMP2 differed depending on the considered cell type. Notably, the RECK expression was significantly decreased in 786-0 cells under hypoxia, whereas this expression was slightly increased in HK2 and HMEC-1 cells. Furthermore, the MMP2 expression was significantly increased in HMEC-1 cells under hypoxia, whereas the expression was slightly decreased in HK2 and 786-0 cells. These results demonstrate that 786-0, HK2 and HMEC-1 cells respond differently under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, MMP2 and RECK may serve divergent roles in HK2 and HMEC-1 cells under hypoxic conditions.

The Impact of Human Papilloma Viruses, Matrix Metallo-Proteinases and HIV Protease Inhibitors on the Onset and Progression of Uterine Cervix Epithelial Tumors: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Infection of uterine cervix epithelial cells by the Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) is associated with the development of dysplastic/hyperplastic lesions, termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN lesions may regress, persist or progress to invasive cervical carcinoma (CC), a leading cause of death worldwide. CIN is particularly frequent and aggressive in women infected by both HPV and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), as compared to the general female population. In these individuals, however, therapeutic regimens employing HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) have reduced CIN incidence and/or clinical progression, shedding light on the mechanism(s) of its development. This article reviews published work concerning: (i) the role of HPV proteins (including HPV-E5, E6 and E7) and of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in CIN evolution into invasive CC; and (ii) the effect of HIV-PI on events leading to CIN progression such as basement membrane and extracellular matrix invasion by HPV-positive CIN cells and the formation of new blood vessels. Results from the reviewed literature indicate that CIN clinical progression can be monitored by evaluating the expression of MMPs and HPV proteins and they suggest the use of HIV-PI or their derivatives for the block of CIN evolution into CC in both HIV-infected and uninfected women.

Decoding colorectal cancer epigenomics

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is very heterogeneous and presents different types of epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. These changes are considered as characteristics of various observed clinical phenotypes. Undoubtedly, the discovery of epigenetic pathways with novel epigenetic-related mechanisms constitutes a promising advance in cancer biomarker discovery. In this review, we provide an evidence-based discussing of the current understanding of CRC epigenomics and its role in initiation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. We also discuss the recent findings regarding the potential clinical perspectives of these alterations as potent biomarkers for CRC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in the era of liquid biopsy.

The microRNA miR-21 conditions the brain to protect against ischemic and traumatic injuries

Ischemic and traumatic injuries to CNS remain leading causes of death and disability worldwide, despite decades of research into risk factors, therapies, and preventative measures. Recent studies showed that CNS injuries significantly alter the cerebral microRNAome that impact the secondary brain damage as well as plasticity and recovery. Many microRNA based therapies are currently in various clinical trials for different pathologic conditions indicating their therapeutic potential. In the present review, we discuss the role of miR-21 in acute CNS injuries which is currently thought to be a potent neuroprotective microRNA. We emphasize on the potential of miR-21 in promoting cell and tissue survival and preventing inflammation and apoptosis. We also discussed the role of miR-21 in conditioning the brain to promote ischemic tolerance. Finally, we discussed some of the challenges and difficulties to develop miR-21 as a neuroprotective therapy in humans.