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Freh M, Reinstädler A, Neumann KD, Neumann U, Panstruga R. The development of pleiotropic phenotypes in powdery mildew-resistant barley and Arabidopsis thaliana mlo mutants is linked to nitrogen availability. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2362-2376. [PMID: 38515393 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Powdery mildew-resistant barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Arabidopsis thaliana mlo mutant plants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes such as the spontaneous formation of callose-rich cell wall appositions and early leaf chlorosis and necrosis, indicative of premature leaf senescence. The exogenous factors governing the occurrence of these undesired side effects remain poorly understood. Here, we characterised the formation of these symptoms in detail. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the callose-rich cell wall depositions spontaneously formed in A. thaliana mlo mutants are indistinguishable from those induced by the bacterial pattern epitope, flagellin 22 (flg22). We further found that increased plant densities during culturing enhance the extent of the leaf senescence syndrome in A. thaliana mlo mutants. Application of a liquid fertiliser rescued the occurrence of leaf chlorosis and necrosis in both A. thaliana and barley mlo mutant plants. Controlled fertilisation experiments uncovered nitrogen as the macronutrient whose deficiency promotes the extent of pleiotropic phenotypes in A. thaliana mlo mutants. Light intensity and temperature had a modulatory impact on the incidence of leaf necrosis in the case of barley mlo mutant plants. Collectively, our data indicate that the development of pleiotropic phenotypes associated with mlo mutants is governed by various exogenous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Freh
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira D Neumann
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Li C, Yan L, Liu Q, Tian R, Wang S, Umer MF, Jalil MJ, Lohani MN, Liu Y, Tang H, Xu Q, Jiang Q, Chen G, Qi P, Jiang Y, Gou L, Yao Q, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Ma J. Integration of transcriptomics, metabolomics, and hormone analysis revealed the formation of lesion spots inhibited by GA and CTK was related to cell death and disease resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:558. [PMID: 38877396 PMCID: PMC11179392 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of the important grain crops in the world. The formation of lesion spots related to cell death is involved in disease resistance, whereas the regulatory pathway of lesion spot production and resistance mechanism to pathogens in wheat is largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, a pair of NILs (NIL-Lm5W and NIL-Lm5M) was constructed from the BC1F4 population by the wheat lesion mimic mutant MC21 and its wild genotype Chuannong 16. The formation of lesion spots in NIL-Lm5M significantly increased its resistance to stripe rust, and NIL-Lm5M showed superiour agronomic traits than NIL-Lm5W under stripe rust infection.Whereafter, the NILs were subjected to transcriptomic (stage N: no spots; stage S, only a few spots; and stage M, numerous spots), metabolomic (stage N and S), and hormone analysis (stage S), with samples taken from normal plants in the field. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in plant-pathogen interaction, and defense-related genes were significantly upregulated following the formation of lesion spots. Metabolomic analysis showed that the differentially accumulated metabolites were enriched in energy metabolism, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Correlation network diagrams of transcriptomic and metabolomic showed that they were both enriched in energy metabolism. Additionally, the contents of gibberellin A7, cis-Zeatin, and abscisic acid were decreased in leaves upon lesion spot formation, whereas the lesion spots in NIL-Lm5M leaves were restrained by spaying GA and cytokinin (CTK, trans-zeatin) in the field. CONCLUSION The formation of lesion spots can result in cell death and enhance strip rust resistance by protein degradation pathway and defense-related genes overexpression in wheat. Besides, the formation of lesion spots was significantly affected by GA and CTK. Altogether, these results may contribute to the understanding of lesion spot formation in wheat and laid a foundation for regulating the resistance mechanism to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Surong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Jalil
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Md Nahibuzzaman Lohani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lulu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qifu Yao
- College of Agroforestry Engineering and Planning, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in the Fanjing Mountain Region, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Shi H, Xiong Q, Zhao Z, Zhou L, Yin J, Lu X, Chen X, Wang J. Disruption of the Novel Small Protein RBR7 Leads to Enhanced Plant Resistance to Blast Disease. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:42. [PMID: 37733139 PMCID: PMC10513991 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease is a threat to global food security. Breeding crops carrying broad-spectrum resistance loci is an effective way to control infectious disease. Disease-resistant mutants are valuable resources for deciphering the underlying mechanisms of plant immunity and could provide genetic loci to generate disease-resistant crops. Here, we identified a rice mutant, rbr7 (rice blast resistance 7), that confers resistance against different strains of Magnaporthe oryzae. Disease-mimicking necrotic lesions started to appear on the leaves of rbr7 four weeks after sowing. Histochemical analysis revealed reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death accompanied by spontaneous lesion formation in rbr7. Map-based cloning and bulk segregation analysis showed a 2855 bp fragment deletion on chromosome 5, leading to the disruption of the LOC_Os05g28480-coding protein. Transgenic rbr7 complementation plants showed compromised resistance to rice blast, indicating that LOC_Os05g28480, or Rbr7, regulates the rice immune response. Rbr7 encodes a small protein of unknown function with 85 amino acids. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that disruption of RBR7 led to the upregulation of genes responding to salicylic acid, systemic acquired resistance and pathogenesis-related genes. Taken together, our findings reveal insights into a novel small protein involved in regulating plant resistance to rice blast and provide a potential target for crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Wang W, Zhang J, Guo F, Di Y, Wang Y, Li W, Sun Y, Wang Y, Ni F, Fu D, Wang W, Hao Q. Role of reactive oxygen species in lesion mimic formation and conferred basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley lesion mimic mutant 5386. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020551. [PMID: 36699849 PMCID: PMC9869871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the barley lesion mimic mutant (LMM) 5386, evidenced by a leaf brown spot phenotype localized on the chromosome 3H, and its conferred basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum. RNA-seq analysis identified 1453 genes that were differentially expressed in LMM 5386 compared to those in the wild type. GO and KEGG functional annotations suggested that lesion mimic formation was mediated by pathways involving oxidation reduction and glutathione metabolism. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in brown spots was substantially higher in LMM 5386 than in the wild-type plant; therefore, antioxidant competence, which is indicated by ROS accumulation, was significantly lower in LMM 5386. Furthermore, the reduction of glycine in LMM 5386 inhibited glutathione biosynthesis. These results suggest that the decrease in antioxidant competence and glutathione biosynthesis caused considerable ROS accumulation, leading to programmed cell death, which eventually reduced the yield components in LMM 5386.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Shandong Shofine Seed Technology Co., Ltd., Jining, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Spring Valley Agriscience Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Fenxia Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yindi Di
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Wankun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yali Sun
- Qihe Bureau of Agriculture and Rural, Qihe, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Fei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Daolin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- Spring Valley Agriscience Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qunqun Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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Li L, Liu J, Gong H, Zhao Y, Luo J, Sun Z, Li T. A dominant gene Ihrl1 is tightly linked to and inhibits the gene Ndhrl1 mediating nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like phenotype in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3563-3570. [PMID: 36030437 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Identification and mapping of an inhibitor of Ndhrl1 mediating nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like phenotype in wheat. Hypersensitive reaction-like (HRL) traits are characteristic of spontaneous lesions including yellowish spots, brown spots or white-stripe that appeared randomly and dispersedly on all the leaves in the absence of plant pathogens. Our previous studies have shown that the wheat line P7001 showed an HRL trait at low nitrogen supply, and this trait was controlled by the gene Ndhrl1 (Nitrogen-dependent hypersensitive reaction-like 1). In order to investigate the robustness of the trait expression mediated by Ndhrl1 under different genetic backgrounds, seven genetic populations, with P7001 being the common female parent, were constructed and analyzed. F1 plants from six of the seven combinations showed HRL trait and Ndhrl1 segregated in a dominant way of HRL: non-HRL = 3:1 in the six populations (F2). Exceptionally, the F1 plants of P7001/Fielder combination showed non-HRL trait and HRL trait in the F2 population showed a contrasting recessive segregation ratio of HRL: non-HRL = 1:3, suggesting Fielder may have another HRL-related gene. Using 55 K SNP array and PCR-based markers, the HRL-related gene in Fielder was mapped to an interval of 5.63-12.91 Mb on the short arm of chromosome 2B with the flanking markers Yzu660R075552 and Yzu660F075941. A recombinant with genomic region of Fielder at Ndhrl1 locus showing HRL trait demonstrated that Fielder also harbored Ndhrl1 same as P7001. Thus, Fielder carries a single dominant suppressor of Ndhrl1, designated as Ihrl1 (Inhibitor of hypersensitive reaction-like). Interestingly, Ihrl1 is tightly linked to Ndhrl1 and may be also involved in nitrogen metabolic and (or) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinbiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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6
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Liu F, Ma Z, Cai S, Dai L, Gao J, Zhou B. ATP-citrate lyase B (ACLB) negatively affects cell death and resistance to Verticillium wilt. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:443. [PMID: 36114469 PMCID: PMC9479425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) plays a pivotal role in histone acetylation and aerobic glycolysis. In plant, ACL is a heteromeric enzyme composed of ACLA (45 kD) and ACLB (65 kD). So far, the function of ACL genes in cotton still remains unknown. RESULTS Here, we identified three ACLA homologous sequences and two ACLB homologous in each genome/sub-genome of cotton species. Silencing ACLB in cotton led to cell death at newly-grown leaves and stem apexes. Simultaneously, in ACLB-silenced plants, transcription factors related to senescence including SGR, WRKY23 and Osl57 were observed to be activated. Further investigation showed that excessive H2O2 was accumulated, salicylic acid-dependent defense response and pathogenesis-related gene expressions were evidently enhanced in ACLB-silenced plants, implying that knockdown of ACLB genes leads to hypersensitive response-like cell death in cotton seedlings. However, as noted, serious cell death happened in newly-grown leaves and stem apexes in ACLB-silenced plants, which led to the failure of subsequent fungal pathogenicity assays. To confirm the role of ACLB gene in regulating plant immune response, the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis was selected for functional verification of ACLB gene. Our results indicate the resistance to Verticillium dahliae infection in the Arabidopsis mutant aclb-2 were enhanced without causing strong cell death. Ectopic expression of GausACLB-2 in Arabidopsis weakened its resistance to V. dahliae either in Col-0 or in aclb-2 background, in which the expression level of ACLB is negatively correlated with the resistance to V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ACLB has a new function in negatively affecting the induction of plant defense response and cell death in cotton, which provides theoretical guidance for developing cotton varieties with resistance against Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Rosignoli S, Cosenza F, Moscou MJ, Civolani L, Musiani F, Forestan C, Milner SG, Savojardo C, Tuberosa R, Salvi S. Cloning the barley nec3 disease lesion mimic mutant using complementation by sequencing. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20187. [PMID: 35302294 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disease lesion mimic (DLM) or necrotic mutants display necrotic lesions in the absence of pathogen infections. They can show improved resistance to some pathogens and their molecular dissection can contribute to revealing components of plant defense pathways. Although forward-genetics strategies to find genes causal to mutant phenotypes are available in crops, these strategies require the production of experimental cross populations, mutagenesis, or gene editing and are time- and resource-consuming or may have to deal with regulated plant materials. In this study, we described a collection of 34 DLM mutants in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and applied a novel method called complementation by sequencing (CBS), which enables the identification of the gene responsible for a mutant phenotype given the availability of two or more chemically mutagenized individuals showing the same phenotype. Complementation by sequencing relies on the feasibility to obtain all induced mutations present in chemical mutants and on the low probability that different individuals share the same mutated genes. By CBS, we identified a cytochrome P450 CYP71P1 gene as responsible for orange blotch DLM mutants, including the historical barley nec3 locus. By comparative phylogenetic analysis we showed that CYP71P1 gene family emerged early in angiosperm evolution but has been recurrently lost in some lineages including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Complementation by sequencing is a straightforward cost-effective approach to clone genes controlling phenotypes in a chemically mutagenized collection. The TILLMore (TM) collection will be instrumental for understanding the molecular basis of DLM phenotypes and to contribute knowledge about mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Rosignoli
- Dep. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Univ. of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy, 40127
| | - Francesco Cosenza
- Dep. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Univ. of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy, 40127
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, UK
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, UK
| | - Laura Civolani
- Dep. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Univ. of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy, 40127
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Dep. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Univ. of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy, 40126
| | - Cristian Forestan
- Dep. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Univ. of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy, 40127
| | - Sara Giulia Milner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Seeland, D
| | - Castrense Savojardo
- Biocomputing Group, Dep. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Univ. of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, Italy, 40126
| | - Roberto Tuberosa
- Dep. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Univ. of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy, 40127
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Dep. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Univ. of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy, 40127
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8
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Li C, Liu H, Wang J, Pan Q, Wang Y, Wu K, Jia P, Mu Y, Tang H, Xu Q, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Qi P, Zhang X, Huang L, Chen G, Wang J, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Gou L, Yao Q, Lan X, Ma J. Characterization and fine mapping of a lesion mimic mutant (Lm5) with enhanced stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:421-438. [PMID: 34661696 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel light intensity-dependent lesion mimic mutant with enhanced disease resistance was physiologically, biochemically, and genetically characterized, and the causative gene was fine mapped to a 1.28 Mbp interval containing 17 high-confidence genes. Lesion mimic mutants are ideal for studying disease resistance and programmed cell death photosynthesis in plants to improve crop yield. In this study, a novel light intensity-dependent lesion mimic mutant (MC21) was obtained from the wheat variety Chuannong16 (CN16) by ethyl methane sulfonate treatment. The mutant initially developed tiny lesion spots on the basal part of the leaves, which then gradually proceeded down to leaf sheaths, stems, shells, and awns at the flowering stage. The major agronomic traits were significantly altered in the mutant compared to that in the wild-type CN16. Furthermore, the mutant exhibited a lesion phenotype with degenerated chloroplast structure, decreased chlorophyll content, increased level of reactive oxygen species, and increased resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew. Genetic analysis indicated that the lesion phenotype was controlled by a novel single semi-dominant nuclear gene. The target gene was mapped on chromosome arm 2AL located between Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers, KASP-4211 and KASP-5353, and tentatively termed as lesion mimic 5 (Lm5). The fine mapping suggested that Lm5 was located in a 1.28 Mbp interval between markers KASP-5825 and KASP-9366; 17 high-confidence candidate genes were included in this genomic region. This study provides an important foundational step for further cloning of Lm5 using a map-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qi Pan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kunyan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peiying Jia
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lulu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qifu Yao
- College of Agroforestry Engineering and Planning/Guizhou Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in the Fanjing Mountain Region, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China.
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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9
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Mo S, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Sun Z, Zhang D, Chen B, Wang G, Ke H, Liu Z, Meng C, Li Z, Wu L, Zhang G, Duan H, Ma Z. Cotton GhSSI2 isoforms from the stearoyl acyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase family regulate Verticillium wilt resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1041-1056. [PMID: 34169624 PMCID: PMC8358998 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are major and essential constituents of plant cells and provide energy for various metabolic processes. However, the function of the lipid signal in defence against Verticillium dahliae, a hemibiotrophic pathogen, remains unknown. Here, we characterized 19 conserved stearoyl-ACP desaturase family proteins from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We further confirmed that GhSSI2 isoforms, including GhSSI2-A, GhSSI2-B, and GhSSI2-C located on chromosomes A10, D10, and A12, respectively, played a dominant role to the cotton 18:1 (oleic acid) pool. Suppressing the expression of GhSSI2s reduced the 18:1 level, which autoactivated the hypersensitive response (HR) and enhanced cotton Verticillium wilt and Fusarium wilt resistance. We found that low 18:1 levels induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-mediated salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and activated a SA-independent defence response in GhSSI2s-silenced cotton, whereas suppressing expression of GhSSI2s affected PDF1.2-dependent jasmonic acid (JA) perception but not the biosynthesis and signalling cascade of JA. Further investigation showed that structurally divergent resistance-related genes and nitric oxide (NO) signal were activated in GhSSI2s-silenced cotton. Taken together, these results indicate that SA-independent defence response, multiple resistance-related proteins, and elevated NO level play an important role in GhSSI2s-regulated Verticillium wilt resistance. These findings broaden our knowledge regarding the lipid signal in disease resistance and provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of cotton fungal disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Mo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Huifeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Chengsheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Huijun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and RegulationNorth China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
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10
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Enhanced SA and Ca 2+ signaling results in PCD-mediated spontaneous leaf necrosis in wheat mutant wsl. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:1249-1262. [PMID: 34426888 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leaf is the major photosynthesis organ and the key source of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain. Spotted leaf (spl) mutant is a kind of leaf lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) in plants, which is an ideal material for studying the mechanisms of leaf development. In this study, we report the leaf abnormal development molecular mechanism of a spl mutant named white stripe leaf (wsl) derived from wheat cultivar Guomai 301 (WT). Histochemical observation indicated that the leaf mesophyll cells of the wsl were destroyed in the necrosis regions. To explore the molecular regulatory network of the leaf development in mutant wsl, we employed transcriptome analysis, histochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and observations of the key metabolites and photosynthesis parameters. Compared to WT, the expressions of the chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis-related homeotic genes were repressed; many genes in the WRKY transcription factor (TF) families were highly expressed; the salicylic acid (SA) and Ca2+ signal transductions were enhanced in wsl. Both the chlorophyll contents and the photosynthesis rate were lower in wsl. The contents of SA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly higher, and the leaf rust resistance was enhanced in wsl. Based on the experimental data, a primary molecular regulatory model for leaf development in wsl was established. The results indicated that the SA accumulation and enhanced Ca2+ signaling led to programmed cell death (PCD), and ultimately resulted in spontaneous leaf necrosis of wsl. These results laid a solid foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of leaf development in wheat.
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11
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Mu X, Li J, Dai Z, Xu L, Fan T, Jing T, Chen M, Gou M. Commonly and Specifically Activated Defense Responses in Maize Disease Lesion Mimic Mutants Revealed by Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:638792. [PMID: 34079566 PMCID: PMC8165315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.638792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disease lesion mimic (Les/les) mutants display disease-like spontaneous lesions in the absence of pathogen infection, implying the constitutive activation of defense responses. However, the genetic and biochemical bases underlying the activated defense responses in those mutants remain largely unknown. Here, we performed integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis on three typical maize Les mutants Les4, Les10, and Les17 with large, medium, and small lesion size, respectively, thereby dissecting the activated defense responses at the transcriptional and metabolomic level. A total of 1,714, 4,887, and 1,625 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in Les4, Les10, and Les17, respectively. Among them, 570, 3,299, and 447 specific differentially expressed genes (SGs) were identified, implying a specific function of each LES gene. In addition, 480 common differentially expressed genes (CGs) and 42 common differentially accumulated metabolites (CMs) were identified in all Les mutants, suggesting the robust activation of shared signaling pathways. Intriguingly, substantial analysis of the CGs indicated that genes involved in the programmed cell death, defense responses, and phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthesis were most commonly activated. Genes involved in photosynthetic biosynthesis, however, were generally repressed. Consistently, the dominant CMs identified were phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. In particular, lignin, the phenylpropanoid-based polymer, was significantly increased in all three mutants. These data collectively imply that transcriptional activation of defense-related gene expression; increase of phenylpropanoid, lignin, flavonoid, and terpenoid biosynthesis; and inhibition of photosynthesis are generalnatures associated with the lesion formation and constitutively activated defense responses in those mutants. Further studies on the identified SGs and CGs will shed new light on the function of each LES gene as well as the regulatory network of defense responses in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Iqbal Z, Iqbal MS, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF, Ansari MI. Plant Defense Responses to Biotic Stress and Its Interplay With Fluctuating Dark/Light Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:631810. [PMID: 33763093 PMCID: PMC7982811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.631810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants are subjected to a plethora of environmental cues that cause extreme losses to crop productivity. Due to fluctuating environmental conditions, plants encounter difficulties in attaining full genetic potential for growth and reproduction. One such environmental condition is the recurrent attack on plants by herbivores and microbial pathogens. To surmount such attacks, plants have developed a complex array of defense mechanisms. The defense mechanism can be either preformed, where toxic secondary metabolites are stored; or can be inducible, where defense is activated upon detection of an attack. Plants sense biotic stress conditions, activate the regulatory or transcriptional machinery, and eventually generate an appropriate response. Plant defense against pathogen attack is well understood, but the interplay and impact of different signals to generate defense responses against biotic stress still remain elusive. The impact of light and dark signals on biotic stress response is one such area to comprehend. Light and dark alterations not only regulate defense mechanisms impacting plant development and biochemistry but also bestow resistance against invading pathogens. The interaction between plant defense and dark/light environment activates a signaling cascade. This signaling cascade acts as a connecting link between perception of biotic stress, dark/light environment, and generation of an appropriate physiological or biochemical response. The present review highlights molecular responses arising from dark/light fluctuations vis-à-vis elicitation of defense mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Iqbal
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Liu R, Lu J, Zheng S, Du M, Zhang C, Wang M, Li Y, Xing J, Wu Y, Zhang L. Molecular mapping of a novel lesion mimic gene (lm4) associated with enhanced resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:1. [PMID: 33568061 PMCID: PMC7853307 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-00963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesion mimics (LMs) are disease-like symptoms that occur randomly on plant green leaves in the absence of pathogens. A previous study showed that LMs are related to enhanced resistance to a broad spectrum of diverse pathogen races and programmed cell death (PCD). Stripe rust is a globally epidemic fungal disease that can substantially reduce the quality and yield of crops. The development of resistant cultivars is an economical and environmentally friendly way to enhance the adaptability and yield stability of crops instead of the use of fungicide applications. RESULTS In this study, a novel LM gene affording Pst resistance was identified and mapped with molecular markers developed for marker-assisted selection (MAS)-based wheat breeding. In this study, a novel LM gene named lm4, which is closely linked (8.06 cM) to SSR markers Xgwm210 and Xgwm455, was identified by using a Yanzhan 1/Neixiang 188 RIL population. The genetic distance of lm4 was then narrowed such that it was flanked by SSR markers with 0.51 cM and 0.77 cM intervals. Two SSR markers, lm4_01_cib and lm4_02_cib, were developed based on the content in the Chinese Spring genome database and wheat 660 K SNP results; these markers can be used to conduct MAS of LMs in wheat. The results also showed that lm4 significantly improved the resistance of stripe rust in wheat. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, lm4 is associated with stripe rust resistance, which may provide theoretical support for future crop disease-resistance breeding and for understanding the plant apoptosis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shigang Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mei Du
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chihong Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minxiu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunfang Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiayi Xing
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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14
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Singh S, Mishra VK, Kharwar RN, Budhlakoti N, Ahirwar RN, Mishra DC, Kumar S, Chand R, Kumar U, Kumar S, Joshi AK. Genetic characterization for lesion mimic and other traits in relation to spot blotch resistance in spring wheat. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240029. [PMID: 33017405 PMCID: PMC7535040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion mimic (Lm) mutants display hypersensitive responses (HR) without any pathogen attack; their symptoms are similar to those produced by a pathogen and result in cell death. In wheat, such mutants have been reported to be resistant against leaf rust due to their biotrophic nature. However, Lm mutants tend to encourage spot blotch (SB) disease caused by Bipolarissorokiniana since dead cells facilitate pathogen multiplication. In this study, 289 diverse wheat germplasm lines were phenotyped in three consecutive growing seasons (2012–2015). Genotype data was generated using the Illumina iSelect beadchip assay platform for wheat germplasm lines. A total of 13,589 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected andused for further association mapping. Lm was positively associated with Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) for SB but negatively with glaucous index (GI), leaf tip necrosis (Ltn) and latent period (LP). Ltn had a negative association with AUDPC and Lm but a positive one with LP. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), 29 markers were significantly associated with these traits and 27 were an notated. Seven SNP markers associated with Lm were on chromosome 6A; another on 1B was found to be linked with Ltn. Like wise, seven SNP markers were associated with GI; one on chromosome 6A with the others on 6B. Five SNP markers on chromosomes 3B and 3Dwere significantly correlated with LP, while nine SNP markers on chromosomes 5A and 5B were significantly associated with AUDPC for SB. This study is the first to explore the interaction in wheat between Lm mutants and the hemibiotrophic SB pathogen B.sorokiniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Mishra
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Ravindra Nath Kharwar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neeraj Budhlakoti
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Narayan Ahirwar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Sundeep Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Uttam Kumar
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Suneel Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Joshi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), New Delhi, India
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15
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Sathe AP, Su X, Chen Z, Chen T, Wei X, Tang S, Zhang XB, Wu JL. Identification and characterization of a spotted-leaf mutant spl40 with enhanced bacterial blight resistance in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 31446514 PMCID: PMC6708518 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted leaf mutants show typical necrotic lesions that appear spontaneously in the absence of any pathogen attack. These mutants are often characterized to exhibit programmed cell death (PCD) and activation of plant defense responses resulting in enhanced disease resistance to multiple pathogens. Here, we reported a novel spotted-leaf mutant, spl40 that showed enhanced disease resistance response. RESULTS Initially lesions appeared at leaf tips during seedling stage and gradually covered the whole leaf at the tillering stage. The lesion development was light-dependent. spl40 showed obvious cell death at and around the lesion, and burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accompanied by disturbed ROS scavenging system. Photosynthetic capacity was compromised as evidenced by significant reductions in chlorophyll content, important photosynthesis parameters and downregulated expression of photosynthesis-related genes which ultimately led to poor performance of major agronomic traits. spl40 exhibited enhanced resistance to 14 out of 16 races of bacterial blight pathogen of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, most probably though activation of SA and JA signaling pathways, owing to upregulated expression of SA and JA signaling genes, though the exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. The spotted-leaf phenotype was controlled by a novel single recessive nuclear gene. Genetic mapping combined with high throughput sequencing analysis identified Os05G0312000 as the most probable candidate gene. Sequencing of ORF revealed a single SNP change from C to T that resulted in non-synonymous change in amino acid residue from leucine to phenylalanine. Interestingly, the complementation plants did not display lesions before heading but showed lesions at the heading stage and the transgenic T1 progenies could be classified into 3 categories based on their lesion intensity, indicating the complex genetic nature of the spl40 mutation. CONCLUSION The results obtained here clearly show that genes related to defense and PCD were upregulated in accordance with enhanced disease resistance and occurrence of PCD, whereas the photosynthetic capacity and overall ROS homeostasis was compromised in spl40. Our data suggest that a novel spotted-leaf mutant, spl40, would help to elucidate the mechanism behind lesion development involving programmed cell death and associated defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Prakash Sathe
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiaona Su
- Nanchang Business College of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330044 China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiangjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiao-bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jian-li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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16
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Yu N, Cao Y, Zhan X, Cheng S, Cao L. LMM24 Encodes Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase 109, Which Regulates Cell Death and Defense Responses in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133243. [PMID: 31269643 PMCID: PMC6651581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants are excellent models for research on molecular mechanisms of cell death and defense responses in rice. We identified a new rice lesion mimic mutant lmm24 from a mutant pool of indica rice cultivar “ZhongHui8015”. The LMM24 gene was identified by MutMap, and LMM24 was confirmed as a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 109 by amino acid sequence analysis. The lmm24 mutant displayed dark brown lesions in leaves and growth retardation that were not observed in wild-type ZH8015. The results of histochemical staining and TUNEL assays showed enhanced ROS accumulation and cell death in lmm24. Chloroplast degradation was observed in lmm24 leaves, with decreased expression of photosynthesis-related genes and increased expression of the senescence-induced STAYGREEN (SGR) gene and other senescence-associated genes. Furthermore, lmm24 exhibited enhanced resistance to rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) and up-regulation of defense response genes. Our data demonstrate that LMM24 regulates cell death and defense responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qunen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yongrun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaodeng Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Liyong Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research and State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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17
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Du D, Liu M, Xing Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Lu X, Zhang Q, Ling Y, Sang X, Li Y, Zhang C, He G. Semi-dominant mutation in the cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene, ALS1, conducts constitutive defence response in rice. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:25-34. [PMID: 30101415 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated two-branch defence system to prevent the growth and spread of pathogen infection. The novel Cys-rich repeat (CRR) containing receptor-like kinases, known as CRKs, were reported to mediate defence resistance in plants. For rice, there are only two reports of CRKs. A semi-dominant lesion mimic mutant als1 (apoptosis leaf and sheath 1) in rice was identified to demonstrate spontaneous lesions on the leaf blade and sheath. A map-based cloning strategy was used for fine mapping and cloning of ALS1, which was confirmed to be a typical CRK in rice. Functional studies of ALS1 were conducted, including phylogenetic analysis, expression analysis, subcellular location and blast resistance identification. Most pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and other defence-related genes were activated and up-regulated to a high degree. ALS1 was expressed mainly in the leaf blade and sheath, in which further study revealed that ALS1 was present in the vascular bundles. ALS1 was located in the cell membrane of rice protoplasts, and its mutation did not change its subcellular location. Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation were observed in als1, and enhanced blast resistance was also observed. The mutation of ALS1 caused a constitutively activated defence response in als1. The results of our study imply that ALS1 participates in a defence response resembling the common SA-, JA- and NH1-mediated defence responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Du
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - M Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Y Xing
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - X Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - M Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - X Lu
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Y Ling
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - X Sang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Y Li
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - C Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - G He
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Matić S, Cucu MA, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. Combined Effect of CO 2 and Temperature on Wheat Powdery Mildew Development. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:316-326. [PMID: 30140185 PMCID: PMC6097819 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.11.2017.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of simulated climate changes by applying different temperatures and CO2 levels was investigated in the Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici/wheat pathosystem. Healthy and inoculated plants were exposed in single phytotrons to six CO2+temperature combinations: (1) 450 ppm CO2/18-22°C (ambient CO2 and low temperature), (2) 850 ppm CO2/18-22°C (elevated CO2 and low temperature), (3) 450 ppm CO2/22-26°C (ambient CO2 and medium temperature), (4) 850 ppm CO2/22-26°C (elevated CO2 and medium temperature), (5) 450 ppm CO2/26-30°C (ambient CO2 and high temperature), and (6) 850 ppm CO2/26-30°C (elevated CO2 and high temperature). Powdery mildew disease index, fungal DNA quantity, plant death incidence, plant expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, plant growth parameters, carbohydrate and chlorophyll content were evaluated. Both CO2 and temperature, and their interaction significantly influenced powdery mildew development. The most advantageous conditions for the progress of powdery mildew on wheat were low temperature and ambient CO2. High temperatures inhibited pathogen growth independent of CO2 conditions, and no typical powdery mildew symptoms were observed. Elevated CO2 did not stimulate powdery mildew development, but was detrimental for plant vitality. Similar abundance of three PR transcripts was found, and the level of their expression was different between six phytotron conditions. Real time PCR quantification of Bgt was in line with the disease index results, but this technique succeeded to detect the pathogen also in asymptomatic plants. Overall, future global warming scenarios may limit the development of powdery mildew on wheat in Mediterranean area, unless the pathogen will adapt to higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO),
Italy
| | - Maria Alexandra Cucu
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO),
Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO),
Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- AGROINNOVA – Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO),
Italy
- Department Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco (TO),
Italy
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19
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Xiao G, Zhou J, Lu X, Huang R, Zhang H. Excessive UDPG resulting from the mutation of UAP1 causes programmed cell death by triggering reactive oxygen species accumulation and caspase-like activity in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:332-343. [PMID: 28967675 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants are valuable to unravel the mechanisms governing the programmed cell death (PCD) process. Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose-glucose (UDPG) functions as a signaling molecule activating multiple pathways in animals, but little is known about its function in plants. Two novel allelic mutants of spl29 with typical PCD characters and reduced pollen viability were obtained by ethane methyl sulfonate mutagenesis in rice cv Kitaake. The enzymatic analyses showed that UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1) irreversibly catalyzed the decomposition of UDPG. Its activity was severely destroyed and caused excessive UDPG accumulation, with the lesion occurrence associated with the enhanced caspase-like activities in spl29-2. At the transcriptional level, several key genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response were abnormally expressed. Moreover, exogenous UDPG could aggravate lesion initiation and development in spl29-2. Importantly, exogenous UDPG and its derivative UDP-N-acetylglucosamine could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and lesion mimics in Kitaake seedlings. These results suggest that the excessive accumulation of UDPG, caused by the mutation of UAP1, was a key biochemical event resulting in the lesion mimics in spl29-2. Thus, our findings revealed that UDPG might be an important component involved in ROS accumulation, PCD execution and lesion mimicking in rice, which also provided new clues for investigating the connection between sugar metabolism and PCD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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20
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Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Liu T, Gao B, Xiong X. Identification and Map-Based Cloning of the Light-Induced Lesion Mimic Mutant 1 ( LIL1) Gene in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2122. [PMID: 29312386 PMCID: PMC5742160 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism by which plants prevent the spread of pathogen. Despite extensive study, the molecular mechanisms underlying HR remain poorly understood. Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs), such as LIL1 that was identified in an ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenized population of Indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. Indica) 93-11, can be used to study the HR. Under natural field conditions, the leaves of LIL1 mutant plants exhibited light-induced, small, rust-red lesions that first appeared at the leaf tips and subsequently expanded throughout the entire leaf blade to the leaf sheath. Histochemical staining indicated that LIL1 lesions displayed an abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulted from programmed cell death (PCD). The LIL1 mutants also displayed increased expression of defense-related genes and enhanced resistance to rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea). Genetic analysis showed that mutation of LIL1 created a semi-dominant allele. Using 1,758 individuals in the F2 population, LIL1 was mapped in a 222.3 kb region on the long arm of chromosome 7. That contains 12 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Sequence analysis of these 12 candidate genes revealed a G to A base substitution in the fourth exon of LOC_Os07g30510, a putative cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase (CRK), which led to an amino acid change (Val 429 to Ile) in the LIL1 protein. Comparison of the transcript accumulation of the 12 candidate genes between LIL1 and 93-11 revealed that LOC_Os07g30510 was up-regulated significantly in LIL1. Overexpression of the LOC_Os07g30510 gene from LIL1 induced a LIL1-like lesion phenotype in Nipponbare. Thus, LIL1 is a novel LMM in rice that will facilitate the further study of the molecular mechanisms of HR and the rice blast resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Agricultural College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Bida Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Changsha, China
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21
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Torres DP, Proels RK, Schempp H, Hückelhoven R. Silencing of RBOHF2 Causes Leaf Age-Dependent Accelerated Senescence, Salicylic Acid Accumulation, and Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:906-918. [PMID: 28795634 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-17-0088-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant RBOH (RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGS)-type NADPH oxidases produce superoxide radical anions and have a function in developmental processes and in response to environmental challenges. Barley RBOHF2 has diverse reported functions in interaction with the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Here, we analyzed, in detail, plant leaf level- and age-specific susceptibility of stably RBOHF2-silenced barley plants. This revealed enhanced susceptibility to fungal penetration of young RBOHF2-silenced leaf tissue but strongly reduced susceptibility of older leaves when compared with controls. Loss of susceptibility in old RBOHF2-silenced leaves was associated with spontaneous leaf-tip necrosis and constitutively elevated levels of free and conjugated salicylic acid. Additionally, these leaves more strongly expressed pathogenesis-related genes, both constitutively and during interaction with B. graminis f. sp. hordei. Together, this supports the idea that barley RBOHF2 contributes to basal resistance to powdery mildew infection in young leaf tissue but is required to control leaf cell death, salicylic acid accumulation, and defense gene expression in older leaves, explaining leaf age-specific resistance of RBOHF2-silenced barley plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pereira Torres
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Proels
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Harald Schempp
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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22
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Chai Q, Shang X, Wu S, Zhu G, Cheng C, Cai C, Wang X, Guo W. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Gene Dosage Affects Programmed Cell Death and Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:511-528. [PMID: 28751313 PMCID: PMC5580774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important form to protect plants from pathogen attack. However, plants must precisely control the PCD process under microbe attacks to avoid detrimental effects. The complexity of how plants balance the defense activation and PCD requires further clarification. Lesion mimic mutants constitute an excellent material to study the crosstalk between them. Here, we identified a Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) lesion mimic mutant (Ghlmm), which exhibits necrotic leaf damage and enhanced disease resistance. Map-based cloning demonstrated that GhLMMD, encoding 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and located on chromosome D5, was responsible for the phenotype. The mutant was resulted from a nonsense mutation within the coding region of GhLMMD It exhibited an overaccumulation of the 5-aminolevulinic acid, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid, along with constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related genes and enhanced resistance to the Verticillium dahliae infection. Interestingly, GhLMM plays a dosage-dependent role in regulating PCD of cotton leaves and resistance to V. dahliae infection. This study provides a new strategy on the modulation of plant immunity, particularly in polyploidy plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guozhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chaoze Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Caiping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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