1
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Zhang J, Hu X, Wang T, Xiao R, Zhu L, Ruiz M, Dupuis J, Hu Q. Extracellular vesicles in venous thromboembolism and pulmonary hypertension. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:461. [PMID: 38037042 PMCID: PMC10691137 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial disease, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious condition characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling leading with increased pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to right heart failure and death. Although VTE and PH have distinct primary etiologies, they share some pathophysiologic similarities such as dysfunctional vasculature and thrombosis. In both conditions there is solid evidence that EVs derived from a variety of cell types including platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, thrombosis, cellular activation and communications. However, the roles and importance of EVs substantially differ between studies depending on experimental conditions and parent cell origins of EVs that modify the nature of their cargo. Numerous studies have confirmed that EVs contribute to the pathophysiology of VTE and PH and increased levels of various EVs in relation with the severity of VTE and PH, confirming its potential pathophysiological role and its utility as a biomarker of disease severity and as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Conti M, Minniti M, Tiné M, De Francesco M, Gaeta R, Nieri D, Semenzato U, Biondini D, Camera M, Cosio MG, Saetta M, Celi A, Bazzan E, Neri T. Extracellular Vesicles in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Dangerous Liaison? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1099. [PMID: 37626985 PMCID: PMC10451884 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The term pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to different conditions, all characterized by increased pressure and resistance in the pulmonary arterial bed. PH has a wide range of causes (essentially, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or connective tissue disorders); however, idiopathic (i.e., without a clear cause) PH exists. This chronic, progressive, and sometimes devastating disease can finally lead to right heart failure and eventually death, through pulmonary vascular remodeling and dysfunction. The exact nature of PH pathophysiology is sometimes still unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), previously known as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, are small membrane-bound vesicles that are generated by almost all cell types and can be detected in a variety of physiological fluids. EVs are involved in intercellular communication, thus influencing immunological response, inflammation, embryogenesis, aging, and regenerative processes. Indeed, they transport chemokines, cytokines, lipids, RNA and miRNA, and other biologically active molecules. Although the precise functions of EVs are still not fully known, there is mounting evidence that they can play a significant role in the pathophysiology of PH. In this review, after briefly recapping the key stages of PH pathogenesis, we discuss the current evidence on the functions of EVs both as PH biomarkers and potential participants in the distinct pathways of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Conti
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (M.T.); (U.S.); (D.B.); (M.G.C.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marianna Minniti
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.F.); (R.G.); (D.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Mariaenrica Tiné
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (M.T.); (U.S.); (D.B.); (M.G.C.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Miriam De Francesco
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.F.); (R.G.); (D.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberta Gaeta
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.F.); (R.G.); (D.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Dario Nieri
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.F.); (R.G.); (D.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Umberto Semenzato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (M.T.); (U.S.); (D.B.); (M.G.C.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Davide Biondini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (M.T.); (U.S.); (D.B.); (M.G.C.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Camera
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel G. Cosio
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (M.T.); (U.S.); (D.B.); (M.G.C.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Respiratory Division, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (M.T.); (U.S.); (D.B.); (M.G.C.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Alessandro Celi
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.F.); (R.G.); (D.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.C.); (M.T.); (U.S.); (D.B.); (M.G.C.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Tommaso Neri
- Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardiorespiratoria, Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.F.); (R.G.); (D.N.); (A.C.)
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3
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Paproski RJ, Pink D, Sosnowski DL, Vasquez C, Lewis JD. Building predictive disease models using extracellular vesicle microscale flow cytometry and machine learning. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:407-421. [PMID: 36520580 PMCID: PMC9980304 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are highly abundant in human biofluids, containing a repertoire of macromolecules and biomarkers representative of the tissue of origin. EVs released by tumours can communicate key signals both locally and to distant sites to promote growth and survival or impact invasive and metastatic progression. Microscale flow cytometry of circulating EVs is an emerging technology that is a promising alternative to biopsy for disease diagnosis. However, biofluid-derived EVs are highly heterogeneous in size and composition, making their analysis complex. To address this, we developed a machine learning approach combined with EV microscale cytometry using tissue- and disease-specific biomarkers to generate predictive models. We demonstrate the utility of this novel extracellular vesicle machine learning analysis platform (EVMAP) to predict disease from patient samples by developing a blood test to identify high-grade prostate cancer and validate its performance in a prospective 215 patient cohort. Models generated using the EVMAP approach significantly improved the prediction of high-risk prostate cancer, highlighting the clinical utility of this diagnostic platform for improved cancer prediction from a blood test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Paproski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Nanostics Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Desmond Pink
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Nanostics Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Catalina Vasquez
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Nanostics Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Nanostics Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
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4
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Hojda SE, Chis IC, Clichici S. Biomarkers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123033. [PMID: 36553040 PMCID: PMC9776459 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe medical condition characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), right ventricular (RV) failure, and death in the absence of appropriate treatment. The progression and prognosis are strictly related to the etiology, biochemical parameters, and treatment response. The gold-standard test remains right-sided heart catheterization, but dynamic monitoring of systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery is performed using echocardiography. However, simple and easily accessible non-invasive assays are also required in order to monitor this pathology. In addition, research in this area is in continuous development. In recent years, more and more biomarkers have been studied and included in clinical guidelines. These biomarkers can be categorized based on their associations with inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders. Moreover, biomarkers can be easily detected in blood and urine and correlated with disease severity, playing an important role in diagnosis, prognosis, and disease progression.
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5
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Santos-Gomes J, Gandra I, Adão R, Perros F, Brás-Silva C. An Overview of Circulating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Biomarkers. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:924873. [PMID: 35911521 PMCID: PMC9333554 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.924873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), also known as Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH), is a PH subset characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary arterial obstruction. PAH has an estimated incidence of 15-50 people per million in the United States and Europe, and is associated with high mortality and morbidity, with patients' survival time after diagnosis being only 2.8 years. According to current guidelines, right heart catheterization is the gold standard for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of PAH patients. However, this technique is highly invasive, so it is not used in routine clinical practice or patient follow-up. Thereby, it is essential to find new non-invasive strategies for evaluating disease progression. Biomarkers can be an effective solution for determining PAH patient prognosis and response to therapy, and aiding in diagnostic efforts, so long as their detection is non-invasive, easy, and objective. This review aims to clarify and describe some of the potential new candidates as circulating biomarkers of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Santos-Gomes
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Gandra
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Paris-Porto Pulmonary Hypertension Collaborative Laboratory (3PH), UMR_S 999, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Université Paris–Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Peters EL, Bogaard HJ, Vonk Noordegraaf A, de Man FS. Neurohormonal modulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.04633-2020. [PMID: 33766951 PMCID: PMC8551560 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04633-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal condition of elevated pulmonary pressures, complicated by right heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension appears in various forms; one of those is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and is particularly characterised by progressive remodelling and obstruction of the smaller pulmonary vessels. Neurohormonal imbalance in PAH patients is associated with worse prognosis and survival. In this back-to-basics article on neurohormonal modulation in PAH, we provide an overview of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies that have been tested pre-clinically and clinically. The benefit of neurohormonal modulation strategies in PAH patients has been limited by lack of insight into how the neurohormonal system is changed throughout the disease and difficulties in translation from animal models to human trials. We propose that longitudinal and individual assessments of neurohormonal status are required to improve the timing and specificity of neurohormonal modulation strategies. Ongoing developments in imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography may become helpful to determine neurohormonal status in PAH patients in different disease stages and optimise individual treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Peters
- Dept of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Stephens OR, Grant D, Frimel M, Wanner N, Yin M, Willard B, Erzurum SC, Asosingh K. Characterization and origins of cell-free mitochondria in healthy murine and human blood. Mitochondrion 2020; 54:102-112. [PMID: 32781153 PMCID: PMC7508808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intact cell-free mitochondria have been reported in microparticles (MPs) in murine and human bodily fluids under disease conditions. However, cellular origins of circulating extracellular mitochondria have not been characterized. We hypothesize that intact, cell-free mitochondria from heterogeneous cellular sources are present in the circulation under physiological conditions. To test this, circulating MPs were analyzed using flow cytometry and proteomics. Murine and human platelet-depleted plasma showed a cluster of MPs positive for the mitochondrial probe MitoTracker. Transgenic mice expressing mitochondrial-GFP showed GFP positivity in plasma MPs. Murine and human mitochondria-containing MPs were positive for the platelet marker CD41 and the endothelial cell marker CD144, while hematopoietic CD45 labeling was low. Both murine and human circulating cell-free mitochondria maintained a transmembrane potential. Circulating mitochondria were able to enter rho-zero cells, and were visualized using immunoelectron microscopic imaging. Proteomics analysis identified mitochondria specific and extracellular vesicle associated proteins in sorted circulating cell-free human mitochondria. Together the data provide multiple lines of evidence that intact and functional mitochondria originating from several cell types are present in the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Stephens
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Dillon Grant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mei Yin
- Imaging Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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8
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Mohan A, Agarwal S, Clauss M, Britt NS, Dhillon NK. Extracellular vesicles: novel communicators in lung diseases. Respir Res 2020; 21:175. [PMID: 32641036 PMCID: PMC7341477 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is the organ with the highest vascular density in the human body. It is therefore perceivable that the endothelium of the lung contributes significantly to the circulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. In addition to the endothelium, EVs may arise from alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Because EVs harbor cargo molecules, such as miRNA, mRNA, and proteins, these intercellular communicators provide important insight into the health and disease condition of donor cells and may serve as useful biomarkers of lung disease processes. This comprehensive review focuses on what is currently known about the role of EVs as markers and mediators of lung pathologies including COPD, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, lung cancer and ALI/ARDS. We also explore the role EVs can potentially serve as therapeutics for these lung diseases when released from healthy progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Mohan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Stuti Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas S Britt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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9
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Russell JC, Postupna N, Golubeva A, Keene CD, Kaeberlein M. Purification and Analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans Extracellular Vesicles. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/60596. [PMID: 32310227 PMCID: PMC7476359 DOI: 10.3791/60596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of small membrane-bound vesicles into the external environment is a fundamental physiological process of all cells. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) function outside the cell to regulate global physiological processes by transferring proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids between tissues. EVs reflect the physiological state of their cells of origin. EVs are implicated to have fundamental roles in virtually every aspect of human health. Thus, EV protein and genetic cargos are being increasingly analyzed for biomarkers of health and disease. However, the EV field still lacks a tractable invertebrate model system that permits the study of EV cargo composition. C. elegans is well suited for EV research because it actively secretes EVs outside of its body into its external environment, permitting facile isolation. This article provides all the necessary information for generating, purifying, and quantifying these environmentally secreted C. elegans EVs including how to work quantitatively with very large populations of age-synchronized worms, purifying EVs, and a flow cytometry protocol that directly measures the number of intact EVs in the purified sample. Thus, the large library of genetic reagents available for C. elegans research can be tapped into for investigating the impacts of genetic pathways and physiological processes on EV cargo composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington
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10
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Stephens OR, Weiss K, Frimel M, Rose JA, Sun Y, Asosingh K, Farha S, Highland KB, Prasad SVN, Erzurum SC. Interdependence of hypoxia and β-adrenergic receptor signaling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L369-L380. [PMID: 31242023 PMCID: PMC6766716 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00015.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) exists in an equilibrium of inactive and active conformational states, which shifts in response to different ligands and results in downstream signaling. In addition to cAMP, βAR signals to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). We hypothesized that a βAR-active conformation (R**) that leads to HIF-1 is separable from the cAMP-activating conformation (R*) and that pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients with HIF-biased conformations would not respond to a cAMP agonist. We compared two cAMP agonists, isoproterenol and salbutamol, in vitro. Isoproterenol increased cAMP and HIF-1 activity, while salbutamol increased cAMP and reduced HIF-1. Hypoxia blunted agonist-stimulated cAMP, consistent with receptor equilibrium shifting toward HIF-activating conformations. Similarly, isoproterenol increased HIF-1 and erythropoiesis in mice, while salbutamol decreased erythropoiesis. βAR overexpression in cells increased glycolysis, which was blunted by HIF-1 inhibitors, suggesting increased βAR leads to increased hypoxia-metabolic effects. Because PAH is also characterized by HIF-related glycolytic shift, we dichotomized PAH patients in the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment with Carvedilol for Heart Failure trial (NCT01586156) based on right ventricular (RV) glucose uptake to evaluate βAR ligands. Patients with high glucose uptake had more severe disease than those with low uptake. cAMP increased in response to isoproterenol in mononuclear cells from low-uptake patients but not in high-uptake patients' cells. When patients were treated with carvedilol for 1 wk, the low-uptake group decreased RV systolic pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance, but high-uptake patients had no physiologic responses. The findings expand the paradigm of βAR activation and uncover a novel PAH subtype that might benefit from β-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Stephens
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kelly Weiss
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan A Rose
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Samar Farha
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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11
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Qin RR, Zhu H, Wang F, Song M, Lin PL, Xing YQ, Zhang W, Zhong M, Wang ZH. Platelet activation in diabetic mice models: the role of vascular endothelial cell-derived protein disulfide isomerase-mediated GP IIb/IIIa receptor activation. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6358-6370. [PMID: 31437127 PMCID: PMC6738422 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GP IIb/IIIa receptor activation plays an important role in thrombosis. The mechanism of early activation of GP IIb/IIIa receptors in diabetic conditions remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of Endothelial microparticle (EMP)-associated protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) after endothelial cell injury induced in diabetes and the changes in platelet activation. We produced an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus using ApoE-/- mice. Normal ApoE-/- and diabetic mice were allocated to four groups (n = 15): normal diet, normal diet plus rutin, diabetic, and diabetes plus rutin. The EMP-PDI content and GP IIb/IIIa expression of mice platelets were determined. In addition, EMPs obtained from the four groups were pretreated with the PDI inhibitor rutin; then, their effects on the platelets of normal C57 mice were characterized. Compared with the normal diet group, the diabetic group had significantly increased plasma EMP-PDI content and accelerated platelet activation by increased GP IIb/IIIa expression. In conclusion, EMP-PDI promotes early platelet activation through glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors present on platelet surface in the diabetic state. However, this process could be partially suppressed by the administration of rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Pei-Lin Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Xing
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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12
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McVey MJ, Maishan M, Blokland KEC, Bartlett N, Kuebler WM. Extracellular vesicles in lung health, disease, and therapy. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L977-L989. [PMID: 30892076 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00546.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both physiological homeostasis and pathological disease processes in the lung typically result from complex, yet coordinated multicellular responses that are synchronized via paracrine and endocrine intercellular communication pathways. Of late, extracellular vesicles have emerged as important information shuttles that can coordinate and disseminate homeostatic and disease signals. In parallel, extracellular vesicles in biological fluids such as sputum, mucus, epithelial lining fluid, edema fluid, the pulmonary circulation, pleural fluid, and lymphatics have emerged as promising candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in lung disease. Extracellular vesicles are small, subcellular, membrane-bound vesicles containing cargos from parent cells such as lipids, proteins, genetic information, or entire organelles. These cargos endow extracellular vesicles with biologically active information or functions by which they can reprogram their respective target cells. Recent studies show that extracellular vesicles found in lung-associated biological fluids play key roles as biomarkers and effectors of disease. Conversely, administration of naïve or engineered extracellular vesicles with homeostatic or reparative effects may provide a promising novel protective and regenerative strategy to treat lung disease. To highlight this rapidly developing field, the American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology is now launching a special Call for Papers on extracellular vesicles in lung health, disease, and therapy. This review aims to set the stage for this call by introducing extracellular vesicles and their emerging roles in lung physiology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McVey
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,SickKids Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Mazharul Maishan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Kaj E C Blokland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Nathan Bartlett
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin , Germany
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13
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Shi M, Sheng L, Stewart T, Zabetian CP, Zhang J. New windows into the brain: Central nervous system-derived extracellular vesicles in blood. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 175:96-106. [PMID: 30685501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and (shedding) microvesicles, are released by nearly all cell types and carry a cargo of proteins and nucleic acids that varies by the cell of origin. They are thought to play critical roles in normal central nervous system (CNS) function and neurological disorders. A recently revealed key characteristic of EVs is that they may travel between the CNS and peripheral circulation. This property has led to intense interest in how EVs might serve as a vehicle for toxic protein clearance and as a readily accessible source of biomarkers for CNS disorders. Furthermore, by bypassing the blood-brain barrier, modified EVs could serve as a unique drug delivery system that targets specific neuronal populations. Further work is necessary to develop and optimize techniques that enable high-yield capture of relevant EV populations, analyze individual EVs and their cargos, and validate preliminary results of EV-derived biomarkers in independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Lifu Sheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Beijing Key Laboratory of Research and Transformation on Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomarkers, Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital/Institute of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Wanner N, Asosingh K. Immunophenotyping of Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Microparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2032:203-211. [PMID: 31522421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9650-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow-cytometric detection of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial microparticles is an essential tool in studies of vascular diseases. Here we describe the principles and detailed methods for human blood sample processing, storage, labeling, and gating of circulating endothelial elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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15
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Deng F, Wang S, Xu R, Yu W, Wang X, Zhang L. Endothelial microvesicles in hypoxic hypoxia diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3708-3718. [PMID: 29808945 PMCID: PMC6050493 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic hypoxia, including abnormally low partial pressure of inhaled oxygen, external respiratory dysfunction-induced respiratory hypoxia and venous blood flow into the arterial blood, is characterized by decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure, resulting in tissue oxygen deficiency. The specific characteristics include reduced arterial oxygen partial pressure and oxygen content. Hypoxic hypoxia diseases (HHDs) have attracted increased attention due to their high morbidity and mortality and mounting evidence showing that hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, coagulation, inflammation and angiogenesis play extremely important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of HHDs-related vascular endothelial injury. Interestingly, endothelial microvesicles (EMVs), which can be induced by hypoxia, hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, coagulation and inflammation in HHDs, have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication and cellular functions. EMVs shed from activated or apoptotic endothelial cells (ECs) reflect the degree of ECs damage, and elevated EMVs levels are present in several HHDs, including obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Furthermore, EMVs have procoagulant, proinflammatory and angiogenic functions that affect the pathological processes of HHDs. This review summarizes the emerging roles of EMVs in the diagnosis, staging, treatment and clinical prognosis of HHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Riping Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenqian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Liangqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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16
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Saygin D, Wanner N, Rose JA, Naga Prasad SV, Tang WHW, Erzurum S, Asosingh K. Relative quantification of beta-adrenergic receptor in peripheral blood cells using flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2018; 93:563-570. [PMID: 29573550 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) play a critical role in many diseases. Quantification of β-AR density may have clinical implications in terms of assessing disease severity and identifying patients who could potentially benefit from beta-blocker therapy. Classical methods for β-AR quantification are based on labor-intensive and time-consuming radioligand binding assays. Here, we report optimization of a flow cytometry-based method utilizing a biotinylated β-AR ligand alprenolol as a probe and use of this method to quantify relative receptor expression in healthy controls (HC). Quantum™ MESF beads were used for quantification in absolute fluorescence units. The probe was chemically modified by adding a spacer moiety between biotin and alprenolol to stabilize receptor binding, thus preventing binding decay. Testing of three different standard cell fixation and permeabilization methods (formaldehyde fixation and saponin, Tween-20, or Triton-X 100 permeabilization) showed that the formaldehyde/Triton-X 100 method yielded the best results. β-AR expression was significantly higher in granulocytes compared to mononuclear cells. These data show that flow cytometric quantification of relative β-AR expression in circulating leukocytes is a suitable technology for large-scale clinical application. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Saygin
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan A Rose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Farha S, Saygin D, Park MM, Cheong HI, Asosingh K, Comhair SA, Stephens OR, Roach EC, Sharp J, Highland KB, DiFilippo FP, Neumann DR, Tang WHW, Erzurum SC. Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with carvedilol for heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JCI Insight 2017; 2:95240. [PMID: 28814664 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right-sided heart failure is the leading cause of death in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Similar to left heart failure, sympathetic overactivation and β-adrenoreceptor (βAR) abnormalities are found in PAH. Based on successful therapy of left heart failure with β-blockade, the safety and benefits of the nonselective β-blocker/vasodilator carvedilol were evaluated in PAH. METHODS PAH Treatment with Carvedilol for Heart Failure (PAHTCH) is a single-center, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Following 1-week run-in, 30 participants were randomized to 1 of 3 arms for 24 weeks: placebo, low-fixed-dose, or dose-escalating carvedilol. Outcomes included clinical measures and mechanistic biomarkers. RESULTS Decreases in heart rate and blood pressure with carvedilol were well tolerated; heart rate correlated with carvedilol dose. Carvedilol-treated groups had no decrease in exercise capacity measured by 6-minute walk, but had lower heart rates at peak and after exercise, and faster heart rate recovery. Dose-escalating carvedilol was associated with reduction in right ventricular (RV) glycolytic rate and increase in βAR levels. There was no evidence of RV functional deterioration; rather, cardiac output was maintained. CONCLUSIONS Carvedilol is likely safe in PAH over 6 months of therapy and has clinical and mechanistic benefits associated with improved outcomes. The data provide support for longer and larger studies to establish guidelines for use of β-blockers in PAH. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01586156FUNDING. This project was supported by NIH R01HL115008 and R01HL60917 and in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, UL1TR000439.
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Extracellular vesicles for liquid biopsy in prostate cancer: where are we and where are we headed? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:251-258. [PMID: 28374743 PMCID: PMC5569339 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous class of lipid bound particles shed by any cell in the body in physiological and pathological conditions. EVs play critical functions in intercellular communication. EVs can actively travel in intercellular matrices and eventually reach the circulation. They can also be released directly in biological fluids where they appear to be stable. Because the molecular content of EVs reflects the composition of the cell of origin, they have recently emerged as a promising source of biomarkers in a number of diseases. EV analysis is particularly attractive in cancer patients that frequently present with increased numbers of circulating EVs. Methods: We sought to review the current literature on the molecular profile of prostate cancer-derived EVs in model systems and patient biological fluids in an attempt to draw some practical and universal conclusions on the use of EVs as a tool for liquid biopsy in clinical specimens. Results: We discuss advantages and limitations of EV-based liquid biopsy approaches summarizing salient studies on protein, DNA and RNA. Several candidate biomarkers have been identified so far but these results are difficult to apply to the clinic. However, the field is rapidly moving toward the implementation of novel tools to isolate cancer-specific EVs that are free of benign EVs and extra-vesicular contaminants. This can be achieved by identifying markers that are exquisitely present in tumor cell-derived EVs. An important contribution might also derive from a better understanding of EV types that may play specific functions in tumor progression and that may be a source of cancer-specific markers. Conclusions: EV analysis holds strong promises for the development of non-invasive biomarkers in patients with prostate cancer. Implementation of modern methods for EV isolation and characterization will enable to interrogate circulating EVs in vivo.
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