1
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Choi D, Park E, Choi J, Lu R, Yu JS, Kim C, Zhao L, Yu J, Nakashima B, Lee S, Singhal D, Scallan JP, Zhou B, Koh CJ, Lee E, Hong YK. Piezo1 regulates meningeal lymphatic vessel drainage and alleviates excessive CSF accumulation. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:913-926. [PMID: 38528202 PMCID: PMC11088999 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Piezo1 regulates multiple aspects of the vascular system by converting mechanical signals generated by fluid flow into biological processes. Here, we find that Piezo1 is necessary for the proper development and function of meningeal lymphatic vessels and that activating Piezo1 through transgenic overexpression or treatment with the chemical agonist Yoda1 is sufficient to increase cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow by improving lymphatic absorption and transport. The abnormal accumulation of CSF, which often leads to hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly, currently lacks effective treatments. We discovered that meningeal lymphatics in mouse models of Down syndrome were incompletely developed and abnormally formed. Selective overexpression of Piezo1 in lymphatics or systemic administration of Yoda1 in mice with hydrocephalus or Down syndrome resulted in a notable decrease in pathological CSF accumulation, ventricular enlargement and other associated disease symptoms. Together, our study highlights the importance of Piezo1-mediated lymphatic mechanotransduction in maintaining brain fluid drainage and identifies Piezo1 as a promising therapeutic target for treating excessive CSF accumulation and ventricular enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renhao Lu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jin Suh Yu
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chiyoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luping Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Yu
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Nakashima
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sunju Lee
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhruv Singhal
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chester J Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Harris NR, Bálint L, Dy DM, Nielsen NR, Méndez HG, Aghajanian A, Caron KM. The ebb and flow of cardiac lymphatics: a tidal wave of new discoveries. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:391-432. [PMID: 35953269 PMCID: PMC9576179 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is imbued with a vast lymphatic network that is responsible for fluid homeostasis and immune cell trafficking. Disturbances in the forces that regulate microvascular fluid movement can result in myocardial edema, which has profibrotic and proinflammatory consequences and contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction. This review explores the complex relationship between cardiac lymphatics, myocardial edema, and cardiac disease. It covers the revised paradigm of microvascular forces and fluid movement around the capillary as well as the arsenal of preclinical tools and animal models used to model myocardial edema and cardiac disease. Clinical studies of myocardial edema and their prognostic significance are examined in parallel to the recent elegant animal studies discerning the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of cardiac lymphatics in different cardiovascular disease models. This review highlights the outstanding questions of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians regarding the roles of cardiac lymphatics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - László Bálint
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danielle M Dy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hernán G Méndez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amir Aghajanian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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3
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Zhao L, Tannenbaum A, Bakker ENTP, Benveniste H. Physiology of Glymphatic Solute Transport and Waste Clearance from the Brain. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:0. [PMID: 35881783 PMCID: PMC9550574 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the physiology of glymphatic solute transport and waste clearance, using evidence from experimental animal models as well as from human studies. Specific topics addressed include the biophysical characteristics of fluid and solute transport in the central nervous system, glymphatic-lymphatic coupling, as well as the role of cerebrospinal fluid movement for brain waste clearance. We also discuss the current understanding of mechanisms underlying increased waste clearance during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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4
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Choi D, Park E, Yu RP, Cooper MN, Cho IT, Choi J, Yu J, Zhao L, Yum JEI, Yu JS, Nakashima B, Lee S, Seong YJ, Jiao W, Koh CJ, Baluk P, McDonald DM, Saraswathy S, Lee JY, Jeon NL, Zhang Z, Huang AS, Zhou B, Wong AK, Hong YK. Piezo1-Regulated Mechanotransduction Controls Flow-Activated Lymphatic Expansion. Circ Res 2022; 131:e2-e21. [PMID: 35701867 PMCID: PMC9308715 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in PIEZO1 (Piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1) cause human lymphatic malformations. We have previously uncovered an ORAI1 (ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1)-mediated mechanotransduction pathway that triggers lymphatic sprouting through Notch downregulation in response to fluid flow. However, the identity of its upstream mechanosensor remains unknown. This study aimed to identify and characterize the molecular sensor that translates the flow-mediated external signal to the Orai1-regulated lymphatic expansion. METHODS Various mutant mouse models, cellular, biochemical, and molecular biology tools, and a mouse tail lymphedema model were employed to elucidate the role of Piezo1 in flow-induced lymphatic growth and regeneration. RESULTS Piezo1 was found to be abundantly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells. Piezo1 knockdown in cultured lymphatic endothelial cells inhibited the laminar flow-induced calcium influx and abrogated the flow-mediated regulation of the Orai1 downstream genes, such as KLF2 (Krüppel-like factor 2), DTX1 (Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 1), DTX3L (Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3L,) and NOTCH1 (Notch receptor 1), which are involved in lymphatic sprouting. Conversely, stimulation of Piezo1 activated the Orai1-regulated mechanotransduction in the absence of fluid flow. Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction was significantly blocked by Orai1 inhibition, establishing the epistatic relationship between Piezo1 and Orai1. Lymphatic-specific conditional Piezo1 knockout largely phenocopied sprouting defects shown in Orai1- or Klf2- knockout lymphatics during embryo development. Postnatal deletion of Piezo1 induced lymphatic regression in adults. Ectopic Dtx3L expression rescued the lymphatic defects caused by Piezo1 knockout, affirming that the Piezo1 promotes lymphatic sprouting through Notch downregulation. Consistently, transgenic Piezo1 expression or pharmacological Piezo1 activation enhanced lymphatic sprouting. Finally, we assessed a potential therapeutic value of Piezo1 activation in lymphatic regeneration and found that a Piezo1 agonist, Yoda1, effectively suppressed postsurgical lymphedema development. CONCLUSIONS Piezo1 is an upstream mechanosensor for the lymphatic mechanotransduction pathway and regulates lymphatic growth in response to external physical stimuli. Piezo1 activation presents a novel therapeutic opportunity for preventing postsurgical lymphedema. The Piezo1-regulated lymphangiogenesis mechanism offers a molecular basis for Piezo1-associated lymphatic malformation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roy P. Yu
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael N. Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Il-Taeg Cho
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Yu
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Luping Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Irene Yum
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jin Suh Yu
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brandon Nakashima
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sunju Lee
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Young Jin Seong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wan Jiao
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chester J. Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Baluk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donald M. McDonald
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sindhu Saraswathy
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jong Y. Lee
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alex S. Huang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alex K. Wong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Bekisz S, Baudin L, Buntinx F, Noël A, Geris L. In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Models of Lymphangiogenesis in Solid Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1525. [PMID: 35326676 PMCID: PMC8946816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis (LA) is the formation of new lymphatic vessels by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) sprouting from pre-existing lymphatic vessels. It is increasingly recognized as being involved in many diseases, such as in cancer and secondary lymphedema, which most often results from cancer treatments. For some cancers, excessive LA is associated with cancer progression and metastatic dissemination to the lymph nodes (LNs) through lymphatic vessels. The study of LA through in vitro, in vivo, and, more recently, in silico models is of paramount importance in providing novel insights and identifying the key molecular actors in the biological dysregulation of this process under pathological conditions. In this review, the different biological (in vitro and in vivo) models of LA, especially in a cancer context, are explained and discussed, highlighting their principal modeled features as well as their advantages and drawbacks. Imaging techniques of the lymphatics, complementary or even essential to in vivo models, are also clarified and allow the establishment of the link with computational approaches. In silico models are introduced, theoretically described, and illustrated with examples specific to the lymphatic system and the LA. Together, these models constitute a toolbox allowing the LA research to be brought to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bekisz
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In silico Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Louis Baudin
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Development, GIGA Cancer, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (L.B.); (F.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Florence Buntinx
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Development, GIGA Cancer, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (L.B.); (F.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Development, GIGA Cancer, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (L.B.); (F.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In silico Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Ang PS, Matrongolo MJ, Tischfield MA. The growth and expansion of meningeal lymphatic networks are affected in craniosynostosis. Development 2021; 149:273882. [PMID: 34908123 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skull malformations are associated with vascular anomalies that can impair fluid balance in the central nervous system. We previously reported that humans with craniosynostosis and mutations in TWIST1 have dural venous sinus malformations. It is still unknown whether meningeal lymphatic networks, which are patterned alongside the venous sinuses, are also affected. We now show that the growth and expansion of meningeal lymphatics are perturbed in Twist1 craniosynostosis models. Changes to the local meningeal environment, including hypoplastic dura and venous malformations, affect the ability of lymphatic networks to sprout and remodel. Dorsal networks along the transverse sinus are hypoplastic with reduced branching. By contrast, basal networks closer to the skull base are more variably affected, showing exuberant growth in some animals suggesting they are compensating for vessel loss in dorsal networks. Injecting a molecular tracer into cerebrospinal fluid reveals significantly less drainage to the deep cervical lymph nodes, indicative of impaired lymphatic function. Collectively, our results show that meningeal lymphatic networks are affected in craniosynostosis, suggesting the clearance of beta-amyloid and waste from the central nervous system may be impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Ang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Matt J Matrongolo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Max A Tischfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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7
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Muley A, Kim Uh M, Salazar-De Simone G, Swaminathan B, James JM, Murtomaki A, Youn SW, McCarron JD, Kitajewski C, Gnarra Buethe M, Riitano G, Mukouyama YS, Kitajewski J, Shawber CJ. Unique functions for Notch4 in murine embryonic lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2021; 25:205-224. [PMID: 34665379 PMCID: PMC9054879 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In mice, embryonic dermal lymphatic development is well understood and used to study gene functions in lymphangiogenesis. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that modulates cell fate decisions, which has been shown to both inhibit and promote dermal lymphangiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate distinct roles for Notch4 signaling versus canonical Notch signaling in embryonic dermal lymphangiogenesis. Actively growing embryonic dermal lymphatics expressed NOTCH1, NOTCH4, and DLL4 which correlated with Notch activity. In lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), DLL4 activation of Notch induced a subset of Notch effectors and lymphatic genes, which were distinctly regulated by Notch1 and Notch4 activation. Treatment of LECs with VEGF-A or VEGF-C upregulated Dll4 transcripts and differentially and temporally regulated the expression of Notch1 and Hes/Hey genes. Mice nullizygous for Notch4 had an increase in the closure of the lymphangiogenic fronts which correlated with reduced vessel caliber in the maturing lymphatic plexus at E14.5 and reduced branching at E16.5. Activation of Notch4 suppressed LEC migration in a wounding assay significantly more than Notch1, suggesting a dominant role for Notch4 in regulating LEC migration. Unlike Notch4 nulls, inhibition of canonical Notch signaling by expressing a dominant negative form of MAML1 (DNMAML) in Prox1+ LECs led to increased lymphatic density consistent with an increase in LEC proliferation, described for the loss of LEC Notch1. Moreover, loss of Notch4 did not affect LEC canonical Notch signaling. Thus, we propose that Notch4 signaling and canonical Notch signaling have distinct functions in the coordination of embryonic dermal lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Muley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Minji Kim Uh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Bhairavi Swaminathan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jennifer M James
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aino Murtomaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu, 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seock Won Youn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joseph D McCarron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chris Kitajewski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maria Gnarra Buethe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gloria Riitano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Carrie J Shawber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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8
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Redder E, Kirschnick N, Bobe S, Hägerling R, Hansmeier NR, Kiefer F. Vegfr3-tdTomato, a reporter mouse for microscopic visualization of lymphatic vessel by multiple modalities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249256. [PMID: 34543279 PMCID: PMC8452004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are indispensable for tissue fluid homeostasis, transport of solutes and dietary lipids and immune cell trafficking. In contrast to blood vessels, which are easily visible by their erythrocyte cargo, lymphatic vessels are not readily detected in the tissue context. Their invisibility interferes with the analysis of the three-dimensional lymph vessel structure in large tissue volumes and hampers dynamic intravital studies on lymphatic function and pathofunction. An approach to overcome these limitations are mouse models, which express transgenic fluorescent proteins under the control of tissue-specific promotor elements. We introduce here the BAC-transgenic mouse reporter strain Vegfr3-tdTomato that expresses a membrane-tagged version of tdTomato under control of Flt4 regulatory elements. Vegfr3-tdTomato mice inherited the reporter in a mendelian fashion and showed selective and stable fluorescence in the lymphatic vessels of multiple organs tested, including lung, kidney, heart, diaphragm, intestine, mesentery, liver and dermis. In this model, tdTomato expression was sufficient for direct visualisation of lymphatic vessels by epifluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, lymph vessels were readily visualized using a number of microscopic modalities including confocal laser scanning, light sheet fluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Due to the early onset of VEGFR-3 expression in venous embryonic vessels and the short maturation time of tdTomato, this reporter offers an interesting alternative to Prox1-promoter driven lymphatic reporter mice for instance to study the developmental differentiation of venous to lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Redder
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Kirschnick
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bobe
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - René Hägerling
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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9
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Olmeda D, Cerezo-Wallis D, Castellano-Sanz E, García-Silva S, Peinado H, Soengas MS. Physiological models for in vivo imaging and targeting the lymphatic system: Nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113833. [PMID: 34147531 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of the lymphatic vasculature has gained great attention in various fields, not only because lymphatic vessels act as a key draining system in the body, but also for their implication in autoimmune diseases, organ transplant, inflammation and cancer. Thus, neolymphangiogenesis, or the generation of new lymphatics, is typically an early event in the development of multiple tumor types, particularly in aggressive ones such as malignant melanoma. Still, the understanding of how lymphatic endothelial cells get activated at distal (pre)metastatic niches and their impact on therapy is still unclear. Addressing these questions is of particular interest in the case of immune modulators, because endothelial cells may favor or halt inflammatory processes depending on the cellular context. Therefore, there is great interest in visualizing the lymphatic vasculature in vivo. Here, we review imaging tools and mouse models used to analyze the lymphatic vasculature during tumor progression. We also discuss therapeutic approaches based on nanomedicines to target the lymphatic system and the potential use of extracellular vesicles to track and target sentinel lymph nodes. Finally, we summarize main pre-clinical models developed to visualize the lymphatic vasculature in vivo, discussing their applications with a particular focus in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olmeda
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Cerezo-Wallis
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain; Area of Cell & Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Castellano-Sanz
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María S Soengas
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Lentz R, Shin C, Bloom Z, Yamada K, Hong YK, Wong AK, Patel K. From Bench to Bedside: The Role of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Treating Patients with Lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2021; 19:11-16. [PMID: 33544026 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2020.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lymphedema is a condition characterized by dysfunction of the lymphatic system resulting in chronic, progressive soft tissue edema that can negatively impact individuals' function, self-image, and quality of life. Understanding of the disease process has evolved significantly in the past two decades with advances in diagnostic modalities and surgical techniques revolutionizing prior treatment algorithms. Methods and Results: We reviewed our current approach at the University of Southern California to improving outcomes in lymphedema treatment. Given the complexity of this medical condition, patients are best served by a multidisciplinary approach. At our institution, this involves a collaborative effort between bench researchers, lymphatic therapists, medical physicians, and lymphedema surgeons. Basic science and translational research provide further understanding into the underlying mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis and the possibility for potential therapeutic interventions. Our surgical algorithms require patients to undergo a thorough diagnostic evaluation and consultation with certified lymphatic therapists prior to undergoing either physiologic or debulking operations. Patients are followed clinically following any interventions. Further community outreach and education is carried out in order to improve upon early diagnosis and symptom recognition. Conclusions: Optimizing lymphedema care requires a collaborative interplay between researchers, physicians, and therapists. Additionally, patient and provider education on early disease recognition and treatment options is an equally critical aspect of improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lentz
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christina Shin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zoe Bloom
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kimiko Yamada
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex K Wong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Lee JY, Akiyama G, Saraswathy S, Xie X, Pan X, Hong YK, Huang AS. Aqueous humour outflow imaging: seeing is believing. Eye (Lond) 2020; 35:202-215. [PMID: 33060830 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary risk factor for blindness in glaucoma. IOP is determined by many factors including aqueous humour production and aqueous humour outflow (AHO), where AHO disturbance represents the primary cause of increased IOP. With the recent development of new IOP lowering drugs and Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgeries (MIGS), renewed interest has arisen in shedding light on not only how but where AHO is occurring for the trabecular/conventional, uveoscleral/unconventional, and subconjunctival outflow pathways. Historical studies critical to understanding outflow anatomy will be presented, leading to the development of modern imaging methods. New biological behaviours uncovered by modern imaging methods will be discussed with relevance to glaucoma therapies emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Lee
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University, College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Goichi Akiyama
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jikei School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sindhu Saraswathy
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaobin Xie
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Pan
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Qindao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Eye Institute, Qindao, China
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex S Huang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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12
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Wu Y, Seong YJ, Li K, Choi D, Park E, Daghlian GH, Jung E, Bui K, Zhao L, Madhavan S, Daghlian S, Daghlian P, Chin D, Cho IT, Wong AK, Heur M, Zhang-Nunes S, Tan JC, Ema M, Wong TT, Huang AS, Hong YK. Organogenesis and distribution of the ocular lymphatic vessels in the anterior eye. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135121. [PMID: 32641580 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma surgeries, such as trabeculectomy, are performed to lower intraocular pressure to reduce risk of vision loss. These surgeries create a new passage in the eye that reroutes the aqueous humor outflow to the subconjunctival space, where the fluid is presumably absorbed by the conjunctival lymphatics. Here, we characterized the development and function of the ocular lymphatics using transgenic lymphatic reporter mice and rats. We found that the limbal and conjunctival lymphatic networks are progressively formed from a primary lymphatic vessel that grows from the nasal-side medial canthus region at birth. This primary lymphatic vessel immediately branches out, invades the limbus and conjunctiva, and bidirectionally encircles the cornea. As a result, the distribution of the ocular lymphatics is significantly polarized toward the nasal side, and the limbal lymphatics are directly connected to the conjunctival lymphatics. New lymphatic sprouts are produced mainly from the nasal-side limbal lymphatics, posing the nasal side of the eye as more responsive to fluid drainage and inflammatory stimuli. Consistent with this polarized distribution of the ocular lymphatics, a higher drainage efficiency was observed in the nasal side than the temporal side of the eye when injected with a fluorescent tracer. In contrast, blood vessels are evenly distributed at the anterior surface of the eyes. Also, we found that these distinct vascular distribution patterns were conserved in human eyes. Together, our study demonstrated that the ocular surface lymphatics are more densely present in the nasal side and uncovered the potential clinical benefits in selecting the nasal side as a glaucoma surgery site to improve fluid drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Young Jin Seong
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kin Li
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.,College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George H Daghlian
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunson Jung
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Khoa Bui
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Luping Zhao
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shrimika Madhavan
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Saren Daghlian
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patill Daghlian
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Desmond Chin
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Il-Taeg Cho
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Martin Heur
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandy Zhang-Nunes
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James C Tan
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models Research Center for Animal Life, Science Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tina T Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Alex S Huang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Choi D, Park E, Jung E, Cha B, Lee S, Yu J, Kim PM, Lee S, Hong YJ, Koh CJ, Cho CW, Wu Y, Li Jeon N, Wong AK, Shin L, Kumar SR, Bermejo-Moreno I, Srinivasan RS, Cho IT, Hong YK. Piezo1 incorporates mechanical force signals into the genetic program that governs lymphatic valve development and maintenance. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125068. [PMID: 30676326 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays crucial roles in tissue homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking. Although lymphatic valves ensure unidirectional lymph flows, the flow itself controls lymphatic valve formation. Here, we demonstrate that a mechanically activated ion channel Piezo1 senses oscillating shear stress (OSS) and incorporates the signal into the genetic program controlling lymphatic valve development and maintenance. Time-controlled deletion of Piezo1 using a pan-endothelial Cre driver (Cdh5[PAC]-CreERT2) or lymphatic-specific Cre driver (Prox1-CreERT2) equally inhibited lymphatic valve formation in newborn mice. Furthermore, Piezo1 deletion in adult lymphatics caused substantial lymphatic valve degeneration. Piezo1 knockdown in cultured lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) largely abrogated the OSS-induced upregulation of the lymphatic valve signature genes. Conversely, ectopic Piezo1 overexpression upregulated the lymphatic valve genes in the absence of OSS. Remarkably, activation of Piezo1 using chemical agonist Yoda1 not only accelerated lymphatic valve formation in animals, but also triggered upregulation of some lymphatic valve genes in cultured LECs without exposure to OSS. In summary, our studies together demonstrate that Piezo1 is the force sensor in the mechanotransduction pathway controlling lymphatic valve development and maintenance, and Piezo1 activation is a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for congenital and surgery-associated lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunson Jung
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Somin Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - James Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul M Kim
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sunju Lee
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yeo Jin Hong
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chester J Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor Collexge of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Department of Surgery, and.,Traditional Food Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Bermejo-Moreno
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Rodriguez-Laguna L, Agra N, Ibañez K, Oliva-Molina G, Gordo G, Khurana N, Hominick D, Beato M, Colmenero I, Herranz G, Torres Canizalez JM, Rodríguez Pena R, Vallespín E, Martín-Arenas R, Del Pozo Á, Villaverde C, Bustamante A, Ayuso C, Lapunzina P, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Dellinger MT, Martinez-Glez V. Somatic activating mutations in PIK3CA cause generalized lymphatic anomaly. J Exp Med 2018; 216:407-418. [PMID: 30591517 PMCID: PMC6363432 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) is a vascular disorder characterized by diffuse or multifocal lymphatic malformations (LMs). Here, Rodriguez-Laguna et al. report that somatic activating PIK3CA mutations can cause GLA, and we provide preclinical and clinical evidence to support the use of rapamycin for the treatment of GLA. Generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) is a vascular disorder characterized by diffuse or multifocal lymphatic malformations (LMs). The etiology of GLA is poorly understood. We identified four distinct somatic PIK3CA variants (Glu542Lys, Gln546Lys, His1047Arg, and His1047Leu) in tissue samples from five out of nine patients with GLA. These same PIK3CA variants occur in PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum and cause hyperactivation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway. We found that the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, prevented lymphatic hyperplasia and dysfunction in mice that expressed an active form of PIK3CA (His1047Arg) in their lymphatics. We also found that rapamycin reduced pain in patients with GLA. In conclusion, we report that somatic activating PIK3CA mutations can cause GLA, and we provide preclinical and clinical evidence to support the use of rapamycin for the treatment of this disabling and deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodriguez-Laguna
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Agra
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristina Ibañez
- Bioinformatics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Oliva-Molina
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Gordo
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noor Khurana
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Devon Hominick
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - María Beato
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Colmenero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herranz
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Vallespín
- Structural and Functional Genomics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Arenas
- Structural and Functional Genomics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Del Pozo
- Bioinformatics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Villaverde
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bustamante
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Genetics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Lopez-Gutierrez
- Vascular Anomalies Center, Plastic Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael T Dellinger
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Victor Martinez-Glez
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Genetics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics-Instituto de Investigación PAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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16
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Doh SJ, Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Montana M, Guo K, Sauer JR, Curran N, Han KY, Yu C, Ema M, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Fluorescent reporter transgenic mice for in vivo live imaging of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:677-698. [PMID: 29971641 PMCID: PMC6472480 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of lymphangiogenesis is an emerging science that has revealed the lymphatic system as a central player in many pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, lymphedema, and organ graft rejection. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of lymphatic growth will play a key role in the development of therapeutic strategies against these conditions. Despite the known potential of this field, the study of lymphatics has historically lagged behind that of hemangiogenesis. Until recently, significant strides in lymphatic studies were impeded by a lack of lymphatic-specific markers and suitable experimental models compared to those of the more immediately visible blood vasculature. Lymphangiogenesis has also been shown to be a key phenomenon in developmental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, guided migration, differentiation, and cell-to-cell communication, making lymphatic-specific visualization techniques highly desirable and desperately needed. Imaging modalities including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are limited by the need to sacrifice animal models for tissue harvesting at every experimental time point. Moreover, the processes of mounting and staining harvested tissues may introduce artifacts that can confound results. These traditional methods for investigating lymphatic and blood vasculature are associated with several problems including animal variability (e.g., between mice) when replicating lymphatic growth environments and the cost concerns of prolonged, labor-intensive studies, all of which complicate the study of dynamic lymphatic processes. With the discovery of lymphatic-specific markers, researchers have been able to develop several lymphatic and blood vessel-specific, promoter-driven, fluorescent-reporter transgenic mice for visualization of lymphatics in vivo and in vitro. For instance, GFP, mOrange, tdTomato, and other fluorescent proteins can be expressed under control of a lymphatic-specific marker like Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), which is a highly conserved transcription factor for determining embryonic organogenesis in vertebrates that is implicated in lymphangiogenesis as well as several human cancers. Importantly, Prox1-null mouse embryos develop without lymphatic vessels. In human adults, Prox1 maintains lymphatic endothelial cells and upregulates proteins associated with lymphangiogenesis (e.g., VEGFR-3) and downregulates angiogenesis-associated gene expression (e.g., STAT6). To visualize lymphatic development in the context of angiogenesis, dual fluorescent-transgenic reporters, like Prox1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed mice, have been bred to characterize lymphatic and blood vessels simultaneously in vivo. In this review, we discuss the trends in lymphatic visualization and the potential usage of transgenic breeds in hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis research to understand spatial and temporal correlations between vascular development and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Doh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Curran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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17
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Exosomes as a Communication Tool Between the Lymphatic System and Bladder Cancer. Int Neurourol J 2018; 22:220-224. [PMID: 30286586 PMCID: PMC6177726 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1836186.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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18
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Hu X, Luo J. Heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis: Progress and prospects. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3005-3012. [PMID: 30007095 PMCID: PMC6172057 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis and increased expression of lymphangiogenic growth factors are associated with high rates of lymph node (LN) metastasis and with poor prognosis in some, but not all, solid tumors. In addition to its involvement in metastasis, lymphangiogenesis has been shown to have other roles in tumor pathogenesis, such as the niche function of tumor stem cells and regulatory functions of antitumor immune responses. In contrast, evidence has accumulated that tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis displays the heterogeneity in gene signature, structure, cellular origins and functional plasticity. This review summarizes the advances in the research on the heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis and discusses how it may contribute to functional complexity and multiplicity of lymphangiogenesis in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jincai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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19
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Stump B, Cui Y, Kidambi P, Lamattina AM, El-Chemaly S. Lymphatic Changes in Respiratory Diseases: More than Just Remodeling of the Lung? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:272-279. [PMID: 28443685 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0290tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in our ability to identify lymphatic endothelial cells and differentiate them from blood endothelial cells have led to important progress in the study of lymphatic biology. Over the past decade, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that there are changes to the lymphatic vasculature in nearly all lung diseases. Efforts to understand the contribution of lymphatics and their growth factors to disease initiation, progression, and resolution have led to seminal findings establishing critical roles for lymphatics in lung biology spanning from the first breath after birth to asthma, tuberculosis, and lung transplantation. However, in other diseases, it remains unclear if lymphatics are part of the overall lung remodeling process or real contributors to disease pathogenesis. The goal of this Translational Review is to highlight some of the advances in our understanding of the role(s) of lymphatics in lung disease and shed light on the critical needs and unanswered questions that might lead to novel translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stump
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ye Cui
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pranav Kidambi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony M Lamattina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Development and Characterization of A Novel Prox1-EGFP Lymphatic and Schlemm's Canal Reporter Rat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5577. [PMID: 28717161 PMCID: PMC5514086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays a key role in tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and fat absorption. We previously reported a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based lymphatic reporter mouse, where EGFP is expressed under the regulation of the Prox1 promoter. This reporter line has been widely used to conveniently visualize lymphatic vessels and other Prox1-expressing tissues such as Schlemm's canal. However, mice have a number of experimental limitations due to small body size. By comparison, laboratory rats are larger in size and more closely model the metabolic, physiological, and surgical aspects of humans. Here, we report development of a novel lymphatic reporter rat using the mouse Prox1-EGFP BAC. Despite the species mismatch, the mouse Prox1-EGFP BAC enabled a reliable expression of EGFP in Prox1-expressing cells of the transgenic rats and allowed a convenient visualization of all lymphatic vessels, including those in the central nervous system, and Schlemm's canal. To demonstrate the utility of this new reporter rat, we studied the contractile properties and valvular functions of mesenteric lymphatics, developed a surgical model for vascularized lymph node transplantation, and confirmed Prox1 expression in venous valves. Together, Prox1-EGFP rat model will contribute to the advancement of lymphatic research as a valuable experimental resource.
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21
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Choi D, Park E, Jung E, Seong YJ, Hong M, Lee S, Burford J, Gyarmati G, Peti-Peterdi J, Srikanth S, Gwack Y, Koh CJ, Boriushkin E, Hamik A, Wong AK, Hong YK. ORAI1 Activates Proliferation of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Response to Laminar Flow Through Krüppel-Like Factors 2 and 4. Circ Res 2017; 120:1426-1439. [PMID: 28167653 PMCID: PMC6300148 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphatic vessels function to drain interstitial fluid from a variety of tissues. Although shear stress generated by fluid flow is known to trigger lymphatic expansion and remodeling, the molecular basis underlying flow-induced lymphatic growth is unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to gain a better understanding of the mechanism by which laminar shear stress activates lymphatic proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary endothelial cells from dermal blood and lymphatic vessels (blood vascular endothelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells [LECs]) were exposed to low-rate steady laminar flow. Shear stress-induced molecular and cellular responses were defined and verified using various mutant mouse models. Steady laminar flow induced the classic shear stress responses commonly in blood vascular endothelial cells and LECs. Surprisingly, however, only LECs showed enhanced cell proliferation by regulating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, FGFR3, and p57/CDKN1C genes. As an early signal mediator, ORAI1, a pore subunit of the calcium release-activated calcium channel, was identified to induce the shear stress phenotypes and cell proliferation in LECs responding to the fluid flow. Mechanistically, ORAI1 induced upregulation of Krüppel-like factor (KLF)-2 and KLF4 in the flow-activated LECs, and the 2 KLF proteins cooperate to regulate VEGF-A, VEGF-C, FGFR3, and p57 by binding to the regulatory regions of the genes. Consistently, freshly isolated LECs from Orai1 knockout embryos displayed reduced expression of KLF2, KLF4, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and FGFR3 and elevated expression of p57. Accordingly, mouse embryos deficient in Orai1, Klf2, or Klf4 showed a significantly reduced lymphatic density and impaired lymphatic development. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a molecular mechanism for laminar flow-activated LEC proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/metabolism
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/pathology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Lymphangiogenesis
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice, Knockout
- ORAI1 Protein/deficiency
- ORAI1 Protein/genetics
- ORAI1 Protein/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Stress, Mechanical
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Choi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunson Jung
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Young Jin Seong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mingu Hong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sunju Lee
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Burford
- Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chester J. Koh
- Pediatric Urology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Evgenii Boriushkin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | - Anne Hamik
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York
| | - Alex K. Wong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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22
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Okada T, Takahashi S, Ishida A, Ishigame H. In vivo multiphoton imaging of immune cell dynamics. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1793-1801. [PMID: 27659161 PMCID: PMC5138265 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton imaging has been utilized to analyze in vivo immune cell dynamics over the last 15 years. Particularly, it has deepened the understanding of how immune responses are organized by immune cell migration and interactions. In this review, we first describe the following technical advances in recent imaging studies that contributed to the new findings on the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Improved multicolor imaging of immune cell behavior has revealed that their interactions are spatiotemporally coordinated to achieve efficient and long-term immunity. The use of photoactivatable and photoconvertible fluorescent proteins has increased duration and volume of cell tracking, even enabling the analysis of inter-organ migration of immune cells. In addition, visualization of immune cell activation using biosensors for intracellular calcium concentration and signaling molecule activities has started to give further mechanistic insights. Then, we also introduce recent imaging analyses of interactions between immune cells and non-immune cells including endothelial, fibroblastic, epithelial, and nerve cells. It is argued that future imaging studies that apply updated technical advances to analyze interactions between immune cells and non-immune cells will be important for thorough physiological understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Sonoko Takahashi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishida
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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