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Saavedra LM, Bastías M, Mendoza P, Lagos NA, García-Herrera C, Ponce V, Alvarez F, Llanos-Rivera A. Environmental correlates of oyster farming in an upwelling system: Implication upon growth, biomass production, shell strength and organic composition. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 198:106489. [PMID: 38640688 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Comprehending the potential effects of environmental variability on bivalves aquaculture becomes crucial for its sustainability under climate change scenarios, specially in the Humboldt Current System (HCS) where upwelling intensification leading to frequent hypoxia and acidification is expected. In a year-long study, Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) were monitored at two depths (1.5m, 6.5m) in a bay affected by coastal upwelling. Surface waters exhibited warmer, well-oxygenated conditions and higher chlorophyll-a concentrations, while at depth greater hypoxia and acidification events occur, especially during upwelling. Surface cultured oysters exhibited 60 % larger size and 35% greater weight due to faster growth rate during the initial month of cultivation. The condition index (CI) increases in surface oysters after 10 months, whereas those at the bottom maintain a lower index. Food availability, temperature, and oxygen, correlates with higher growth rates, while pH associates with morphometric variables, indicating that larger oysters tend to develop under higher pH. Increased upwelling generally raises CI, but bottom oysters face stressful conditions such as hypoxia and acidification, resulting in lower performance. However, they acclimate by changing the organic composition of their shells and making them stronger. This study suggests that under intensified upwelling scenario, oysters would grow slowly, resulting in smaller sizes and lower performance, but the challenges may be confronted through complex compensation mechanisms among biomass production and maintenance of the shell structure and function. This poses a significant challenge for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry, emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Saavedra
- Department of Aquatic Systems and EULA Environmental Science Center, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile.
| | - Manuel Bastías
- Oceanography department, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Science, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Paula Mendoza
- Department of Aquatic Systems and EULA Environmental Science Center, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio García-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vania Ponce
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Biomateriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Llanos-Rivera
- Oceanography department, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Science, University of Concepción, Chile
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Tomasetti SJ, Doall MH, Hallinan BD, Kraemer JR, Gobler CJ. Oyster reefs' control of carbonate chemistry-Implications for oyster reef restoration in estuaries subject to coastal ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6572-6590. [PMID: 37777480 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Globally, oyster reef restoration is one of the most widely applied coastal restoration interventions. While reefs are focal points of processes tightly linked to the carbonate system such as shell formation and respiration, how these processes alter reef carbonate chemistry relative to the surrounding seawater is unclear. Moreover, coastal systems are increasingly impacted by coastal acidification, which may affect reef carbonate chemistry. Here, we characterized the growth of multiple constructed reefs as well as summer variations in pH and carbonate chemistry of reef-influenced seawater (in the middle of reefs) and ambient seawater (at locations ~50 m outside of reefs) to determine how reef chemistry was altered by the reef community and, in turn, impacts resident oysters. High frequency monitoring across three subtidal constructed reefs revealed reductions of daily mean and minimum pH (by 0.05-0.07 and 0.07-0.12 units, respectively) in seawater overlying reefs relative to ambient seawater (p < .0001). The proportion of pH measurements below 7.5, a threshold shown to negatively impact post-larval oysters, were 1.8×-5.2× higher in reef seawater relative to ambient seawater. Most reef seawater samples (83%) were reduced in total alkalinity relative to ambient seawater samples, suggesting community calcification was a key driver of modified carbonate chemistry. The net metabolic influence of the reef community resulted in reductions of CaCO3 saturation state in 78% of discrete samples, and juvenile oysters placed on reefs exhibited slower shell growth (p < .05) compared to oysters placed outside of reefs. While differences in survival were not detected, reef oysters may benefit from enhanced survival or recruitment at the cost of slowed growth rates. Nevertheless, subtidal restored reef communities modified seawater carbonate chemistry in ways that likely increased oyster vulnerability to acidification, suggesting that carbonate chemistry dynamics warrant consideration when determining site suitability for oyster restoration, particularly under continued climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Tomasetti
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael H Doall
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, USA
| | - Brendan D Hallinan
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Kraemer
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, USA
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3
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Lutier M, Pernet F, Di Poi C. Pacific oysters do not compensate growth retardation following extreme acidification events. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230185. [PMID: 37582403 PMCID: PMC10427192 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification caused by anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions alters the growth of marine calcifiers. Although the immediate effects of acidification from global ocean models have been well studied on calcifiers, their recovery capacity over a wide range of pH has never been evaluated. This aspect is crucial because acidification events that arise in coastal areas can far exceed global ocean predictions. However, such acidification events could occur transiently, allowing for recovery periods during which the effects on growth would be compensated, maintained or amplified. Here we evaluated the recovery capacity of a model calcifier, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. We exposed juveniles to 15 pH conditions between 6.4 and 7.8 for 14 days. Oyster growth was retarded below pH 7.1 while shells were corroded at pH 6.5. We then placed the oysters under ambient pH > 7.8 for 42 days. Growth retardation persisted at pH levels below pH 7.1 even after the stress was removed. However, despite persistent retardation, growth has resumed rapidly suggesting that the oysters can recover from extreme acidification. Yet we found that the differences in individual weight between pH conditions below 7.1 increased over time, and thus the growth retardation cannot be compensated and may affect the fitness of the bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lutier
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - Carole Di Poi
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
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Donelan SC, Ogburn MB, Breitburg D. Legacy of past exposure to hypoxia and warming regulates an ecosystem service provided by oysters. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1328-1339. [PMID: 36541067 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is having substantial impacts on organism fitness and ability to deliver critical ecosystem services, but these effects are often examined only in response to current environments. Past exposure to stress can also affect individuals via carryover effects, and whether these effects scale from individuals to influence ecosystem function and services is unknown. We explored within-generation carryover effects of two coastal climate change stressors-hypoxia and warming-on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) growth and nitrogen bioassimilation, an important ecosystem service. Oysters were exposed to a factorial combination of two temperature and two diel-cycling dissolved oxygen treatments at 3-months-old and again 1 year later. Carryover effects of hypoxia and warming influenced oyster growth and nitrogen storage in complex and context-dependent ways. When operating, carryover effects of single stressors generally reduced oyster nitrogen bioassimilation and relative investment in tissue versus shell growth, particularly in warm environments, while early life exposure to multiple stressors generally allowed oysters to perform as well as control oysters. When extrapolated to the reef scale, carryover effects decreased nitrogen stored by modeled oyster reefs in most conditions, with reductions as large as 41%, a substantial decline in a critical ecosystem service. In some scenarios, however, carryover effects increased nitrogen storage by modeled oyster reefs, again highlighting the complexity of these effects. Hence, even brief exposure to climate change stressors early in life may have persistent effects on an ecosystem service 1 year later. Our results show for the first time that within-generation carryover effects on individual phenotypes can impact processes at the ecosystem scale and may therefore be an overlooked factor determining ecosystem service delivery in response to anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Donelan
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Ogburn
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Breitburg
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
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Liu P, Fu L, Li B, Man M, Ji Y, Kang Q, Sun X, Shen D, Chen L. Dissolved oxygen gradient on three dimensionally printed microfluidic platform for studying its effect on fish at three levels: cell, embryo, and larva. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21978-21989. [PMID: 36282391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple and low-cost dissolved oxygen gradient platform of three dimensionally (3D) printed microfluidic chip was developed for cultivating cells, embryos, and larvae of fish. "Christmas tree" structure channel networks generated a dissolved oxygen gradient out of two fluids fed to the device. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane with high biocompatibility was used as the substrate for cell culture in the 3D-printed microfluidic chip, which made the cell analysis easy. The embryos and larvae of fish could be cultured directly in the chip, and their development can be observed in real time with a microscope. Using zebrafish as a model, we assessed the effect of different dissolved oxygen on its cells, embryos, and larvae. Hypoxia induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in zebrafish cells, embryos, and larvae, eventually leading to cell apoptosis and developmental impairment. Hypoxia also increased nitric oxide content in zebrafish cells, which might be a defensive strategy to overcome the adverse effect of hypoxia in fish cells. This is the first platform that could comprehensively investigate the effects of different dissolved oxygen on fish at the cell, embryo, and larva levels, which has great potential in studying the responses of aquatic organisms under different oxygen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Longwen Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mingsan Man
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yunxia Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qi Kang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiyan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dazhong Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, The Research Center for Coastal Environment Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, China
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6
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Sankar MS, Dash P, Lu Y, Hu X, Mercer AE, Wickramarathna S, Beshah WT, Sanders SL, Arslan Z, Dyer J, Moorhead RJ. Seasonal changes of trace elements, nutrients, dissolved organic matter, and coastal acidification over the largest oyster reef in the Western Mississippi Sound, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:175. [PMID: 36469181 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes of trace elements, nutrients, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and carbonate system parameters were evaluated over the largest deteriorating oyster reef in the Western Mississippi Sound using data collected during spring, summer, and winter of 2018, and summer of 2019. Higher concentrations of Pb (224%), Cu (211%), Zn (2400%), and Ca (240%) were observed during winter of 2018 compared to summer 2019. Phosphate and ammonia concentrations were higher (> 800%) during both summers of 2018 and 2019 than winter of 2018. Among the three distinct DOM components identified, two terrestrial humic-like components were more abundant during both spring (12% and 36%) and summer (11% and 33%) of 2018 than winter of 2018, implying a relatively lesser supply of humic-like components from terrestrial sources during winter. On the other hand, the protein-like component was more abundant during summer of 2019 compared to rest of the study period, suggesting a higher rate of autochthonous production during summer 2019. In addition, to their significant depth-wise variation, ocean acidification parameters including pH, pCO2, CO32-, and carbonate saturation states were all higher during both summers of 2018 and 2019. The measured variables such as trace elements, organic carbon, suspended particulates, and acidification parameters exhibited conservative mixing behavior against salinity. These observations have strong implications for the health of the oyster reefs, which provides ecologically important habitats and supports the economy of the Gulf Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sankar
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Padmanava Dash
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - YueHan Lu
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Xinping Hu
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Andrew E Mercer
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Sudeera Wickramarathna
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Wondimagegn T Beshah
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Scott L Sanders
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Zikri Arslan
- MS 973, Federal Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, 80225, USA
| | - Jamie Dyer
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Robert J Moorhead
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
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Lovecchio E, Henson S, Carvalho F, Briggs N. Oxygen Variability in the Offshore Northern Benguela Upwelling System From Glider Data. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. OCEANS 2022; 127:e2022JC019063. [PMID: 36589533 PMCID: PMC9788292 DOI: 10.1029/2022jc019063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite their role in modulating the marine ecosystem, variability and drivers of low-oxygen events in the offshore northern Benguela Upwelling System (BenUS) have been rarely investigated due to the events' episodicity which is difficult to resolve using shipboard measurements. We address this issue using 4 months of high-resolution glider data collected between February and June 2018, 100 km offshore at 18°S. We find that oxygen (O2) concentrations in the offshore northern Benguela are determined by the subsurface alternation of low-oxygen Angola-derived water and oxygenated water from the south at 100-500 m depth. We observe intermittent hypoxia (O2 < 60 μmol kg-1) which occurs on average for ∼30% of the 4 months deployment and is driven by the time-varying subsurface pulses of Angola-derived tropical water. Hypoxic events are rather persistent at depths of 300-450 m, while they are more sporadic and have weekly duration at shallower depths (100-300 m). We find extreme values of hypoxia, with O2 minima of 16 μmol kg-1, associated with an anticyclonic eddy spinning from the undercurrent flowing on the BenUS shelf and showing no surface signature. Fine-scale patchiness and water mass mixing are associated with cross-frontal stirring by a large anticyclone recirculating tropical water into the northern BenUS. The dominance of physical drivers and their high variability on short time scales reveal a dynamic coupling between Angola and Benguela, calling for long-term and high-resolution measurements and studies focusing on future changes of both tropical O2 minima and lateral fluxes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathan Briggs
- National Oceanography CentreEuropean WaySouthamptonUK
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Wei S, Xie Z, Liu C, Sokolova I, Sun B, Mao Y, Xiong K, Peng J, Fang JKH, Hu M, Wang Y. Antioxidant response of the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis exposed to diel-cycling hypoxia under different salinities. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105705. [PMID: 35863129 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal and estuarine bivalves are adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions but the cellular adaptive mechanisms under combined stress scenarios are not well understood. The Hong Kong oysters Crassostrea hongkongensis experience periodic hypoxia/reoxygenation and salinity fluctuations during tidal cycles and extreme weather, which can negatively affect the respiratory organs (gills) involved in oxygen uptake and transport. We determined the effects of periodic hypoxia under different salinities on the oxidative stress response in Hong Kong oysters. Oxidative stress parameters (activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content (PCC)) were determined in the gills of oysters exposed to diel-cycling hypoxia (hypoxia at night: 12h at 2 mg/L, reoxygenation: 12h at 6 mg/L) and normal dissolved oxygen (DO) (6 mg/L) under three salinities (10, 25, and 35‰) for 28 days. Oxygen regime in combination with salinity changes had significant interactive effects on all studied parameters except SOD. Salinity, DO and their interactions increased PCC after 14 and 28 days of exposure, and the combination of hypoxia/reoxygenation and decreased salinity showed the most severe effect. MDA content of the gills increased only after the long-term (28 days) exposure in decreased or increased salinity under normal DO treatments, showing PCC was more sensitive than MDA as biomarker of oxidative stress. Low salinity suppressed SOD activity regardless of the DO, whereas hypoxia induced SOD responses. CAT activities decreased significantly under high salinity with hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions. Our findings highlighted that periodic hypoxia/reoxygenation with salinity change induced antioxidant responses, which can impact the health of Hong Kong oyster C. hongkongensis and prolonged salinity stress may be one reason for the mortality during its aquaculture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wei
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Inna Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bingyan Sun
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yiran Mao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinxia Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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9
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Lebata-Ramos MJHL, Dionela CS, Solis EFD, Mediavilla JP, Sibonga RC, Novilla SRM. Settlement of oyster Magallana bilineata (Röding, 1798) spat in the natural environment: seasonality and substrate texture preference. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2022.2073651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ellen Flor D. Solis
- Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/AQD), Tigbauan, Philippines
| | | | | | - Schedar Rose M. Novilla
- Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development – Regional VI, Gaisano ICC Mall, Iloilo City, Philippines
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Variation in Survival and Gut Microbiome Composition of Hatchery-Grown Native Oysters at Various Locations within the Puget Sound. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0198221. [PMID: 35536036 PMCID: PMC9241838 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01982-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) of the Puget Sound suffered a dramatic population crash, but restoration efforts hope to revive this native species. One overlooked variable in the process of assessing ecosystem health is association of bacteria with marine organisms and the environments they occupy. Oyster microbiomes are known to differ significantly between species, tissue type, and the habitat in which they are found. The goals of this study were to determine the impact of field site and habitat on the oyster microbiome and to identify core oyster-associated bacteria in the Puget Sound. Olympia oysters from one parental family were deployed at four sites in the Puget Sound both inside and outside of eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the oyster gut, shell, and surrounding seawater and sediment, we demonstrate that gut-associated bacteria are distinct from the surrounding environment and vary by field site. Furthermore, regional differences in the gut microbiota are associated with the survival rates of oysters at each site after 2 months of field exposure. However, habitat type had no influence on microbiome diversity. Further work is needed to identify the specific bacterial dynamics that are associated with oyster physiology and survival rates. IMPORTANCE This is the first exploration of the microbial colonizers of the Olympia oyster, a native oyster species to the West Coast, which is a focus of restoration efforts. The patterns of differential microbial colonization by location reveal microscale characteristics of potential restoration sites which are not typically considered. These microbial dynamics can provide a more holistic perspective on the factors that may influence oyster performance.
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Duvall MS, Jarvis BM, Hagy JD, Wan Y. Effects of Biophysical Processes on Diel-Cycling Hypoxia in a Subtropical Estuary. ESTUARIES AND COASTS : JOURNAL OF THE ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION 2022; 45:1615-1630. [PMID: 36505267 PMCID: PMC9727754 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-021-01040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In shallow estuaries, fluctuations in bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) at diel (24 h) timescales are commonly attributed to cycles of net production and respiration. However, bottom DO can also be modulated by physical processes, such as tides and wind, that vary at or near diel timescales. Here, we examine processes affecting spatiotemporal variations in diel-cycling DO in Escambia Bay, a shallow estuary along the Gulf of Mexico. We collected continuous water quality measurements in the upper and middle reaches of the Bay following relatively high (> 850 m3 s-1) and low (< 175 m3 s-1) springtime freshwater discharge. Variations in diel-cycling amplitude over time were estimated using the continuous wavelet transform, and correlations between DO and biophysical processes at diel timescales were examined using wavelet coherence. Our results reveal that freshwater discharge modulated inter-annual variations in the spatial extent and duration of summertime hypoxia through its effect on vertical density stratification. In the absence of strong stratification (> 15 kg m-3), vertical mixing by tropic tides and sea breeze enhanced diel fluctuations in deeper areas near the channel, while in shallower areas the largest fluctuations were associated with irradiance. Our findings suggest that processes affecting diel-cycling DO in the bottom layer can vary over a relatively short spatial extent less than 2 km and with relatively small changes in bottom elevation of 1 m or less. Implications for water quality monitoring were illustrated by subsampling DO timeseries, which demonstrates how low-frequency measurements may misrepresent water quality in estuaries where diel-cycling DO is common. In these systems, adequate assessment of hypoxia and its aquatic life impacts requires continuous measurements that capture the variation in DO at diel timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Duvall
- Office of Research and Development, ORISE Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA
| | - Brandon M Jarvis
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA
| | - James D Hagy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Yongshan Wan
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA
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12
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Donelan SC, Breitburg D, Ogburn MB. Context-dependent carryover effects of hypoxia and warming in a coastal ecosystem engineer. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021. [PMID: 33636022 DOI: 10.25573/serc.13341614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are increasingly likely to be exposed to multiple stressors repeatedly across ontogeny as climate change and other anthropogenic stressors intensify. Early life stages can be particularly sensitive to environmental stress, such that experiences early in life can "carry over" to have long-term effects on organism fitness. Despite the potential importance of these within-generation carryover effects, we have little understanding of how they vary across ecological contexts, particularly when organisms are re-exposed to the same stressors later in life. In coastal marine systems, anthropogenic nutrients and warming water temperatures are reducing average dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations while also increasing the severity of naturally occurring daily fluctuations in DO. Combined effects of warming and diel-cycling DO can strongly affect the fitness and survival of coastal organisms, including the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), a critical ecosystem engineer and fishery species. However, whether early life exposure to hypoxia and warming affects oysters' subsequent response to these stressors is unknown. Using a multiphase laboratory experiment, we explored how early life exposure to diel-cycling hypoxia and warming affected oyster growth when oysters were exposed to these same stressors 8 weeks later. We found strong, interactive effects of early life exposure to diel-cycling hypoxia and warming on oyster tissue : shell growth, and these effects were context-dependent, only manifesting when oysters were exposed to these stressors again two months later. This change in energy allocation based on early life stress exposure may have important impacts on oyster fitness. Exposure to hypoxia and warming also influenced oyster tissue and shell growth, but only later in life. Our results show that organisms' responses to current stress can be strongly shaped by their previous stress exposure, and that context-dependent carryover effects may influence the fitness, production, and restoration of species of management concern, particularly for sessile species such as oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Donelan
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - Denise Breitburg
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - Matthew B Ogburn
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
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13
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Donelan SC, Breitburg D, Ogburn MB. Context-dependent carryover effects of hypoxia and warming in a coastal ecosystem engineer. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02315. [PMID: 33636022 PMCID: PMC8243920 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are increasingly likely to be exposed to multiple stressors repeatedly across ontogeny as climate change and other anthropogenic stressors intensify. Early life stages can be particularly sensitive to environmental stress, such that experiences early in life can "carry over" to have long-term effects on organism fitness. Despite the potential importance of these within-generation carryover effects, we have little understanding of how they vary across ecological contexts, particularly when organisms are re-exposed to the same stressors later in life. In coastal marine systems, anthropogenic nutrients and warming water temperatures are reducing average dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations while also increasing the severity of naturally occurring daily fluctuations in DO. Combined effects of warming and diel-cycling DO can strongly affect the fitness and survival of coastal organisms, including the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), a critical ecosystem engineer and fishery species. However, whether early life exposure to hypoxia and warming affects oysters' subsequent response to these stressors is unknown. Using a multiphase laboratory experiment, we explored how early life exposure to diel-cycling hypoxia and warming affected oyster growth when oysters were exposed to these same stressors 8 weeks later. We found strong, interactive effects of early life exposure to diel-cycling hypoxia and warming on oyster tissue : shell growth, and these effects were context-dependent, only manifesting when oysters were exposed to these stressors again two months later. This change in energy allocation based on early life stress exposure may have important impacts on oyster fitness. Exposure to hypoxia and warming also influenced oyster tissue and shell growth, but only later in life. Our results show that organisms' responses to current stress can be strongly shaped by their previous stress exposure, and that context-dependent carryover effects may influence the fitness, production, and restoration of species of management concern, particularly for sessile species such as oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Donelan
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center647 Contees Wharf RoadEdgewaterMaryland21037USA
| | - Denise Breitburg
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center647 Contees Wharf RoadEdgewaterMaryland21037USA
| | - Matthew B. Ogburn
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center647 Contees Wharf RoadEdgewaterMaryland21037USA
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14
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Pousse E, Poach ME, Redman DH, Sennefelder G, White LE, Lindsay JM, Munroe D, Hart D, Hennen D, Dixon MS, Li Y, Wikfors GH, Meseck SL. Energetic response of Atlantic surfclam Spisula solidissima to ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111740. [PMID: 33128982 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the Atlantic surfclam (Spisula solidissima) energy budget under different ocean acidification conditions (OA). During 12 weeks, 126 individuals were maintained at three different ρCO2 concentrations. Every two weeks, individuals were sampled for physiological measurements and scope for growth (SFG). In the high ρCO2 treatment, clearance rate decreased and excretion rate increased relative to the low ρCO2 treatment, resulting in reduced SFG. Moreover, oxygen:nitrogen (O:N) excretion ratio dropped, suggesting that a switch in metabolic strategy occurred. The medium ρCO2 treatment had no significant effects upon SFG; however, metabolic loss increased, suggesting a rise in energy expenditure. In addition, a significant increase in food selection efficiency was observed in the medium treatment, which could be a compensatory reaction to the metabolic over-costs. Results showed that surfclams are particularly sensitive to OA; however, the different compensatory mechanisms observed indicate that they are capable of some temporary resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Pousse
- National Research Council Post-Doctoral Associate at NOAA NMFS, 212 Rogers Ave., Milford, CT 06418, USA.
| | - Matthew E Poach
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Dylan H Redman
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - George Sennefelder
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Lauren E White
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Jessica M Lindsay
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Daphne Munroe
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Ave., Port Norris, NJ 8349, USA
| | - Deborah Hart
- NOAA/NMFS, 166 Water St. Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Mark S Dixon
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Yaqin Li
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Shannon L Meseck
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
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15
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Barnett AF, Gledhill JH, Griffitt RJ, Slattery M, Gochfeld DJ, Willett KL. Combined and independent effects of hypoxia and tributyltin on mRNA expression and physiology of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Sci Rep 2020; 10:10605. [PMID: 32606384 PMCID: PMC7327041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oyster reefs are vital to estuarine health, but they experience multiple stressors and globally declining populations. This study examined effects of hypoxia and tributyltin (TBT) on adult Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed either in the laboratory or the field following a natural hypoxic event. In the laboratory, oysters were exposed to either hypoxia followed by a recovery period, or to hypoxia combined with TBT. mRNA expression of HIF1-α and Tβ-4 along with hemocyte counts, biomarkers of hypoxic stress and immune health, respectively, were measured. In field-deployed oysters, HIF1-α and Tβ-4 expression increased, while no effect on hemocytes was observed. In contrast, after 6 and 8 days of laboratory-based hypoxia exposure, both Tβ-4 expression and hemocyte counts declined. After 8 days of exposure to hypoxia + TBT, oysters substantially up-regulated HIF1-α and down-regulated Tβ-4, although hemocyte counts were unaffected. Results suggest that hypoxic exposure induces immunosuppression which could increase vulnerability to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Fairly Barnett
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - James H Gledhill
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Road, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA
| | - Marc Slattery
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Deborah J Gochfeld
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kristine L Willett
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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16
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Grear J, Pimenta A, Booth H, Horowitz DB, Mendoza W, Liebman M. In situ recovery of bivalve shell characteristics after temporary exposure to elevated pCO 2. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2020; 65:2337-2351. [PMID: 34121771 PMCID: PMC8193772 DOI: 10.1002/lno.11456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) is causing changes in carbonate chemistry that affect calcification in marine organisms. In coastal areas, this CO2-enriched seawater mixes with waters affected by seasonal degradation of organic material loaded externally from watersheds or produced as a response to nutrient enrichment. As a result, coastal bivalves often experience strong seasonal changes in carbonate chemistry. In some cases, these changes may resemble those experienced by aquacultured bivalves during translocation activities. We mimicked these changes by exposing juvenile hard clams (500 μm, Mercenaria mercenaria) to pCO2 in laboratory upwellers at levels resembling those already reported for northeastern US estuaries (mean upweller pCO2 = 773, 1274, and 1838 μatm) and then transplanting to three grow-out sites along an expected nutrient gradient in Narragansett Bay, RI (154 bags of 100 clams). Prior to the field grow-out, clams exposed to elevated pCO2 exhibited larger shells but lower dry weight per unit volume (dw/V). However, percent increase in dw/V was highest for this group during the 27-day field grow-out, suggesting that individuals with low dw/V after the laboratory treatment accelerated accumulation of dw/V when they were transferred to the bay. Treatments also appeared to affect shell mineral structure and condition of digestive diverticula. Although treatment effects diminished during the field grow-out, clams that were pre-exposed for several weeks to high pCO2 would likely have been temporarily vulnerable to predation or other factors that interact with shell integrity. This would be expected to reduce population recovery from short-term exposures to high pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grear
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Adam Pimenta
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
| | - Harriet Booth
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN
| | | | - Wilson Mendoza
- Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI 02882
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Matthew Liebman
- EPA Region 1, US Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA
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17
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Grear JS, O'Leary CA, Nye JA, Tettelbach ST, Gobler CJ. Effects of coastal acidification on North Atlantic bivalves: interpreting laboratory responses in the context of in situ populations. MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES 2020; 633:89-104. [PMID: 34121786 PMCID: PMC8193825 DOI: 10.3354/meps13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Experimental exposure of early life stage bivalves has documented negative effects of elevated pCO2 on survival and growth, but the population consequences of these effects are unknown. Following standard practices from population viability analysis and wildlife risk assessment, we substituted laboratory-derived stress-response relationships into baseline population models of Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians. The models were constructed using inverse demographic analyses with time series of size-structured field data in NY, USA, whereas the stress-response relationships were developed using data from a series of previously published laboratory studies. We used stochastic projection methods and diffusion approximations of extinction probability to estimate cumulative risk of 50% population decline during ten-year population projections at 1, 1.5 and 2 times ambient pCO2 levels. Although the A. irradians population exhibited higher growth in the field data (12% per year) than the declining M. mercenaria population (-8% per year), cumulative risk was high for A. irradians in the first ten years due to high variance in the stochastic growth rate estimate (log λs = -0.02, σ2 = 0.24). This ten-year cumulative risk increased from 69% to 94% and >99% at 1.5 and 2 times ambient scenarios. For M. mercenaria (log λs = -0.09, σ2 = 0.01), ten-year risk was 81%, 96% and >99% at 1, 1.5 and 2 times ambient pCO2, respectively. These estimates of risk could be improved with detailed consideration of harvest effects, disease, restocking, compensatory responses, other ecological complexities, and the nature of interactions between these and other effects that are beyond the scope of available data. However, results clearly indicate that early life stage responses to plausible levels of pCO2 enrichment have the potential to cause significant increases in risk to these marine bivalve populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Grear
- Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - C A O'Leary
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - J A Nye
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - S T Tettelbach
- Long Island University, 720 Northern Blvd, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - C J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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18
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Individual and combined effects of low dissolved oxygen and low pH on survival of early stage larval blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208629. [PMID: 30532265 PMCID: PMC6285982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of coastal ecosystems globally are subjected to concurrent hypoxic and acidified conditions that will likely intensify and expand with continued climate change. In temperate regions, the spawning of many important organisms including the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus occurs during the summer months when the severity of coastal hypoxia and acidification is the greatest. While the blue crab earliest larval stage can be exposed to co-occurring hypoxia and acidification observed in many coastal ecosystems, the effects of these concurrent stressors on larval blue crab survival is unknown. This study investigated the individual and combined consequences of low dissolved oxygen (DO) and low pH on blue crab larvae survival through a series of short-term experiments. During 14-day experiments with moderately hypoxic conditions (117-127 μM O2 or 3.74-4.06 mg L-1) and acidified conditions (pH on total scale of 7.16-7.33), low DO and low pH individually and significantly reduced larval survival by 60% and 49%, respectively, with the combination of stressors reducing survival by 87% compared to the control treatment (210-269 μM O2 or 6.72-8.61 mg L-1, 7.91-7.94 DO and pH, respectively). During 4-day experiments with lower DO levels (68-83 μM O2 or 2.18-2.62 mg L-1) and comparable pH levels of 7.29-7.39, low DO individually reduced survival by >90% compared to the control (261-267 μM O2 or 8.35-8.54 mg L-1, 7.92-7.97 DO and pH, respectively), whereas low pH had no effect and there was no interaction between stressors. Over a 4-day period, the DO threshold at which 50% of the larval blue crab population died (LC50) was 121 μM O2 (3.86 mgL-1). In 14-day experiments, the DO and pH effects were additive, yielding survival rates lower than the individual treatments, and significantly correlated with DO and pH concentrations. Collectively, these findings indicate that blue crab sensitivity to both low DO and low pH are acute within the larval stage, depend on the intensity and duration of exposure, and leads to mortality, thereby potentially contributing to the interannual variability and possible regional declines of this fishery.
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19
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Malek JC, Byers JE. Responses of an oyster host ( Crassostrea virginica) and its protozoan parasite ( Perkinsus marinus) to increasing air temperature. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5046. [PMID: 30002955 PMCID: PMC6033078 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in climate are predicted to influence parasite and pathogen infection patterns in terrestrial and marine environments. Increases in temperature in particular may greatly alter biological processes, such as host-parasite interactions. For example, parasites could differentially benefit from increased reproduction and transmission or hosts could benefit from elevated immune responses that may mediate or even eliminate infections. In the southeastern United States, the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is infected by the lethal protozoan parasite, Perkinsus marinus. Under field conditions, intertidal (air-exposed) oysters have been found to have significantly higher P. marinus infection intensity and marginally higher infection prevalence than subtidal (submerged) oysters. During summer, air temperatures are much warmer than water and this exposure of intertidal oysters to higher temperatures is a suggested mechanism for increased infection intensity. Methods We simulated intertidal exposure using controlled laboratory experiments to determine how host traits (survival and immune response) and parasite infection intensity will respond to elevated air temperature ranging from 27 °C to 53 °C during emersion at low tide. In Georgia, where our work was conducted, the average summer water temperature is 29 °C and the average maximum high air temperature in July is 33 °C (though oysters have been shown to survive at much higher air temperatures). Results Host survival declined as temperature increased, with a definitive drop-off between 39–43 °C. Negative effects of air temperature on host immune response (phagocytic activity) were detectable only at extremely high temperatures (47–50 °C) when hosts were suffering acute mortality. Parasite infection intensity peaked at 35 °C. Discussion Our results suggest that an increase in average summer air temperature to 35 °C or higher could affect oyster survival directly through temperature-related impacts in the short-term and indirectly through increased P. marinus infection intensity over the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennafer C Malek
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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20
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Groner ML, Burge CA, Cox R, Rivlin ND, Turner M, Van Alstyne KL, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Bucci J, Staudigel P, Friedman CS. Oysters and eelgrass: potential partners in a high pCO 2 ocean. Ecology 2018; 99:1802-1814. [PMID: 29800484 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting the health and physiology of marine organisms and altering species interactions. Ocean acidification (OA) threatens calcifying organisms such as the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. In contrast, seagrasses, such as the eelgrass Zostera marina, can benefit from the increase in available carbon for photosynthesis found at a lower seawater pH. Seagrasses can remove dissolved inorganic carbon from OA environments, creating local daytime pH refugia. Pacific oysters may improve the health of eelgrass by filtering out pathogens such as Labyrinthula zosterae (LZ), which causes eelgrass wasting disease (EWD). We examined how co-culture of eelgrass ramets and juvenile oysters affected the health and growth of eelgrass and the mass of oysters under different pCO2 exposures. In Phase I, each species was cultured alone or in co-culture at 12°C across ambient, medium, and high pCO2 conditions, (656, 1,158 and 1,606 μatm pCO2 , respectively). Under high pCO2 , eelgrass grew faster and had less severe EWD (contracted in the field prior to the experiment). Co-culture with oysters also reduced the severity of EWD. While the presence of eelgrass decreased daytime pCO2 , this reduction was not substantial enough to ameliorate the negative impact of high pCO2 on oyster mass. In Phase II, eelgrass alone or oysters and eelgrass in co-culture were held at 15°C under ambient and high pCO2 conditions, (488 and 2,013 μatm pCO2 , respectively). Half of the replicates were challenged with cultured LZ. Concentrations of defensive compounds in eelgrass (total phenolics and tannins), were altered by LZ exposure and pCO2 treatments. Greater pathogen loads and increased EWD severity were detected in LZ exposed eelgrass ramets; EWD severity was reduced at high relative to low pCO2 . Oyster presence did not influence pathogen load or EWD severity; high LZ concentrations in experimental treatments may have masked the effect of this treatment. Collectively, these results indicate that, when exposed to natural concentrations of LZ under high pCO2 conditions, eelgrass can benefit from co-culture with oysters. Further experimentation is necessary to quantify how oysters may benefit from co-culture with eelgrass, examine these interactions in the field and quantify context-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Groner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, USA
| | - Ruth Cox
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Natalie D Rivlin
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, USA
| | - Mo Turner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
| | - Kathryn L Van Alstyne
- Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Rd., Anacortes, Washington, 98221, USA
| | - Sandy Wyllie-Echeverria
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA.,Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, 2 John Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 00802, USA
| | - John Bucci
- School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Rd., Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - Philip Staudigel
- Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida, 33149, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA.,School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St., Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
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