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An K, Fan J, Lin B, Han Y. A lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe for fluorescence imaging of hypochlorous acid in living cells and in vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 316:124316. [PMID: 38669982 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes, as crucial acidic organelles in cells, play a significant role in cellular functions. The levels and distribution of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) within lysosomes can profoundly impact their biological functionality. Hence, real-time monitoring of the concentration of HOCl in lysosomes holds paramount importance for further understanding various physiological and pathological processes associated with lysosomes. In this study, we developed a bodipy-based fluorescent probe derived from pyridine and phenyl selenide for the specific detection of HOCl in aqueous solutions. Leveraging the probe's sensitive photoinduced electron transfer effect from phenyl selenide to the fluorophore, the probe exhibited satisfactory high sensitivity (with a limit of detection of 5.2 nM and a response time of 15 s) to hypochlorous acid. Further biological experiments confirmed that the introduction of the pyridine moiety enabled the probe molecule to selectively target lysosomes. Moreover, the probe successfully facilitated real-time monitoring of HOCl in cell models stimulated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as in a normal zebrafish model. This provides a universal method for dynamically sensing HOCl in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke An
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yifeng Han
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Lorey MB, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Modified Lipoproteins Induce Arterial Wall Inflammation During Atherogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:841545. [PMID: 35310965 PMCID: PMC8927694 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably the low-density lipoproteins, enter the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, where a fraction of them is retained and modified by proteases, lipases, and oxidizing agents and enzymes. The modified lipoproteins and various modification products, such as fatty acids, ceramides, lysophospholipids, and oxidized lipids induce inflammatory reactions in the macrophages and the covering endothelial cells, initiating an increased leukocyte diapedesis. Lipolysis of the lipoproteins also induces the formation of cholesterol crystals with strong proinflammatory properties. Modified and aggregated lipoproteins, cholesterol crystals, and lipoproteins isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions, all can activate macrophages and thereby induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. The extent of lipoprotein retention, modification, and aggregation have been shown to depend largely on differences in the composition of the circulating lipoprotein particles. These properties can be modified by pharmacological means, and thereby provide opportunities for clinical interventions regarding the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina B. Lorey
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Katariina Öörni
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Murashevych B, Girenko D, Maslak H, Stepanskyi D, Abraimova O, Netronina O, Zhminko P. Acute inhalation toxicity of aerosolized electrochemically generated solution of sodium hypochlorite. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 34:1-13. [PMID: 34915791 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.2013348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the inhalation toxicity of the electrochemically generated sodium hypochlorite solution after its single administration to laboratory animals in the form of a highly dispersed aerosol. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study has been conducted according to the OECD Test Guideline №403 'Acute Inhalation Toxicity.' Laboratory animals were exposed to inhalation of an aerosol containing 1.7 ± 0.13 mg/m3 of active chlorine. The hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of experimental animals have been determined, as well as specific parameters: the activity of cathepsins B and L, catalase, and α1-antitrypsin. Histological study of the lungs of animals has been carried out. RESULTS During inhalation and 14 days after it, no death of the animals was observed; the behavior, appearance, and weight gain did not differ from the control group. There were no significant deviations in hematological parameters, except the decrease in the level of platelets. The biochemical study showed slight changes in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase on the 1st day after inhalation; these parameters returned to normal within 14 days of observation. Specific biochemical parameters did not show the development of oxidative stress. No specific histological pathologies of lung tissue have been found. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the studied electrochemically generated sodium hypochlorite solution under single inhalation exposure in aerosol form practically does not cause a toxic effect. The data obtained allow classifying such solution to the 4th (or even 5th - after additional studies) class of toxicity in accordance with Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Murashevych
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Girenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Hanna Maslak
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Stepanskyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Olha Abraimova
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Olha Netronina
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Dnipro State Medical University, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Petro Zhminko
- Institute of Experimental Toxicology and Medico-Biological Research, L.I. Medved's Research Center of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Role of myeloperoxidase and oxidant formation in the extracellular environment in inflammation-induced tissue damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:633-651. [PMID: 34246778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The heme peroxidase family generates a battery of oxidants both for synthetic purposes, and in the innate immune defence against pathogens. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is the most promiscuous family member, generating powerful oxidizing species including hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Whilst HOCl formation is important in pathogen removal, this species is also implicated in host tissue damage and multiple inflammatory diseases. Significant oxidant formation and damage occurs extracellularly as a result of MPO release via phagolysosomal leakage, cell lysis, extracellular trap formation, and inappropriate trafficking. MPO binds strongly to extracellular biomolecules including polyanionic glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, proteins, and DNA. This localizes MPO and subsequent damage, at least partly, to specific sites and species, including extracellular matrix (ECM) components and plasma proteins/lipoproteins. Biopolymer-bound MPO retains, or has enhanced, catalytic activity, though evidence is also available for non-catalytic effects. These interactions, particularly at cell surfaces and with the ECM/glycocalyx induce cellular dysfunction and altered gene expression. MPO binds with higher affinity to some damaged ECM components, rationalizing its accumulation at sites of inflammation. MPO-damaged biomolecules and fragments act as chemo-attractants and cell activators, and can modulate gene and protein expression in naïve cells, consistent with an increasing cycle of MPO adhesion, activity, damage, and altered cell function at sites of leukocyte infiltration and activation, with subsequent tissue damage and dysfunction. MPO levels are used clinically both diagnostically and prognostically, and there is increasing interest in strategies to prevent MPO-mediated damage; therapeutic aspects are not discussed as these have been reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
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Jiang H, Zhang H, Yang Y, Yang X. Associations of myeloperoxidase, interleukin-17A and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor levels with in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: a single-centre case-control study in China. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039405. [PMID: 33158827 PMCID: PMC7651712 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the changes in serum myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)-17A and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) levels before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and to evaluate the associations of MPO, IL-17A and HB-EGF levels with the 1-year restenosis rate. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTINGS Xiangyang Central Hospital between January 2012 and December 2017. PARTICIPANTS Patients with coronary heart disease who underwent PCI. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Not applicable. RESULTS Finally, 407 and 132 patients were included in the control and in-stent restenosis (ISR) groups, respectively. The general clinical characteristics of the patients were not significantly different between the two groups. The MPO, IL-17A and HB-EGF levels were not significantly different between the two groups at baseline but significantly increased after PCI. The ISR group showed higher levels of MPO, IL-17A and HB-EGF compared with the control group at all postoperative time points. Multivariable analysis showed that MPO, IL-17A and HB-EGF were associated with increased ISR [MPO (OR=1.003; 95% CI: 1.001 to 1.005; p=0.002), IL-17A (OR=1.015; 95% CI: 1.009 to 1.020; p<0.0001) and HB-EGF (OR=2.256; 95% CI: 1.103 to 4.009; p=0.002)]. All three factors had sensitivity and specificity ≥68% for ISR. CONCLUSIONS HB-EGF could be used for the detection of ISR after PCI and could be of use for the prediction of ISR, but the value of MPO and IL-17A might be more limited. This will have to be validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Department of Medical Examination, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhou Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
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Shlapakova TI, Kostin RK, Tyagunova EE. Reactive Oxygen Species: Participation in Cellular Processes and Progression of Pathology. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Love DT, Guo C, Nikelshparg EI, Brazhe NA, Sosnovtseva O, Hawkins CL. The role of the myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) in the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101602. [PMID: 32570189 PMCID: PMC7315103 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A host of chronic inflammatory diseases are accelerated by the formation of the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) by myeloperoxidase (MPO). In the presence of thiocyanate (SCN-), the production of HOCl by MPO is decreased in favour of the formation of a milder oxidant, hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). The role of HOSCN in disease has not been fully elucidated, though there is increasing interest in using SCN- therapeutically in different disease settings. Unlike HOCl, HOSCN can be detoxified by thioredoxin reductase, and reacts selectively with thiols to result in reversible modifications, which could potentially reduce the extent of MPO-induced damage during chronic inflammation. In this study, we show that exposure of macrophages, a key inflammatory cell type, to HOSCN results in the reversible modification of multiple mitochondrial proteins, leading to increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, decreased oxidative phosphorylation and reduced formation of ATP. The increased permeability and reduction in ATP could be reversed by pre-treatment of the macrophages with cyclosporine A, implicating a role for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. HOSCN also drives cells to utilise fatty acids as an energetic substrate after the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Raman imaging studies highlighted the ability of HOSCN to perturb the electron transport chain of mitochondria and redistribute these organelles within the cell. Taken together, these data provide new insight into the pathways by which HOSCN can induce cytotoxicity and cellular damage, which may have relevance for the development of inflammatory disease, and therapeutic strategies to reduce HOCl-induced damage by supplementation with SCN-. HOSCN induces the oxidation of mitochondrial thiol proteins and cytochromes. HOSCN alters mitochondrial permeability and ATP production via MPTP formation. HOSCN increases the capacity of cells to use fatty acids as an energetic substrate. Raman imaging shows redistribution of mitochondria after cell exposure to HOSCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic T Love
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chaorui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Evelina I Nikelshparg
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Brazhe
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Sosnovtseva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
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Moldogazieva NT, Mokhosoev IM, Mel'nikova TI, Zavadskiy SP, Kuz'menko AN, Terentiev AA. Dual Character of Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Halogen Species: Endogenous Sources, Interconversions and Neutralization. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S56-S78. [PMID: 32087054 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from accumulation of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen species (ROS, RNS, and RHS, respectively) causes the damage of cells and biomolecules. However, over the long evolutionary time, living organisms have developed the mechanisms for adaptation to oxidative stress conditions including the activity of the antioxidant system (AOS), which maintains low intracellular levels of RONS (ROS and RNS) and RHS. Moreover, living organisms have adapted to use low concentrations of these electrophiles for the regulation of cell functions through the reversible post-translational chemical modifications of redox-sensitive amino acid residues in intracellular effectors of signal transduction pathways (protein kinases and protein phosphatases), transcription factors, etc. An important fine-tuning mechanism that ensures involvement of RONS and RHS in the regulation of physiological processes is interconversion between different reactive species. This review focuses on the complex networks of interacting RONS and RHS types and their endogenous sources, such as NOX family of NADPH oxidases, complexes I and III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, NO synthases, cytochrome P450-containing monooxygenase system, xanthine oxidoreductase, and myeloperoxidases. We highlight that kinetic parameters of reactions involving RONS and RHS determine the effects of these reactive species on cell functions. We also describe the functioning of enzymatic and non-enzymatic AOS components and the mechanisms of RONS and RHS scavenging under physiological conditions. We believe that analysis of interactions between RONS and relationships between different endogenous sources of these compounds will contribute to better understanding of their role in the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis as well as initiation and progression of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Moldogazieva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - I M Mokhosoev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - T I Mel'nikova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - S P Zavadskiy
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A N Kuz'menko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Terentiev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Correa S, Pena-Esparragoza JK, Scovner KM, Waikar SS, Mc Causland FR. Myeloperoxidase and the Risk of CKD Progression, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2019; 76:32-41. [PMID: 31864821 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyzes the formation of reactive nitrogen species and levels are elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although increased oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD), relationships between MPO concentration, CKD progression, CVD, and death remain unclear. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 3,872 participants from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) who had MPO measured at baseline. EXPOSURE Baseline MPO concentration. OUTCOMES CKD progression (kidney transplantation, dialysis initiation, or 50% decline in baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and eGFR≤15mL/min/1.73m2), CVD (heart failure, myocardial infarction, or stroke), and death. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, higher MPO level (per 1-SD increase in log-transformed MPO) was associated with 10% higher risk for CKD progression (adjusted HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.19; P=0.03), 12% higher risk for CVD (adjusted HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.22; P<0.01), and 13% increased risk for death (adjusted HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.22; P<0.01). There was evidence for effect modification of the association of MPO level with CKD progression by baseline eGFR (P interaction=0.02), but not for CVD (P interaction=0.2) or death (P interaction=0.1). In stratified analyses, MPO level (per 1-SD increase in log-transformed MPO) was associated with greater risk for CKD progression among participants with eGFR>45mL/min/1.73m2 (adjusted HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.46; P=0.02) compared with those with eGFR≤45mL/min/1.73m2 (adjusted HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.20; P=0.02). The association of MPO level with CVD and death was no longer significant after adjustment for cardiac biomarkers. LIMITATIONS Potential residual confounding, lack of repeated measurements of MPO. CONCLUSIONS Higher MPO level was associated with increased risk for CKD progression, but not with CVD and death in patients with CKD from CRIC. Whether therapies aimed at reducing MPO activity can result in improved clinical outcomes is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Correa
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Katherine M Scovner
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Finnian R Mc Causland
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Casciaro M, Di Salvo E, Pace E, Ventura-Spagnolo E, Navarra M, Gangemi S. Chlorinative stress in age-related diseases: a literature review. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 29163665 PMCID: PMC5686828 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-017-0104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an agglomerate of biological long-lasting processes that result being inevitable. Main actors in this scenario are both long-term inflammation and oxidative stress. It has been proved that oxidative stress induce alteration in proteins and this fact itself is critically important in the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to diseases typical of aging. Among reactive species, chlorine ones such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are cytotoxic oxidants produced by activated neutrophils during chronic inflammation processes. HOCl can also cause damages by reacting with biological molecules. HOCl is generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and augmented serum levels of MPO have been described in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions in cardiovascular patients and has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative conditions, and some cancers. Due to these data, we decided to conduct an up-to-date review evaluating chlorinative stress effects on every age-related disease linked; potential anti-oxidant countermeasures were also assessed. Results obtained associated HOCl generation to the aging processes and confirmed its connection with diseases like neurodegenerative and cardiovascular pathologies, atherosclerosis and cancer; chlorination was mainly linked to diseases where molecular (protein) alteration constitute the major suspected cause: i.e. inflammation, tissue lesions, DNA damages, apoptosis and oxidative stress itself. According data collected, a healthy lifestyle together with some dietary suggestion and/or the administration of nutracetical antioxidant integrators could balance the effects of chlorinative stress and, in some cases, slow down or prevent the onset of age-releated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Casciaro
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Salvo
- IBIM-CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- IBIM-CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, National Research Council, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elvira Ventura-Spagnolo
- Legal Medicine Section, Department for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Abdo AI, Rayner BS, van Reyk DM, Hawkins CL. Low-density lipoprotein modified by myeloperoxidase oxidants induces endothelial dysfunction. Redox Biol 2017; 13:623-632. [PMID: 28818791 PMCID: PMC5558469 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modified by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO) is present in atherosclerotic lesions, where it is implicated in the propagation of inflammation and acceleration of lesion development by multiple pathways, including the induction of endothelial dysfunction. Thiocyanate (SCN-) ions are utilised by MPO to produce the oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), which reacts with LDL in a different manner to HOCl. Whilst the reactivity of HOCl-modified LDL has been previously studied, the role of HOSCN in the modification of LDL in vivo is poorly defined, although emerging evidence suggests that these particles have distinct biological properties. This is important because elevated plasma SCN- is linked with both the propagation and prevention of atherosclerosis. In this study, we demonstrate that both HOSCN- and HOCl-modified LDL inhibit endothelium-mediated vasorelaxation ex vivo in rat aortic ring segments. In vitro experiments with human coronary artery endothelial cells show that HOSCN-modified LDL decreases in the production of nitric oxide (NO•) and induces the loss of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. This occurs to a similar extent to that seen with HOCl-modified LDL. In each case, these effects are related to eNOS uncoupling, rather than altered expression, phosphorylation or cellular localisation. Together, these data provide new insights into role of MPO and LDL modification in the induction of endothelial dysfunction, which has implications for both the therapeutic use of SCN- within the setting of atherosclerosis and for smokers, who have elevated plasma levels of SCN-, and are more at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Myeloperoxidase produces HOCl and HOSCN that modify LDL in a distinct manner. HOSCN- and HOCl-LDL inhibit endothelium-mediated vasorelaxation in aortic rings ex vivo. HOSCN- and HOCl-LDL decrease endothelial production of nitric oxide in vitro. Decreased eNOS activity is seen, which associated with enzyme uncoupling. HOSCN- and HOCl-LDL induce colocalisation of eNOS and caveolin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian I Abdo
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Rayner
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David M van Reyk
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark.
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