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Fouladi B, Hashemzadeh F, Ghorbani GR, Rafiee H, Drackley JK. Effects of milk replacer powder added to pasteurized whole milk over different durations on dairy calves fed ground starter diet with alfalfa hay. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6671-6685. [PMID: 38580149 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Adding milk replacer powder (MRP) to whole milk during the entire preweaning period can increase growth but raises concern because of low starter feed intake and slumps in ADG at weaning and postweaning. In the current study, effects of adding MRP to pasteurized whole milk (PWM) during d 10 to 41 or d 10 to 59 of age were investigated in comparison with PWM. Calves (24 females and 21 males; 39.8 ± 1.85 kg BW) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) conventional protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3 to 56, and 2.5 L/d from d 57 to 59 of age (CONV; TS intake = 31.9 kg), (2) short duration of adding MRP to PWM protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3 to 9, 5 L/d PWM + MRP (18% TS) from d 10 to 41, 5 L/d PWM from d 42 to 56, and 2.5 L/d PWM from d 57 to 59 (SHD; TS intake = 42.3 kg), (3) long duration of adding MRP to PWM protocol, 5 L/d PWM from d 3-9, 5 L/d PWM + MRP from d 10-56, 2.5 L/d PWM + MRP from d 57-59 (LD; TS intake = 47.7 kg). The osmolality of PWM and PWM + MRP was 278 and 519 mOsm/L, respectively. Calves were weaned on d 60, and the study terminated on d 75. There was a treatment × time interaction for starter intake, where intake was greater for CONV than other treatments from d 14-41 and was greater in CONV than LD during d 42 to 48 and d 56 to 62 of age. Final BW was lower in CONV calves than LD calves. Weaning BW and overall hip height were lower in CONV calves than other treatments. The CONV calves had lower ADG at d 14 to 27 and d 35 to 41, and SHD calves had lower ADG at d 42 to 48 than other treatments. Calves fed CONV treatment had lower ruminal acetate and greater propionate than SHD calves during preweaning. Calves fed LD treatment had lower total VFA and tended to have greater ruminal pH than other treatments. Calves fed CONV had greater neutrophils and neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio and lower lymphocytes than other treatments. Glucose concentration was greater for LD versus other treatments at d 56, and lower for SHD versus other treatments at d 70 of study. Insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index were greater in LD compared with other treatments during preweaning but were not different postweaning. Serum BHB was greater in CONV than other treatments. Albumin was greater for CONV versus other treatments at d 56, however, it was greater in LD-fed calves at d 70 of study. Results indicate that feeding a PWM + MRP to the calves during the entire preweaning period resulted in lower starter feed intake around weaning, but overall starter intake was similar with a greater final BW and fewer health-related issues throughout the study. Shifting a PWM + MRP to the conventional whole milk at d 40 of age decreased the ADG of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fouladi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - G R Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Rafiee
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center; Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 8174835117, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.
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Virgínio GF, Duranton CAJ, de Paula MR, Bittar CMM. Impact of different levels of lactose and total solids of the liquid diet on calf performance, health, and blood metabolites. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1031-1040. [PMID: 38271978 PMCID: PMC11065955 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding milk replacer (MR) with varying levels of lactose and the increased supply of total solids (from 750 to 960 g/d) on performance, blood metabolites, and health of Holstein male calves during the preweaning period. METHODS Forty newborn Holstein calves (10 per treatment) were blocked according to birth weight and date of birth and distributed in a randomized block design to different liquid diets: Whole milk powder (WMP) diluted to 125 g/L solids; MR with 48% lactose (48L), diluted to 125 g/L solids; MR with 53% lactose (53L), diluted to 125 g/L solids; 53L MR corrected to 160 g/L solids (16TS) by the inclusion of a solid corrector. Calves were individually housed in wood hutches, fed 6 L/d of the liquid diet, and had free water and starter concentrate access. The study lasted 56 days. RESULTS Liquid diet intake was higher for calves fed 16TS than for other treatments. Calves fed 16TS presented higher protein and fat intake, followed by those fed WMP and the 48L or 53L MRs. Lactose intake was higher for 16TS-fed calves, followed by 53L, 48L, and WMP-fed calves. Starter and total dry matter intake did not differ among liquid diets. The average daily gain was higher for 16TS than 48L-fed calves, with the other treatments being intermediary. The lowest feed efficiency was observed for calves fed 48L. No effects on health were observed, as well as on selected blood metabolites, except for albumin concentration, which was higher for calves fed 16TS and WMP. CONCLUSION Higher total solids content (160 g/L) in MR increases nutrient intake and consequently improves the performance of dairy calves. Feeding MRs with levels of lactose up to 53% of the DM had no deleterious effect on the performance or health of the calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gercino Ferreira Virgínio
- Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Agency, Experimental Field of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, 39404-128,
Brazil
| | - Cécile Anna Jeanne Duranton
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418–260,
Brazil
| | - Marilia Ribeiro de Paula
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418–260,
Brazil
| | - Carla Maris Machado Bittar
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418–260,
Brazil
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Revilla-Ruiz A, Carulla P, Fernandez-Novo A, de Mercado E, Pérez-Navarro A, Patrón-Collantes R, Sebastián F, Pérez-Garnelo SS, González-Martín JV, Estellés F, Villagrá A, Astiz S. Effect of Milk-Feeding Frequency and Calcium Gluconate Supplementation on Growth, Health, and Reproductive and Metabolic Features of Holstein Heifers at a Rearing Farm. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1336. [PMID: 38731339 PMCID: PMC11083690 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of milk-feeding in 288 Holstein calves (72 per group) which were fed twice (2F) or thrice (3F) daily, with or without the addition of hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (G) supplemented in the starter food and in the daily diet up to the age of 9 months, on the calves' metabolism, growth, health, and reproductive efficiency up to first pregnancy. The calves received 6 L of milk replacer (130 g/L) and had ad libitum access to water and textured calf starter with or without gluconate. Gluconate supplementation promoted a "catch-up" in growth in supplemented calves compared to their counterparts that did not receive gluconate. Gluconate appeared to reduce animal metabolic stress during key events, such as weaning and transfer into open-door pens, reducing fructosamine (352.61 vs. 303.06 in 3FG and 3F, respectively; p = 0.028) and urea (3F revealed the highest values compared with the other three groups: 19.06 for 3F vs. 13.9 (2F), 13.7 (2FG), and 14.3 (3FG), respectively, p = 0.002) from weaning onwards. The feeding of dairy calves with milk replacer three rather than two times per day tended to be associated with better health from weaning to 4 months old; parameters such as ultrasound lung score and calf health score improved over time (p < 0.001). Thrice-daily feeding with milk replacer tended to reduce the number of artificial inseminations per pregnancy in heifers by 0.2 points (p = 0.092). We confirmed significant correlations between early health and growth parameters and reproductive efficiency and a positive correlation between body weight and average daily weight gain and the thickness of the back fat layer in young heifers (r = 0.245; p < 0.0001; r = 0.214; p < 0.0001 respectively). Our study was conducted on a commercial farm with reasonably effective animal management, so baseline welfare was likely satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Revilla-Ruiz
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (J.V.G.-M.)
| | - Patricia Carulla
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Valencia Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (P.C.); (F.E.)
- Cowvet SL, País Valenciano Avenue 6, 46117 Betera-Valencia, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (F.S.)
| | - Aitor Fernandez-Novo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain; (A.F.-N.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Eduardo de Mercado
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
| | | | - Raquel Patrón-Collantes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain; (A.F.-N.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Francisco Sebastián
- Cowvet SL, País Valenciano Avenue 6, 46117 Betera-Valencia, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (F.S.)
| | - Sonia S. Pérez-Garnelo
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
| | - Juan V. González-Martín
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (J.V.G.-M.)
| | - Fernando Estellés
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Valencia Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (P.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Arantxa Villagrá
- Centro de Tecnología Animal-Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (CITA-IVIA), Polígono La Esperanza 100, 12400 Segorbe, Spain;
| | - Susana Astiz
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
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Redifer CA, Wichman LG, Rathert-Williams AR, Shangraw EM, McFadden TB, Meyer AM. Nutrient restriction during late gestation reduces milk yield and mammary blood flow in lactating primiparous beef females. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae016. [PMID: 38243877 PMCID: PMC10898790 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fall-calving primiparous beef females [body weight (BW): 451 ± 28 (SD) kg; body condition score (BCS): 5.4 ± 0.7] were individually-fed 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of estimated metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements from day 160 of gestation to calving. Post-calving, all dams were individually-fed tall fescue hay supplemented to meet estimated nutrient requirements for maintenance, growth, and lactation until day 149 of lactation. Four-hour milk yields were collected on days 21, 42, 63, 84, 105, and 147 of lactation, and milk nutrient composition was determined. Doppler ultrasonography of both pudendoepigastric arterial trunks was conducted every 21 d from days 24 to 108 of lactation. Total mammary blood flow was calculated, and hemodynamics from both sides were averaged. Data were analyzed as repeated measures with nutritional plane, day of lactation, their interaction, calving date, and calf sex (if P < 0.25) as fixed effects. We previously reported that post-calving, NR dams weighed 64 kg less and were 2.0 BCS lower than CON, but calf birth weight was not affected. Milk weight and volume were 15% less (P = 0.04) for NR dams than CON. Milk protein concentration was lower (P = 0.008) for NR dams than CON, but triglyceride and lactose concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.20) by nutritional plane. Milk urea N concentration of NR dams tended to be greater (P = 0.07) on day 42 but was lower (P = 0.01) on day 147 of lactation than CON. Total milk protein, triglyceride, and lactose yields were less (P ≤ 0.05) for NR dams than CON. Total milk urea N yield was less (P ≤ 0.03) for NR dams than CON on days 21, 63, and 147 of lactation. Maternal heart rate was greater (P = 0.008), but pudendoepigastric arterial trunk peak systolic velocity, resistance index, and cross-sectional area were less (P ≤ 0.04) and pulsatility index tended to be less (P = 0.06) for NR dams than CON. Mammary blood flow was 19% less (P = 0.004) for NR dams than CON, but mammary blood flow relative to milk weight or dam BW was not affected (P ≥ 0.14) by nutritional plane. Most milk yield, milk nutrient composition, and mammary blood flow variables were affected (P ≤ 0.04) by day of lactation. In summary, first-parity beef females that were nutrient restricted during late gestation and then fed to meet estimated nutrient requirements during lactation had decreased milk nutrient yield and a similar reduction in mammary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby A Redifer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lindsey G Wichman
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Erin M Shangraw
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Thomas B McFadden
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Redifer CA, Wichman LG, Davies-Jenkins SL, Rathert-Williams AR, Freetly HC, Meyer AM. Late gestational nutrient restriction in primiparous beef females: Performance and metabolic status of lactating dams and pre-weaning calves. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae015. [PMID: 38243834 PMCID: PMC10894509 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fall-calving primiparous beef females [body weight (BW): 451 ± 28 (SD) kg; body condition score (BCS): 5.4 ± 0.7] were individually-fed 100% (control; CON; n = 13) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of estimated metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements from day 160 of gestation to calving. Post-calving, all dams were individually-fed tall fescue hay supplemented to meet estimated nutrient requirements for maintenance, growth, and lactation in Calan gates until day 149 of lactation, which limited calves to milk only. From day 150 of lactation until weaning at day 243, dams and calves were group-fed in drylots. Dam BW and metabolic status were determined every 21 d, and BCS and backfat (BF) were determined every 42 d of lactation until weaning. Pre-weaning calf BW, size, and metabolic status were determined every 21 d. Data were analyzed with nutritional plane, calving date, and calf sex (when P < 0.25) as fixed effects. Circulating metabolites included day and nutritional plane × day as repeated measures. We previously reported that post-calving, NR dams were 64 kg and 2.0 BCS less than CON, but calf BW and size at birth were not affected. During the first 147 d of lactation, NR dams gained more (P < 0.01) BW than CON and increased (P < 0.01) BCS, while CON decreased (P ≤ 0.01) BCS and BF. Previously, NR dams had lower (P < 0.01) circulating triglycerides on day 1 of lactation, tended to have lower (P = 0.08) triglycerides on day 21, and had lower (P ≤ 0.04) non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) on days 21 and 243 than CON. Maternal glucose and urea N were not affected (P ≥ 0.73). At weaning, NR dams weighed 17 kg less (P = 0.15), were 0.67 BCS lower (P < 0.01), and tended to have less (P = 0.06) BF. Calves born to NR dams weighed less (P = 0.02) than CON by day 42 of age and were 13% smaller (P < 0.01) at weaning. Calf girth measures diverged (P ≤ 0.05) by day 21 of age, and skeletal size measures were less (P ≤ 0.08) for calves born to NR dams at most timepoints after day 63 of age. Calves born to NR dams tended to have lower (P = 0.09) circulating urea N pre-weaning than CON, but glucose, triglycerides, and NEFA were not affected (P ≥ 0.16). In summary, first-parity beef females that were nutrient restricted during late gestation experienced compensatory growth and gained body condition during lactation but were still thinner at weaning. Nutrient restriction reduced pre-weaning calf growth, likely due to decreased milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby A Redifer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lindsey G Wichman
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | | | - Harvey C Freetly
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Masuda Y, Fukumori R, Tomoshige M, Sarentonglaga B, Sugino T, Nagao Y. Effect of feeding calf starter with calcium salts of medium-chain fatty acids on the growth and metabolic hormones in calves. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae166. [PMID: 38875129 PMCID: PMC11221069 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a calf starter supplemented with calcium salts of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA-Ca) on growth and plasma hormone concentration in calves. Twelve Holstein calves were randomly assigned to two dietary groups (without supplementation [CON] and supplemented with MCFA-Ca [MCFA]) from 4 d of age. Calves were fed 1.0 kg/d of milk replacer until 5 wk of age and were completely weaned at 7 wk of age. Calves in the MCFA group received a calf starter containing 1% MCFA-Ca. dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily, and body weight was measured weekly. Rumen fluid was collected at 13 wk of age to measure pH and volatile fatty acid concentration. Preprandial blood samples were collected weekly to measure the basal plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. At 4, 8, and 13 wk of age, peri-prandial blood samples were collected every 30 min, from 60 min before feeding to 120 min after feeding, to observe metabolic responses to feeding. In addition, insulin sensitivity was assessed using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps at 4, 8, and 13 wk of age in three calves from each treatment. There were no differences in starter and hay DMI between the treatments. However, the average daily gain (ADG) after weaning was higher in the MCFA group than in the CON group. Weekly changes in plasma parameters did not differ between the treatments. Plasma concentrations of preprandial ghrelin and postprandial total ketone bodies at 13 wk of age were higher in the MCFA group than in the CON group. At 8 wk of age, peri-prandial plasma insulin concentrations were lower in the MCFA group than in the CON group. There were no differences between the treatments in terms of insulin sensitivity. The present study suggested that feeding weaning calves MCFA-Ca increases the ADG during the postweaning period, which may be mediated by endocrine signals, such as enhanced ghrelin secretion and decreased insulin secretion, without altering insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Masuda
- Department of Agriculture, University Farm, Utsunomiya University, Mohka, 321-4415, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8538, Japan
| | - R Fukumori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, 069-8501, Japan
| | - M Tomoshige
- Department of Agriculture, University Farm, Utsunomiya University, Mohka, 321-4415, Japan
| | - B Sarentonglaga
- Department of Agriculture, University Farm, Utsunomiya University, Mohka, 321-4415, Japan
| | - T Sugino
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Y Nagao
- Department of Agriculture, University Farm, Utsunomiya University, Mohka, 321-4415, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8538, Japan
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Cavallini D, Raspa F, Marliani G, Nannoni E, Martelli G, Sardi L, Valle E, Pollesel M, Tassinari M, Buonaiuto G. Growth Performance and Feed Intake Assessment of Italian Holstein Calves Fed a Hay-Based Total Mixed Ration: Preliminary Steps towards a Prediction Model. Vet Sci 2023; 10:554. [PMID: 37756076 PMCID: PMC10536390 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a complete hay-based total mixed ration (TMR) for calves, focusing on their feed intake, animal growth performance, and fecal output, and to develop a preliminary estimation equation for solid feed intake and body weight in Holstein heifer calves. Twenty female Italian Holstein calves (37.14 ± 2.72 kg) born between February and July were studied from the day of birth until 77 days of age. From the fourth day of life, they were fed 3 L/day of pasteurized milk twice daily and supplemented with the same hay-based TMR. The data on feed intake, fecal characteristics, and growth performances were collected and showed that these calves had adequate parameters. Moreover, the data collected was used to create equations to predict body weight and solid feed intake using a mixed model. The goodness of fit of the developed equations was evaluated by coefficients of determinations (R2). The equation obtained shows high R2 (0.98 for solid feed intake and 0.99 for calf weight), indicating the satisfactory precision and accuracy needed to predict female calves' body weight and solid feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Federica Raspa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.R.); (E.V.)
| | - Giovanna Marliani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Eleonora Nannoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanna Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Luca Sardi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (F.R.); (E.V.)
| | - Marta Pollesel
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Marco Tassinari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Buonaiuto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (G.M.); (G.M.); (L.S.); (M.P.); (M.T.); (G.B.)
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Holdorf HT, Brown WE, Combs GJ, Henisz SJ, Kendall SJ, Caputo MJ, Ruh KE, White HM. Increasing the prepartum dose of rumen-protected choline: Effects of maternal choline supplementation on growth, feed efficiency, and metabolism in Holstein and Holstein × Angus calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6005-6027. [PMID: 37500446 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Feeding pregnant cows rumen-protected choline (RPC) may have the potential to affect the growth and health of offspring, but little is known about the optimal dose, or the potential mechanisms of action. The objectives of this experiment were to 1) determine if increasing RPC supplementation during late gestation in multiparous Holstein cows would improve calf growth and 2) determine if maternal choline supplementation alters global DNA methylation patterns. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 116) were randomly assigned to diets targeting 0g choline ion (0.0 ± 0.000 choline ion, %DM, control; CTL), 15g of choline ion (recommended dose; RD) from an established RPC product (0.10 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM, RPC1RD; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; positive control), or 15g (0.09 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM, RPC2RD) or 22g (0.13 ± 0.005 choline ion, %DM, high dose; RPC2HD) of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (RPC2; Balchem Corp.). Treatments were mixed into a total mixed ration and cows had ad libitum access via a roughage intake control system (Hokofarm Group, Marknesse, Netherlands). All female Holstein (n = 49) and Holstein × Angus calves (male, n = 18; female, n = 30) were enrolled and fed colostrum from a cow within the same treatment. Holstein calves and Holstein × Angus calves were fed an accelerated and traditional milk replacer program, respectively, and offered ad libitum access to calf starter. Jugular vein blood samples were collected, and body weight was measured at 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d of age. Categorical treatment and continuous effects of actual prepartum maternal choline ion intake were analyzed using mixed effect models. An interaction of treatment with sex, nested within breed, resulted in any choline treatment increasing the proportion of methylated whole blood DNA in male, but not female calves. Although 37% of Holstein calves across all treatments experienced abomasal bloat, no evidence for differences in health measurements (signs of respiratory disease and fecal consistency) were observed across treatments. During the first 2 wk of life in Holstein calves, RPC2HD tended to increase average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) compared with CTL and increasing maternal choline ion intake linearly increased ADG and FE. Maternal choline supplementation increased plasma glucose compared with CTL, while increasing serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and decreasing serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein at 7 d of age in Holstein calves. In Holstein × Angus calves, the effect of treatment on ADG tended to interact with sex: in males, RPC2HD increased ADG after 2 wk of life compared with CTL, without evidence of a treatment effect in female calves. Increasing maternal choline ion intake linearly increased ADG after 2 wk of age in male Holstein × Angus calves, while quadratically increasing FE in both sexes. Altered global DNA methylation patterns in male Holstein × Angus calves, and changes in blood metabolites in Holstein calves, provide 2 potential mechanisms for observed improvements in calf growth. Continuous treatment models demonstrated that the effects of maternal choline supplementation are sensitive to the amount of maternal choline ion intake, with greater benefit to calves observed at higher maternal intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Holdorf
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G J Combs
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Henisz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M J Caputo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K E Ruh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
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9
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Welk A, Otten ND, Jensen MB. Invited review: The effect of milk feeding practices on dairy calf behavior, health, and performance-A systematic review. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5853-5879. [PMID: 37474370 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the literature assessing the effects of milk feeding practices on behavior, health, and performance on dairy calves. Peer-reviewed, published articles, written in English, directly comparing the effects of milk allowance, milk feeding methods, or milk feeding frequency on dairy calves were eligible for inclusion. Outcome measures could include sucking behavior, sucking on a teat (nutritive sucking, non-nutritive sucking on a teat), abnormal sucking behavior (non-nutritive sucking on pen fixtures, other oral behaviors, or cross-sucking), signs of hunger (vocalizations or unrewarded visits at the milk feeder), activity (lying time or locomotor play), feeding behavior (milk intake, starter intake, milk meal duration, or starter meal duration), growth (body weight or average daily gain), and health (occurrence of diarrhea, respiratory disease, or mortality). We conducted 2 targeted searches using Web of Science and PubMed to identify key literature. The resulting articles underwent a 2-step screening process. This process resulted in a final sample of 94 studies. The majority of studies investigated milk allowance (n = 69). Feeding higher milk allowances had a positive or desirable effect on growth, reduced signs of hunger, and increased locomotor play behavior during the preweaning period, whereas starter intake was reduced. Studies addressing health pointed to no effect of milk allowance, with no consistent evidence indicating that higher milk allowances result in diarrhea. Studies addressing milk feeding methods (n = 14) found that feeding milk by teat reduced cross-sucking and other abnormal oral behaviors. However, results on the effect of access to a dry teat were few and mixed. Milk feeding frequency (n = 14 studies) appeared to have little effect on feed intakes and growth; however, there is some evidence that calves with lower feeding frequency experience hunger. Overall, findings strongly suggest feeding higher volumes of milk using a teat; however, further work is needed to determine the optimal feeding frequency for dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Welk
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - N D Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M B Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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10
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Liermann W, Tümmler LM, Kuhla B, Viergutz T, Hammon HM. Effects of rumen cannulation combined with different pre-weaning feeding intensities on the intestinal, splenic and thymic immune system in heifer calves several month after surgery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1160935. [PMID: 37143684 PMCID: PMC10151785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1160935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fistulation is a helpful procedure in animal nutritional research and also common practise in human medicine. However, there are indications that alterations in the upper gastrointestinal tract contribute to intestinal immune modulations. The present study aimed to investigate effects of a rumen cannulation in week 3 of life on the intestinal and tissue specific immune system of 34-week old heifers. Nutrition influences the development of the neonatal intestinal immune system to a high extent. Therefore, rumen cannulation was investigated in combination with different pre-weaning milk feeding intensities (20% (20MR) vs. 10% milk replacer feeding (10MR). Heifers of 20MR without rumen cannula (NRC) showed higher cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ T cell subsets in mesenteric lymph nodes (MSL) compared to heifers with rumen cannula (RC) and 10MRNRC heifers. CD4+ T cell subsets in jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were higher in 10MRNRC heifers compared to 10MRRC heifers. CD4+ T cell subsets in ileal IELs were lower and CD21+ B cell subsets were higher in NRC heifers compared to RC heifers. CD8+ T cell subsets in spleen tended to be lower in 20MRNRC heifers compared to all other groups. Splenic CD21+ B cell subsets were higher in 20MRNRC heifers compared to RC heifers. Splenic toll like receptor (TLR) 6 expression was increased and IL4 expression tended to be increased in RC heifers than NRC heifers. Splenic TLR2, 3 and 10 gene expression was higher in 20MR compared to 10MR heifers. Jejunal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 expression was higher in RC heifers than NRC heifers, and MUC2 expression tended to increase in 20MR heifers compared to 10MR heifers. In conclusion, rumen cannulation modulated T and B cell subsets in the down streaming gastrointestinal tract and spleen. Pre-weaning feeding intensity seemed to affect intestinal mucin secretion and T and B cell subsets in MSL, spleen and thymus until several month later. Interestingly, in MSL, spleen and thymus the 10MR feeding regime evoked similar modulations of T and B cell subsets like rumen cannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Liermann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wendy Liermann,
| | - Lisa-Maria Tümmler
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Viergutz
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Harald Michael Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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11
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M. Abdelsattar M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Zhang N. Age-related changes in blood biochemical composition of Hu sheep. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Abdelsattar
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Naifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Niwińska B, Semik-Gurgul E, Furgał-Dierżuk I, Śliwiński B, Wieczorek J. Impact of feeding management strategy on overall weight gain, growth dynamics of selected organs and growth rate and development of the mammary gland in Preweaned heifers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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13
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Gómez E, Murillo A, Carrocera S, Pérez-Jánez JJ, Benedito JL, Martín-González D, Gimeno I. Fitness of calves born from in vitro-produced fresh and cryopreserved embryos. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1006995. [PMID: 36504844 PMCID: PMC9730881 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1006995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In cattle, vitrified/warmed (V/W) and frozen/thawed (F/T), in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos, differ in their physiology and survival from fresh embryos. In this study, we analyzed the effects of embryo cryopreservation techniques on the offspring. IVP embryos cultured with albumin and with or without 0.1% serum until Day 6, and thereafter in single culture without protein, were transferred to recipients on Day 7 as F/T, V/W, or fresh, resulting in N = 24, 14, and 13 calves, respectively. Calves were clinically examined at birth, and blood was analyzed before and after colostrum intake (Day 0), and subsequently on Day 15 and Day 30. On Day 0, calves from V/W and F/T embryos showed increased creatinine and capillary refill time (CRT) and reduced heartbeats. Calves from F/T embryos showed lower PCO2, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume than calves from V/W embryos while V/W embryos led to calves with increased Na+ levels. Colostrum effects did not differ between calves from fresh and cryopreserved embryos, indicating similar adaptive ability among calves. However, PCO2 did not decrease in calves from V/W embryos after colostrum intake. Serum in culture led to calves with affected (P < 0.05) temperature, CRT, HCO 3 - , base excess (BE), TCO2, creatinine, urea, and anion gap. On Day 15, the effects of embryo cryopreservation disappeared among calves. In contrast, Day 30 values were influenced by diarrhea appearance, mainly in calves from V/W embryos (i.e., lower values of TCO2, HCO 3 - , and BE; and increased glucose, anion gap, and lactate), although with no more clinical compromise than calves from fresh and F/T embryos. Diarrhea affected PCO2 and Na+ in all groups. Embryo cryopreservation, and/or culture, yield metabolically different calves, including effects on protein and acid-base metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gómez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain,*Correspondence: Enrique Gómez
| | - Antonio Murillo
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain
| | - Susana Carrocera
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain
| | | | - Jose Luis Benedito
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary School, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - David Martín-González
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain
| | - Isabel Gimeno
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Gijón, Spain
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14
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Ahmadi F, Akbarian-Tefaghi M, jafari A, Ghaffari MH. Effects of different milk feeding levels and frequencies on performance of Holstein heifers during weaning and first lactation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17780. [PMID: 36272981 PMCID: PMC9588141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of milk feeding amount and feeding frequency (FF) on performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, and performance of dairy heifers during the first artificial insemination (AI) and first lactation were investigated. The treatment group consisted of 48 female Holstein heifer calves (12/treatment) distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with milk feeding [high = 8 L/d, HL or medium = 6 L/d, ML] and feeding frequency [2 × or 3 ×]. All calves were fed on a step-up/step-down method, weaned from milk at 56 d of age, and observed until 70 d of age. Heifer calves were kept uniform from 70 d of age until the first lactation to evaluate the long-term effects of the treatments. We observed no FF effect and no interaction between the level and FF on feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), body weight (BW), structural growth, blood metabolites, and rumen fermentation parameters. Calves fed HL milk had higher total dry matter intake (DMI), BW, and ADG during the pre- and post-weaning periods. During the preweaning period, HL-fed calves had higher serum insulin (trend) and glucose concentrations compared to ML-fed calves. Lower age at first AI was observed in calves fed HL rather than ML regardless of FF. Weight at first AI, milk yield (305 d), and energy-corrected milk (ECM-305 d) in the first lactation showed a trend toward higher values in HL-fed calves compared to ML-fed calves. Preweaning performance and calf maturity can be positively affected by feeding high amounts of milk at both FF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi
- grid.411751.70000 0000 9908 3264Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156–83111 Iran
| | - Majid Akbarian-Tefaghi
- grid.411751.70000 0000 9908 3264Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156–83111 Iran
| | - Azam jafari
- grid.411406.60000 0004 1757 0173Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, PO Box 465, Khorramabad, 68151-44316 Iran
| | - Morteza Hosseini Ghaffari
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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15
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An Z, Abdelrahman M, Zhou J, Riaz U, Gao S, Gao S, Luo G, Yang L. Prepartum maternal supplementation of Capsicum oleoresin improves colostrum quality and buffalo calves' performance. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:935634. [PMID: 36268048 PMCID: PMC9577019 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.935634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effects of prepartum maternal supplementation of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) on colostrum quality and growth performance in newborn buffalo calves. Twelve multiparous buffaloes were randomly assigned to two groups starting from 4 weeks prepartum: the control group with a basal diet (CON) and the treatment group with a basal diet supplemented with 20 mg CAP/kg dry matter (CAP20). After birth, all calves were weighed and received colostrum from their respective dam directly within 2 h. After that, calves received pasteurized milk and starter feed till 56 days of age. The results showed that CAP increased lactose (P < 0.05) in colostrum, and it tended to increase monounsaturated fatty acids; however, it decreased colostrum urea nitrogen (P < 0.10). CAP did not affect colostrum yield and immunoglobulin G and M concentrations. The weekly starter intake was not affected by maternal CAP supplementation during the first 6 weeks of life. There was an increasing tendency in weekly starter intake from weeks 7 and 8 (P < 0.10) in CAP20 compared with CON. At 7 days of age, calves in CAP20 had higher immunoglobulin G (P < 0.05) and a decreased tendency in calves' serum glucose compared with CON. Additionally, maternal CAP supplementation increased calves' serum β-hydroxybutyric acid (P < 0.05) and tended to increase total protein (P < 0.10), while decreased non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0.05) at 56 days of age. Calves in CAP20 had higher final withers height, final heart girth, average withers height, and average heart girth than the CON (P < 0.05). These results suggest that maternal CAP supplementation could improve colostrum quality and positively affect the performance of buffalo calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahman
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Jiayan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Umair Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Province's Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Liguo Yang
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16
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Bonizzi S, Gislon G, Brasca M, Morandi S, Sandrucci A, Zucali M. Air Quality, Management Practices and Calf Health in Italian Dairy Cattle Farms. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172286. [PMID: 36078006 PMCID: PMC9454719 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Calf mortality is an important factor of economic loss in dairy operations. Among the factors which can affect calf health, air quality in calf housing has rarely been studied. In the present research, the relations among air quality in the calf pens, management practices, microclimatic conditions and calf health and mortality were studied in 25 Italian dairy cattle farms. Microbial air quality in the calf pens was found to be related to temperature and humidity, design and position of the pen, some management practices and calf health and mortality. Maintaining dry bedding and controlling microclimatic conditions in the calf pen can be useful practices to promote good air microbiological quality in the calf pen, improving calf health and reducing mortality. Abstract Among factors that can affect calf health, microbial quality of the pen air is poorly studied. In 25 Italian dairy farms, data concerning air quality in the calf pens, hygiene of pens and equipment, microclimatic conditions, calf health and management were collected during the winter season (January-March 2020 and December-March 2021). The average air Standard Plate Count (SPC) of 85 pens was 4.51 (SD = 0.52) log10 cfu/m3 whereas the average air ammonia concentration was 0.66 (SD = 0.53) ppm. Positive correlations were found between average Temperature Humidity Index (THI) in the pen and air SPC, night maximum THI and air SPC and between SPC and yeast, mould and ammonia concentration in the pen air. The concentrations of E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts in the pen air were higher and calf cough increased as the renewal interval of bedding material became longer. High bedding dry matter and low THI were associated with low air SPC, good calf health scores and low mortality. Maintaining low bedding humidity and controlling microclimatic conditions can contribute to enhancing air microbiological quality in the pen and reduce calf diseases and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bonizzi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gislon
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Brasca
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production ISPA, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Morandi
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production ISPA, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Sandrucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50316453
| | - Maddalena Zucali
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Amado L, Leal L, van Laar H, Berends H, Gerrits W, Martín-Tereso J. Effects of mixing a high-fat extruded pellet with a dairy calf starter on performance, feed intake, and digestibility. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8087-8098. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Impacts of Reducing Protein Content in Milk Replacer on Growth Performance and Health of Young Calves. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141756. [PMID: 35883303 PMCID: PMC9312336 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a drinking amount of 10 L of milk replacer (MR) was allowed to dairy calves in order to approach the natural drinking behavior. The question is: how much protein is required by calves in order to achieve an intended growth rate? For this reason, sixty-eight pre-weaned Holstein calves were divided into two groups and fed with 10 L/d of MR containing either 22% protein (MR22) or 19% protein (MR19) at an almost comparable energy intake. Effects on performance, metabolic status, and health were compared. Feed intake, growth performance, and health status were monitored during the pre-transition, transition, and postweaning phase (until 157 d of age). Total feed intake, and intake of MR, body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) were not significantly different between MR22 and MR19 during the entire experimental period (p > 0.05). At d 42, calves in MR19 group showed greater serum levels of growth hormone (16.2 vs. 22.2 ng/mL; p = 0.02), insulin-like growth factor 1 (262 vs. 291 ng/mL; p = 0.03), and urea (2.86 vs. 3.04 mmol/L; p < 0.01). The results of the present study suggested that when high amounts of MR are provided, the protein content in MR can be reduced to 19% without any adverse effects on growth performance as well as on health status of dairy calves.
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Wilms JN, Ghaffari MH, Steele MA, Sauerwein H, Martín-Tereso J, Leal LN. Macronutrient profile in milk replacer or a whole milk powder modulates growth performance, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites in ad libitum-fed calves. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6670-6692. [PMID: 35787324 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk replacers (MR) for calves usually contain more lactose and less fat than bovine whole milk (WM). There are insufficient data to determine whether these MR formulations are optimal for calves fed at high planes of nutrition. Thus, the effect of 3 MR formulations and a WM powder were evaluated on growth, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites in 96 male Holstein calves fed ad libitum and with 45.5 ± 4.30 kg (mean ± SD) BW at arrival. Calves were blocked based on arrival sequence, and randomly assigned within block to one of the 4 treatments (n = 24 calves/group): a high-fat MR (25.0% fat, dry matter basis; 22.5% protein, 38.6% lactose; 21.3 MJ/kg; HF), a high lactose MR (44.6% lactose, 22.5% protein, 18.0% fat; 19.7 MJ/kg; HL), a high protein MR (26.0% protein, 18.0% fat, 41.5% lactose; 20.0 MJ/kg; HP), and a WM powder (26.0% fat; 24.5% protein, 38.0% lactose; 21.6 MJ/kg; WP). In the first 2 wk after arrival, calves were individually housed and were fed 3.0 L of their respective liquid feed 3 times daily at 135 g/L. They were then moved to group housing and fed ad libitum until d 42 after arrival. Weaning was gradual and took place between d 43 and 70 after arrival; thereafter, calves were fed solids only. Concentrates, chopped straw, and water were available ad libitum throughout the study. Body weight was measured, and blood was collected at arrival and then weekly thereafter from wk 1 to 12. Weight gain and height were greater in HL than WP calves. In the preweaning phase, HL and HP-fed calves consumed more milk than WP, and HL-fed calves consumed more milk than HF calves. In wk 10, starter feed intakes were lower in HF calves than in the other groups. In the preweaning phase, ME intakes were the same for all treatments. This suggests that milk intakes were regulated by the energy density of the milk supplied. The percentage of calves requiring therapeutic interventions related to diarrhea was greater in WP-fed calves (29%) than HF and HL calves (4%), whereas HP (13%) did not differ with other groups. This was coupled with lower blood acid-base, blood gas, and blood sodium in WP than in MR-fed calves. Calves fed HF had greater serum nonesterified fatty acids compared with other groups, and greater serum amyloid A compared with WP and HL calves. Among the serum parameters, insulin-like growth factor-1 and lactate dehydrogenase correlated positively with MR intake and average daily gain. The high lactose and protein intakes in HL and HP calves led to greater insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations than in WP-fed calves. Although growth differences were limited among MR groups, the metabolic profile largely differed and these differences require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilms
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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20
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Wenker ML, Verwer CM, Bokkers EAM, te Beest DE, Gort G, de Oliveira D, Koets A, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ, van Reenen CG. Effect of Type of Cow-Calf Contact on Health, Blood Parameters, and Performance of Dairy Cows and Calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:855086. [PMID: 35498756 PMCID: PMC9039747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.855086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged cow-calf contact (CCC) could potentially improve dairy calf welfare. However, it is currently unknown how different types of CCC affect animals' biological functions. We evaluated health and performance parameters of dairy calves and their dams, where calves: (i) had no contact with their dam (NC), in which the calf was removed from the dam directly after birth (n = 10); (ii) were allowed to have partial contact (PC) with their dam, in which the calf was housed in a calf pen adjacent to the cow area allowing physical contact on the initiative of the dam but no suckling (n = 18); (iii) were allowed to have full contact (FC) with their dam, including suckling, in which calves were housed together with their dams in a free-stall barn (n = 20). Throughout the first 7 weeks postpartum, data were collected on the health status, fecal microbiota, hematological profile, immune and hormonal parameters, and growth rates of calves, and on the health status, metabolic responses, and performance of dams. Overall, FC calves had more health issues (P = 0.02) and a tendency for higher antibiotic usage (P = 0.07) than NC calves. Additionally, FC calves showed elevated levels of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and leukocytes on day 49 compared to NC calves (P < 0.001). Calf fecal microbiota changed over time, and we found preliminary evidence that fecal microbiota is affected by the type of CCC, as reflected by differences in relative abundances of taxa including Lactobacillus in FC calves compared to NC and PC calves except on days 7 and 66. The FC calves had a greater average daily gain in body weight than NC and PC calves (P = 0.002). Cow health was not affected by the type of CCC, although in the first 7 weeks of lactation FC cows had a lower machine-gained milk yield accompanied by a lower fat percentage than NC and PC cows (P < 0.001). These results indicate that full contact posed a challenge for calf health, presumably because the housing conditions of FC calves in this experimental context were suboptimal. Secondly, ad libitum suckling leads to higher weight gains and negatively affected milk fat content besides machine-gained yields. More research into strategies to improve cow-calf housing and management in CCC systems is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret L. Wenker
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Eddie A. M. Bokkers
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dennis E. te Beest
- Biometris, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | - Josef J. Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelis G. van Reenen
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Inabu Y, Taguchi Y, Miyamoto H, Etoh T, Shiotsuka Y, Fujino R, Okada T, Udagawa M, Tsuji N, Matsuura M, Tsuboi A, Kato T, Kodama H, Ohno H, Takahashi H. Development of a novel feeding method for Japanese black calves with thermophile probiotics at postweaning. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3870-3882. [PMID: 35261112 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Probiotic effects of compost containing thermophiles on productivity have been reported in domestic animals, although not cattle. We evaluated the effects of administering Caldibacillus hisashii, a thermophile contained in compost, on growth, blood components, faecal organic acid concentrations and microbiota population in Japanese black calves. METHODS AND RESULTS Calves were administered C. hisashii from 3 to 5 mo of age. Administering C. hisashii decreased feed intake without affecting body weight, indicating that feed efficiency is improved by administration. Administering C. hisashii decreased plasma insulin concentration without affecting glucose and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Chao1 was decreased by exposure at 5 mo of age. Similarly, weighted- and unweighted UniFrac distances were affected by treatment at 5 mo of age. Faecal abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes tended to be increased by exposure. Faecal propionic acid concentration was correlated positively with faecal abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes but negatively with that of Firmicutes. Interestingly, the population of the genus Methanobrevibacter, representing the majority of methanogens, was lowered by exposure and was negatively correlated with faecal propionic acid concentration. CONCLUSION Administration of C. hisashii has the potential to improve growth performance of Japanese black calves and to contribute to reducing environmental load, which may be associated with altered endocrine kinetics and gut microbial populations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS OF THE STUDY This study revealed that isolated thermophiles included in compost may exert probiotic effects on calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Inabu
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yutaka Taguchi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Japan Eco-science (Nikkan Kagaku) Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan.,Sermas, Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Etoh
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiotsuka
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fujino
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Toru Okada
- Asuka Animal Health Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Makiko Matsuura
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Sermas, Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan
| | - Arisa Tsuboi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Japan Eco-science (Nikkan Kagaku) Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan.,Sermas, Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan.,RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Kodama
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
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22
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Verdon M. A review of factors affecting the welfare of dairy calves in pasture-based production systems. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current research on factors affecting the welfare of dairy calves is predominantly based on indoor, year-round calving systems. Calf rearing in these systems differs from that in more seasonal, pasture-based dairy production, meaning that risks to the welfare of dairy calves may not always be comparable between the two systems. The aim of this review was to consolidate the scientific literature relating to calf welfare in pasture-based dairy systems from birth until weaning, allowing for (1) the identification of current and emerging risks to calf welfare and (2) the formation of recommendations to mitigate these risks. Many of the risks to calf welfare discussed in this review are not exclusive to pasture-based dairies. This includes a global trend for increasing perinatal mortalities, a significant number of calves failing to achieve effective passive transfer of immunity, the low uptake of best practice pain relief when calves are disbudded, and the feeding of restricted milk volumes. In addition to these persisting welfare risks, two factors discussed in this review pose an immediate threat to the social license of dairy farming; the separation of cow and calf soon after birth and the management of surplus calves (i.e. calves not needed by the dairy industry). Several recommendations are made to improve the uptake of best-practice calf rearing and progress the development of alternative pasture-based rearing systems that accommodate changing community expectations. These include communication strategies that strengthen farmer beliefs regarding the welfare and productivity benefits achieved by best practice calf rearing and challenge beliefs regarding the associated costs. Farmers should also be encouraged to benchmark their rearing practices through improved record keeping of key rearing inputs and outcomes. Biological research is needed to advise the development of new calf rearing recommendations and the evolution of existing recommendations. Research priorities identified by this review include the effects of dystocia on the neonate and strategies to mitigate these effects, relationships between features of pen design and calf health and welfare, feasibility of dam rearing in large pasture-based dairy systems, and strategies that increase the value of the surplus calf.
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23
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Optimizing the growth and immune system of dairy calves by subdividing the pre-weaning period and providing different milk volumes for each stage. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2021; 7:1296-1302. [PMID: 34786502 PMCID: PMC8567321 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In systematically considering the advantages and disadvantages of complementarity in high or low milk feeding, novel milk feeding schemes involving altering the volume of supplied milk in different stages of the pre-weaning period but maintaining the total milk feeding volume were tested. Twenty-seven newborn male Holstein calves were selected and randomly assigned to 3 treatments. Calves in the control (CON) group were fed 7 L of milk daily from 4 to 66 d of age. Calves in the low-high (LH) group were fed 6 L of milk daily at the beginning, and then the daily feeding volume was later increased to 7 to 8 L of milk, which served as the early-period low-volume feeding group. The calves in the high-low (HL) group were fed 7 to 8 L daily at the beginning, and then the daily feeding volume was decreased to 6 L of milk, which served as the early-period high-volume feeding group. Then all calves were fed 3 L of milk daily from 67 to 70 d of age, weaned at 70 d of age, and then fed starter feed to 100 d of age. All calves had access to the starter feed from 15 to 100 d of age. The diarrheal condition of calves was recorded daily and the growth performance including the starter feed intake and body weight of calves was recorded at 70 and 100 d of age. Then, five 100-d-old calves from each treatment were sampled for measurement of plasma indices, ruminal morphology, and volatile fatty acids. When compared with the CON and LH groups, calves in the HL group exhibited a significantly increased body weight and lower diarrhoeal rate. When compared with the CON group, calves in the HL group exhibited a significantly increased average daily feed intake, ruminal epithelium papillae length, total volatile fatty acids, and percentages of propionate and butyrate. Moreover, the significantly increased plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) content and a trend of decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content (P = 0.083) were also identified in the HL group when compared with the CON group. Overall, the early-period high-volume feeding for calves produced greater body weight gain and a lower incidence of diarrhea.
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24
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Parsons SD, Steele MA, Leslie KE, Renaud DL, Reedman CN, Winder CB, DeVries TJ. Effect of a milk byproduct-based calf starter feed on dairy calf nutrient consumption, rumen development, and performance when fed different milk levels. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:281-300. [PMID: 34756444 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a milk byproduct-based starter pellet, high in lactose, on feed intakes, growth, and rumen development when calves were fed either a high or low level of milk. This was done by using a 2 × 2 factorial design, with 120 Holstein heifer calves randomly assigned to 1 of 2 milk treatments and 1 of 2 feed treatments upon enrollment at birth. Calves were either assigned to a low (LM) or high (HM) level of milk replacer by an automated milk-feeding system for individually-housed calves. The LM treatment calves were offered 6 L/d (150 g/L; 1.2 L, 5×/d), whereas HM treatment calves were offered 15 L/d (150 g/L; 3 L, 5×/d) of milk replacer. Calves were also assigned to a milk byproduct- (whey) based starter feed treatment (WF), or a grain-based starter ration (95% concentrate starter pellet, 5% chopped wheat straw) feed treatment (GF). All calves were offered their treatment feed starting on d 5, with water offered ad libitum from d 0. The WF treatment calves were offered 150 g/d of the milk byproduct-based pellet until they consumed the entirety for 2 out of 3 consecutive days. At this point, WF treatment calves received 150 g of the milk byproduct-based pellet top dressed onto the grain-based ration to allow for ad libitum feed consumption until weaned, when they only received the grain-based ration postweaning (d 64-77). Calves on the GF feed treatment received only the grain-based ration. All calves were gradually weaned from d 43 to 63. By design, calves on the HM treatment consumed greater levels of milk than LM treatment calves for the majority of the days in the preweaning phase (8.9 ± 0.11 vs. 5.5 ± 0.11 L/d; SE). Calves on the GF and WF treatments consumed similar amounts of milk in the preweaning phase (7.2 ± 0.11 vs. 7.2 ± 0.11 L/d); however, there was a milk and feed treatment interaction detected for milk consumption in the weaning phase, with HM-GF calves drinking more milk than the other treatments and HM-WF calves drinking more milk than both LM-GF and LM-WF calves. The WF treatment calves had greater solid feed intake during the preweaning phase than GF treatment calves, with no feed intake differences in the weaning or postweaning phases. The WF calves drank more water in the preweaning phase than GF calves. Average daily gain was similar throughout the study between the GF and WF treatment calves. Rumen physiological measures were all similar by the end of the trial (d 77) regardless of feed or milk treatment, suggesting similar rumen development postweaning. Overall, regardless of the level of milk fed, offering the milk byproduct-based starter pellet may increase preweaning feed intake, along with water consumption. However, both feed and milk treatments had similar performance and rumen development measures by the end of the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Parsons
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K E Leslie
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C N Reedman
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T J DeVries
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Shiasi Sardoabi R, Alikhani M, Hashemzadeh F, Khorvash M, Mirzaei M, Drackley JK. Effects of different planes of milk feeding and milk total solids concentration on growth, ruminal fermentation, health, and behavior of late weaned dairy calves during summer. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:96. [PMID: 34470664 PMCID: PMC8411520 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using high quantities of milk or milk replacer (MR) in heat-stressed calves to alleviate the negative effects of high environmental temperatures on their performance. However, observations have indicated a decline in growth performance in the weaning and post-weaning period, which might be optimized with increasing total solids (TS) in milk and weaning age. This study aims to optimize the effects of higher quantities of milk on late weaned calves' performance by increasing TS concentration or delivery route in summer conditions. Method Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the factors of pre-weaning total plane of milk (PM) intake (low vs. high) and milk TS content (12% vs. 17%). The treatments were (1) low PM (LPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 45.9 kg), (2) LPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 65.1 kg), (3) high PM (HPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 63.7 kg); and (4) HPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 90.3 kg). Calves were weaned at d 83, and the study was terminated at d 103 of age. Performance data (every 10 day), skeletal growth (d 80 and 100), ruminal fermentation parameters (d 48 and 91), and behavioral measurements (d 69, 70, 93 and 94) were analyzed as repeated measurements with PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results Calves receiving HPM consumed less PMR from d 44 to 83 of age, but they had higher ADG from d 24 to 53 of age compared to those fed LPM (PM × age, P < 0.001). In addition, calves receiving milk with 17% TS had lower PMR intake from d 14 to 83 of age, but greater ADG from d 34 to 53 compared to those receiving milk with 12% TS (TS × age, P < 0.001). Calves that received HPM had greater skeletal growth parameters compared to LPM-fed calves, with a similar effect evident for calves fed milk with 17% TS compared with those fed milk with 12% TS. Calves receiving milk with 17% TS had greater fecal scores and diarrhea occurrence than those fed milk with 12% TS in HPM, but not LPM. Conclusions Increasing PM and milk TS concentration improved growth in summer-exposed calves as demonstrated by increased pre-weaning ADG, pre- and post-weaning BW, and structural growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shiasi Sardoabi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Alikhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - F Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-88349, Arak, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA.
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Fischer-Tlustos A, Lopez A, Hare K, Wood K, Steele M. Effects of colostrum management on transfer of passive immunity and the potential role of colostral bioactive components on neonatal calf development and metabolism. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal dairy and beef calves are required to ingest adequate volumes of high-quality colostrum during their first hours of life to acquire transfer of passive immunity (TPI). As such, immunoglobulin G (IgG) has largely been the focus of colostrum research over recent decades. Yet, little is known about the additional bioactive compounds in colostrum that potentially influence newborn calf development and metabolism. The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize research regarding the effects of colostrum management practices on TPI, as well as to address the potential role of additional colostral bioactive molecules, including oligosaccharides, fatty acids, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I, in promoting calf development and metabolism. Due to the importance of IgG in ensuring calf immunity and health, we review past research describing the process of colostrogenesis and dam factors influencing the concentrations of IgG in an effort to maximize TPI. We also address the transfer of additional bioactive compounds in colostrum and prepartum management and dam factors that influence their concentrations. Finally, we highlight key areas of future research for the scientific community to pursue to ultimately improve the health and welfare of neonatal dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
| | - A. Lopez
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
| | - K.S. Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
| | - K.M. Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
| | - M.A. Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada
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Arshad MA, Hassan FU, Rehman MS, Huws SA, Cheng Y, Din AU. Gut microbiome colonization and development in neonatal ruminants: Strategies, prospects, and opportunities. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:883-895. [PMID: 34632119 PMCID: PMC8484983 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colonization and development of the gut microbiome is a crucial consideration for optimizing the health and performance of livestock animals. This is mainly attributed to the fact that dietary and management practices greatly influence the gut microbiota, subsequently leading to changes in nutrient utilization and immune response. A favorable microbiome can be implanted through dietary or management interventions of livestock animals, especially during early life. In this review, we explore all the possible factors (for example gestation, colostrum, and milk feeding, drinking water, starter feed, inoculation from healthy animals, prebiotics/probiotics, weaning time, essential oil and transgenesis), which can influence rumen microbiome colonization and development. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of potential strategies used to manipulate gut development and microbial colonization to improve the production and health of newborn calves at an early age when they are most susceptible to enteric disease. Moreover, we provide insights into possible interventions and their potential effects on rumen development and microbiota establishment. Prospects of latest techniques like transgenesis and host genetics have also been discussed regarding their potential role in modulation of rumen microbiome and subsequent effects on gut development and performance in neonatal ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Arshad
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Muhammad S Rehman
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sharon A Huws
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, GB-NIR, UK
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ahmad U Din
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
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Tümmler LM, Derno M, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E, Kuhla B. Effects of 2 liquid feeding rates over the first 3 months of life on whole-body energy metabolism and energy use efficiency of dairy calves up to 5 months. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10399-10414. [PMID: 34127265 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intensified milk replacer (MR) feeding in calves has nutritional long-term effects and is suggested to increase milk production later in life. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The aim of our study was to investigate whether MR feeding intensity has long-term effects on energy metabolism and energy use efficiency of dairy calves. Newborn female Holstein calves (n = 28) were randomly assigned to 2 liquid feeding groups offered daily either 10% of body weight (BW) colostrum followed by 10% of BW MR (10%-MR) or 12% of BW colostrum followed by 20% of BW MR (20%-MR). Calves were housed individually. Weaning was completed by the end of wk 12. Hay and calf starter were fed from d 1 until the end of wk 14 and 16, respectively. A total mixed ration was fed from wk 11 onward, and the metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was determined daily. Energy metabolism of calves was measured in respiratory chambers before weaning in wk 6 and 9, and after weaning in wk 14 and 22. The MEI/BW0.75 was higher before weaning but lower during and shortly after weaning in 20%-MR calves. During the preweaning period, the 20%-MR animals had higher average daily gain, BW, back fat thickness and muscle diameter, but lower plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. The group difference in average daily gain ceased in wk 9, differences in back fat thickness and muscle diameter ceased after weaning, whereas difference in BW0.75 persisted until wk 23. The energy conversion ratio (BW gain/MEI) was not different before weaning, but was lower during and after weaning in 20%-MR calves. The higher MEI and BW0.75 in 20%-MR calves resulted in higher heat production (HP), as well as in higher carbohydrate oxidation (COX) and fat oxidation during the preweaning period. Gas exchange variables normalized to BW0.75 or MEI differed between groups only during preweaning. The energy balance was lower in 10%-MR calves in wk 6 and 9. The HP/BW0.75 and COX/BW0.75 were higher, whereas HP/MEI was lower in 20%-MR calves in wk 6. When normalized to BW0.75 and MEI, HP in wk 6 and 9, and COX in wk 9 was lower in 20%-MR calves. In conclusion, 20%-MR calves showed greater efficiency estimates preweaning, but this effect did not occur after weaning, suggesting that energy use efficiency does not persist until later stages in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Tümmler
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 1, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Derno
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 1, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 1, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 1, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Brito RF, França AFS, Pansani AP, Castro CH, Colugnati DB, Souza LF, Rabelo LA, Nunes-Souza V, Xavier CH, Oliveira GA, Corrêa DS, Ramos AT, Macedo LM, Ferreira RN. Performance and serum parameters of calves (Bos taurus) subject to milk restriction associated with supplementation with 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6259220. [PMID: 33914885 PMCID: PMC8188820 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim with this study was to evaluate the consumption, performance, quantitative characteristics of carcasses, biochemical profile, plasma levels of ghrelin and leptin, expression of the receptor for ghrelin (GHS-R1a) in the hypothalamus and duodenum, and the number of goblet cells in the duodenum of calves subjected to milk volume restriction and supplemented with 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMTBa). We used 21 Holstein mixed-breed calves, aged between 3 and 15 d with an average weight of 36.8 kg, and housed in pens with troughs for hay, concentrate, and water. The study included two consecutive experimental periods (first period [P1] and second period [P2]) of 21 d each, with 7 d of adaptation to the diet and facilities. The calves were distributed in a completely randomized design in three treatments with seven repetitions. 1) Control: 6 liters of milk/d during P1 and 6 liters of milk/day during P2; 2) RES (milk restriction): 3 liters of milk/day during P1 and 6 liters of milk/day during P2; and 3) RES + HMTBa: 3 liters of milk/day during P1 and 6 liters of milk/day during P2 + 3.3 g of HMTBa/day in both periods. HMTBa was supplied in milk, and the amount of concentrated ration and hay provided and leftovers were recorded daily to estimate dry matter (DM) and crude protein consumption. Mean daily weight gain (DWG), final weight (FW), and feed conversion (FC) were obtained at the beginning and at the end of each 21-d period. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin and leptin, triglycerides, total protein, urea, lactate, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol were measured for P1 and P2 at the end of each 21-d period. At the end of P2, animals were slaughtered; sections of the duodenum were collected to evaluate the expression of GHS-R1a and quantity of goblet cells; hypothalamus was used to evaluate the expression of GHS-R1a; rumen was used to evaluate the thickness of epithelium and keratin and the density, height, and width of ruminal papillae. In P1, total DM consumption, FW, DWG, glucose, and triglycerides were lower in the RES and RES + HMTBa groups (P < 0.001). In P2, there was an improvement in the FC of the RES + HMTBa group (compared with Control and RES groups) and a lower urea concentration in the RES group (compared with Control and RES + HMTBa groups) (P < 0.001). No differences were observed among groups regarding hormonal concentrations, histological parameters, and GHS-R1a expression in the duodenum and hypothalamus. Therefore, milk restriction combined with HMTBa supplementation promoted greater compensatory gain by a mechanism independent of changes in GHS-R1a expression and hormone levels of ghrelin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane F Brito
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary and Animal Science School, Federal University of Goias, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Aldi F S França
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary and Animal Science School, Federal University of Goias, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Aline P Pansani
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Castro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Diego B Colugnati
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Souza
- Federal University of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins 77804-970, Brazil
| | - Luiza A Rabelo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Valéria Nunes-Souza
- Department of Physiological and Pharmacology Sciences, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Xavier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Graciele A Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary and Animal Science School, Federal University of Goias, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Corrêa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano T Ramos
- Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forests, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina 89520-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Macedo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo N Ferreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
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Ghaffari MH, Hammon HM, Frieten D, Gerbert C, Dusel G, Koch C. Effects of milk replacer meal size on feed intake, growth performance, and blood metabolites and hormones of calves fed milk replacer with or without butyrate ad libitum: A cluster-analytic approach. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4650-4664. [PMID: 33589259 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study intended to classify ad libitum-fed calves according to their milk replacer (MR) meal size using the K-means clustering approach. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MR meal size on feed intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic and hormones of ad libitum MR-fed calves. German Holstein calves (16 male and 16 female) were studied from birth until d 77 of age. All calves received first colostrum (2.5 kg) milked from their dams within 2 h after birth. Subsequent colostrum meals (subsequent 4 meals until 2.5 d of age; 2 meals/d) and MR (125 g of powder/L; 21.7% crude protein, 18.6% crude fat) were fed ad libitum by teat bucket until d 10 ± 2 of age. Afterward, calves were housed in group pens with automatic feeders for MR (maximum of 25 L/d) and concentrate from 10 ± 3 d of age. Half of the calves received MR supplemented with butyrate to improve growth performance. Milk intake was stepped down to 2 L/d from wk 9 to 10, and 2 L/d of MR were offered until the end of the study. On d 1, 2, 4, and 7, and then weekly until wk 11 of age, blood samples were collected for measurement of metabolites and hormones related to energy metabolism and growth. The K-means cluster analysis on the MR meal size data collected from the automatic feeder resulted in 3 clusters (n = 14, n = 12, and n = 6). Two clusters with a sufficient cluster size (n = 14 and n = 12) were included for further statistical analysis using repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA. In both clusters, butyrate supplementation was equally distributed and failed to affect a difference in MR meal size. Cluster 1 showed calves with higher MR meal size (HI; 2.2 ± 0.11 L/visit of MR) and cluster 2 with lower meal size (LO; 1.8 ± 0.07 L/visit of MR) supplemented MR without (HIB-; n = 6; LOB-, n = 7) or with 0.33% calcium-sodium butyrate (HIB+; n = 6; LOB+, n = 7). Dry matter intake of MR did not differ between HI and LO, but intakes of concentrate and total dry matter tended to be greater in HI than in LO and increased more distinctly in HI than in LO at the end of the study. The average daily gain (g/d) was greater in HI than in LO. Plasma concentrations of total protein (g/L), albumin (g/L), glucose (mmol/L), urea (mmol/L), insulin (µg/L), and glucagon (ng/L) were higher, and the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I tended to be higher, in HI than in LO calves. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was higher in LO than in HI at d 63 and lower in calves fed MR with butyrate at d 77. In conclusion, clustering analysis discriminates 2 main groups of calves with different MR meal size and indicates an effect of MR meal size on solid feed intake, growth performance, and metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Dörte Frieten
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Caroline Gerbert
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - Georg Dusel
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany.
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de Carvalho IPC, Reis VA, Leal LN, Martín-Tereso J. Increasing preweaning milk replacer supply affects postweaning energy metabolism of Holstein male calves. Animal 2021; 15:100170. [PMID: 33485830 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Male Holstein calves commonly receive minimal quantities of milk replacer (MR) to speed up weaning and reduce costs. Studies with Holstein female calves show that early life feed restriction affects energy metabolism later in life. Aiming to test this hypothesis, 120 Holstein bull calves (48.4 ± 2.2 kg of BW and 20 ± 3.2 d of age) housed in 24 pens were blocked and randomized to two treatments: A low calf MR allowance (LP) (two daily doses of 2 l each, 582 g/d of DM), or a high MR allowance (HP) (two daily meals of 4 l each, 1164 g/d of DM). Calves were weaned at day 49 of the study and slaughtered at 32.8 ± 0.5 weeks of age. Throughout the study, animals had ad libitum access to a common compound feed, straw, and water. Twenty-four animals were randomly selected for an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). The IVGTT was performed at week 6 and 12 of the study and consisted of an intravenous glucose infusion and sequential blood sampling up to 90 min after glucose infusions. Calves were heavier for HP until week 12, after which the difference disappeared. By design, the MR intake was higher in the HP group resulting in a higher energy intake and a higher average daily gain in the preweaning phase. Blood glucose curves were not different at week 6, but at week 12, 5 min after the infusion, glucose was higher in HP calves. Insulin curves were not different at week 6. Nevertheless, in week 12, a higher insulin concentration was observed for HP 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, and 45 min' postinfusion, indicating a higher requirement of insulin to control glycemia. Differences between HP and LP calves were also observed for the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, maximum insulin concentration, and insulin delta at week 12. Blood glucose reached maximum concentration within 5-10 min of the IVGTT test, and the concentration was, on average, 8.58 and 10.80 mmol/l at weeks 6 and 12, respectively. Insulin reached maximum concentration within 10-15 min of the IVGTT, and concentrations were, on average, 33.32 and 32.61 μUI/ml at weeks 6 and 12, respectively. Doubling MR supply improved animal growth up to weaning, but these differences disappeared by the end of the feeding period. Despite similar responses to glucose infusions preweaning, higher milk supply seemed to decrease insulin sensitivity after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P C de Carvalho
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - V A Reis
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais 37200-000, Brazil
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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32
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Jafari A, Azarfar A, Alugongo GM, Ghorbani GR, Mirzaei M, Fadayifar A, Omidi-Mirzaei H, Cao Z, Drackley JK, Hossieni Ghaffari M. Milk feeding quantity and feeding frequency: effects on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy calves. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1884504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Jafari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Arash Azarfar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gibson M. Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gholam R. Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Fadayifar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Omidi-Mirzaei
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Areeo, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - James K. Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Inabu Y, Haisan J, Oba M, Sugino T. Effects of feeding a moderate- or high-energy close-up diet to cows on response of newborn calves to milk replacer feeding and intravenous injection of glucagon-like peptide 1. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106528. [PMID: 32810655 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of feeding a moderate- or high-energy close-up diet to close-up cows on response of newborn calves to intravenously (i.v.) injected glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Newborn Holstein heifer calves (n = 37) from cows fed with a moderate-energy [M, 1.54 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM) NEl; 14% starch; n = 17] or high-energy (H, 1.63 Mcal/kg of DM NEl; 26% starch; n = 20) diet in the last 28 d prepartum were assigned to one of two treatment groups, which were i.v. injected with saline (MC and HC, n = 9 and 10, respectively) or GLP-1 solution at 1.0 μg/kg BW (MG and HG, n = 8 and 10, respectively) immediately after milk replacer (MR; 26% CP, 16% fat) feeding. Blood samples were obtained through a jugular vein catheter at -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, and 120 min relative to MR feeding at 2, 10, and 20 d after birth, and plasma glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 concentrations were measured. Plasma GLP-1 concentration tended to increase starting from 30 min after MR feeding in the MC relative to the HC group at 10 (0.77 ng/mL vs 0.69 ng/mL for MC and HC, respectively; P = 0.10) and 20 d after birth (0.47 ng/mL vs 0.35 ng/mL for MC and HC, respectively; P = 0.07). Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after MR feeding did not differ between MC and HC groups at 2 and 20 d after birth but were higher (P < 0.05) in MC (158 mg/dL and 3.64 ng/mL for glucose and insulin, respectively) than in HC (143 mg/dL and 2.46 ng/mL for glucose and insulin, respectively) calves at 10 d after birth. The elevation in plasma glucose concentration after MR feeding was suppressed by direct glucose-lowering action of i.v. injected GLP-1 at 2, 10, and 20 d after birth in M and H calves; this direct glucose-lowering action by GLP-1 was greater (P < 0.05) for H than for M calves at 20 d after birth. These results indicate that feeding a high-energy close-up diet to cows affects glucose status in their female offspring via suppression of postprandial plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and insulin as well as the alteration in the glucose-lowering action of GLP-1 after feeding depending on the day after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inabu
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - J Haisan
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - T Sugino
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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Comparative Effects of Milk Containing A1 versus A2 β-Casein on Health, Growth and β-Casomorphin-7 Level in Plasma of Neonatal Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010055. [PMID: 33396812 PMCID: PMC7824610 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine milk generally contains two types of the milk protein β-casein, A1 and A2. Enzymatic digestion of the A1 type yields the opioid peptide β-casomorphin-7, which is suggested to adversely affect human and animal health. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk containing either homozygote A1 or A2 β-casein on health and growth parameters in 47 dairy calves during the first three weeks of life. Additionally, we studied, for the first time, the levels of intact β-casomorphin-7 in plasma of calves fed milk of alternative β-casein genotypes. Milk feeding of “A2-milk” led to a lower milk intake and a looser fecal consistency (higher prevalence of diarrhea) compared to “A1-milk”. Nevertheless, weight gains and end weights of calves of both feeding groups were similar, which might be caused by the associated higher protein content of milk containing the A2 variant. Intact β-casomorphin-7 was detected in plasma after A1- and A2-milk consumption, but was almost 5 times higher for A1-calves. In summary, A2-milk minimized the cleavage of the opioid peptide β-casomorphin-7 and might have advantages in the development of pre-weaned dairy calves. Abstract Research has shown that digestion of A1 β-casein (β-CN) affects gastrointestinal motility and opioid activity through the release of the peptide β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM7). In the case of the A2 variant, the cleavage of β-CM7 does not occur or occurs at a very low rate. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the effects of milk containing either homozygote A1 or A2 β-CN on health and growth parameters of dairy calves. Forty-seven neonatal calves (24 females, 23 males) of the breeds German Holstein (GH, n = 9), German Simmental (GS, n = 33) and their crossing (GH × GS, n = 5) were used in a 21-day feeding study. Fecal score (FS), respiratory frequency (RF), and rectal body temperature (BT) were recorded daily, whereas body weight was measured at birth and at day 21 to estimate the average daily weight gain (ADG). Additionally, blood was collected from calves three times during the experimental period and, for the first time, the respective plasma samples were analyzed for intact β-CM7. Consumption of A2-milk led to a lower daily milk intake (dMI) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, fecal consistency was softer for calves fed A2-milk (p < 0.05). Although 44% of A2-calves had diarrhea or revealed a tendency towards it (FS ≥ 3), A1-calves had a prevalence of 21%. Calves with a FS of 4 were offered an electrolyte solution and received a dietary food supplement for the stabilization of the fluid and electrolyte balance. Nevertheless, similar ADG and end weights (EW) of calves fed A1- or A2-milk (p > 0.05) indicate that A2-milk may compensate higher diarrhea rates and lower dMI due to the associated higher protein content. This is the first report of intact β-CM7 in plasma of calves fed milk of either A1 or A2 β-CN. Evidence from this study suggests that due to the change in the amino-acid sequence, A2-milk might be able to prevent or, at least, to minimize the cleavage of β-CM7 in calves.
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Alimirzaei M, Alijoo YA, Dehghan Banadaky M, Eslamizad M. Effects of intensified or conventional milk feeding on pre-weaning health and feeding behavior of Holstein female calves around weaning. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:311-318. [PMID: 33643582 PMCID: PMC7904130 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.88679.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Health, inflammatory, and stress indices as well as feeding behavior around weaning were measured for Holstein female calves fed intensified milk or conventionally during the pre-weaning period. Calves (n ꞊ 48) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments including a conventional (CF) or an intensified feeding (IF) groups. In CF group, calves (n ꞊ 24) received 0.52 kg of dry matter (DM) per day from pasteurized whole milk (23.00% crude protein (CP) and 27.00% fat) until day 50 of age. In IF group, calves (n = 24) fed 0.97 kg of DM per day on average for the first three weeks, and then, milk allowance decreased gradually to reach 0.52 kg DM per day and continued until day 50. All calves were gradually weaned from day 51 to 56. Blood samples were taken on days 14, 28, and 57 at 06:30 AM for serum amyloid A (SAA), cortisol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and iron analyses. Conventionally fed calves had more days with fever during the pre-weaning period. Blood SAA and cortisol levels were higher in CF calves on day 14. However, SAA levels were higher for IF calves on day 57. Intensified milk-fed calves spent more time for standing than CF calves. A trend to be significant was observed for non-nutritive oral behavior in IF calves. In summary, dairy calf health can be improved by intensified milk feeding during the pre-weaning period; however, this method has the potential to reduce calves welfare around weaning transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Alimirzaei
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Younes Ali Alijoo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Mehdi Dehghan Banadaky
- Department of Animal Sciences, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Eslamizad
- Department of Animal Sciences, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
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Yohe TT, Berends H, Leal LN, Wilms JN, Steele MA, Martín-Tereso J. Metabolic and performance responses to the replacement of lactose by fat in milk replacer formulations for dairy calves. Animal 2020; 15:100031. [PMID: 33515990 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent trend in the dairy industry towards elevated planes of milk feeding of young calves requires reconsideration of calf milk replacer (CMR) formulations. The fat:lactose ratio in CMR is typically lower than that of whole milk and effects of increasing fat inclusion at the expense of lactose in CMR on nutrient metabolism and gut function of rearing calves are not sufficiently understood. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the effect of increasing replacement of lactose by fat on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and metabolism, and glucose/insulin sensitivity. A total of 40 male calves (1.7 ± 0.10 days of age, 46.7 ± 0.76 kg BW) were blocked based on arrival date and randomly assigned to one of four treatments containing differing levels of fat and lactose (18F: 18.8% and 47.6%; 22F: 22.3% and 42.8%; 26F: 26.0% and 38.6%; 30F: 30.1% and 33.8%, fat and lactose DM, respectively). Calves were individually housed for the duration of the 11 week study and received their CMR (150 g/L) twice a day (0700 and 1600 h) from a teat bucket. The CMR feeding schedule consisted of 6 L/d from d 2 to 14, 7 L/d from d 15 to 56, and then 4 L/d during gradual weaning from 56 to 63 days. Pelleted starter, chopped straw, and water were available ad libitum throughout the study. Measurements included feed intake, growth, nutrient digestibility, fecal composition, and blood parameters. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed between 28 and 32 days of age. By design, metabolizable energy intake from CMR increased linearly with fat level, but this did not result in a difference in BW, ADG, or concentrate intake. Fecal composition remained unaffected by treatment except for higher fat content in 22F compared to 26F. Also, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and total bilirubin differences were limited to 22F having the highest values whereas 26F had the lowest values. Regarding the GTT, total area under the curve (AUC) for glucose was highest in 22F and 26F and lowest in 18F whereas the AUC between 30 and 60 min for glucose was highest in 26F and lowest in 18F and 22F. Overall, altering the lactose:fat ratio in CMR did not affect growth performance while having minor effects on nutrient metabolism, but future investigation should focus on physiological consequences and effects in adult life to understand biological impact of fat and lactose levels in CMR for rearing calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Yohe
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - H Berends
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - J N Wilms
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, PO Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
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Rosadiuk JP, Bruinjé TC, Moslemipur F, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Renaud DL, Ambrose DJ, Steele MA. Differing planes of pre- and postweaning phase nutrition in Holstein heifers: I. Effects on feed intake, growth efficiency, and metabolic and development indicators. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1136-1152. [PMID: 33069415 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of pre- and postweaning planes of nutrition on feed and metabolizable energy (ME) intake, growth, concentrations of glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in blood and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) from birth to 25 wk of age in Holstein heifers. Heifer calves (n = 36) were randomly assigned to receive either a low (5 L/d of whole milk) or high (10 L/d of whole milk) preweaning plane of nutrition from 1 to 7 wk of age, and either a low (70% concentrate dry total mixed ration) or high (85% concentrate dry total mixed ration) postweaning plane of nutrition from 11 to 25 wk of age. From birth to 25 wk of age, feed intake was recorded daily, and body measures were obtained weekly. Circulating hormone and metabolite concentrations were measured biweekly and total ruminal VFA, fecal starch, and body condition were assessed monthly. Overall, average daily gain and body weight were greater for heifers offered increased planes of nutrition during both the pre- and postweaning phases. Heifers offered the high preweaning plane had greater milk intake (7.7 ± 0.1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.1 L/d) but lower starter intake (0.3 ± 0.04 vs. 0.7 ± 0.04 kg/d) during the preweaning phase than those offered the low plane. High preweaning plane heifers also had greater ME intake from wk 1 to 7, but less ME intake at wk 9 (5.3 ± 0.3 vs. 6.6 ± 0.2 Mcal/kg) than those offered the low plane. Furthermore, overall glucose (118.8 ± 2.9 vs. 110.1 ± 2.9 mg/dL) and IGF-1 (101.6 ± 3.6 vs. 75.9 ± 3.6 ng/mL) concentrations were greater for high versus low preweaning plane heifers, although circulating insulin and BHB did not differ between preweaning plane groups. However, heifers offered the high preweaning plane had reduced total rumen VFA concentrations compared with heifers offered the low plane in the preweaning phase (47.3 ± 2.0 vs. 55.6 ± 2.1 mM). During the postweaning phase, dry matter intake and ME were consistently greater in heifers offered the high postweaning plane. Overall insulin (2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 ng/mL), glucose (97.1 ± 0.6 vs. 92.1 ± 0.6 ng/mL), IGF-1 (178.0 ± 4.8 vs. 155.8 ± 4.8 ng/mL), and BHB concentrations (8.8 ± 0.2 vs. 8.1 ± 0.2 ng/mL) were greater in heifers offered the high than the low postweaning plane. In addition, heifers offered the high postweaning plane had increased VFA concentrations in the postweaning phase (73.4 ± 1.3 vs. 63.9 ± 1.3 mM) compared with heifers offered the low postweaning plane. The results indicated that increasing the pre- and postweaning planes of nutrition along with energy levels positively influenced several indicators associated with heifer development before 25 wk of age. Nevertheless, there was limited interaction in growth and development indicators between the 2 phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rosadiuk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - T C Bruinjé
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1H 2W1
| | - F Moslemipur
- Department of Animal Science, Gonbad Kavoos University, PO Box 163, Golestan, Iran, 49717-99151
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1H 2W1
| | - D J Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Livestock Research Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6H 5T6
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Parsons SD, Steele MA, Leslie KE, Renaud DL, DeVries TJ. Investigation of weaning strategy and solid feed location for dairy calves individually fed with an automated milk feeding system. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6533-6556. [PMID: 32389476 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 2 gradual weaning programs and 2 locations of solid feed within individual calf pens on feed intake, growth, and behavior of calves fed milk by an automated milk feeder. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 60 female calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 weaning treatments and 1 of 2 solid feed placement treatments. Calves were assigned to a continuous gradual weaning program (CG) or a multi-step gradual weaning program (MG). Calves assigned to the CG treatment had their milk allocation reduced in small, equal increments from 12.5 L/d on d 43 to 2 L/d on d 56. Calves assigned to the MG treatment were offered 10 L/d on d 43 to 45, 8 L/d on d 46 to 49, 6 L/d on d 50 to 52, and 3 L/d on d 53 to 56. Solid feed was placed either at the front of the pen adjacent (ADJ) to where the automated milk feeder offered milk or at the back of the pen on the opposite (OPP) side from where the milk was offered. All calves were offered 12.5 L/d of milk replacer from d 2 to 42, fresh solid feed (5% chopped wheat straw mixed with 95% calf starter pellet) from d 5 onward, and ad libitum water starting d 0. Calves were weaned from d 43 to 56 and additionally monitored from d 57 to 70. No interactions of effects of weaning and feed location treatment were detected. Both MG and CG calves had similar water and solid feed consumption, blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and behavior. By design, calves on the CG treatment consumed greater amounts of milk during the weaning phase than MG treatment calves (6.7 vs. 6.3 L/d), which resulted in milk drinking behavior differing between the treatments during the weaning phase. Although average daily gain and body weights were similar between treatments, MG calves had greater middle girth gain during wk 7 compared with CG calves (0.6 vs. 0.3 cm/d). Calves on the ADJ treatment consumed 16.7% more solid feed and 0.55 L/d more milk during the preweaning phase compared with OPP treatment calves. In all 3 phases, ADJ treatment calves consumed more water than OPP treatment calves. The ADJ calves spent more time consuming solid feed during the 10-wk period. The ADJ treatment calves had 10% greater average daily gain compared with OPP treatment calves during the preweaning phase. Overall, the results indicate that both gradual weaning treatments resulted in similar performance and behavior. However, placement of solid feed next to the milk source was demonstrated to increase feed, water, and milk intake during the preweaning stage, contributing to greater growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Parsons
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K E Leslie
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T J DeVries
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Review: Importance of colostrum supply and milk feeding intensity on gastrointestinal and systemic development in calves. Animal 2020; 14:s133-s143. [PMID: 32024575 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding management of the postnatal and preweaning calf has an important impact on calf growth and development during this critical period and affects the health and well-being of the calves. After birth, an immediate and sufficient colostrum supply is a prerequisite for successful calf rearing. Colostrum provides high amounts of nutrient as well as non-nutrient factors that promote the immune system and intestinal maturation of the calf. The maturation and function of the neonatal intestine enable the calf to digest and absorb the nutrients provided by colostrum and milk. Therefore, colostrum intake supports the start of anabolic processes in several tissues, stimulating postnatal body growth and organ development. After the colostrum feeding period, an intensive milk feeding protocol, that is, at least 20% of BW milk intake/day, is required to realise the calf potential for growth and organ development during the preweaning period. Insufficient milk intake delays postnatal growth and may have detrimental effects on organ development, for example, the intestine and the mammary gland. The somatotropic axis as the main postnatal endocrine regulatory system for body growth is stimulated by the intake of high amounts of colostrum and milk and indicates the promotion of anabolic metabolism in calves. The development of the forestomach is an important issue during the preweaning period in calves, and forestomach maturation is best achieved by solid feed intake. Unfortunately, intensive milk-feeding programmes compromise solid feed intake during the first weeks of life. In the more natural situation for beef calves, when milk and solid feed intake occurs at the same time, calves benefit from the high milk intake as evidenced by enhanced body growth and organ maturation without impaired forestomach development during weaning. To realise an intensive milk-feeding programme, it is recommended that the weaning process should not start too early and that solid feed intake should be at a high extent despite intensive milk feeding. A feeding concept based on intensive milk feeding prevents hunger and abnormal behaviour of the calves and fits the principles of animal welfare during preweaning calf rearing. Studies on milk performance in dairy cows indicate that feeding management during early calf rearing influences lifetime performance. Therefore, an intensive milk-feeding programme affects immediate as well as long-term performance, probably by programming metabolic pathways during the preweaning period.
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Liermann W, Schäff CT, Gruse J, Derno M, Weitzel JM, Kanitz E, Otten W, Hoeflich A, Stefaniak T, Sauerwein H, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ, Hammon HM. Effects of colostrum instead of formula feeding for the first 2 days postnatum on whole-body energy metabolism and its endocrine control in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3577-3598. [PMID: 32089303 PMCID: PMC7127366 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum provides high amounts of nutritive and non-nutritive substrates, which are essential for calf nutrition and passive immunization. Colostral growth factors and hormones have beneficial effects on postnatal maturation and may affect substrate utilization and energy expenditure in neonatal calves. We tested the hypothesis that energy metabolism and its endocrine regulation differ during the first 10 d of life in calves fed either colostrum or a milk-based formula with a similar nutrient composition to colostrum, but largely depleted of bioactive substances, for the first 2 d postnatum. Male Holstein calves (n = 18) were fed either pooled colostrum (COL; n = 9) or a milk-based formula (FOR; n = 9) for the first 2 d of life. From d 3 on, all calves received same milk replacer. On d 2 and 7 of life, calves were placed in a respiration chamber for indirect calorimetric measurements to calculate heat production, fat (FOX) and carbohydrate oxidation (COX), as well as respiratory quotient. Blood was sampled on d 1 before first colostrum intake and on d 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 before morning feeding, to measure plasma concentrations of immunoglobulins, metabolites, and hormones. Additional postprandial blood samples were taken on d 1 and 9 at 30, 60, 120, 240, and 420 min after milk feeding. Liver samples were collected on d 10 of life to determine gene expression related to energy metabolism. Formula-fed calves showed lower plasma concentrations of total protein, immunoglobulins, haptoglobin, leptin, adiponectin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP)-4 during the whole study but temporarily higher plasma concentrations of urea, insulin, glucagon, triglyceride, and cholesterol on the first day after feeding, compared with concentrations in COL. The temporary increase in glucagon, triglyceride, and cholesterol on d 1 reversed on d 2 or 3, showing higher concentrations in COL than in FOR calves. In FOR, IGF-I, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 were lower on d 3 than in COL. Interestingly, FOR calves had higher heat production during respiratory measurements on d 2 and higher body temperature on d 2, 3, and 5 than those of COL. The hepatic mRNA abundance of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was higher in FOR than in COL. Our results indicate that first milk feeding after birth influenced whole-body energy expenditure but not FOX and COX in neonatal calves, and the absorption of colostral leptin and adiponectin might affect insulin sensitivity on d 1 of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liermann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C T Schäff
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J Gruse
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Derno
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J M Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - W Otten
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - T Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Germany
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Switzerland
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Hu W, Hill TM, Dennis TS, Suarez-Mena FX, Aragona KM, Quigley JD, Schlotterbeck RL. Effects of milk replacer feeding rates on growth performance of Holstein dairy calves to 4 months of age, evaluated via a meta-analytical approach. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2217-2232. [PMID: 31928758 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate effects of feeding milk replacer (MR) at 2 feeding rates on digestion, intake, and growth of young dairy calves, via a meta-analytical approach using individual data. A database was developed from 10 published studies from the Nurture Research Center (Provimi; Brookville, OH), in which 26 dietary treatments and 491 calves from 0 to 8 wk of age in 13 nursery trials, and 22 dietary treatments and 485 calves from 8 to 16 wk of age in 13 grower trials occurred. Male Holstein calves (n = 491; initial body weight 42.8 ± 4.9 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) moderate (MOD), 0.64 to 0.66 kg of dry matter (DM)/d for the first 35 to 39 d, followed by half the allotment per d for 3 to 7 d, fed at the a.m. feeding only; (2) high (HI), 0.92 to 1.07 kg of DM/d for the first 35 to 44 d, followed by half the allotment per d for 5 to 7 d, fed at the a.m. feeding only. Calves were weaned at 6 to 7 wk of age. Milk replacer ranged from 24.8 to 28.6% crude protein (CP) and 17.6 to 20.2% fat; starter ranged from 17.3 to 22.2% CP and 3.0 to 4.3% fat on a DM basis. On d 56 calves (n = 485) moved into pens (4 calves/pen) by treatments and were fed starter (19.4 to 22.3% CP and 3.4 to 4.6% fat, DM basis) blended with 5% hay until d 112. In all nursery trials (d 0 to 56), calves fed MOD had lower average daily gain (ADG; 0.634 vs. 0.545 kg/d), gain/DMI (0.488 vs. 0.466 kg/kg), and hip width change (0.069 vs. 0.064 cm/d), but greater starter intake (0.473 vs. 0.696 kg/d) compared with calves fed HI. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM (73.3 vs. 78.4%), organic matter (OM; 74.1 vs. 79.0%), CP (74.8 vs. 78.9%), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 40.8 vs. 53.9%) were greater for calves fed MOD vs. HI when estimated during wk 8. In all grower trials (d 56 to 112), ADG (1.015 vs. 0.976 kg/d), gain/DMI (0.375 vs. 0.349 kg/kg), and hip width change (0.089 vs. 0.081 cm/d) were greater, but dry feed intake per kg of BW0.75 did not differ (87.8 vs. 88.2 g/d) for calves previously fed MOD vs. HI. Apparent digestibility of DM (78.7 vs. 76.0%), OM (79.8 vs. 77.0%), CP (80.5 vs. 78.4%), and NDF (54.8 vs. 45.8%) were greater for calves fed MOD vs. HI when estimated between wk 11 to 13. Over the entire 112-d period, calves fed MOD had lower ADG (0.805 vs. 0.784 kg/d) but tended to have greater hip width change (8.415 vs. 8.589 cm) compared with calves fed HI. Under the conditions of this study, feeding higher MR rates caused calves to partially lose growth advantage during the weaning transition and further decreased BW gain and structural growth in the grower period (d 56 to 112), which could be due to reductions in nutrient digestibility as a result of feeding more MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hu
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - T M Hill
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - T S Dennis
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309.
| | - F X Suarez-Mena
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - K M Aragona
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - J D Quigley
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - R L Schlotterbeck
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
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McCoard SA, Cristobal-Carballo O, Knol FW, Heiser A, Khan MA, Hennes N, Johnstone P, Lewis S, Stevens DR. Impact of early weaning on small intestine, metabolic, immune and endocrine system development, growth and body composition in artificially reared lambs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5643602. [PMID: 31768520 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of early weaning (EW) of artificially reared lambs using a restricted milk replacer (MR) feeding and step-down weaning system on the short- and long-term effects on growth, feed intake, selected blood metabolites and hormones, body composition, and small intestine development. Mixed-sex twin-born 2 to 5 d old lambs were randomly allocated to individual pens and fed MR at 20% of initial individual BW in week 1 and 15% in week 2 followed by weaning off MR by the end of week 4 (EW; n = 16) or week 6 (Control; Ctrl, n = 16) using a step-down procedure. Concentrate starter and fiber diets were offered ad libitum to week 9, then gradually removed over a 10-d period. All lambs were managed as a single group on pasture from weeks 6 to 16 of the trial. Feed intake was recorded daily in the first 6 wk, and BWs recorded weekly. At weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8, and pre- and postclostridial vaccination at week 8, blood samples were collected for analysis of selected blood metabolites, IGF-1, and immune function. Body composition was evaluated in eight animals per group at weeks 4 and 16 after euthanasia, and duodenal samples collected for histomorphometric evaluation. Early weaned lambs had lower DM, ME, CP, and NDF intake than Ctrl lambs at 21, 15, 21, and 36 d of rearing, respectively (P < 0.001), driven by lower intakes of MR from day 15 (P < 0.001) as per the experimental design, and lower total DMI of fiber (P = 0.001) from 21 to 42 d of rearing. Lamb BW tended (P = 0.097) to be lower in EW than Ctrl lambs from 5 to 10 wk of rearing, with lower ADG in EW lambs from weeks 3 to 6 (P = 0.041). Early weaning had negligible effects on duodenal morphology, organ, and carcass weights at weeks 4 and 16. Plasma metabolites (urea nitrogen, triglycerides, NEFA, glucose, and total protein) were similar between groups, while β-hydroxybutyrate was greater in EW than Ctrl lambs at weeks 4 and 6 (P = 0.018) but not week 8 indicative of early rumen development. Serum IGF-1 tended to be lower in EW than Ctrl lambs from weeks 2 to 6 only (P = 0.065). All lambs developed antibody responses postvaccination and there was no effect of treatment (P = 0.528). The results of this study illustrate that artificially reared lambs can be weaned off MR by 4 or 6 wk of rearing without compromising growth, small intestine morphology, major organ development, and body composition, nor immune function at either 4 (preweaning) or 16 (postweaning) wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue A McCoard
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Omar Cristobal-Carballo
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Axel Heiser
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Nina Hennes
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah Lewis
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
Purpose Published literature regarding calf nutrition was reviewed to create an information base for the implementation of proper nutritional management to maximize health and productivity. Sources The main source of data and information for this review was peer-reviewed literature. Synthesis Feeding a sufficient volume of colostrum during the first hours of life is crucial to calf health and survival; however, less is known about transition milk feeding and the potential benefits of the myriad of bioactive compounds it contains. After feeding colostrum and transition milk, calves are susceptible to diarrhea when moved onto high amounts of milk, and antibiotic use is often necessary to decrease disease. Feeding an elevated plane of milk nutrition results in increased ADG and, in some studies, increased future milk production. Thus, this nutritional strategy is recommended; however, weaning calves from high volumes of milk represents massive changes in the structure and microbiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusions and Applications Colostrum and transition milk contain an abundance of bioactive molecules that can positively affect gut development and microbiota. There is significant potential for the use of novel feeding strategies and microbial-based products as alternatives to antibiotics. Calves fed an elevated plane of nutrition in the first month of life have greater productivity and growth. However, weaning should take place later in life. Moreover, applying a proper step-down feeding protocol is recommended, as it allows calves to intake and digest sufficient solid feed for growth and minimize distress at weaning.
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The effects of feeding high or low milk levels in early life on growth performance, fecal microbial count and metabolic and inflammatory status of Holstein female calves. Animal 2019; 14:303-311. [PMID: 31368430 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial colonization and immune response may be affected by milk feeding method. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding high or low volumes of milk on fecal bacterial count, inflammatory response, blood metabolites and growth performance of Holstein female calves. Colostrum-fed calves (n = 48) were randomly assigned to either high milk (HM; n = 24) or low milk (LM; n = 24) feeding groups. Low milk-fed calves were fed pasteurized whole milk at 10% of BW until weaning. In HM group, milk was offered to calves at 20% of BW for the first 3 weeks of life. Then, milk allowance was decreased gradually to reach 10% of BW on day 26 and remained constant until weaning on day 51. Calves were allowed free access to water and starter throughout the experiment. Body weight was measured weekly, and blood samples were taken on days 14, 28 and 57. Fecal samples were collected on days 7, 14 and 21 of age for the measurement of selected microbial species. By design, HM calves consumed more nutrients from milk during the first 3 weeks and they were heavier than LM calves on days 21, 56 and 98. High milk-fed calves had greater serum glucose and triglyceride levels on day 14 with no significant difference between groups on days 28 and 57. Blood urea nitrogen was higher in LM calves on day 14, but it was lower in HM calves on day 28. Calves in LM group had significantly greater blood tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) than HM calves throughout the experiment. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration was higher in LM calves on day 14. However, HM calves showed higher levels of SAA at the time of weaning. Feeding high volumes of milk resulted in lower serum cortisol levels on days 14 and 28 but not at the time of weaning in HM calves compared to LM counterparts. Lactobacillus count was higher in feces sample of HM calves. Conversely, the numbers of Escherichia coli was greater in the feces of LM calves. Calves in HM group showed fewer days with fever and tended to have fewer days treated compared to LM group. In conclusion, feeding higher amounts of milk during the first 3 weeks of life improved gut microbiota, inflammation and health status and growth performance of Holstein dairy calves.
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Yohe TT, Schramm H, White RR, Hanigan MD, Parsons CLM, Tucker HLM, Enger BD, Hardy NR, Daniels KM. Form of calf diet and the rumen. II: Impact on volatile fatty acid absorption. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8502-8512. [PMID: 31279552 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet is known to affect rumen growth and development. Calves fed an all-liquid diet have smaller and less developed rumens and a decreased ability to absorb volatile fatty acids (VFA) compared to calves fed both liquid and dry feed. However, it is unknown how rumens respond when challenged with a defined concentration of VFA. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of 2 different feeding programs on VFA absorption in preweaned calves. Neonatal Holstein bull calves were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets. The diets were milk replacer only (MRO; n = 5) or milk replacer with starter (MRS; n = 6). Diets were isoenergetic (3.87 ± 0.06 Mcal of metabolizable energy per day) and isonitrogenous (0.17 ± 0.003 kg/d of apparent digestible protein). Milk replacer was 22% crude protein, 21.5% fat (dry matter basis). The textured calf starter was 21.5% crude protein (dry matter basis). Feed and ad libitum water intakes were recorded daily. Calves were exposed to a defined concentration of VFA buffer (acetate 143 mM, propionate 100 mM, butyrate 40.5 mM) 6 h before euthanasia on d 43 ± 1. Rumen fluid samples were obtained every 15 to 30 min for 6 h to measure the rate of VFA absorption. Rumen tissues were obtained from the ventral sac region and processed for morphological and immunohistochemical analyses of the VFA transporters monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and 4 (MCT4). Body growth did not differ between diets, but empty reticulorumens were heavier in MRS than MRO calves (0.67 vs. 0.39 ± 0.04 kg) and MRS calves had larger papillae areas (0.76 vs. 15 ± 0.08 mm2). We observed no differences between diets in terms of the abundance of MCT1 and MCT4 per unit area. These results indicate that the extrapolated increase in total abundance of MCT1 or MCT4 in MRS calves was not due to increased transporter density per unit area. Modeled VFA absorption metrics (flux, mmol/h, or 6 h absorbed VFA in mmol) were not different across diets. These results demonstrate that the form of calfhood diet, whether solely MR or MR and starter, does not alter VFA absorption capacity when the rumen is exposed to a defined concentration of VFA at 6 wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Yohe
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - H Schramm
- Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - R R White
- Animal and Poultry Sciences Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - M D Hanigan
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - C L M Parsons
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - H L M Tucker
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - B D Enger
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - N R Hardy
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - K M Daniels
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
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Hu W, Hill TM, Dennis TS, Suarez-Mena FX, Quigley JD, Schlotterbeck RL. Intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of Holstein dairy calves consuming a milk replacer at moderate or high feeding rates. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7917-7926. [PMID: 31255275 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility, and growth performance of calves when fed a milk replacer (MR) at 2 feeding rates. Male Holstein calves [n = 49; 45.0 ± 5.2 (mean ± SD) kg of body weight (BW); 3 to 4 d of age] were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 MR [27% crude protein (CP), 18% fat, dry matter (DM) basis; 14% solid] feeding programs: (1) 0.66 kg of DM/d for first 39 d divided into 2 equal a.m. and p.m. meals followed by one-half of the allotment per day for 3 d fed in the a.m. feeding only (moderate); (2) 0.96 kg of DM/d for the first 42 d divided into 2 equal a.m. and p.m. meals followed by one-half of the allotment per day for 7 d fed in the a.m. feeding only (high). A textured starter fed to calves contained whole grains with 20% CP and 44% starch (DM basis). At d 56, calves were moved into groups by treatment (4 calves/pen) and fed the same starter blended with 5% hay until d 112. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, or as a completely randomized design with repeated measures when applicable. Over the entire nursery period (d 0-56), there were no differences in average daily gain (0.63 vs. 0.64 kg/d) and hip width change (4.44 vs. 4.57 cm) for moderate- versus high-fed calves. Apparent digestibility of DM (76.5 vs. 70.3%), organic matter (77.4 vs. 71.2%), CP (78.8 vs. 72.6%), and neutral detergent fiber (37.2 vs. 22.7%) differed between moderate- and high-fed calves when estimated at d 51 to 55. From d 56 to 112, average daily gain (0.99 vs. 0.91 kg/d), hip width change (5.32 vs. 4.68 cm), and gain/DM intake (0.335 vs. 0.307 kg/kg) were greater, but DM intake per kg of BW (0.028 vs. 0.028 kg/kg) did not differ for calves previously fed moderate versus high. Feeding calves more than 0.66 kg of DM/d from a 27% CP, 18% fat MR did not improve BW gain and structural growth in the nursery period (d 0-56), and decreased these in the grower period (d 56-112) partially through reduction in digestibility of the starter.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hu
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309.
| | - T M Hill
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - T S Dennis
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - F X Suarez-Mena
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - J D Quigley
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - R L Schlotterbeck
- Nurture Research Center, Provimi, Cargill Animal Nutrition, Brookville, OH 45309
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Koch C, Gerbert C, Frieten D, Dusel G, Eder K, Zitnan R, Hammon HM. Effects of ad libitum milk replacer feeding and butyrate supplementation on the epithelial growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8513-8526. [PMID: 31255268 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intensive milk feeding and butyrate supplementation in calves stimulate body growth and affect gastrointestinal development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the synergistic effects of ad libitum milk replacer (MR) feeding and butyrate supplementation of MR on rumen and small intestinal growth and on gene expression in the small intestine related to growth and energy metabolism at weaning. Male Holstein calves (n = 32) received colostrum from birth to d 3 of age and MR either ad libitum (Adl) or restrictively (Res; 6 L of MR/d; 12.5% solids) with (AdlB+, ResB+) or without (AdlB-, ResB-) 0.24% butyrate from d 4 until wk 8 of age. From wk 9 to 10, all calves were weaned and were fed 2 L/d until the end of the trial. Concentrate, hay, and water were freely available. At d 80, calves were slaughtered, volatile fatty acids were measured in rumen fluid, and rumen and small intestine samples were taken for histomorphometric measurements. The expression of mRNA associated with the local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and glucose metabolism as well as lactase and maltase activities were measured in the intestinal mucosa. The small intestine was 3 m longer in Adl than in Res. In the atrium ruminis, papilla width was greater in Res than in Adl. Villus circumference, cut surface, and height in the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and ileum were greater in Adl than in Res and in the proximal, mid, and distal jejunum and ileum were greater in calves treated with butyrate. Crypt depth in the duodenum and proximal jejunum was greater in Adl than in Res and in the ileum was smaller in calves treated with butyrate. The villus height:crypt depth ratio was greatest in AdlB+ calves. In the proximal and mid jejunum, IGF1 mRNA abundance was lower in calves treated with butyrate. In the proximal jejunum, INSR mRNA abundance was greater in Res than in Adl. The abundance of PCK2 mRNA was greater in Res than in Adl in the duodenum and was greatest in ResB- in the mid jejunum. Lactase activity tended to be greater in Res than in Adl and after butyrate treatment in the proximal jejunum. The results indicated an elevated growth of the small intestinal mucosa at weaning due to intensive milk feeding and butyrate supplementation, and the local IGF system was involved in intestinal growth regulation. Rumen development was not affected by butyrate supplementation of MR and was slightly delayed due to ad libitum MR feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - C Gerbert
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - D Frieten
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - G Dusel
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - R Zitnan
- Institute of Nutrition, Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Centre, 95141 Luzianky, Slovakia
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Gerrits W. Symposium review: Macronutrient metabolism in the growing calf. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3684-3691. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM. Invited review: Metabolic challenges and adaptation during different functional stages of the mammary gland in dairy cows: Perspectives for sustainable milk production. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2828-2843. [PMID: 30799117 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Milk production of dairy cows has increased markedly during recent decades and continues to increase further. The evolutionarily conserved direction of nutrients to the mammary gland immediately after calving provided the basis for successful selective breeding toward higher performance. Considerable variation in adaptive responses toward energy and nutrient shortages exists; however, this variation in adaptability recently gained interest for identifying more metabolically robust dairy cows. Metabolic challenges during periods of high milk production considerably affect the immune system, reproductive performance, and product quality as well as animal welfare. Moreover, growing consumer concerns need to be taken into consideration because the public perception of industrialized dairy cow farming, the high dependency on feed sources suitable for human nutrition, and the apparently abundant use of antibiotics may affect the sales of dairy products. Breeding for high yield continues, but the metabolic challenges increasingly come close to the adaptational limits of meeting the mammary gland's requirements. The aim of the present review is to elucidate metabolic challenges and adaptational limitations at different functional stages of the mammary gland in dairy cows. From the challenges and adaptational limitations, we derive perspectives for sustainable milk production. Based on previous research, we highlight the importance of metabolic plasticity in adaptation mechanisms at different functional stages of the mammary gland. Metabolic adaptation and plasticity change among developing, nonlactating, remodeling, and lactational stages of the mammary gland. A higher metabolic plasticity in early-lactating dairy cows could be indicative of resilience, and a high performance level without an extraordinary occurrence of health disorders can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Haisan J, Oba M, Ambrose D, Steele M. Short communication: The effects of offering a high or low plane of milk preweaning on insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in dairy heifer calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11441-11446. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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