miR-146a regulates glucose induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines extracellular matrix proteins in the retina and kidney in diabetes

Synaptotagmins family affect glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells through their ubiquitination-mediated degradation and glucose transporter-1 regulation

BACKGROUND

Synaptotagmins (SYTs) are a family of 17 membrane transporters that function as calcium ion sensors during the release of Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitters and hormones. However, few studies have reported whether members of the SYT family play a role in glucose uptake in diabetic retinopathy (DR) through Ca2+/glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and the possible regulatory mechanism of SYTs.

AIM

To elucidate the role of the SYT family in the regulation of glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells and explore its potential as a therapeutic target for the clinical management of DR.

METHODS

DR was induced by streptozotocin in C57BL/6J mice and by high glucose medium in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Bioinformatics analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, flow cytometry, ELISA, HE staining, and TUNEL staining were used for analysis.

RESULTS

Six differentially expressed proteins (SYT2, SYT3, SYT4, SYT7, SYT11, and SYT13) were found between the DR and control groups, and SYT4 was highly expressed. Hyperglycemia induces SYT4 overexpression, manipulates Ca2+ influx to induce GLUT1 fusion with the plasma membrane, promotes abnormal expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 and excessive glucose uptake, induces ARPE-19 cell apoptosis, and promotes DR progression. Parkin deficiency inhibits the proteasomal degradation of SYT4 in DR, resulting in SYT4 accumulation and enhanced GLUT1 fusion with the plasma membrane, and these effects were blocked by oe-Parkin treatment. Moreover, dysregulation of the myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1)-induced transcription of SYT4 in DR further activated the SYT4-mediated stimulus-secretion coupling process, and this process was inhibited in the oe-MYT1-treated group.

CONCLUSION

Our study reveals the key role of SYT4 in regulating glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells during the pathogenesis of DR and the underlying mechanism and suggests potential therapeutic targets for clinical DR.

Novel Peptide DR3penA as a Low-Toxicity Antirenal Fibrosis Agent by Suppressing the TGF-β1/miR-212-5p/Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Class a Domain Containing 4/Smad Axis

Renal fibrosis is a complex pathological process that contributes to the development of chronic kidney disease due to various risk factors. Conservative treatment to curb progression without dialysis or renal transplantation is widely applicable, but its effectiveness is limited. Here, the inhibitory effect of the novel peptide DR3penA (DHα-(4-pentenyl)-AlaNPQIR-NH2), which was developed by our group, on renal fibrosis was assessed in cells and mice with established fibrosis and fibrosis triggered by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), unilateral ureteral obstruction, and repeated low-dose cisplatin. DR3penA preserved renal function and ameliorated renal fibrosis at a dose approximately 100 times lower than that of captopril, which is currently used in the clinic. DR3penA also significantly reduced existing fibrosis and showed similar efficacy after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. Mechanistically, DR3penA repressed TGF-β1 signaling via miR-212-5p targeting of low-density lipoprotein receptor class a domain containing 4, which interacts with Smad2/3. In addition to having good pharmacological effects, DR3penA could preferentially target injured kidneys and exhibited low toxicity in acute and chronic toxicity experiments. These results unveil the advantages of DR3penA regarding efficacy and toxicity, making it a potential candidate compound for renal fibrosis therapy.

Aging and Metabolic Reprogramming of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Affect Molecular Mechanisms Related to Cardiovascular Diseases

We performed a systematic search of the PubMed database for English-language articles related to the function of adipose-derived stem cells in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In preclinical models, adipose-derived stem cells protected arteries and the heart from oxidative stress and inflammation and preserved angiogenesis. However, clinical trials did not reiterate successful treatments with these cells in preclinical models. The low success in patients may be due to aging and metabolic reprogramming associated with the loss of proliferation capacity and increased senescence of stem cells, loss of mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress and inflammation, and adipogenesis with increased lipid deposition associated with the low potential to induce endothelial cell function and angiogenesis, cardiomyocyte survival, and restore heart function. Then, we identify noncoding RNAs that may be mechanistically related to these dysfunctions of human adipose-derived stem cells. In particular, a decrease in let-7, miR-17-92, miR-21, miR-145, and miR-221 led to the loss of their function with obesity, type 2 diabetes, oxidative stress, and inflammation. An increase in miR-34a, miR-486-5p, and mir-24-3p contributed to the loss of function, with a noteworthy increase in miR-34a with age. In contrast, miR-146a and miR-210 may protect stem cells. However, a systematic analysis of other noncoding RNAs in human adipose-derived stem cells is warranted. Overall, this review gives insight into modes to improve the functionality of human adipose-derived stem cells.

Association of MicroRNA-146a with Type 1 and 2 Diabetes and their Related Complications

Most medical investigations have found a reduced blood level of miR-146a in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, suggesting an important role for miR-146a (microRNA-146a) in the etiology of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its consequences. Furthermore, injection of miR-146a mimic has been confirmed to alleviate diabetes mellitus in diabetic animal models. In this line, deregulation of miR-146a expression has been linked to the progression of nephropathy, neuropathy, wound healing, olfactory dysfunction, cardiovascular disorders, and retinopathy in diabetic patients. In this review, besides a comprehensive review of the function of miR-146a in DM, we discussed new findings on type 1 (T1MD) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus, highlighting the discrepancies between clinical and preclinical investigations and elucidating the biological pathways regulated through miR-146a in DM-affected tissues.

Role of microRNA in Endocrine Disruptor-Induced Immunomodulation of Metabolic Health

The prevalence of poor metabolic health is growing exponentially worldwide. This condition is associated with complex comorbidities that lead to a compromised quality of life. One of the contributing factors recently gaining attention is exposure to environmental chemicals, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Considerable evidence suggests that EDCs can alter the endocrine system through immunomodulation. More concerning, EDC exposure during the fetal development stage has prominent adverse effects later in life, which may pass on to subsequent generations. Although the mechanism of action for this phenomenon is mostly unexplored, recent reports implicate that non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRs), may play a vital role in this scenario. MiRs are significant contributors in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Studies demonstrating the immunomodulation of EDCs via miRs in metabolic health or towards the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Hypothesis are still deficient. The aim of the current review was to focus on studies that demonstrate the impact of EDCs primarily on innate immunity and the potential role of miRs in metabolic health.

Endothelial derived miRNA-9 mediated cardiac fibrosis in diabetes and its regulation by ZFAS1

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia induces increased expression/deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including fibronectin (FN) and collagen (Col) and plays an important role in fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). The roles of RNAs including microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have begun to be understood in many conditions. In this study, we investigated the role of a specific miRNA, miR-9, and its interactions with lncRNA ZFAS1 in mediating fibrosis in DCM. Treatment with 25 mM glucose (HG) decreased miR-9 expression and increased expressions of ZFAS1, ECM proteins and inflammatory markers, compared to 5 mM glucose (NG) in the HCMECs by using qRT-PCR. Glucose-induced upregulation of ECM proteins can be prevented by ZFAS1 siRNA or miR-9 mimic transfection. Luciferase assay was confirmed miR-9 binding to FN 3’-UTR. miR-9 expression can be regulated by ZFAS1 through polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) components using RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. In the in vivo experiment, hyperglycemia-induced the ECM production can be prevented by the miR-9 overexpression in the fibrosis in DCM. These studies showed a novel glucose-induced molecular mechanism in which ZFAS1 participates in the transcriptional regulation of ECM protein production in diabetes through miR-9.

Podocyte-specific deletion of miR-146a increases podocyte injury and diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic glomerular injury is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Healthy podocytes are essential for glomerular function and health. Injury or loss of these cells results in increased proteinuria and kidney dysfunction and is a common finding in various glomerulopathies. Thus, mechanistic understanding of pathways that protect podocytes from damage are essential for development of future therapeutics. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a negative regulator of inflammation and is highly expressed in myeloid cells and podocytes. We previously reported that miR-146a levels are significantly reduced in the glomeruli of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here we report generation of mice with selective deletion of miR-146a in podocytes and use of these mice in models of glomerular injury. Induction of glomerular injury in C57BL/6 wildtype mice (WT) and podocyte-specific miR-146a knockout (Pod-miR146a-/-) animals via administration of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or nephrotoxic serum (NTS) resulted in increased proteinuria in the knockout mice, suggesting that podocyte-expressed miR-146a protects these cells, and thus glomeruli, from damage. Furthermore, induction of hyperglycemia using streptozotocin (STZ) also resulted in an accelerated development of glomerulopathy and a rapid increase in proteinuria in the knockout animals, as compared to the WT animals, further confirming the protective role of podocyte-expressed miR-146a. We also confirmed that the direct miR-146a target, ErbB4, was significantly upregulated in the diseased glomeruli and erlotinib, an ErbB4 and EGFR inhibitor, reducedits upregulation and the proteinuria in treated animals. Primary miR146-/- podocytes from these animals also showed a basally upregulated TGFβ-Smad3 signaling in vitro. Taken together, this study shows that podocyte-specific miR-146a is imperative for protecting podocytes from glomerular damage, via modulation of ErbB4/EGFR, TGFβ, and linked downstream signaling.

MicroRNAs in kidney injury and disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by degrading or repressing the translation of their target messenger RNAs. As miRNAs are critical regulators of cellular homeostasis, their dysregulation is a crucial component of cell and organ injury. A substantial body of evidence indicates that miRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease and allograft damage. Different subsets of miRNAs are dysregulated during AKI, chronic kidney disease and allograft rejection, which could reflect differences in the physiopathology of these conditions. miRNAs that have been investigated in AKI include miR-21, which has an anti-apoptotic role, and miR-214 and miR-668, which regulate mitochondrial dynamics. Various miRNAs are downregulated in diabetic kidney disease, including the miR-30 family and miR-146a, which protect against inflammation and fibrosis. Other miRNAs such as miR-193 and miR-92a induce podocyte dedifferentiation in glomerulonephritis. In transplantation, miRNAs have been implicated in allograft rejection and injury. Further work is needed to identify and validate miRNAs as biomarkers of graft function and of kidney disease development and progression. Use of combinations of miRNAs together with other molecular markers could potentially improve diagnostic or predictive power and facilitate clinical translation. In addition, targeting specific miRNAs at different stages of disease could be a promising therapeutic strategy.

Investigating the specificity of endothelin-traps as a potential therapeutic tool for endothelin-1 related disorders

BACKGROUND

Endothelin (ET)-traps are Fc-fusion proteins with a design based on the physiological receptors of ET-1. Previous work has shown that use of the selected ET-traps potently and significantly reduces different markers of diabetes pathology back to normal, non-disease levels.

AIM

To demonstrate the selected ET-traps potently and significantly bind to ET-1.

METHODS

We performed phage display experiments to test different constructs of ET-traps, and conducted bio-layer interferometry binding assays to verify that the selected ET-traps bind specifically to ET-1 and display binding affinity in the double-digit picomolar range (an average of 73.8 rM, n = 6).

RESULTS

These experiments have confirmed our choice of the final ET-traps and provided proof-of-concept for the potential use of constructs as effective biologics for diseases associated with pathologically elevated ET-1.

CONCLUSION

There is increased need for such therapeutics as they could help save millions of lives around the world.

Screening and identification of key microRNAs and regulatory pathways associated with renal fibrosis process

To reveal the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Renal fibrosis was induced with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Related biochemical indices in rat serum were determined, and histopathological morphology observed. Tissue transcriptome...

MicroRNA 146a is associated with diabetic complications in type 1 diabetic patients from the EURODIAB PCS

Background

MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) is a key regulator of inflammatory processes. Expression of miR-146a-5p is altered in target organs of diabetic complications and deficiency of miR-146a-5p has been implicated in their pathogenesis. We investigated if serum miR-146a-5p levels were independently associated with micro/macrovascular complications of type 1 diabetes (DM1).

Methods

A nested case–control study from the EURODIAB PCS of 447 DM1 patients was performed. Cases (n = 294) had one or more complications of diabetes, whereas controls (n = 153) did not have any complication. Total RNA was isolated from all subjects and miR-146a-5p levels measured by qPCR. Both the endogenous controls U6 snRNA and the spike (Cel-miR-39) were used to normalize the results. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to investigate the association of miR-146a-5p with diabetes complications.

Results

MiR-146a-5p levels were significantly lower in cases [1.15 (0.32–3.34)] compared to controls [1.74 (0.44–6.74) P = 0.039]. Logistic regression analysis showed that levels of miR-146a-5p in the upper quartile were inversely associated with reduced odds ratio (OR) of all complications (OR 0.34 [95% CI 0.14–0.76]) and particularly with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (OR 0.31 [95% CI 0.11–0.84]) and diabetic retinopathy (OR 0.40 [95% CI 0.16–0.99]), independently of age, sex, diabetes duration, A1c, hypertension, AER, eGFR, NT-proBNP, and TNF-α.

Conclusions

In this large cohort of DM1 patients, we reported an inverse and independent association of miR-146a-5p with diabetes chronic complications and in particular with CVD and retinopathy, suggesting that miR-146a-5p may be a novel candidate biomarker of DM1 complications.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03142-4.

Long-Term Decrease of Intraocular Pressure in Rats by Viral Delivery of miR-146a

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of miR-146a in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and on intraocular pressure (IOP) in vivo via viral delivery of miR-146a to the anterior chamber of rat eyes.

Methods

Human TM cells were transfected with miR-146 mimic or inhibitor. Some cells from each group were then subjected to cyclic mechanical stress (CMS). Other cells from each group had no force applied. Gene expression was then analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Replication-deficient adenovirus and lentivirus expressing miR-146a were inoculated into the anterior segment of Brown Norway rat eyes. IOP was monitored by rebound tonometry, visual acuity was evaluated by optokinetic tracking (OKT), and inflammation markers in the anterior segment were examined by slit-lamp, qPCR, and semi-thin sections.

Results

miR-146 affected the expression of genes potentially involved in outflow homeostasis at basal levels and under CMS. Both lentiviral and adenoviral vectors expressing miR-146a resulted in sustained decreases in IOP ranging from 2.6 to 4.4 mmHg. Long term follow-up of rats injected with lentiviral vectors showed a sustained effect on IOP of 4.4 ± 2.9 mmHg that lasted until rats were sacrificed more than 8 months later. Eyes showed no signs of inflammation, loss of visual acuity, or other visible abnormalities.

Conclusions

Intracameral delivery of miR-146a can provide a long-term decrease of IOP in rats without signs of inflammation or other visible adverse effects.

Transitional Relevance

The IOP-lowering effects of miR-146 observed in rats provides a necessary step toward the development of an effective gene therapy for glaucoma in humans.

MicroRNAs as Regulators of Immune and Inflammatory Responses: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the principal cause of end-stage renal disease and results in high morbidity and mortality in patients, causing a large socioeconomic burden. Multiple factors, such as metabolic abnormalities, inflammation, immunoregulation and genetic predisposition, contribute to the pathogenesis of DN, but the exact mechanism is unclear, and the therapeutic strategies are not satisfactory. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for new therapeutic targets and strategies for DN. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as major epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression and provide novel insights into our understanding of the molecular and signaling pathways that are associated with various diseases, including DN. Studies in the past decade have shown that different miRNAs affect the progression of DN by modulating different aspects of immune and inflammatory responses. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the pivotal roles of miRNAs in inflammatory and immune processes, with an integrative comprehension of the detailed signaling network. Additionally, we discussed the possibilities and significance of these miRNAs as therapeutic targets in the treatment of DN. This review will facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets and novel strategies that can be translated into clinical applications for DN treatment.

Non-coding RNAs modulate function of extracellular matrix proteins

The extracellular matrix (ECM) creates a multifaceted system for the interaction of diverse structural proteins, matricellular molecules, proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and various glycoproteins that collaborate and bind with each other to produce a bioactive polymer. Alterations in the composition and configuration of ECM elements influence the cellular phenotype, thus participating in the pathogenesis of several human disorders. Recent studies indicate the crucial roles of non-coding RNAs in the modulation of ECM. Several miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-26, miR-19, miR-140, miR-29, miR-30, miR-133 have been dysregulated in disorders that are associated with disruption or breakdown of the ECM. Moreover, expression of MALAT1, PVT1, SRA1, n379519, RMRP, PFL, TUG1, TM1P3, FAS-AS1, PART1, XIST, and expression of other lncRNAs is altered in disorders associated with the modification of ECM components. In the current review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the modification of ECM and their relevance with the pathophysiology of human disorders such as cardiac/ lung fibrosis, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, asthma, osteoarthritis, and cancers.

miR-146a regulates insulin sensitivity via NPR3

The pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic diseases has been linked to the inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT), but the molecular interconnections are still not fully understood. MiR-146a controls inflammatory processes by suppressing pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of miR-146a in obesity and insulin resistance. MiR-146a^-/- mice were subjected to a high-fat diet followed by metabolic tests and WAT transcriptomics. Gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed using human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes. Compared to controls, miR-146a^-/- mice gained significantly more body weight on a high-fat diet with increased fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy. This was accompanied by exacerbated liver steatosis, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Likewise, adipocytes transfected with an inhibitor of miR-146a displayed a decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, while transfecting miR-146a mimics caused the opposite effect. Natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (NPR3) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-146a in adipocytes and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of NPR3 increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and enhanced de novo lipogenesis. In summary, miR-146a regulates systemic and adipocyte insulin sensitivity via downregulation of NPR3.

Decreased miR-150 in obesity-associated type 2 diabetic mice increases intraocular inflammation and exacerbates retinal dysfunction

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among the working population in the USA. Current therapies, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments, cannot completely reverse the visual defects induced by DR. MicroRNA-150 (miR-150) is a regulator that suppresses inflammation and pathological angiogenesis. In patients with diabetes, miR-150 is downregulated. As chronic inflammation is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of DR, whether diabetes-associated decrease of miR-150 is merely associated with the disease progression or decreased miR-150 causes retinal inflammation and pathological angiogenesis is still unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) in wild type (WT) and miR-150 knockout (miR-150^-/-) mice for this study and compared retinal function and microvasculature morphology.

RESULTS

We found that WT mice fed with an HFD for only 1 month had a significant decrease of miR-150 in the blood and retina, and retinal light sensitivity also decreased. The miR-150^-/- mice on the HFD developed diabetes similar to that of the WT. At 7-8 months old, miR-150^-/- mice under normal diet had increased degeneration of retinal capillaries compared with WT mice, indicating that miR-150 is important in maintaining the structural integrity of retinal microvasculature. Deletion of miR-150 worsened HFD-induced retinal dysfunction as early as 1 month after the diet regimen, and it exacerbated HFD-induced T2DR by further increasing retinal inflammation and microvascular degeneration.

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that decreased miR-150 caused by obesity or diabetic insults is not merely correlated to the disease progression, but it contributes to the retinal dysfunction and inflammation, as well as the development of DR.

A comprehensive review on miR-146a molecular mechanisms in a wide spectrum of immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-strand endogenous and non-coding RNA molecules with a length of about 22 nucleotides, which regulate genes expression, through modulating the translation and stability of their target mRNAs. miR-146a is one of the most studied miRNAs, due to its central role in immune system homeostasis and control of the innate and acquired immune responses. Accordingly, abnormal expression or function of miR-146a results in the incidence and progression of immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases. Its deregulated expression pattern and inefficient function have been reported in a wide spectrum of these illnesses. Based on the existing evidence, this miRNA qualifies as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and activity evaluation of immune and non-immune inflammatory disorders. Moreover, much attention has recently been paid to therapeutic potential of miR-146a and several researchers have assessed the effects of different drugs on expression and function of this miRNA at diverse experimental, animal, besides human levels, reporting motivating results in the treatment of the diseases. Here, in this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of miR-146a role in the pathogenesis and progression of several immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Inflammatory bowel disease, Multiple sclerosis, Psoriasis, Graves' disease, Atherosclerosis, Hepatitis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc., discuss about its eligibility for being a desirable biomarker for these disorders, and also highlight its therapeutic potential. Understanding these mechanisms underlies the selecting and designing the proper therapeutic targets and medications, which eventually facilitate the treatment process.

MicroRNAs in Vascular Eye Diseases

Since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA) decades ago, studies of miRNA biology have expanded in many biomedical research fields, including eye research. The critical roles of miRNAs in normal development and diseases have made miRNAs useful biomarkers or molecular targets for potential therapeutics. In the eye, ocular neovascularization (NV) is a leading cause of blindness in multiple vascular eye diseases. Current anti-angiogenic therapies, such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment, have their limitations, indicating the need for investigating new targets. Recent studies established the roles of various miRNAs in the regulation of pathological ocular NV, suggesting miRNAs as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets in vascular eye diseases. This review summarizes the biogenesis of miRNAs, and their functions in the normal development and diseases of the eye, with a focus on clinical and experimental retinopathies in both human and animal models. Discovery of novel targets involving miRNAs in vascular eye diseases will provide insights for developing new treatments to counter ocular NV.

Association between polymorphisms in microRNAs and susceptibility to diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Accumulated evidence has indicated the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNAs (miRNAs) and the susceptibility to diabetes mellitus (DM), but the conclusions remain controversial. This study was to investigate the true contribution of miRNA SNPs to the risk of DM by using a meta-analysis of all the published studies.

METHODS

Relevant studies were identified in the databases of PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases. The strength of associations between miRNA polymorphisms and DM risk was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) under five genetic models using the STATA software.

RESULTS

Six studies, containing 2773 cases and 2632 controls, were enrolled, 5 of which evaluated miR-146a (rs2910164), 4 for miR-27a (rs895819), and 3 for miR-124 (rs531564) and 2 for miR-375 (rs6715345), miR-128a (rs11888095), miR-194a (rs3820455). The meta-analysis indicated that the G allele or GG genotype of miR-146a rs2910164 was associated with a significantly increased risk for DM compared with C allele or GC/CC genotype in Latin American population; CC genotype of miR-27a rs895819 polymorphism was associated with a significantly decreased risk for DM in Asian population compared with the TT genotype; patients carrying with CC genotype of miR-124 rs531564 had a lower probability to develop DM regardless of ethnicity; no associations were identified between polymorphisms in miR-375, miR-128a, miR-194a and the susceptibility to DM.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that miR-146a/miR-27a and miR-124 polymorphisms may be ethnicity-dependent or -independent susceptibility factors to DM, respectively.

ALPK1 regulates streptozotocin-induced nephropathy through CCL2 and CCL5 expressions

ALPK1 is associated with chronic kidney disease, gout and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Raised renal ALPK1 level in patients with diabetes was reported. Accelerated fibrotic nephropathies were observed in hyperglycaemic mice with up-regulated ALPK1. The aim of this study was to identify the mediators contributing to ALPK1 effect involving in nephropathies induction. The haematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemical analysis of ALPK1, NFkB, CCL2 and CCL5 were performed in the mice kidney. Cytokine antibody array analysis was performed in streptozotocin-treated wild-type mice (WT-STZ) and streptozotocin-treated ALPK1 transgenic mice (TG-STZ). The ALPK1 levels were measured in mice kidney and in cultured cells. We found that the higher levels of renal CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/Rantes and G-CSF expression in TG-STZ compared with the WT-STZ. Glucose increased ALPK1 expressions in monocytic THP1 and human kidney-2 cells. The protein expression of ALPK1, NFkB and lectin was up-regulated in glucose-treated HK-2 cells. Knockdown of ALPK1 reduced CCL2 and CCL5 mRNA levels, whereas overexpressed ALPK1 increased CCL2 and CCL5 in cultured kidney cells. Taken together, these results show that high glucose increases ALPK1 and chemokine levels in the kidney. Elevated ALPK1 expression enhances renal CCL2 and CCL5 expressions in vivo and in vitro. ALPK1 is a mediator for CCL2 and CCL5 chemokine up-regulation involving in diabetic nephropathies induction.

Arsenic is more potent than cadmium or manganese in disrupting the INS-1 beta cell microRNA landscape

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by fasting hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Laboratory and population studies have shown that inorganic arsenic (iAs) can impair these pathways. Other metals including cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) have also been linked to diabetes phenotypes. MicroRNAs, short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, have emerged as potential drivers of metabolic dysfunction. MicroRNAs responsive to metal exposures in vitro have also been reported in independent studies to regulate insulin secretion in vivo. We hypothesize that microRNA dysregulation may associate with and possibly contribute to insulin secretion impairment upon exposure to iAs, Cd, or Mn. We exposed insulin secreting rat insulinoma cells to non-cytotoxic concentrations of iAs (1 µM), Cd (5 µM), and Mn (25 µM) for 24 h followed by small RNA sequencing to identify dysregulated microRNAs. RNA sequencing was then performed to further investigate changes in gene expression caused by iAs exposure. While all three metals significantly inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, high-throughput sequencing revealed distinct microRNA profiles specific to each exposure. One of the most significantly upregulated microRNAs post-iAs treatment is miR-146a (~ + 2-fold), which is known to be activated by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Accordingly, we found by RNA-seq analysis that genes upregulated by iAs exposure are enriched in the NF-κB signaling pathway and genes down-regulated by iAs exposure are enriched in miR-146a binding sites and are involved in regulating beta cell function. Notably, iAs exposure caused a significant decrease in the expression of Camk2a, a calcium-dependent protein kinase that regulates insulin secretion, has been implicated in type 2 diabetes, and is a likely target of miR-146a. Further studies are needed to elucidate potential interactions among NF-kB, miR-146a, and Camk2a in the context of iAs exposure.

Diabetic Retinopathy, lncRNAs, and Inflammation: A Dynamic, Interconnected Network

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is reaching epidemic levels globally due to the increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). DR also has detrimental effects to quality of life, as it is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population and the most common cause of vision loss in individuals with DM. Over several decades, many studies have recognized the role of inflammation in the development and progression of DR; however, in recent years, accumulating evidence has also suggested that non-coding RNAs, especially long non-coding (lncRNAs), are aberrantly expressed in diabetes and may play a putative role in the development and progression of DR through the modulation of gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, or epigenetic level. In this review, we will first highlight some of the key inflammatory mediators and transcription factors involved in DR, and we will then introduce the critical roles of lncRNAs in DR and inflammation. Following this, we will discuss the implications of lncRNAs in other epigenetic mechanisms that may also contribute to the progression of inflammation in DR.

Salidroside alleviates high-glucose-induced injury in retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 by down-regulation of miR-138

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes leading cause of blindness in adults. Salidroside (SAL) is a main ingredient from Rhodiola rosea L., has been reported to have a beneficial protection on vascular function. However, whether SAL is a suitable treatment for DR remains unreported. The study aimed to investigate the effect of SAL on high-glucose (HG)-induced injury in ARPE-19 cells. ARPE-19 cells were managed with diverse concentrations of glucose, and constructed a model of HG-induced ARPE-19 cells injury. Then, SAL was employed to stimulate ARPE-19 cells, and cell viability, apoptosis, apoptosis-associated factors, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ROS levels were determined. The correlation between miR-138 and SIRT1 was predicated by bioinformatics software of TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/) and Dual luciferase reporter assay. MiR-138 mimic, inhibitor and NCs were transfected into ARPE-19 cells, and the impacts of miR-138 on HG-induced cell injury were investigated. PI3K/AKT and AMPK signalling pathways were examined to explore the underlying mechanism. The results disclosed that HG inhibited cell viability, promoted apoptosis, up-regulated IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as increased ROS level in ARPE-19 cells. But, SAL obviously alleviated HG-induced ARPE-19 cells injury. Repressed miR-138 was triggered by SAL, and SIRT1 was predicated as a direct target of miR-138. Overexpressed miR-138 declined the protective effect of SAL on HG-injured ARPE-19 cells. Besides, SAL activated PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways by adjusting miR-138. In conclusions, SAL flattened HG-induced injury in ARPE-19 cells by repression of miR-138 and activating PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways.

Role of growth factors and cytokines in diabetic foot ulcer healing: A detailed review

The aim of the review is to examine the role of growth factors and cytokines in the management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers, such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Insulin like growth factor (IGF). Taking this a step further, the role of Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β-1) and other growth factors have also been examined, with regard to the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. The roles of these above-mentioned growth cytokines have been analyzed by studying various scholastic articles. The complete process of wound healing is implemented and regulated by numerous cytokines and human growth factors. The findings of the study indicate that wound healing of diabetic foot ulcers is a complex and extremely challenging biological and molecular process that involves coordinated efforts of multiple cell types. The therapeutic effects of various growth factors in the clinical management of wounds are chronic venous ulcers, pressure ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. It has been concluded that altercations of various cytokines are found in patients enduring diabetic foot ulcers. In a similar way, changes in the level of cytokines are also found in patients suffering from other diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Subsequently, the diabetic wound healing process can be accelerated by regulating the levels of the cytokines.

In vivo studies demonstrate that endothelin-1 traps are a potential therapy for type I diabetes

Background

Type 1 diabetes is a serious, lifelong condition where the body's blood glucose level increases because of the body's inability to make insulin. An important consequence of this is the increased expression of extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin and collagen 4α1, in key tissues and organs like the heart and kidneys. Diabetes is also associated with increased plasma levels of the vasoactive peptide endothelin (ET)-1. This further aggravates the expression of the ECM proteins. There are also important consequences of increased glucose and ET-1 levels in diabetes on the heart, termed diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Methods

We have previously reported the development of ET-traps, which potently and significantly reduce pathological levels of ET-1. In this study, we tested the in vivo therapeutic potential of ET-traps for type 1 diabetes using the B6 mouse model.

Results

Following subcutaneous administration of ET-traps 3 times a week, over a 2 month period, the 500 nM dose of ET-traps gave a significant reduction in collagen 4α1 expression in the heart and kidney, returning it back to control, non-diabetic levels at both the mRNA and protein levels. The expression of fibronectin mRNA is also returned to control levels with the 500 nM dose of ET-traps. The efficacy of ET-traps for type 1 diabetes was further evinced by immunohistochemistry data, echocardiography studies (measuring left ventricular systolic function and diastolic dysfunction) and a measure of urine creatinine and albumin levels. In all analyses, the 500 nM dose of ET-traps returns the different measures to control, non-diabetic levels.

Conclusion

Data from this study show that in a mouse model ET-traps have a potent and significant therapeutic effect on diabetes disease pathology. Future studies could further evaluate the use of ET-traps as a therapy for diabetes, including taking them through clinical trials.

Increased Extracellular Matrix Protein Production in Chronic Diabetic Complications: Implications of Non-Coding RNAs

Management of chronic diabetic complications remains a major medical challenge worldwide. One of the characteristic features of all chronic diabetic complications is augmented production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Such ECM proteins are deposited in all tissues affected by chronic complications, ultimately causing organ damage and dysfunction. A contributing factor to this pathogenetic process is glucose-induced endothelial damage, which involves phenotypic transformation of endothelial cells (ECs). This phenotypic transition of ECs, from a quiescent state to an activated dysfunctional state, can be mediated through alterations in the synthesis of cellular proteins. In this review, we discussed the roles of non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in such processes. We further outlined other epigenetic mechanisms regulating the biogenesis and/or function of non-coding RNAs. Overall, we believe that better understanding of such molecular processes may lead to the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in the future.

Overexpression of miR-146a Might Regulate Polarization Transitions of BV-2 Cells Induced by High Glucose and Glucose Fluctuations

Microglia are critical in neuroinflammation. M1/M2 polarization transitions of microglial phenotypes determine the states of neuroinflammation and are regulated by multiple pathways, including miRNAs and other epigenetic regulations. This study investigated the polarization transitions of microglia induced by high glucose and glucose fluctuations, and the role of miR-146a in regulating M1/M2 polarization transitions of microglia. BV-2 cells were cultured with 25 mmol/L glucose, 75 mmol/L glucose, and 25 mmol/L-75 mmol/L glucose fluctuation for 48 h. BV-2 cells overexpressing miR-146a were generated using a lentiviral vector. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure mRNA expression of miR-146a, CD11b, iNOS, Arg-1, IRAK1, TRAF6, and NF-κB. Immunofluorescence was used to measure CD11b expression. Western blot was used to measure protein expression of CD11b, iNOS, and Arg-1. Compared with those in the 25 mmol/L glucose control group, expression of CD11b, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the 75 mmol/L glucose or glucose fluctuation groups of cultured BV-2 cells were significantly increased, while Arg-1 and IL-10 was significantly decreased. These effects were reversed by overexpression of miR-146a. Furthermore, expression of IRAK1, TRAF6, and NF-κB was significantly increased in the high glucose and glucose fluctuation groups; this was reduced after miR-146a overexpression. In sum, high glucose and glucose fluctuations induced polarization transitions from M1 to M2 phenotype in BV-2 cells. Overexpression of miR-146a might protect BV-2 cells from high glucose and glucose fluctuation associated with M1/M2 polarization transitions by downregulating the expression of IRAK1, TRAF6, and NF-κB.

Curcumin Analogs Reduce Stress and Inflammation Indices in Experimental Models of Diabetes

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress lead to a multitude of adverse cellular responses in target organs of chronic diabetic complications. Curcumin, a highly investigated phytochemical, has been shown to exhibit both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the clinical application of curcumin has been greatly limited due to a poor pharmacokinetic profile. To overcome these limitations, we have generated analogs of curcumin to enhance bioavailability and offer a preferable pharmacokinetic profile. Here, we explored the effects of two mono-carbonyl curcumin analogs, L2H21 and L50H46, in alleviating indices of inflammation and oxidative stress in cell culture and mouse model of diabetic complications. Our results show that L2H21 and L50H46 normalize inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNF-α), extracellular matrix proteins (FN and COL4α1), vasoactive factors (VEGF and ET-1) and a key transcriptional coactivator (p300) in cultured human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs) and dermal-derived microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) challenged with high levels of glucose. These curcumin analogs also reduced glucose-induced oxidative DNA damage as evidenced by 8-OHdG labeling. We further show that treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice with curcumin analogs prevents cardiac and renal dysfunction. The preservation of target tissue function was associated with normalization of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix proteins. Collectively, our results show that L2H21 and L50H46 offer the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities as has been reported for curcumin, and may provide a clinically applicable therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetic complications.

MicroRNA-146a: A Comprehensive Indicator of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Status Induced in the Brain of Chronic T2DM Rats

Objective: It was demonstrated that inflammation and oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia were closely associated with alteration of miR-146a. Here, we investigated the role of miR-146a in mediating inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain of chronic T2DM rats.

Methods: The chronic T2DM (cT2DM) models were induced by intraperitoneal administration of STZ (35 mg/kg) after being fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet for 6 weeks. H&E staining was conducted to observe the morphological impairment of the rat hippocampus. The expressions of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β) and antioxidant proteins (Nrf2, HO-1) were measured by western blot. The levels of MDA and SOD were detected by the respective activity assay kit. The levels of p22phox and miR-146a were examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expressions of IRAK1, TRAF6 and NF-κB p65 were measured by western blot and qRT-PCR. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the correlations between miR-146a and inflammatory mediators as well as oxidative stress indicators.

Results: The expression of miR-146a was negatively correlated with inflammation and oxidative stress status. In the brain tissues of cT2DM rats, it was observed that the expressions of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β) and oxidative stress indicators including MDA and p22phox were elevated, which were negatively correlated with the expression of miR-146a. While, the antioxidant proteins (Nrf2, HO-1, SOD) levels decreased in the brain of cT2DM rats, which were positively correlated with the miR-146a level. The expressions of NF-κB p65 and its specific modulators (IRAK1&TRAF6) were elevated in the brain of cT2DM rats, which might be inhibited by miR-146a.

Conclusion: Our results implied that increased inflammation and oxidative stress status were associated with brain impairment in cT2DM rats, which were negatively correlated with miR-146a expression. Thus, miR-146a may serve as a negative comprehensive indicator of inflammation and oxidative stress status in the brain of chronic T2DM rats.

Bisphenol A-elicited miR-146a-5p impairs murine testicular steroidogenesis through negative regulation of Mta3 signaling

The epigenetic effects on expression of non-coding RNAs (e.g. microRNAs) of environmental toxin bisphenol A (BPA) have extended our understanding of the etiology of human reproductive disorders including hypospermatogenesis and androgen deficiency. BPA-induced miR-146a-5p is a potent regulator of endocrine and immune homeostasis, but its role in testis remain unexplored. We show here that in murine testis, miR-146a-5p was exclusively expressed in interstitial Leydig cells (LCs). This expression was significantly induced by BPA exposure. Consequently, the elevated miR-146a-5p exacerbated the deleterious effects of BPA on testicular steroidogenesis. Mechanistically, miR-146a-5p repressed the expression of Mta3, a pivotal chromatin remodeling transcription factor recently involved in controlling the steroidogenic activity, via directly targeting its 3'UTR. This repression thereafter rendered LCs more sensitive to BPA-elicited inhibitory effects. Conversely, ectopic expression of hMTA3 successfully rescued miR-146a-5p-elicited inhibitory effects on testicular steroidogenesis in BPA-challenged LCs. Taken together, the available data provide novel evidence that deregulation of testicular miR-146a-5p/Mta3 cascade mediates, at least in part, the steroidogenic dysfunction caused by BPA exposure.

Endothelin-1 Regulation Is Entangled in a Complex Web of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Diabetes

Endothelial cells (ECs) are primary targets of glucose-induced tissue damage. As a result of hyperglycemia, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is upregulated in organs affected by chronic diabetic complications. The objective of the present study was to identify novel transcriptional mechanisms that influence ET-1 regulation in diabetes. We carried out the investigation in microvascular ECs using multiple approaches. ECs were incubated with 5 mM glucose (NG) or 25 mM glucose (HG) and analyses for DNA methylation, histone methylation, or long non-coding RNA- mediated regulation of ET-1 mRNA were then performed. DNA methylation array analyses demonstrated the presence of hypomethylation in the proximal promoter and 5’ UTR/first exon regions of EDN1 following HG culture. Further, globally blocking DNA methylation or histone methylation significantly increased ET-1 mRNA expressions in both NG and HG-treated HRECs. While, knocking down the pathogenetic lncRNAs ANRIL, MALAT1, and ZFAS1 subsequently prevented the glucose-induced upregulation of ET-1 transcripts. Based on our past and present findings, we present a novel paradigm that reveals a complex web of epigenetic mechanisms regulating glucose-induced transcription of ET-1. Improving our understanding of such processes may lead to better targeted therapies.

MicroRNA‑146a/Toll‑like receptor 4 signaling protects against severe burn‑induced remote acute lung injury in rats via anti‑inflammation

The present study investigated the preventive effects of microRNA (miR)‑146a against severe burn‑induced remote acute lung injury (ALI) in rats and the underlying mechanism. The surface area of the skin was immersed in 100˚C water for 5‑10 sec on the dorsal surface. The expression level of miR‑146a was significantly downregulated in rats with burn‑induced ALI. Downregulation of miR‑146a increased inflammation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) expression in a model of ALI in vitro via the promotion of the Toll‑like receptor (TLR)4/nuclear factor (NF)‑κB signaling pathway. In addition, the overexpression of miR‑146a reduced inflammation, and iNOS and COX‑2 protein expression in the model of ALI in vitro via the suppression of the TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway. A TLR4 inhibitor reduced the function of anti‑miR‑146a on inflammation in the model of ALI. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrated the preventive effects of miR‑146a against severe burn‑induced remote ALI in rats through the anti‑inflammatory‑regulated TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway.

Sirt1/Nrf2 signalling pathway prevents cognitive impairment in diabetic rats through anti‑oxidative stress induced by miRNA‑23b‑3p expression

In the present study the exact roles and mechanisms underlying the effect of miRNA‑23b‑3p on the cognitive impairment of diabetic rats were investigated. The in vivo model of diabetes was established in Wistar rats via a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Cognitive function was evaluated using a Morris water maze test. Oxidative stress was measured using ELISA kits, and the protein expression levels of B‑cell lymphoma 2‑associated X protein, silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) and GAPDH were measured by western blot analysis. Micro (mi)RNA‑23b‑3p mimics were employed to increase miRNA‑23b‑3p expression in the in vitro model. Overexpression of miRNA‑23b‑3p increased oxidative stress (as indicated by the levels of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde) and apoptosis in neurocytes following high‑glucose treatment. The overexpression of miRNA‑23b‑3p also suppressed SIRT1 and Nrf2 expression in neurocytes following high‑glucose treatment; it also promoted the SIRT1‑induced inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative stress. The promotion of SIRT1 also decreased the effect of miRNA‑23b‑3p on cognitive impairment in diabetic rats. In conclusion, miRNA‑23b‑3p prevents the cognitive impairment of diabetic rats via anti‑oxidative stress effects and the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

MALAT1: A regulator of inflammatory cytokines in diabetic complications

OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN

In this study, we examined the role of MALAT1, a highly conserved nuclear long non-coding RNA molecule, in chronic diabetic complications affecting the heart and kidneys using both in vitro and in vivo models: human endothelial cell culture and a Malat1 knockout mice model.

RESULTS

Findings from our in vitro experiments demonstrated that MALAT1 was predominantly localized to nuclear speckles in endothelial cells and MALAT1 expression was significantly increased following incubation with high glucose in association with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. As for our in vivo experiments, we used Malat1 knockout mice and wild-type controls with or without streptozotocin-induced diabetes over 2 months of follow-up, where all of our diabetic animals showed hyperglycaemia and polyuria. Examination of cardiac and renal tissues demonstrated altered MALAT1 RNA expression in wild-type diabetic animals. Such changes were associated with augmented production of downstream inflammatory molecules at the mRNA and protein levels. Diabetes-induced elevations of inflammatory markers were significantly decreased in Malat1 knockout diabetic animals. In addition to transcript and protein analyses, we examined functional changes in the heart and kidneys. Organ functions were affected in the wild-type diabetic mice but were rescued in Malat1 knockout mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, findings from this study will provide direct evidence and insight into the importance of MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetic complications involving the heart and kidneys.

ANRIL regulates production of extracellular matrix proteins and vasoactive factors in diabetic complications

noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gained widespread interest due to their prevailing presence in various diseases. lncRNA ANRIL (a. k. a. CDKN2B-AS1) is located on human chromosome 9 (p21.3) and transcribed in opposite direction to the INK4b-ARF-INK4a gene cluster. It has been identified as a highly susceptible region for diseases such as coronary artery diseases and type 2 diabetes. Here, we explored its regulatory role in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in association with epigenetic modifiers p300 and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) complex. We used an ANRIL-knockout (ANRILKO) mouse model for this study. The wild-type and ANRILKO animals with or without streptozotocin-induced diabetes were monitored for 2 min. At the end of the time point, urine and tissues were collected. The tissues were measured for fibronectin (FN), type IV collagen (Col1α4), and VEGF mRNA and protein expressions. Renal function was determined by the measurement of 24-h urine volume and albumin/creatinine ratio at euthanasia. Renal and cardiac structures were investigated using periodic acid-Schiff stain and/or immunohistochemical analysis. Elevated expressions of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were prevented in ANRILKO diabetic animals. Furthermore, ANRILKO had a protective effect on diabetic mouse kidneys, as evidenced by lowering of urine volume and urine albumin levels in comparison with the wild-type diabetic animals. These alterations regulated by ANRIL may be mediated by p300 and enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) of the PRC2 complex. Our study concludes that ANRIL regulates functional and structural alterations in the kidneys and hearts in diabetes through controlling the expressions of ECM proteins and VEGF.

Circulating miR-146a/b correlates with inflammatory cytokines in COPD and could predict the risk of acute exacerbation COPD

The aim of this study was to investigate the predicting value of miR-146a/b for acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and COPD, and to explore their associations with inflammatory cytokines in AECOPD and stable COPD patients.One hundred six AECOPD, 122 stable COPD patients, and 110 health volunteers with age and sex matched to total COPD patients (AECOPD and stable COPD) were enrolled. Blood samples were collected from all participants. Relative expression of miR-146a/b was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), leukotriene B4 (LTB-4) expression in serum from AECOPD and stable COPD patients were assessed using commercial ELISA kit.Serum levels of miR-146a and miR-146b were down regulated in AECOPD patients compared with stable COPD patients and HCs. miR-146a and miR-146b are of good values for predicting the risk of AECOPD in HCs with AUC of 0.702 and 0.715. Additionally, miR-146a and miR-146b could distinguish AECOPD from stable COPD patients with AUC of 0.670 and 0.643. In AECOPD patients, levels of miR-146a in AECOPD patients were negatively associated with TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and LTE-4 expression. In stable COPD patients, miR-146a expressions were negatively correlated with TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and LTE-4 levels. And, the expressions of miR-146b in AECOPD patients were negatively associated with IL-1β and LTB-4 expression. While in stable COPD patients, miR-146b expressions were only negatively correlated with TNF-α level.In conclusion, miR-146a and miR-146b were negatively correlated with inflammatory cytokines, and could be promising biomarkers for predicting the risk of AECOPD in stable COPD patients and healthy individuals.