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Xu L, Chen Z, Gong H, Pei X, Zhu Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Nan S, Yin Y, Zhao Q, Fan Y, Sun Y, Xiao S. Development a high-sensitivity sandwich ELISA for determining antigen content of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines. J Virol Methods 2024; 328:114954. [PMID: 38763359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is intensely prevalent in global pig farms. The PCV2 vaccine is an important means of preventing and controlling PCV2. The quality control of PCV2 vaccines is predominantly based on detection techniques such as animal testing and neutralizing antibody titration. Measuring the content of effective proteins in vaccines to measure vaccine efficacy is an excellent alternative to traditional methods, which can greatly accelerate the development speed and testing time of vaccines. In this study, we screened a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that can effectively recognize not only the exogenous expression of PCV2 Cap protein but also PCV2 virus. The double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) was developed using this mAb that specifically recognize PCV2 Cap. The minimum protein content detected by this method is 3.5 ng/mL. This method can be used for the quality control of PCV2 inactivated vaccine and subunit vaccine, and the detection results are consistent with the results of mice animal experiments. This method has the advantages of simple operation, good sensitivity, high specificity and wide application. It can detect the effective antigen Cap protein content of various types of PCV2 vaccines, which not only shorten the vaccine inspection time but also save costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haoyang Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiyao Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yumiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shifa Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yupeng Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yani Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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2
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Shimasaki N, Kuwahara T, Nishijima H, Nakamura K, Sato K, Murano K, Itamura S, Akahori Y, Takashita E, Kishida N, Arita T, Nakauchi M, Takeda M, Hasegawa H, Ryo A, Harada Y. Establishment of Reference Reagents for Single-Radial-Immunodiffusion Assay on the 2022/23 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Japan and Their Quality Validation. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024; 77:105-111. [PMID: 38030271 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Potency tests for influenza vaccines are currently performed using a single-radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, which requires a reference antigen and anti-hemagglutinin (HA) serum as reference reagents. Reagents must be newly prepared each time a strain used for vaccine production is modified. Therefore, establishing reference reagents of consistent quality is crucial for conducting vaccine potency tests accurately and precisely. Here, we established reference reagents for the SRID assay to conduct lot release tests of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in Japan during the 2022/23 influenza season. The potency of reference antigens during storage was confirmed. Furthermore, we evaluated the cross-reactivity of each antiserum raised against the HA protein of the 2 lineages of influenza B virus toward different lineages of influenza B virus antigens to select a suitable procedure for the SRID assay for accurate measurement. Finally, the intralaboratory reproducibility of the SRID assay using the established reference reagents was validated, and the SRID reagents had sufficient consistent quality, comparable to that of the reagents used for testing vaccines during previous influenza seasons. Our study contributes to the quality control of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shimasaki
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kuwahara
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Haruna Nishijima
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakamura
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sato
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Keiko Murano
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Itamura
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Yukiko Akahori
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishida
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Tomoko Arita
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Mina Nakauchi
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Yuichi Harada
- Department of Virology Ⅲ, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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3
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Alabanza C, Gavrilov V, Scott T, Yang RS, Gowetski DB, Gall JG, Paula Lei Q. Quantitation of strain-specific hemagglutinin trimers in mosaic quadrivalent influenza nanoparticle vaccine by ELISA. Vaccine 2023; 41:5201-5210. [PMID: 37451877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was developed to analyze the assembly of a tetravalent mosaic influenza nanoparticle (NP) vaccine, Flumos-v1, consisting of hemagglutinin trimers (HAT) from H1 (A/Idaho/07/2018), H3 (A/Perth/1008/2019), HBV (Vic-B/Colorado/06/2017) and HBY (Yam-B/Phuket/3073/2013) strains. The sandwich ELISA assay used lectin from Galanthus nivalis as a universal capture reagent for all HAT strains and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) to detect corresponding hemagglutinin antigen. The mAb binding of HATs incorporated into NPs diverged from those for single HAT solutions, resulting in inaccurate quantitation of assembled HATs. An optimized zwittergent treatment was used to fully dissociate the influenza NP and aligned binding activities in each pair of single HAT and dissociated HAT from NP. The dissociated HATs were then quantified against their corresponding HAT standard solutions for three development lots of FluMos-v1 vaccine and the assembly ratio of all four HATs was calculated. The molar ratio of different HATs incorporated into this quadrivalent NP vaccine was consistent and determined as H3:H1: HBV: HBY ∼ 1.00:0.92:0.96:0.87, which was close the expected 1:1:1:1 ratio and confirmed a proper assembling of multivalent NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Alabanza
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Victor Gavrilov
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Taylor Scott
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Rong Sylvie Yang
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Daniel B Gowetski
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Jason G Gall
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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4
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Narayan K, Paduraru C, Blake T, Arunachalam AB. Rapid determination of influenza vaccine potency by an SPR-based method using subtype or lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128683. [PMID: 37457687 PMCID: PMC10344355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Potency testing and release of annual influenza vaccines require preparation, calibration, and distribution of reference antigens (RAs) and antisera every year, which takes an average of 8 to 12 weeks, and can be a major limiting factor in pandemic situations. Here we describe for the first time a robust Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-based method that employs influenza subtype or lineage hemagglutinin (HA) specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to measure the HA concentration in influenza multivalent vaccines. Implementing such an advanced test method will at the very least eliminate the rate-limiting and laborious efforts of making antisera reagents annually, and thus expedite the influenza vaccine delivery to the public by at least 6 weeks. Results demonstrate that the SPR-based method, developed using Biacore, is robust and not influenced by the type of RAs (inactivated whole virus, split, or subunit vaccine-derived materials), whether they are used as monovalent or multivalent preparations. HA concentrations obtained for monovalent drug substances (DS) or quadrivalent drug products (DP) of inactivated influenza split vaccine showed a tight correlation (the best fit value for the slope is 1.001 with R2 of 0.9815 and P-value <0.0001) with the corresponding values obtained by the current potency assay, Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID). Supplementary analysis of the results by the Bland-Altman plot demonstrated good agreement between the SPR and SRID methods, with no consistent bias of the SPR versus SRID method. We further demonstrate that the SPR-based method can be used to estimate HA concentrations in intermediates of the influenza vaccine manufacturing process containing varying matrices and impurity levels. Further, the results demonstrate that the method is sensitive to detecting degradation of HA caused by elevated temperature, low pH, and freezing. It is evident from this report and other published work that the advancement of analytical techniques and the early findings are encouraging for the implementation of alternate potency assays with far-reaching benefits covering both seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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5
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Abo Shama NM, Mahmoud SH, Bagato O, AbdElsalam ET, Alkhazindar M, Kandeil A, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G, El-Shesheny R. Incidence and neutralizing antibody seroprevalence of influenza B virus in Egypt: Results of a community-based cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269321. [PMID: 35767564 PMCID: PMC9242516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, two lineages of influenza B viruses, Victoria and Yamagata, have been circulating at similar frequencies worldwide. Little is known about the circulation of those viruses in Egypt. This study aims to describe the epidemiology of influenza B virus infections in Egypt, 2017–2019. This was performed through a household prospective cohort study on influenza infections among 2400 individuals from five villages. When a study participant had influenza like symptoms, a nasal swab and an oropharyngeal swab were obtained and tested by RT-PCR for influenza B infections. A serum sample was obtained from all participants annually to detect neutralizing antibodies using microneutralization assay. 9.1% of subjects were positive for influenza B viruses during season 2017–2018 mostly among preschoolers and 7.6% were positive during the season 2018–2019 with higher risk in females, potentially due to mothers being infected after contact with their children. The overall seroprevalence among the participants was 53.2% and 52.2% against the Victoria and Yamagata lineages respectively, the majority of seropositive participants were students. Multivariate analysis showed that age and having chronic diseases were the strongest predictors of infection. Our results show that both influenza B lineages circulated between 2017 and 2020 in Egypt almost in equal proportion. Encouraging the uptake of seasonal influenza vaccines is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed Tarek AbdElsalam
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Alkhazindar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Pamela P. McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail: (GK); (RE)
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6
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Ferrara F, Del Rosario JMM, da Costa KAS, Kinsley R, Scott S, Fereidouni S, Thompson C, Kellam P, Gilbert S, Carnell G, Temperton N. Development of Lentiviral Vectors Pseudotyped With Influenza B Hemagglutinins: Application in Vaccine Immunogenicity, mAb Potency, and Sero-Surveillance Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661379. [PMID: 34108964 PMCID: PMC8182064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) cause respiratory disease epidemics in humans and are therefore components of seasonal influenza vaccines. Serological methods are employed to evaluate vaccine immunogenicity prior to licensure. However, classical methods to assess influenza vaccine immunogenicity such as the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) and the serial radial hemolysis assay (SRH), have been proven to have many limitations. As such, there is a need to develop innovative methods that can improve on these traditional assays and provide advantages such as ease of production and access, safety, reproducibility, and specificity. It has been previously demonstrated that the use of replication-defective viruses, such as lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with influenza A hemagglutinins in microneutralization assays (pMN) is a safe and sensitive alternative to study antibody responses elicited by natural influenza infection or vaccination. Consequently, we have produced Influenza B hemagglutinin-pseudotypes (IBV PV) using plasmid-directed transfection. To activate influenza B hemagglutinin, we have explored the use of proteases in increasing PV titers via their co-transfection during pseudotype virus production. When tested for their ability to transduce target cells, the influenza B pseudotypes produced exhibit tropism for different cell lines. The pseudotypes were evaluated as alternatives to live virus in microneutralization assays using reference sera standards, mouse and human sera collected during vaccine immunogenicity studies, surveillance sera from seals, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against IBV. The influenza B pseudotype pMN was found to effectively detect neutralizing and cross-reactive responses in all assays and shows promise as an effective and versatile tool in influenza research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Marie M Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Physical Sciences & Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Sasan Fereidouni
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Veterinary Medicine University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Craig Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
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7
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Tung Yep A, Takeuchi Y, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Broad Reactivity Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza Virus and Their Applications to Vaccine Potency Testing and Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030407. [PMID: 33802072 PMCID: PMC8001348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of influenza presents many challenges to the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. However, it is apparent that there are epitopes on the virus that have evolved to remain largely constant due to their functional importance. These more conserved regions are often hidden and difficult to access by the human immune system but recent efforts have shown that these may be the Achilles heel of the virus through development and delivery of appropriate biological drugs. Amongst these, single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are equipped to target these vulnerabilities of the influenza virus due to their preference for concave epitopes on protein surfaces, their small size, flexible reformatting and high stability. Single domain antibodies are well placed to provide a new generation of robust analytical reagents and therapeutics to support the constant efforts to keep influenza in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tung Yep
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Advanced Therapies Division, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Carnell GW, Trombetta CM, Ferrara F, Montomoli E, Temperton NJ. Correlation of Influenza B Haemagglutination Inhibiton, Single-Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-Based Microneutralisation Assays for Immunogenicity Testing of Seasonal Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:100. [PMID: 33525543 PMCID: PMC7911544 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B is responsible for a significant proportion of the global morbidity, mortality and economic loss caused by influenza-related disease. Two antigenically distinct lineages co-circulate worldwide, often resulting in mismatches in vaccine coverage when vaccine predictions fail. There are currently operational issues with gold standard serological assays for influenza B, such as lack of sensitivity and requirement for specific antigen treatment. This study encompasses the gold standard assays with the more recent Pseudotype-based Microneutralisation assay in order to study comparative serological outcomes. Haemagglutination Inhibition, Single Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-based Microneutralisation correlated strongly for strains in the Yamagata lineage; however, it correlated with neither gold standard assays for the Victoria lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (G.W.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudia M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.M.T.); or (E.M.)
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (G.W.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.M.T.); or (E.M.)
- VisMederi srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nigel J. Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (G.W.C.); (F.F.)
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9
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Takahashi H, Fujimoto T, Horikoshi F, Uotani T, Okutani M, Shimasaki N, Hamamoto I, Odagiri T, Nobusawa E. Determination of the potency of a cell-based seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine using a purified primary liquid standard. Biologicals 2020; 68:32-39. [PMID: 33023810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan, the practical application of completely cell-based seasonal influenza vaccines is under consideration. Considering the good correlation between the immunogenicity of egg-based influenza vaccines and the hemagglutinin (HA) content determined by the single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) assay, we determined the potency of the first cell-based quadrivalent vaccine experimentally generated in Japan using the SRD assay in this study. A primary liquid standard (PLS) and reference antigen were generated from the purified vaccine virus, and a sheep antiserum was produced against the HA of the vaccine virus. Since the purity of the PLS affects the reliability of vaccine potency testing, the purification steps are significant. We successfully prepared a purified PLS nearly free of cell debris. The HA content in the PLS was first estimated from the total amount of viral protein and the percentage of HA content determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. The HA content in the reference antigen was calibrated to that in the PLS via the SRD assay. The vaccine potency, that is, the HA content in each vaccine, was finally measured using the corresponding reference antigen. Ultimately, the measured vaccine potency of the monovalent vaccine was similar to that of the quadrivalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Fujimoto
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Kagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Horikoshi
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tae Uotani
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mie Okutani
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Kagawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimasaki
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itsuki Hamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Nobusawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Lorbetskie B, Cunningham AM, Lemieux M, Durno L, Farnsworth A, Wang J, Li C, Li X, Gilbert M, Sauvé S, Girard M. Selective Capture and Determination of Receptor-Binding Hemagglutinin in Influenza Vaccine Preparations Using a Coupled Receptor-Binding/RP-HPLC Assay. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8908-8917. [PMID: 31251585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccine potency is determined by the quantification of immunologically active hemagglutinin capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies upon immunization. Currently, the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method is the standard in vitro potency assay used for lot release of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines. Despite the proven usage of SRID, significant limitations such as the time-consuming preparation of reagents and limited dynamic range warrant the need for the development of alternative potency assays. Such alternative approaches need to discriminate and quantify relevant hemagglutinin material, provide strain identity, and be independent of strain-specific and seasonal reagents. Herein, we present a proof of concept method that combines the capture of conformationally well-folded hemagglutinin via a sialic acid binding step with the resolving power of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for strain identity and determination. Details of the protocol for the selective capture of receptor-binding hemagglutinin, its release from the receptor, and its relative determination are presented. This approach was found to provide flexibility for the reagents to be used and was adaptable to varying strain compositions of influenza vaccines. This proof of concept approach was developed as an antibody-independent methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Lorbetskie
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Cunningham
- National Research Council Canada , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Michèle Lemieux
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Laura Durno
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , National Institute for Food and Drug Control of China , No.2 Tiantan Xili , Beijing 10050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , National Institute for Food and Drug Control of China , No.2 Tiantan Xili , Beijing 10050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- National Research Council Canada , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Simon Sauvé
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Michel Girard
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
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11
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Ramage W, Gaiotto T, Ball C, Risley P, Carnell GW, Temperton N, Cheung CY, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Cross-Reactive and Lineage-Specific Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza B Hemagglutinin. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E14. [PMID: 31544820 PMCID: PMC6640691 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) circulates in the human population and causes considerable disease burden worldwide, each year. Current IBV vaccines can struggle to mount an effective cross-reactive immune response, as strains become mismatched, due to constant antigenic changes. Additional strategies which use monoclonal antibodies, with broad reactivity, are of considerable interest, both, as diagnostics and as immunotherapeutics. Alternatives to conventional monoclonal antibodies, such as single domain antibodies (NanobodiesTM) with well-documented advantages for applications in infectious disease, have been emerging. In this study we have isolated single domain antibodies (sdAbs), specific to IBV, using alpacas immunised with recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) from two representative viruses, B/Florida/04/2006 (B/Yamagata lineage) and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (B/Victoria lineage). Using phage display, we have isolated a panel of single domain antibodies (sdAbs), with both cross-reactive and lineage-specific binding. Several sdAbs recognise whole virus antigens, corresponding to influenza B strains included in vaccines spanning over 20 years, and were capable of neutralising IBV pseudotypes corresponding to prototype strains from both lineages. Lineage-specific sdAbs recognised the head domain, whereas, sdAbs identified as cross-reactive could be classified as either head binding or stem binding. Using yeast display, we were able to correlate lineage specificity with naturally occurring sequence divergence, at residue 122 in the highly variable 120 loop of the HA1 domain. The single domain antibodies described, might have applications in IBV diagnostics, vaccine potency testing and as immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ramage
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Tiziano Gaiotto
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Christina Ball
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Paul Risley
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - George W Carnell
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Infectious Diseases and Allergy Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Chung Y Cheung
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Simon E Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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12
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Patel U, Gingerich A, Widman L, Sarr D, Tripp RA, Rada B. Susceptibility of influenza viruses to hypothiocyanite and hypoiodite produced by lactoperoxidase in a cell-free system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199167. [PMID: 30044776 PMCID: PMC6059396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is an enzyme found in several exocrine secretions including the airway surface liquid producing antimicrobial substances from mainly halide and pseudohalide substrates. Although the innate immune function of LPO has been documented against several microbes, a detailed characterization of its mechanism of action against influenza viruses is still missing. Our aim was to study the antiviral effect and substrate specificity of LPO to inactivate influenza viruses using a cell-free experimental system. Inactivation of different influenza virus strains was measured in vitro system containing LPO, its substrates, thiocyanate (SCN-) or iodide (I-), and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing system, glucose and glucose oxidase (GO). Physiologically relevant concentrations of the components of the LPO/H2O2/(SCN-/I-) antimicrobial system were exposed to twelve different strains of influenza A and B viruses in vitro and viral inactivation was assessed by determining plaque-forming units of non-inactivated viruses using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) cells. Our data show that LPO is capable of inactivating all influenza virus strains tested: H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAV) and influenza B viruses (IBV) of both, Yamagata and Victoria lineages. The extent of viral inactivation, however, varied among the strains and was in part dependent on the LPO substrate. Inactivation of H1N1 and H1N2 viruses by LPO showed no substrate preference, whereas H3N2 influenza strains were inactivated significantly more efficiently when iodide, not thiocyanate, was the LPO substrate. Although LPO-mediated inactivation of the influenza B strains tested was strain-dependent, it showed slight preference towards thiocyanate as the substrate. The results presented here show that the LPO/H2O2/(SCN-/I-) cell-free, in vitro experimental system is a functional tool to study the specificity, efficiency and the molecular mechanism of action of influenza inactivation by LPO. These studies tested the hypothesis that influenza strains are all susceptible to the LPO-based antiviral system but exhibit differences in their substrate specificities. We propose that a LPO-based antiviral system is an important contributor to anti-influenza virus defense of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Patel
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Gingerich
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren Widman
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Demba Sarr
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Balázs Rada
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wood JM, Weir JP. Standardisation of inactivated influenza vaccines-Learning from history. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:195-201. [PMID: 29356318 PMCID: PMC5820418 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The single radial immunodiffusion assay has been the accepted method for determining the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines since 1978. The worldwide adoption of this assay for vaccine standardisation was facilitated through collaborative studies that demonstrated a high level of reproducibility and its applicability to the different types of influenza vaccine being produced at that time. Clinical evidence indicated the relevance of SRID as a potency assay. Unique features of the SRID assay are likely responsible for its longevity even as newer technologies for vaccine characterisation have been developed and refined. Nevertheless, there are significant limitations to the SRID assay that indicate the need for improvement, and there has been a substantial amount of work undertaken in recent years to develop and evaluate alternative potency assays, including collaborative studies involving research laboratories, regulatory agencies and vaccine manufacturers. Here, we provide an overview of the history of inactivated influenza vaccine potency testing, the current state of alternative assay development and the some of the major challenges to be overcome before implementation of new assays for potency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Wood
- Formerly National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Bushey, Herts, UK
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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14
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Vasudevan A, Woerner A, Schmeisser F, Verma S, Williams O, Weir JP. Potency determination of inactivated H7 influenza vaccines using monoclonal antibody-based ELISA and biolayer interferometry assays. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 12:250-258. [PMID: 29152878 PMCID: PMC5820428 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, the accepted method for determining potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, measures an immunogenic form of the influenza hemagglutinin. Nevertheless, alternative methods for measuring vaccine potency have been explored to address some of the weaknesses of the SRID assay, including limited sensitivity and the requirement for large amounts of standardized reagents. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)‐based potency assays also have the ability to detect and measure relevant immunogenic forms of HA. Objectives The objective of this study was to continue evaluation of mAb‐based alternative methods for measuring the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, focusing on A(H7N9) pandemic influenza vaccines. Methods Several murine mAbs that recognize different epitopes on the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) were identified and characterized. These mAbs were evaluated in both a mAb‐capture ELISA and a mAb‐based biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay. Results Results indicated that potency of inactivated A(H7N9) vaccines, including vaccine samples that were stressed by heat treatment, measured by either alternative method correlated well with potency determined by the traditional SRID potency assay. Conclusions The availability of multiple H7 mAbs, directed to different HA epitopes, provides needed redundancy in the potency analysis as A(H7N9) viruses continue to evolve antigenically and suggests the importance of having a broad, well‐characterized panel of mAbs available for development of vaccines against influenza strains with pandemic potential. In addition, the results highlight the potential of mAb‐based platform such as ELISA and BLI for development as alternative methods for determining the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vasudevan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Amy Woerner
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Swati Verma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ollie Williams
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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