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Parker S, Duthie G, Robertson S. A framework for player movement analysis in team sports. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1375513. [PMID: 39165645 PMCID: PMC11334162 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1375513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Player movement is a fundamental component of evaluating performance in most team sports. Movement can be evaluated across multiple scales, referring to the function of anatomical structures through various planes of motion or an individual regulating their field position based on the movement of opposition players. Developments in commercially available tracking systems have afforded end users the ability to investigate the spatiotemporal features of movement in fine detail. These advancements, in conjunction with overlaid contextual information, have provided insights into the strategies adopted by players in relation to their movement. Understanding movement beyond its semantic value allows practitioners to make informed decisions surrounding performance evaluation and training design. This investigation proposes a framework to guide the analysis of player movement within team sports environments. The framework describes how operational standards for assessing movement can be designed in reference to theory and a set training philosophy. Such practice allows for the spatial and temporal complexities within team sports to be described and could potentially lead to better-applied outcomes through greater interdisciplinary collaboration and an improved holistic understanding of movement. To inform its development, this study evaluates the current research and identifies several open questions to guide future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Duthie
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Cao S. Passing path predicts shooting outcome in football. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9572. [PMID: 38671051 PMCID: PMC11053140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
What determines the outcome of a shot (scored or unscored) in football (soccer)? Numerous studies have investigated various aspects of this question, including the skills and physical/mental state of the shooter or goalkeeper, the positional information of shots, as well as the attacking styles and defensive formations of the opposing team. However, a critical question has received limited attention: How does the passing path affect the outcome of a shot? In other words, does the path of the ball before shooting significantly influence the result when the same player takes two shots from the same location? This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by conducting qualitative studies using a dataset comprising 34,938 shots, along with corresponding passing paths from top-tier football leagues and international competitions such as the World Cup. Eighteen path features were extracted and applied to three different machine-learning models. The results indicate that the passing path, whether with or without the positional information of shots, can indeed predict shooting outcomes and reveal influential path features. Moreover, it suggests that taking quick actions to move the ball across areas with a high probability of scoring a goal can significantly increases the chance of a successful shot. Interestingly, certain path features that are commonly considered important for team performance, such as the distribution of passes among players and the overall path length, were found to be less significant for shooting outcomes. These findings enhance our understanding of the effective ball-passing and provide valuable insights into the critical factors for achieving successful shots in football games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Cao
- Department of Information Science Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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3
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Sun R, Wang C, Qin Z, Han C. Temporal features of goals, substitutions, and fouls in football games in the five major European league from 2018 to 2021. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27014. [PMID: 38463781 PMCID: PMC10923682 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The "Big Five" European football leagues, comprising England's Premier League, Germany's Bundesliga, Spain's La Liga, Italy's Serie A, and France's Ligue 1, command significant attention. While the occurrence of goals, substitutions, and fouls in football games is often considered random, of the presence of an inherent inevitability is unclear. To investigate, we analyzed a public dataset detailing timing of goals, substitutions, and yellow cards in regular time from WhoScored across three seasons (2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021) in the top five European football leagues. We employed various mathematical descriptive models (including linear, sigmoid, and gaussian functions) to measure the temporal tendency of goals, substitutions, and yellow cards. Our results indicate that, whether in the first or second half of the match, the temporal distribution of these elements exhibits evenness a (indicative of randomness). However, specific characteristics were discerned through distinct model parameters, capturing novel phenomena that were intuitively illustrated. Furthermore, we explored the interaction of the timing of goals, substitutions, and yellow cards. In this analysis we found that scoring in the second half leads to more substitutions and yellow cards. Changing players in the second half corresponded with more goals, while the impact of yellow card fouls showed no differences in goals in the first and second halves. Our research is the first to systematically study the laws of modern football matches, providing valuable guidance and reference for many football coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkun Sun
- College of P.E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Changquan Wang
- College of P.E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhe Qin
- College of P.E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- College of Physical Education Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Chuanliang Han
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Caldeira N, Lopes RJ, Fernandes D, Araujo D. From Optical Tracking to Tactical Performance via Voronoi Diagrams: Team Formation and Players' Roles Constrain Interpersonal Linkages in High-Level Football. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:273. [PMID: 36616871 PMCID: PMC9824483 DOI: 10.3390/s23010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Football performance behaviour relies on the individual and collective perceptual attunement to the opportunities for action (affordances) available in a given competitive environment. Such perception-action coupling is constrained by players' spatial dominance. Aiming to understand the influence of team formation and players' roles in their dynamic interaction (interpersonal linkages), Voronoi diagrams were used to assess the differences in players' spatial dominance resulting from their interactions according to ball-possession status in high-performance football. Notational (i.e., team formation, players' role, and ball-possession status) and positional data (from optical sensors) from ten matches of the men's French main football league were analysed. Voronoi diagrams were computed from players' positional data for both teams. Probability density functions of the players' Voronoi cell areas were then computed and compared, using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, for the different variables (i.e., team formation, player role, and ball-possession status) and their classes. For these variables, the players' Voronoi cell areas presented statistical differences, which were sensitive to team formation classes (i.e., defenders, midfielders, and forwards) and relative pitch location (interior or exterior in the effective play space). Differences were also found between players with similar roles when in different team formations. Our results showed that team formation and players' roles constrain their interpersonal linkages, resulting in different spatial dominance patterns. Using positional data captured by optical sensors, Voronoi diagrams can be computed into compound variables, which are meaningful for understanding the match and thus offer information to the design representative training tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Caldeira
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Rui J. Lopes
- Department of Information Science and Technology (ISTA), Iscte—Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Duarte Araujo
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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5
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Branquinho L, Silva AJ, Monteiro AM, Barbosa TM. Integrating physical and tactical factors in football using positional data: a systematic review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14381. [PMID: 36405022 PMCID: PMC9671036 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Positional data have been used to capture physical and tactical factors in football, however current research is now looking to apply spatiotemporal parameters from an integrative perspective. Thus, the aim of this article was to systematically review the published articles that integrate physical and tactical variables in football using positional data. Methods and Materials Following the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to August 2021. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the modified Downs and Black Quality Index (observational and cross-sectional studies) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (intervention studies). Results The literature search returned 982 articles (WoS = 495; PubMed = 232 and SportDiscus = 255). After screening, 26 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and data extraction was conducted. All studies considered the integration of physical and tactical variables in football using positional data (n = 26). Other dimensions were also reported, such as psychophysiological and technical factors, however the results of these approaches were not the focus of the analysis (n = 5). Quasi-experimental approaches considered training sets (n = 20) and match contexts (n = 6). One study analysed both training and play insights. Small sided-games (SSG) were the most common training task formats in the reviewed studies, with only three articles addressing medium-sided (MSG) (n = 1) and large-sided games (LSG) (n = 2), respectively. Conclusions Among the current systematic review, the physical data can be integrated by player's movement speed. Positional datasets can be computed by spatial movement, complex indexes, playing areas, intra-team and inter-team dyads. Futures researches should consider applying positional data in women's football environments and explore the representativeness of the MSG and LSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Teixeira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Sport Sciences Department, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - António José Silva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António Miguel Monteiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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Application of Distributed Probability Model in Sports Based on Deep Learning: Deep Belief Network (DL-DBN) Algorithm for Human Behaviour Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:7988844. [PMID: 35222635 PMCID: PMC8881180 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7988844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the increased development of information technology, almost all the sectors have been developed. Age, educational qualifications, gender, and other factors have no bearing on acquiring knowledge in information technology.Most humans use mobile phones and other gadgets to make their lives easier. Machine Learning techniques are used to analyse the given data and aid in the classification or prediction of the dataset depending on the problem statement. It is significant to determine human behaviour analysis in the context of sports. In this research, the Deep Learning-Deep Belief Network (DL-DBN) algorithm is implemented with probability to analyse human behaviour in sports and implement a distributed probability model for classifying the behavior. The classification results have shown that the accuracy for strength training is both the maximum and the smallest, reaching 99% and 71%, respectively.
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7
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Characterisation of Goal Scoring Patterns during Open Play Related to Zone Pitch Division and Number of Players Involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165601. [PMID: 34451043 PMCID: PMC8402275 DOI: 10.3390/s21165601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise all the goal scoring patterns during open play (elaborate attacks versus counterattacks) related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. An Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) decision tree algorithm was used to classify all the goal scoring patterns (94 goals in 64 matches). The results did not show statistical differences between the type of scoring goal during the 2018 FIFA World Cup (p > 0.05; ES = Moderate). According to the result of the patterns of how the goals were achieved, an ID3 algorithm decision tree with seven classification decision nodes was calculated. Consequently, this study may aid national team coaches for the next World Cup to establish notational analyses and spatial-temporal relations to understand how scoring patterns during open play are related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved.
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Reliability and Sensitivity of Reaction Time Measurements During Quasi-Realistic Soccer Situations. Motor Control 2021; 25:491-501. [PMID: 34108274 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reliability and sensitivity of reaction time (RT) during quasi-realistic soccer situations was explored in 10 professional soccer players (skilled; age = 20.9 ± 3.6 years) and 10 males without soccer experience (nonskilled; age = 23.4 ± 0.5 years). The participants were instructed to react as fast as possible to a stimulus presented via the video-based method while standing on force platforms. RT was computed as the difference between the instant when the rate of force development of any leg reaches 5% of its maximal value and the instant of stimulus presentation. The results revealed acceptable to high reliability of RT (intraclass correlation coefficient median = .90; coefficient of variation ≤ 5.83%), and shorter RT for skilled compared with nonskilled participants in three out of eight comparisons (effect size range = 1.00-1.41). The video-based methods can be confidently used to assess the RT in soccer players.
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9
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Illustrating changes in landscapes of passing opportunities along a set of competitive football matches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9792. [PMID: 33963254 PMCID: PMC8105376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to illustrate the landscape of passing opportunities of a football team across a set of competitive matches. To do so positional data of 5 competitive matches was used to create polygons of pass availability. Passes were divided into three types depending on the hypothetical threat they may pose to the opposing defense (penetrative, support, and backwards passes). These categories were used to create three heatmaps per match. Moreover, the mean time of passing opportunities was calculated and compared across matches and for the three categories of passes. Due to the specificity of player’s interactive behavior, results showed heatmaps with a variety of patterns. Specifically the fifth match was very dissimilar to the other four. However, characterizing a football match in terms of passing opportunities with a single heatmap dismisses the variety of dynamics that occur throughout a match. Therefore, three temporal heatmaps over windows of 10 min were presented highlighting on-going dynamical changes in pass availability. Results also display that penetrative passes were available over shorter periods of time than backward passes that were available shorter than support passes. The results highlight the sensibility of the model to different task constrains that emerge within football matches.
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10
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Herold M, Kempe M, Bauer P, Meyer T. Attacking Key Performance Indicators in Soccer: Current Practice and Perceptions from the Elite to Youth Academy Level. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:158-169. [PMID: 33707999 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are used to evaluate the offensive success of a soccer team (e.g. penalty box entries) or player (e.g. pass completion rate). However, knowledge transfer from research to applied practice is understudied. The current study queried practitioners (n = 145, mean ± SD age: 36 ± 9 years) from 42 countries across different roles and levels of competition (National Team Federation to Youth Academy levels) on various forms of data collection, including an explicit assessment of twelve attacking KPIs. 64.3% of practitioners use data tools and applications weekly (predominately) to gather KPIs during matches. 83% of practitioners use event data compared to only 52% of practitioners using positional data, with a preference for shooting related KPIs. Differences in the use and value of metrics derived from positional tracking data (including Ball Possession Metrics) were evident between job role and level of competition. These findings demonstrate that practitioners implement KPIs and gather tactical information in a variety of ways with a preference for simpler metrics related to shots. The low perceived value of newer KPIs afforded by positional data could be explained by low buy-in, a lack of education across practitioners, or insufficient translation of findings by experts towards practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mat Herold
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Deutscher Fußball-Bund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bauer
- Deutscher Fußball-Bund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Data Science and Sports Lab, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Deutscher Fußball-Bund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Almulla J, Takiddin A, Househ M. The use of technology in tracking soccer players' health performance: a scoping review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:184. [PMID: 32782025 PMCID: PMC7422501 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantifying soccer players’ performance using different types of technologies helps coaches in making tactical decisions and maintaining players’ health. Little is known about the relation between the performance measuring technologies and the metrics they measure. The aim of this study is to identify and group the different types of technologies that are used to track the health-related performance metrics of soccer players. Methods We conducted a systematic search for articles using IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM DL, and papers from the Sports Medicine Journal. The papers were screened and extracted by two reviewers. The included papers had to fall under several criteria, including being about soccer, measuring health-related performance, and using technology to measure players’ performance. A total of 1,113 papers were reviewed and 1,069 papers were excluded through the selection process. Results We reviewed 44 papers and grouped them based on the technology used and health-related metrics tracked. In terms of technology, we categorized the used technologies into wearable technologies (N=27/44) and in-field technologies (N=14/44). We categorized the tracked health-related metrics into physiological metrics (N=16/44) and physical metrics (N=44/44). We found out that wearable technologies are mainly used to track physical metrics (N=27/27) and are also used to track physiological metrics (N=14/27). In-field technologies are only used to track physical metrics (N=24/24). Conclusion Understanding how technology is related to players’ performance and how it is used leads to an improvement in the monitoring process and performance outcomes of the players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassim Almulla
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. .,Qatar Football Association, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Abdulrahman Takiddin
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.,Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mowafa Househ
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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12
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Pol R, Balagué N, Ric A, Torrents C, Kiely J, Hristovski R. Training or Synergizing? Complex Systems Principles Change the Understanding of Sport Processes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2020; 6:28. [PMID: 32661759 PMCID: PMC7359207 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to update scientific assumptions in sport to promote the critical thinking of scientists, coaches, and practitioners and improve their methodological decisions. On the basis of complex systems science and theories of biological evolution, a systematization and update of theoretical and methodological principles to transform the understanding of sports training is provided. The classical focus on learning/acquiring skills and fitness is replaced by the aim of increasing the diversity/unpredictability potential of teams/athletes through the development of synergies. This development is underpinned by the properties of hierarchical organization and circular causality of constraints, that is, the nestedness of constraints acting at different levels and timescales. These properties, that integrate bottom-up and top-down all dimensions and levels of performance (from social to genetic), apply to all types of sport, ages, or levels of expertise and can be transferred to other fields (e.g., education, health, management). The team as the main training unit of intervention, the dynamic concept of task representativeness, and the co-adaptive and synergic role of the agents are some few practical consequences of moving from training to synergizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafel Pol
- Real Federación Española de Fútbol (Spain), Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192 Lleida, Spain
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Av. de l’Estadi, 12-22, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Ric
- FC Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain), Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlota Torrents
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192 Lleida, Spain
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Dimche Mirchev, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
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13
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Caetano FG, de Souza NM, Bueno MJDO, Cunha SA, Moura FA. Interpersonal interaction during official soccer matches considering the coupling of different playing positions. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1775412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Arruda Moura
- Department of Sport Sciences, State University of Londrina , Londrina, Brazil
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14
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Ferraz R, Gonçalves B, Coutinho D, Oliveira R, Travassos B, Sampaio J, C. Marques M. Effects of Knowing the Task's Duration on Soccer Players' Positioning and Pacing Behaviour During Small-Sided Games. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113843. [PMID: 32481705 PMCID: PMC7312572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to identify how the manipulation of knowledge regarding a training task duration constrains the pacing and tactical behaviour of soccer players when playing small-sided games (SSG). Twenty professional and experienced soccer players participated in a cross-sectional field study using three conditions: not informed on the duration of the SSG, which ended after 20 min (Unknown Condition); briefed about playing the SSG for 10 min, but after they completed the 10-min game, they were requested to complete another 10 min (Partial Condition) and informed before that they would play for 20 min (Known Condition). A global positioning system was used to measure the total distance covered and distances of different exercise training zones (walking to sprinting) and to access the dynamic players positioning through the distance from each player to all the teammates and opponents. Additionally, approximate entropy was measured to identify the regularity pattern of each gathered individual variable. The results indicate that the first 10 min of each scenario presented a higher physical impact independently of the initial information. During this time, the tactical behaviour also revealed higher variability. An increase in the distance of the teammates during the second period of 10-min for the Known scenario was also found, which may result from a lower pacing strategy. This study showed that the prior knowledge of the task duration led to different physical and tactical behaviours of the players. Furthermore, the relationship between the physical impact and the regularity of team game patterns should be well analysed by the coach, because the physical impact may be harmful to the development of the collective organization of the team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ferraz
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.T.); (M.C.M.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Castelo Branco Football Association, Research Department, 6000-050 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, 7000-645 Évora, Portugal;
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, 7000-645 Évora, Portugal
- Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal Football School, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior—Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.T.); (M.C.M.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
- Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal Football School, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Mário C. Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.T.); (M.C.M.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD; 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.C.); (J.S.)
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15
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Goes FR, Meerhoff LA, Bueno MJO, Rodrigues DM, Moura FA, Brink MS, Elferink-Gemser MT, Knobbe AJ, Cunha SA, Torres RS, Lemmink KAPM. Unlocking the potential of big data to support tactical performance analysis in professional soccer: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:481-496. [PMID: 32297547 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1747552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In professional soccer, increasing amounts of data are collected that harness great potential when it comes to analysing tactical behaviour. Unlocking this potential is difficult as big data challenges the data management and analytics methods commonly employed in sports. By joining forces with computer science, solutions to these challenges could be achieved, helping sports science to find new insights, as is happening in other scientific domains. We aim to bring multiple domains together in the context of analysing tactical behaviour in soccer using position tracking data. A systematic literature search for studies employing position tracking data to study tactical behaviour in soccer was conducted in seven electronic databases, resulting in 2338 identified studies and finally the inclusion of 73 papers. Each domain clearly contributes to the analysis of tactical behaviour, albeit in - sometimes radically - different ways. Accordingly, we present a multidisciplinary framework where each domain's contributions to feature construction, modelling and interpretation can be situated. We discuss a set of key challenges concerning the data analytics process, specifically feature construction, spatial and temporal aggregation. Moreover, we discuss how these challenges could be resolved through multidisciplinary collaboration, which is pivotal in unlocking the potential of position tracking data in sports analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Goes
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A Meerhoff
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Sciences (LIACS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M J O Bueno
- Sport Sciences Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - D M Rodrigues
- Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - F A Moura
- Sport Sciences Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - M S Brink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M T Elferink-Gemser
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Knobbe
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Sciences (LIACS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S A Cunha
- Sport Sciences Department (DCE), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - R S Torres
- Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - K A P M Lemmink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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Maneiro R, Blanco-Villaseñor Á, Amatria M. Analysis of the Variability of the Game Space in High Performance Football: Implementation of the Generalizability Theory. Front Psychol 2020; 11:534. [PMID: 32269544 PMCID: PMC7109332 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of variability in sport has shown significant growth in recent years. Also, the study of space management in the game field has not been object of research yet. The present study pretends to describe the variability in the use of strategic space in high performance football. To do this, the spatial management of the Spanish men’s soccer team when it is in possession of the ball has been analyzed, during its participation in the UEFA Euro 2012 championship. Specifically, 6861 events have been collected and analyzed. Different zoning of the field have been used, and the location of the ball has been recorded in each offensive action. Using the observational methodology as a methodological filter, two types of analysis have been carried out: first, a General Linear Model was implemented to know the variability of the strategic space. Models with two, three, four and five variables have been tested. In order to estimate the degree of accuracy and generalization of the data obtained, the Generalizability Theory was implemented. Next, and in order to estimate the degree of accuracy and generalization of the data obtained, the Generalizability Theory was implemented. The results showed that the model that produces greater variability and better explanation is the four-variable model (P = 0.019; r2 = 0.838), with the inclusion of the variables match half, rival, move initiation zone and move conclusion zone. Next, an optimization plan was implemented to know the degree of generalization with the Rival, Start Zone (SZ) and Conclusion Zone (CZ) facets. The available results indicate that it is based on an adequate research design in terms of the number of observations. The results of the present study could have a double practical application. On the one hand, the inclusion of the game’s space management in training sessions will potentially conceal the true tactical intention. On the other hand, knowing the variability of the strategic space will allow to exploit areas of the optimal playing field to attack the rival team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Maneiro
- Department of Science of Physical Activity and Sport, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mario Amatria
- Department of Science of Physical Activity and Sport, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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17
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McGuckian TB, Cole MH, Chalkley D, Jordet G, Pepping GJ. Constraints on visual exploration of youth football players during 11v11 match-play: The influence of playing role, pitch position and phase of play. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:658-668. [PMID: 32009533 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1723375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. McGuckian
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael H. Cole
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Chalkley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geir Jordet
- Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gert-Jan Pepping
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Low B, Coutinho D, Gonçalves B, Rein R, Memmert D, Sampaio J. A Systematic Review of Collective Tactical Behaviours in Football Using Positional Data. Sports Med 2020; 50:343-385. [PMID: 31571155 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performance analysis research in association football has recently cusped a paradigmatic shift in the way tactical behaviours are studied. Based on insights from system complexity research, a growing number of studies now analyse tactical behaviours in football based on the collective movements of team players. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review is to provide a summary of empirical research on collective tactical behaviours in football, with a particular focus on organising the methods used and their key findings. METHODS A systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed on one database (Web of Science Core Collection) and one search engine (PubMed), based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. The keywords 'football' and 'soccer' were each paired with all possible combinations of the following keywords: 'collective movement behaviour', 'collective behaviour', 'tactical behaviour', 'interpersonal coordination', 'space', 'Voronoi', 'synchronisation', 'tactical analysis', 'constraints', 'ecological dynamics', and 'dynamic positioning'. Empirical studies that were related to tactical analyses of footballers' positional data were sought for inclusion and analysis. RESULTS Full-text articles of 77 studies were reviewed. A total of 27 tactical variables were identified, which were subsequently organised into 6 categories. In addition to conventional methods of linear analysis, 11 methods of nonlinear analysis were also used, which can be organised into measures of predictability (4 methods) and synchronisation (7 methods). The key findings of the reviewed studies were organised into two themes: levels of analysis, and levels of expertise. CONCLUSIONS Some trends in key findings revealed the following collective behaviours as possible indicators of better tactical expertise: higher movement regularity; wider dispersion in youth players and shorter readjustment delay between teammates and opponents. Characteristic behaviours were also observed as an effect of playing position, numerical inequality, and task constraints. Future research should focus on contextualising positional data, incorporating the needs of coaching staff, to better bridge the research-practice gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Low
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Ap. 202, 5000-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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19
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Lutz J, Memmert D, Raabe D, Dornberger R, Donath L. Wearables for Integrative Performance and Tactic Analyses: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010059. [PMID: 31861754 PMCID: PMC6981928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have reduced drastically in size, cost, and power consumption, while improving accuracy. The combination of different sensor technologies is considered a promising step in the monitoring of athletes. Those "wearables" enable the capturing of relevant physiological and tactical information in individual and team sports and thus replacing subjective, time-consuming and qualitative methods with objective, quantitative ones. Prior studies mainly comprised sports categories such as: targeting sports, batting and fielding games as well as net and wall games, focusing on the detection of individual, non-locomotive movements. The increasing capabilities of wearables allow for more complex and integrative analysis expanding research into the last category: invasion sports. Such holistic approaches allow the derivation of metrics, estimation of physical conditions and the analysis of team strategic behavior, accompanied by integrative knowledge gains in technical, tactical, physical, and mental aspects of a sport. However, prior and current researchers find the precise measurement of the actual movement within highly dynamic and non-linear movement difficult. Thus, the present article showcases an overview of the environments in which the wearables are employed. It elaborates their use in individual as well as team-related performance analyses with a special focus on reliability and validity, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lutz
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Peter Merian-Strasse, 86 4052 Basel, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
| | - Dominik Raabe
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
| | - Rolf Dornberger
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Peter Merian-Strasse, 86 4052 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Lars Donath
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (D.M.); (D.R.); (L.D.)
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20
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Rico-González M, Los Arcos A, Nakamura FY, Moura FA, Pino-Ortega J. The use of technology and sampling frequency to measure variables of tactical positioning in team sports: a systematic review. Res Sports Med 2019; 28:279-292. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1660879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Los Arcos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | | | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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21
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Canton A, Torrents C, Ric A, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J, Hristovski R. Effects of Temporary Numerical Imbalances on Collective Exploratory Behavior of Young and Professional Football Players. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1968. [PMID: 31507502 PMCID: PMC6718725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore how the use of temporary numerical imbalances during small-sided Game SSGs affects team’s exploratory behaviors (i.e., variety and quantity of responses given in an ever-changing game context and its rate of change) in different age groups. Two different age groups (under−15 and under−23) of football players participated in the study. For each age group, three teams of five players played six small-sided games of 5 min duration in different conditions: (i) numerical balance (GK + 4 vs. 4 + GK); (ii) temporary numerical imbalance, which consisted of a numerical change of teammates and opponents every one minute. Latitude and longitude GPS coordinates were used to determine the positioning-derived variables. The dynamic overlap (i.e. the measure of average similarity of the game patterns that take place in increasingly larger time intervals) was used to provide information of the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior. The results revealed that the long-term exploratory breadth increased for the under−23 age group. Non-clear effects were found for the short-term rate of exploration, but with an increasing trend. In the under−15 group, the exploratory behavior was more likely to increase in the long term. The increase for the short-term rate of exploration was unclear, but it follows an increasing trend. These results suggest that the use of temporary numerical imbalances could offer coaches more dynamic training situations and different adaptive training environments similar to matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Canton
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlota Torrents
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Angel Ric
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
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22
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Serra-Olivares J, García-López LM, Gonçalves B. Effects of the players’ level and age group category on positional tactical behaviour during 7- and 8-a-side football youth games. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1593095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Serra-Olivares
- Didáctica de la Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal, Facultad de Educación de Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis M. García-López
- Didáctica de la Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal, Facultad de Educación de Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
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23
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Memmert D, Raabe D, Schwab S, Rein R. A tactical comparison of the 4-2-3-1 and 3-5-2 formation in soccer: A theory-oriented, experimental approach based on positional data in an 11 vs. 11 game set-up. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210191. [PMID: 30699148 PMCID: PMC6353547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented field experiment in an 11 vs. 11 soccer game set-up is the first to examine the impact of different formations (e.g. 4-2-3-1 vs. 3-5-2) on tactical key performance indicators (KPIs) using positional data in a controlled experiment. The data were gathered using player tracking systems (1 Hz) in a standardized 11 vs. 11 soccer game. The KPIs were measured using dynamical positioning variables like Effective Playing Space, Player Length per Width ratio, Team Separateness, Space Control Gain, and Pressure Passing Efficiency. Within the experimental positional data analysis paradigm, neither of the team formations showed differences in Effective Playing Space, Team Separateness, or Space Control Gain. However, as a theory-based approach predicted, a 3-5-2 formation for the Player Length per Width ratio and Pressure Passing Efficiency exceeded the 4-2-3-1 formation. Practice task designs which manipulate team formations therefore significantly influence the emergent behavioral dynamics and need to be considered when planning and monitoring performance. Accordingly, an experimental positional data analysis paradigm is a useful approach to enable the development and validation of theory-oriented models in the area of performance analysis in sports games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dominik Raabe
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwab
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany
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24
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Fleay B, Joyce C, Banyard H, Woods CT. Manipulating Field Dimensions During Small-sided Games Impacts the Technical and Physical Profiles of Australian Footballers. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2039-2044. [PMID: 29337834 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brock, F, Christopher, J, Harry, B, and Carl, WT. Manipulating field dimensions during small-sided games impacts the technical and physical profiles of Australian footballers. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 2039-2044, 2018-This study investigated the effect of manipulating field dimensions on the technical and physical profiles of Australian football (AF) players during small-sided games (SSGs). A total of 40 male players (23.9 ± 3.5 years) participated in 3, five-a-side SSGs; defined as "small" (20 × 30 m; 600 m), "medium" (30 × 40 m; 1,200 m), and "large" (40 × 50 m; 2,000 m). Notational analyses enabled the quantification of technical skill indicators, whereas physical activity profiles were measured using microtechnology, resulting in 18 criterion variables. A multivariate analysis of variance modeled the main effect of field dimension on the criterion variables. A significant main effect was observed (V = 1.032; F38, 102 = 2.863; p ≤ 0.05), with the "small" and "medium" SSGs generating more turnovers and ineffective handballs relative to the "large" SSG. Furthermore, the "small" SSG generated more tackles and fewer bounces compared with the "large" SSG. The "large" SSG generated a greater absolute distance, relative distance, maximum velocity, PlayerLoad, and distance >4.16 m·s compared with the "small" and "medium" SSGs. These results provide AF coaches with insights into how task constraint manipulation impacts the technical and physical profiles of players during small-sided game-play. Thus, coaches and physical performance specialists could use this information to assist with the tactical periodization of technical complexity and physical load at different phases of the AF season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Fleay
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Christopher Joyce
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Harry Banyard
- West Australian Football Commission, Perth, Australia
| | - Carl T Woods
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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25
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Neuman Y, Israeli N, Vilenchik D, Cohen Y. The Adaptive Behavior of a Soccer Team: An Entropy-Based Analysis. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20100758. [PMID: 33265847 PMCID: PMC7512319 DOI: 10.3390/e20100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To optimize its performance, a competitive team, such as a soccer team, must maintain a delicate balance between organization and disorganization. On the one hand, the team should maintain organized patterns of behavior to maximize the cooperation between its members. On the other hand, the team’s behavior should be disordered enough to mislead its opponent and to maintain enough degrees of freedom. In this paper, we have analyzed this dynamic in the context of soccer games and examined whether it is correlated with the team’s performance. We measured the organization associated with the behavior of a soccer team through the Tsallis entropy of ball passes between the players. Analyzing data taken from the English Premier League (2015/2016), we show that the team’s position at the end of the season is correlated with the team’s entropy as measured with a super-additive entropy index. Moreover, the entropy score of a team significantly contributes to the prediction of the team’s position at the end of the season beyond the prediction gained by the team’s position at the end of the previous season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Neuman
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-6461844
| | | | - Dan Vilenchik
- Department of Communication Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
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26
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Gonçalves B, Coutinho D, Travassos B, Folgado H, Caixinha P, Sampaio J. Speed synchronization, physical workload and match-to-match performance variation of elite football players. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200019. [PMID: 30040849 PMCID: PMC6057640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to: (i) examine whether the speed synchronization and physical performance of an elite football team changed between the first and the second half, using match time blocks of 15-min, and (ii) explore the match-to-match variation of players' speed synchronization performance. Twenty-eight outfield elite footballers participated in 51 official matches. Positional data were gathered and used to calculate the total distance covered as a physical workload indicator. For all the outfield teammate dyad combinations (45 pairs), it was processed the percentage of time that players' speed was synchronized during walking, jogging and running using relative phase (Hilbert Transform). Also, the match-to-match variation of the players' speed synchronization, expressed in coefficient of variation was computed. The differences in the total distance covered from all players within the different match's time block periods revealed a moderate decrease in the distance covered in the last 15-min of the match compared to the first 15-min (-6.5; ±1.07%, most likely: change in means with 95% confidence limits). However, when compared the last minutes from both halves a small increase was observed (2.7; ±1.2%, likely) from first to second half. The synchronization of the players' speed displacements revealed small to moderate decreases in the % of synchronization in the second half periods for the jogging and running speed, while the opposite was found for the walking speed (~13 to 24% more, most likely). The playing position analysis for the walking zone showed similar trends between the groups, with small to moderate higher values in the second half, with the exception of [30'-45'] vs [75'-90'] in the midfielder's dyads and in [15'-30'] vs [60'-75'] match periods for forwards. Similar trend was found during the running speed, in which small to moderate higher synchronization was found during the first half periods, with the exception of [15'-30'] vs [60'-75'] and [30'-45'] vs [75'-90'] in midfielder's dyads. Regarding to the match-to-match variation of the players' speed synchronization, overall results showed small to moderate increases in coefficient of variation during jogging and running displacements from the beginning to the end of the match (32.1; ±13.2% increase in jogging and 26.2; ±10.5% in running, both comparisons most likely). The higher distance covered during most of the first half periods and the higher dyadic synchronization at high speeds might have limited players' performance in the second half. In addition, the decrease trend in speed synchronization during the second half periods might have resulted from accumulated muscular and mental fatigue towards the match. Within, the match-to-match variation in tactical-related variables increased across the match duration, with especial focus in the midfielder dyads. Dyadic speed synchronization might provide relevant information concerning the individual and collective performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gonçalves
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hugo Folgado
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Caixinha
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
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Maneiro Dios R, Amatria Jiménez M. Polar Coordinate Analysis of Relationships With Teammates, Areas of the Pitch, and Dynamic Play in Soccer: A Study of Xabi Alonso. Front Psychol 2018; 9:389. [PMID: 29628905 PMCID: PMC5876316 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in soccer has traditionally focused on very specific aspects of the game, such as technical and physiological aspects, and has largely ignored important issues such as tactical performance and the role of individual players within the team. The aim of this study was to study the different relationships that Xabi Alonso, one of the world's best midfielders, establishes with his teammates during offensive play, and to investigate his connections with the pitch in terms of where his direct interventions started and finished, his use of technical actions, his involvement in set plays and interceptions, and his relationship with shots at goal. To do this, we analyzed all the matches played by the winner of the 2012 UEFA European Championship: Spain. We employed an observational methodology design (Anguera, 1979) using a modified version of the ad hoc soccer observation instrument designed by Amatria et al. (2016). The resulting data were analyzed by polar coordinate analysis (Gorospe and Anguera, 2000), which is a powerful data reduction technique with high predictive power. The results showed significant associations (Z > 1.96; p < 0.05) between Alonso and players in different positions, a wide sphere of influence on the pitch, both for the start and end of interventions, and a strong link with game interruptions and interceptions and with the use of different technical actions. No significant associations were detected for type of shot. Studies on tactical performance that take account of the multiple factors involved in soccer will lead to better decision-making by coaches and facilitate analysis of a player's true performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Maneiro Dios
- Faculty of Science of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mario Amatria Jiménez
- Faculty of Science of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Exploring how playing football with different age groups affects tactical behaviour and physical performance. Biol Sport 2017; 35:145-153. [PMID: 30455542 PMCID: PMC6234305 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.71603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to compare footballers’ performances when playing with teammates and opponents from the same age group with performances when playing with teammates and opponents of different age groups. Three football matches were played: i) under-15 (U15) players played with each other; ii) under-17 (U17) players played with each other; and iii) players under the age of 15 and 17 played with each other in two equivalent mixed age teams. The players’ physical performance was measured using the distances covered at different speed categories and tactical behaviour was assessed using several positioning-derived variables. The results showed that, when playing in the mixed age condition, the U15 players increased the distance covered in sprinting intensity (18.1%; ±21.1%) and the U17 players increased the distance covered in jogging zones (6.8%; ±6.5%). The intra-team movement synchronization in longitudinal and lateral displacements was higher when U15 players confronted peers of the same age, in the first half (-13.4%; ±2.0%, -20.3%; ±5.7% respectively), and when U17 players confronting the mixed group, in both halves (-16.9%; ±2.5%, 9.8%; ±4.0% and 7.9%; ±5.7%, 10.6% ±4.4%, respectively). The differences between age groups and the mixed condition may be connected with the level of players’ tactical expertise and adaptive positioning according to the dynamic environmental information. In general, these results suggest that mixing the age groups may be useful to promote a wider range of training session stimuli in these young football players.
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