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Sheikh SY, Hassan F, Shukla D, Bala S, Faruqui T, Akhter Y, Khan AR, Nasibullah M. A review on potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102863. [PMID: 38272301 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for the occurrence of leishmaniasis, a disease that is prevalent in tropical regions. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar in Asian countries, is one of the most significant forms of VL, along with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML). Management of this condition typically entails the use of chemotherapy as the sole therapeutic option. The current treatments for leishmaniasis present several drawbacks, including a multitude of side effects, prolonged treatment duration, disparate efficacy across different regions, and the emergence of resistance. To address this urgent need, it is imperative to identify alternative treatments that are both safer and more effective. The identification of appropriate pharmacological targets in conjunction with biological pathways constitutes the initial stage of drug discovery. In this review, we have addressed the key metabolic pathways that represent potential pharmacological targets as well as prominent treatment options for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabahat Yasmeen Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Firoj Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Deepanjali Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Tabrez Faruqui
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Abdul Rahman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Malik Nasibullah
- Department of Chemistry, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi road, Lucknow 226026, India.
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do Carmo Maquiaveli C, da Silva ER, Hild de Jesus B, Oliveira Monteiro CE, Rodrigues Navarro T, Pereira Branco LO, Souza dos Santos I, Figueiredo Reis N, Portugal AB, Mendes Wanderley JL, Borges Farias A, Correia Romeiro N, de Lima EC. Design and Synthesis of New Anthranyl Phenylhydrazides: Antileishmanial Activity and Structure-Activity Relationship. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1120. [PMID: 37631035 PMCID: PMC10458276 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people worldwide. A centenary approach to antimonial-based drugs was first initiated with the synthesis of urea stibamine by Upendranath Brahmachari in 1922. The need for new drug development led to resistance toward antimoniates. New drug development to treat leishmaniasis is urgently needed. In this way, searching for new substances with antileishmanial activity, we synthesized ten anthranyl phenylhydrazide and three quinazolinone derivatives and evaluated them against promastigotes and the intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. Three compounds showed good activity against promastigotes 1b, 1d, and 1g, with IC50 between 1 and 5 μM. These new phenylhydrazides were tested against Leishmania arginase, but they all failed to inhibit this parasite enzyme, as we have shown in a previous study. To explain the possible mechanism of action, we proposed the enzyme PTR1 as a new target for these compounds based on in silico analysis. In conclusion, the new anthranyl hydrazide derivatives can be a promising scaffold for developing new substances against the protozoa parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia do Carmo Maquiaveli
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica (LFBq), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Roberto da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica (LFBq), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara Hild de Jesus
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica (LFBq), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Eduardo Oliveira Monteiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica (LFBq), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Rodrigues Navarro
- Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, CM UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP 27971-525, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Octavio Pereira Branco
- Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, CM UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP 27971-525, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, CM UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP 27971-525, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nanashara Figueiredo Reis
- Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, CM UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP 27971-525, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arieli Bernardo Portugal
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Médicas, Centro Multidisciplinar UFRJ, Macaé CEP 27979-000, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Mendes Wanderley
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Médicas, Centro Multidisciplinar UFRJ, Macaé CEP 27979-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Borges Farias
- Unidad Académica de Yucatán, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida 97302, Yucatán, Mexico
- Integrated Laboratory of Scientific Computing (LICC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)—Campus Macaé, Aluízio Silva Gomes Avenue 50, Granjas Cavaleiros, Macaé 27930-560, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelilma Correia Romeiro
- Integrated Laboratory of Scientific Computing (LICC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)—Campus Macaé, Aluízio Silva Gomes Avenue 50, Granjas Cavaleiros, Macaé 27930-560, RJ, Brazil
| | - Evanoel Crizanto de Lima
- Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, CM UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP 27971-525, RJ, Brazil
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Morales-Yuste M, Martín-Sánchez J, Corpas-Lopez V. Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080387. [PMID: 36006301 PMCID: PMC9416075 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, causing canine leishmaniasis, an incurable multisystemic disease that leads to death in symptomatic dogs, when not treated. This parasite causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in people in the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, South America, and West Asia. This disease is mostly unknown by veterinarians outside the endemic areas, but the disease is expanding in the Northern Hemisphere due to travel and climate change. New methodologies to study the epidemiology of the disease have found new hosts of leishmaniasis and drawn a completely new picture of the parasite biological cycle. Canine leishmaniasis diagnosis has evolved over the years through the analysis of new samples using novel molecular techniques. Given the neglected nature of leishmaniasis, progress in drug discovery is slow, and the few drugs that reach clinical stages in humans are unlikely to be commercialised for dogs, but several approaches have been developed to support chemotherapy. New-generation vaccines developed during the last decade are now widely used, along with novel prevention strategies. The implications of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of canine leishmaniasis are fundamental to public health.
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Segarra S. Nutritional Modulation of the Immune Response Mediated by Nucleotides in Canine Leishmaniosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2601. [PMID: 34946204 PMCID: PMC8703464 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an emerging, uncontrolled, and neglected zoonotic disease. Climate change is contributing to its ongoing global expansion. The dog is the main reservoir; hence the importance of implementing effective treatment, prevention, and control measures in this animal species to protect public health. However, although the standard treatment for canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is effective, it does not provide full parasitological clearance, and side effects and drug resistance have been described. The host's immune system plays a key role in the establishment and evolution of leishmaniasis. Dietary nucleotides modulate the immune response and, given their reported efficacy and safety in sick and clinically healthy Leishmania-infected dogs and because they represent a sustainable option with no associated side effects or resistance, they could be included within the prevention, treatment, and control strategies for leishmaniasis. This article briefly summarizes the scientific literature on CanL management, including unresolved issues, and reviews the scientific evidence on immunomodulatory effects of dietary nucleotides in different animal species. It also proposes a CanL management algorithm, including nucleotides. It is concluded that nutritional modulation of the immune response with nucleotides can contribute to better management of leishmaniasis following a One Health approach, especially in the COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Segarra
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Canine Leishmaniasis in Morocco: A Descriptive Prospective Clinical Study. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6304127. [PMID: 34531968 PMCID: PMC8440073 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6304127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonotic vector-borne disease that is endemic in the Mediterranean Basin including Morocco. Dogs play a major epidemiological role in this zoonosis as reservoir hosts. This study investigated the clinical manifestations of CanL in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. A total of 96 dogs presented to the Small Animal Clinic of the Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV Hassan II) of Rabat, Morocco, and were tested by RT-PCR and/or serology. Among them, 32 (33.3%) were positive to Leishmania infantum infection. The majority of the positive dogs (93.7%) came from urban areas. Most of them were male (62.5%) and purebreds (65.6%), were aged between 3 and 7 years (71.8%), and had outside activities (guarding, hunting, livestock guarding, and service activities) (71.8%) and all of them were living exclusively outdoor or had free access to the outdoor environment. Lymphadenomegaly (81.2%), dermatological disorders (65.6%) (mostly exfoliative dermatitis), weight loss (59.3%), exercise intolerance (56.2%), anorexia (28.1%), hyporexia (15.6%), and ocular lesions (28.1%) were the most frequent clinical signs and complaints recorded. Anemia and hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia were observed in 68.7% and 72.7% of the cases, respectively. These results suggest that CanL leads to various nonspecific clinical signs as described previously, making the diagnosis challenging. Since CanL is endemic in Morocco, it should be recommended to systematically test dogs displaying clinical signs compatible with this disease and to regularly screen asymptomatic at-risk dogs. It is also crucial to educate dog owners about the zoonotic aspect of the disease and to encourage intersectorial collaboration following the “One Health” concept, in order to contribute to a more effective control/prevention of human and canine leishmaniasis.
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de Lana M, Giunchetti RC. Dogs as a Model for Chemotherapy of Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1741-1756. [PMID: 33371843 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201228142703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are natural reservoir of Chagas disease (CD) and leishmaniasis and have been used for studies of these infections as they develop different clinical forms of these diseases similar to humans. OBJECTIVE This article describes publications on the dog model relative to CD and leishmaniasis chemotherapy. METHODS The search of articles was based on PubMed, Scopus and MESH using the keywords: dog, Trypanosoma cruzi, treatment (T. cruzi chemotherapy analysis), Leishmania chagasi, Leishmania infantum, canine visceral leishmaniasis, treatment (Leishmania chemotherapy evaluation). RESULTS Benznidazole and nifurtimox were used as a reference in the treatment of CD and in combination with other compounds. Eleven out of the fifteen studies have authors from the same team, using similar protocols and post-treatment evaluations, which assured more reproducibility and credibility. Twenty leishmaniasis studies, especially on visceral leishmaniasis, presenting at least one parasitological analysis tested in distinct monochemotherapy and polychemotherapy approaches were accessed. Data demonstrated that polychemotherapy was more effective in improving the clinical signs and parasitism control. CONCLUSION The benefits of treatment in terms of reducing or eliminating lesions and/or cardiac dysfunctions were demonstrated at acute and/or chronic phases relative to parasite load and/or the T. cruzi strain resistance to treatment. BZ presented better therapeutic results than the two EBI compounds evaluated. Although treatment of the canine visceral leishmaniasis was not able to induce complete parasite clearance, it can improve clinical recovery. Thus, the dog is a good model for CD and leishmaniasis studies of chemotherapy and may be indicated for pre-clinical trials of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Lana
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmacia, Programa Pos-Graduacao em de Ciencias Biologicas, Nucleo de Pesquisas em Ciencias Biologicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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Medkour H, Bitam I, Laidoudi Y, Lafri I, Lounas A, Hamidat HK, Mekroud A, Varloud M, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. Potential of Artesunate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum: Efficacy evidence from a randomized field trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008947. [PMID: 33338041 PMCID: PMC7781483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is among the world’s most neglected diseases. Dogs are the main reservoirs/hosts of Leishmania infantum, causative agent of both canine and human visceral leishmaniosis. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) represents a public health problem as one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. Current therapeutics present drawbacks; thus, there is a need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the efficacy of oral administration of artesunate or meglumine antimoniate/allopurinol in dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. Forty-two dogs with naturally occurring clinical leishmaniasis were included in this open-label, simple randomized positive-control clinical field trial with 6 months of follow-up. Dogs received meglumine antimoniate 100 mg/kg/day and allopurinol 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days (control group, n = 26) or artesunate 25 mg/kg/day for 6 days (test group, n = 16). The animals were evaluated for their clinical evolution, parasite load (by qPCR) and humoral response at different time points: 0, 30, 90, and 180 days after treatment. Data analyses showed a significant improvement in both groups in clinical scores, parasitemia and antibody titers after treatment. Compared to the control group, the artesunate group showed significantly lower clinical score (P = 0.0001), lower parasitemia (P = 0.0001) and antibody titers after 6 months of follow-up. Compared to baseline values, a rapid, significant reduction (P < 0.012) in antibody levels, 2.28- versus 3.04-fold for the control versus artesunate groups, respectively, was observed 30 days after treatment. Antibody levels continued to decrease further in the artesunate group, where 58% of cases became seronegative at the 6-month follow-up. All qPCR-positive dogs were negative after treatment with artesunate, while 14.3% remained positive with the appearance of two new cases in the control group. Artesunate was well tolerated, and no side effects were recorded. Treatment failures were similar in both groups with 27.27% (6/22), including 18.18% (4/22) mortality in the control group, versus 26.66% (4/15), including 13.33% (2/15) mortality in the artesunate group. This is the first report showing the potential of artesunate in the treatment of dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. Artesunate showed higher efficacy than the current first-line treatment for CanL without any adverse effects. It could be a good alternative chemotherapy for CanL, and may be considered for further studies in human leishmaniases. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings, to determine if there are relapses after treatment and if dogs remain infective to sandflies, to define the ideal therapeutic dosage and duration of treatment with artesunate. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a fatal, zoonotic vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania infantum, a common pathogen for both humans and dogs. Most CanL therapeutics are toxic, expensive, or ineffective. Artemisinin and derivatives have recently demonstrated potent antileishmanial activity in vitro and in experimental models. In this study, dogs with clinical leishmaniasis were randomly included in one of the treatment groups: meglumine antimoniate/allopurinol (control) or artesunate (alternative). Dogs were followed up for 6 months for their clinical score, parasitemia and Leishmania antibody levels. Both groups showed improved clinical scores, parasitemia and antibody titers after treatment. After six months of follow-up, treatment success was very similar in both groups, and 72.73% (16/22) of the controls versus 73.34% (11/15) in the artesunate group had clinical improvement. All dogs initially seropositive by PCR became negative after artesunate treatment, while 14.3% remained positive with the appearance of new cases in the control group. Antibody titers decreased rapidly (from day 30) from baseline especially in the artesunate group, where 58% of the dogs converted to seronegative after 6 months. Artesunate could be a good alternative for treatment of leishmaniasis. Additional clinical trials are needed to obtain more data on this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Idir Bitam
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Superior School of Food Sciences and Food Industries of Algiers, Algeria
| | - Younes Laidoudi
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Ismail Lafri
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biotechnology related to Animal Reproduction (LBRA), University of Blida, Blida, Algeria
| | - Abdelaziz Lounas
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biotechnology related to Animal Reproduction (LBRA), University of Blida, Blida, Algeria
| | - Hamza Karim Hamidat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Abdeslam Mekroud
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub, Algeria
| | | | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Roura X, Cortadellas O, Day MJ, Benali SL, Zatelli A. Canine leishmaniosis and kidney disease: Q&A for an overall management in clinical practice. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:E1-E19. [PMID: 33107613 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O Cortadellas
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150, Murdoch, Australia
| | - S L Benali
- Laboratorio La Vallonea, 20017, Milano, Italy
| | | | - A Zatelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70010, Bari, Italy
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Wagner V, Douanne N, Fernandez-Prada C. Leishmania infantum infection in a dog imported from Morocco. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:963-965. [PMID: 32879521 PMCID: PMC7424924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A mixed breed dog rescued from Morocco was presented at a Quebec veterinary practice for facial lesions. Leishmaniosis, an exotic disease caused by the zoonotic protozoan Leishmania infantum, was suspected. Genomic DNA extraction from blood samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to confirm L. infantum parasitemia. Parasites were successfully cultured from lesion biopsies, and dose-response assays demonstrated susceptibility to miltefosine, a drug that requires importation from Europe. Twenty-eight days of treatment led to the disappearance of lesions, but relapse occurred several months later (consistent with persistent parasitemia on post-treatment analysis). Further treatment would require importation of drugs and significant delays, offering a poor prognosis. Key clinical message: Diagnosis of tropical diseases in Canada will likely become more common in the near future. Having proper diagnostic tools, effective drugs, and stricter control of animal importation are essential to preventing the spread of these dangerous and frequently zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wagner
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses des animaux de production "GREMIP," Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
| | - Noélie Douanne
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses des animaux de production "GREMIP," Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie and Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses des animaux de production "GREMIP," Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
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Dias AFDLR, Ayres EDCBS, Maruyama FH, Monteiro BRG, de Freitas MS, de Almeida ADBPF, Mendonça AJ, Sousa VRF. Monitoring of serum and urinary biomarkers during treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet World 2020; 13:1620-1626. [PMID: 33061236 PMCID: PMC7522955 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1620-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) has a broad spectrum of changes, with kidney disease being considered the main cause of mortality. Thus, this study aimed to monitor serum and urinary biomarkers in response to two short-term treatments for CanL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty dogs with CanL were equally divided into two treatment groups and treated with either miltefosine (Group M) or miltefosine plus allopurinol (Group MA); the groups were evaluated before treatment and after 28 days of treatment. Physical exams were performed and hematimetric, biochemical, and urinary parameters, including urinary biomarkers cystatin C (CisC), lipocalin-2 (NGAL), and microalbuminuria, were measured. RESULTS Both treatments significantly reduced clinical scores (p<0.05), but only the MA group saw a reduction in the clinical-pathological score. The serum albumin and calcium levels increased significantly in the MA and M groups (p<0.05). Proteinuria and urinary density did not decrease significantly after the treatments. With regard to the biomarkers, CisC and microalbuminuria did not have any significant changes; however, NGAL was significantly reduced in the MA group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Both pharmacotherapeutic protocols promoted clinical and clinical-pathological improvements. In addition, miltefosine plus allopurinol proved to be a safe treatment due to the lack of changes detected in the monitored renal biomarkers. The treatment with miltefosine plus allopurinol proved to be the most effective, with more pronounced beneficial effects for canines with visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Felipe de Lima Ruy Dias
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Eveline da Cruz Boa Sorte Ayres
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Harumi Maruyama
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Bruna Ribeiro Gomes Monteiro
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Maria Sabrina de Freitas
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | | | - Adriane Jorge Mendonça
- Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
| | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Program of Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá - MT, Brazil
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Toepp AJ, Petersen CA. The balancing act: Immunology of leishmaniosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:19-25. [PMID: 32109759 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune control of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of most canine leishmaniosis (CanL), requires a balancing act between inflammatory and regulatory responses. This balance is specifically between the proinflammatory T helper 1 type (Th1) CD4+ T cells that are responsible for controlling parasite replication and T regulatory 1 cells which mediate an immunosuppressive, regulatory, response needed to dampen overabundant inflammation but if predominant, result in CanL progression. How this delicate immune cell interaction occurs in the dog will be highlighted in this review, focusing on the progressive changes observed within myeloid lineage cells (predominantly macrophages), B cells and T cells. After exposure to parasites, macrophages should become activated, eliminating L. infantum through release of reactive oxygen species. Unfortunately, multiple parasite and host factors can prevent macrophage activation allowing parasites to persist within them. T cells balance between a productive TH1 type CD4+ response capable of producing IFN-γ which aids macrophage activation versus T cell exhaustion which reduces T cell proliferation, IFN-γ production and allows parasite expansion within macrophages. Neutrophils and Th17 cells add to the inflammatory state, aiding in parasite removal, but also leading to pathology. A regulatory B cell population increases IL-10 production and down regulates the TH1 response allowing parasite growth. All of these immune challenges affect the balance between progression to clinical disease and maintaining sub-clinical disease. Vaccines and immunotherapies targeted at recovering or maintaining T and B cell function can be important factors in mending the immune balance required to survive CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
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Travi BL, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Dantas-Torres F, Miró G. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006082. [PMID: 29324838 PMCID: PMC5764232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews essential topics of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) due to Leishmania infantum infection. It focuses on the current serological and molecular diagnostic methods used in epidemiological research and veterinary clinics to diagnose CVL and includes new point-of-care (POC) tests under development. The efficacy of different treatment regimens on the clinical improvement and infectiousness of dogs is also addressed. In the last section, the review provides a critical appraisal of the effectiveness of different control measures that have been implemented to curb disease transmission. Dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of L. infantum and consequently play a critical role in the transmission cycle of urban VL, which also affects humans. This review provides updated information on important topics such as diagnostic tests and dog treatments that improve dog health and decrease their transmission efficacy to insect vectors. A critical review of control measures is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L. Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Veterinary Faculty, Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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