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Maiti R, Mohanty RR, Dey A, Maji S, Padhan M, Mishra A. Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Randomized, Add-on Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:244-251. [PMID: 37708389 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2256816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statin monotherapy for dyslipidemia is limited by adverse effects and limited effectiveness in certain subgroups like metabolic syndrome. Add-on therapy with an agent with a known safety profile may improve clinical outcomes, and virgin coconut oil (VCO) may be the candidate agent for improving the cardiometabolic profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of add-on VCO with atorvastatin in dyslipidemia in adults. METHODS A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 150 patients with dyslipidemia who were randomized into control and test groups. The control group received atorvastatin monotherapy, whereas the test group received add-on VCO with atorvastatin for 8 weeks. At baseline, demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed and repeated after 8 weeks of therapy. The main outcome measures were lipid profile, cardiovascular risk indices, 10-year cardiovascular risk, body fat compositions, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). RESULTS The increase in HDL in the test group was significantly greater than in the control group (MD: 2.76; 95%CI: 2.43-3.08; p < 0.001). The changes in the atherogenic index (p = 0.003), coronary risk index (p < 0.001), cardiovascular risk index (p = 0.001), and TBARS (p < 0.001) were significantly greater in the test group. The decrease in LDL, total cholesterol and lipoprotein(a), were significantly higher in the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the changes in triglyceride, VLDL, and 10-year cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS Add-on VCO (1000 mg/day) with atorvastatin (10 mg/day) can achieve a better clinical outcome in patients with dyslipidemia by increasing HDL and improving oxidative stress cardiovascular risk indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Maiti
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Mohanty
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anupam Dey
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shampa Maji
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Milan Padhan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
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Charlot A, Lernould A, Plus I, Zoll J. [Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet for Alzheimer's disease management]. Biol Aujourdhui 2023; 217:253-263. [PMID: 38018953 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2023031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects almost 1 million people in France and 55 million in the world. This pathology is a global health preoccupation because of the lack of efficient curative treatment and the increase of its prevalence. During the last decade, the comprehension of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in AD have been improved. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles accumulation are characteristic of Alzheimer's brain patients, accompanied by increased brain inflammation and oxidative stress, impaired cerebral metabolism of glucose and mitochondrial function. Treatment of AD includes different approaches, as pharmacology, psychology support, physiotherapy, and speech therapy. However, these interventions do not have a curative effect, but only compensatory on the disease. Ketogenic diet (KD), a low-carbohydrates and high-fat diet, associated with a medium-chain triglycerides intake (MCTs) might induce benefices for Alzheimer disease patients. Carbohydrate restriction and MCTs promotes the production of ketone bodies from fatty acid degradation. These metabolites replacing glucose, serve the brain as energetic substrates, and induce neuroprotective effects. Such a nutritional support might slow down the disease progression and improve cognitive abilities of patients. This review aims to examine the neuroprotective mechanisms of KD in AD progression and describes the advantages and limitations of KD as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Charlot
- Université de Strasbourg, CRBS, UR3072 « Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alix Lernould
- Université de Strasbourg, CRBS, UR3072 « Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Irène Plus
- Université de Strasbourg, CRBS, UR3072 « Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joffrey Zoll
- Université de Strasbourg, CRBS, UR3072 « Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire », 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Jia M, Xu T, Xu YJ, Liu Y. Dietary fatty acids activate or deactivate brown and beige fat. Life Sci 2023; 330:121978. [PMID: 37516433 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat have been documented to rapidly consume fatty acids (FAs) rather than deposit of lipid, and they have high capacity to dissipate energy via nonshivering thermogenesis, making BAT and beige fat potential organs to fight obesity and related chronic diseases. As the main substrate for thermogenesis and the basic constituent unit of triacylglycerol, FAs could modify BAT and remodel white adipose tissue (WAT) to beige fat. However, there are few comprehensive review covering the link between dietary FAs and thermogenic adipocyte..In this review, we described the metabolism of thermogenic adipose upon activation and comprehensively summarized publications on the dietary FAs that activate or deactivate BAT and beige fat. Specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA), α-linolenic acid (α-ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), oleic acid (OA), long-chain saturated fatty acid (LC-SFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). in addition, the influences on BAT function, WAT remodeling, and lipid metabolism, as well as delineated the possible mechanisms are also reviewed. Characterizing thermogenic or obesogenic dietary FAs may offer novel insight into dietary oil and nutritional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Food & Nutrition Science and Technology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Food & Nutrition Science and Technology, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Purnomo HD, Kusuma RA, Sianturi E, Haroen RF, Solichin MR, Nissa C, Pramono A, Mahati E, Noer ER. The Effects of Hepatogomax Enteral Formula on Systemic Inflammation, Caecum Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels, and Liver Histopathology in Thioacetamide-Induced Rats. J Nutr Metab 2023; 2023:2313503. [PMID: 37744692 PMCID: PMC10513838 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2313503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver damage characterized by fibrosis and necrosis can worsen the condition of liver disease. Liver disease is associated with impaired immune response and may affect short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) gut metabolites. Hepatogomax enteral formula was developed, which contains brain-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and middle-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which could repair liver tissue damage, improve the inflammatory status, and modulate SCFA in liver damage. The study aimed to determine the effect of hepatogomax on liver tissue repair, inflammation (TNF-α and IL-6), and SCFA levels in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced rats. The induction of TAA causes liver steatosis, increasing TNF-α and IL-6, and decreasing SCFA levels. Hepatogomax at a dose of 14.6 g/200 gBW significantly reduces TNF-α and IL-6 levels and increases SCFA levels (p < 0.05). The number of steatosis between groups P2 and P3 was lower as compared to a group of negative control [K2] (p < 0.05). Hepatogomax, in a dose-dependent manner, may repair liver tissue and improve inflammatory response and SCFA levels in TAA-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hery D. Purnomo
- Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medical, Dr Kariadi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Refani A. Kusuma
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Elfrida Sianturi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Ryan F. Haroen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muchamad R. Solichin
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Choirun Nissa
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Adriyan Pramono
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Endang Mahati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Etika R. Noer
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
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Nakatsuka K, Zanghi B, Hasegawa D. Efficacy evaluation of a commercially available MCT enriched therapeutic diet on dogs with idiopathic epilepsy treated with zonisamide: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover dietary preliminary study. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:145. [PMID: 37674206 PMCID: PMC10481612 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is a common, chronic brain dysfunction in dogs. Recently, the effect of feeding a diet enriched with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) on seizure frequency has been evaluated in several studies in dogs with IE. However, most dogs with IE in previous studies were treated with phenobarbital as the main antiseizure medication (ASM). In Japan, zonisamide (ZNS) is the most prescribed ASM for dogs with IE. The interaction between ZNS and various nutrients including MCTs and the potential effects on treatment efficacy resulting from combining these therapies have not been previously studied. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover dietary study was conducted. Dogs (n = 7) treated with ZNS were fed either a placebo diet (PL) or Purina ProPlan Veterinary Diet NeuroCare (NC) for 3 months, after which treatments were crossed over and continued for another 3 months. Seizure frequency (seizures/month; sz/m), blood tests including concentrations of ZNS and β-hydroxybutyric acid, and owner's visual analogue scale score were collected from all dogs for both treatment periods. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the seizure frequency between PL (2.95 ± 0.80 sz/m) and NC (1.90 ± 0.57 sz/m) during the 6 months of trial. Three of 7 dogs showed ≥ 50% seizure reduction, and 1 of those 3 dogs achieved seizure freedom in NC period. However, 2 of 7 dogs had no changes in epileptic seizure frequency, 2 of 7 dogs had a deterioration in seizure frequency in the NC period. Feeding the MCT diet concurrent with ZNS showed no apparent adverse effects and did not affect ZNS concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the commercially available MCT-enriched diet (NC) can be safely used concurrently with ZNS for dogs with IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Nakatsuka
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Academic, Nestlé Purina PetCare, Kobe, Japan
| | - Brian Zanghi
- Global Nutrition and Communications, Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, USA
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
- The Research Center for Animal Life Sciences, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Dyńka D, Kowalcze K, Charuta A, Paziewska A. The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:3368. [PMID: 37571305 PMCID: PMC10421332 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common and increasing causes of death worldwide are cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Taking into account the fact that diet is a key factor, it is worth exploring this aspect of CVD prevention and therapy. The aim of this article is to assess the potential of the ketogenic diet in the prevention and treatment of CVD. The article is a comprehensive, meticulous analysis of the literature in this area, taking into account the most recent studies currently available. The ketogenic diet has been shown to have a multifaceted effect on the prevention and treatment of CVD. Among other aspects, it has a beneficial effect on the blood lipid profile, even compared to other diets. It shows strong anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective potential, which is due, among other factors, to the anti-inflammatory properties of the state of ketosis, the elimination of simple sugars, the restriction of total carbohydrates and the supply of omega-3 fatty acids. In addition, ketone bodies provide "rescue fuel" for the diseased heart by affecting its metabolism. They also have a beneficial effect on the function of the vascular endothelium, including improving its function and inhibiting premature ageing. The ketogenic diet has a beneficial effect on blood pressure and other CVD risk factors through, among other aspects, weight loss. The evidence cited is often superior to that for standard diets, making it likely that the ketogenic diet shows advantages over other dietary models in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There is a legitimate need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (D.D.); (K.K.); (A.C.)
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7
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Wichai U, Keawsomnuk P, Thongin S, Mukthung C, Boonthip C, Pittayakhajonwut P, Ketsawatsomkron P, Bunyapraphatsara N, Muta K. Cellular responses to 8-methyl nonanoic acid, a degradation by-product of dihydrocapsaicin, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:18. [PMID: 36681810 PMCID: PMC9862568 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsaicinoids, such as dihydrocapsaicin (DHC), exert the health-promoting effects of chili peppers on energy metabolism. The metabolic responses to capsaicinoids are primarily mediated through transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). However, the varying contributions of their metabolites to beneficial health outcomes remain unclear. 8-methyl nonanoic acid (8-MNA), a methyl-branched medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), is an in vivo degradation by-product of DHC. Since MCFAs have emerged as metabolic modulators in adipocytes, here we examined various cellular responses to 8-MNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS The viability of 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to various concentrations of 8-MNA was assessed by the Calcein AM assay. Biochemical assays for lipid accumulation, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, lipolysis and glucose uptake were performed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with 8-MNA during 48-h nutrient starvation or 5-day maturation. RESULTS 8-MNA caused no impact on cell viability. During nutrient starvation, 8-MNA decreased lipid amounts in association with AMPK activation, a molecular event that suppresses lipogenic processes. Moreover, 3T3-L1 adipocytes that were treated with 8-MNA during 5-day maturation exhibited a reduced lipolytic response to isoproterenol and an increased glucose uptake when stimulated with insulin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 8-MNA derived from DHC modulates energy metabolism in adipocytes and also support the idea that the metabolic benefits of chili consumption are partly attributable to 8-MNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthai Wichai
- grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Ploychanok Keawsomnuk
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
| | - Saowarose Thongin
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
| | - Chaiyot Mukthung
- grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Boonthip
- grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pattama Pittayakhajonwut
- grid.425537.20000 0001 2191 4408National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
| | - Nuntavan Bunyapraphatsara
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kenjiro Muta
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111 Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540 Thailand
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Functional Nutrients to Ameliorate Neurogenic Muscle Atrophy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111149. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that occurs from nerve trauma in association with diseases or during aging, leading to reduced interaction between motoneurons and skeletal fibers. Current therapeutic approaches aiming at preserving muscle mass in a scenario of decreased nervous input include physical activity and employment of drugs that slow down the progression of the condition yet provide no concrete resolution. Nutritional support appears as a precious tool, adding to the success of personalized medicine, and could thus play a relevant part in mitigating neurogenic muscle atrophy. We herein summarize the molecular pathways triggered by denervation of the skeletal muscle that could be affected by functional nutrients. In this narrative review, we examine and discuss studies pertaining to the use of functional ingredients to counteract neurogenic muscle atrophy, focusing on their preventive or curative means of action within the skeletal muscle. We reviewed experimental models of denervation in rodents and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as that caused by aging, considering the knowledge generated with use of animal experimental models and, also, from human studies.
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Zeng YQ, He JT, Hu BY, Li W, Deng J, Lin QL, Fang Y. Virgin coconut oil: A comprehensive review of antioxidant activity and mechanisms contributed by phenolic compounds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1052-1075. [PMID: 35997296 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is obtained by processing mature coconut cores with mechanical or natural methods. In recent years, VCO has been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries because of its excellent functional activities. VCO has biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral, and also has potential therapeutic effects on many chronic degenerative diseases. Among these functions, the antioxidant is the most basic and important function, which is mainly determined by phenolic compounds and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). This review aims to elucidate the antioxidant functions of each phenolic compound in VCO, and discuss the antioxidant mechanisms of VCO in terms of the role of phenolic compounds with fat, intestinal microorganisms, and various organs. Besides, the composition of VCO and its application in various industries are summarized, and the biological functions of VCO are generalized, which should lay a foundation for further research on the antioxidant activity of VCO and provide a theoretical basis for the development of food additives with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Tao He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bo-Yong Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qin-Lu Lin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
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Charlot A, Morel L, Bringolf A, Georg I, Charles AL, Goupilleau F, Geny B, Zoll J. Octanoic Acid-Enrichment Diet Improves Endurance Capacity and Reprograms Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle of Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132721. [PMID: 35807901 PMCID: PMC9268503 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs) are a dietary supplement that exhibit interesting properties, due to their smaller molecular size. The acute consumption of MCFAs is expected to enhance exercise performance. However, the short-term effects of MCFAs on endurance performance remains poorly understood. The aim of our study is to evaluate the octanoic acid (C8)-rich diet effect on endurance capacity, and to explore their molecular and cellular effects. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were fed with a chow diet (Control group) or an octanoic acid-rich diet (C8 diet) for 6 weeks. Spontaneous activity, submaximal and maximal exercise tests were carried out to characterize the exercise capacities of the mice. Beta-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis pathways were explored in skeletal muscle by RT-qPCR, Western Blot (Quadriceps) and histochemical staining (Gastrocnemius). Results: Mice fed with a C8-rich diet presented a higher spontaneous activity (p < 0.05) and endurance capacities (p < 0.05) than the control, but no effect on maximal effort was observed. They also presented changes in the skeletal muscle metabolic phenotype, with a higher number of the oxidative fibers, rich in mitochondria. At the molecular level, the C8-diet induced an AMPK activation (p < 0.05), associated with a significant increase in PGC1a and CS gene expression and protein levels. Conclusion: Our study provided evidence that C8-enrichment as a food supplementation improves endurance capacities and activates mitochondrial biogenesis pathways leading to higher skeletal muscle oxidative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Charlot
- Centre de Recherche de Biomédecine de Strasbourg, UR 3072 Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.B.); (I.G.); (A.-L.C.); (F.G.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lucas Morel
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Rue-Kalergi, 1359 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anthony Bringolf
- Centre de Recherche de Biomédecine de Strasbourg, UR 3072 Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.B.); (I.G.); (A.-L.C.); (F.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Isabelle Georg
- Centre de Recherche de Biomédecine de Strasbourg, UR 3072 Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.B.); (I.G.); (A.-L.C.); (F.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Anne-Laure Charles
- Centre de Recherche de Biomédecine de Strasbourg, UR 3072 Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.B.); (I.G.); (A.-L.C.); (F.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Fabienne Goupilleau
- Centre de Recherche de Biomédecine de Strasbourg, UR 3072 Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.B.); (I.G.); (A.-L.C.); (F.G.); (B.G.)
| | - Bernard Geny
- Centre de Recherche de Biomédecine de Strasbourg, UR 3072 Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.B.); (I.G.); (A.-L.C.); (F.G.); (B.G.)
- Service de Physiologie et d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joffrey Zoll
- Centre de Recherche de Biomédecine de Strasbourg, UR 3072 Mitochondrie, Stress Oxydant et Protection Musculaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.B.); (I.G.); (A.-L.C.); (F.G.); (B.G.)
- Service de Physiologie et d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (J.Z.)
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11
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Watanabe S, Tsujino S. Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:802805. [PMID: 35719157 PMCID: PMC9203050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.802805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of "ketone diets" in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.
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12
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Food, Medicine, and Function. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2022; 33:571-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Tsujino S, Nosaka N, Sadamitsu S, Kato K. Effect of Continuous Ingestion of 2 g of Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Substrate Metabolism during Low-Intensity Physical Activity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030536. [PMID: 35276897 PMCID: PMC8839453 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing fat burning during physical activity is thought to be an effective strategy for maintaining health and preventing lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. In recent years, medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) have gained attention as a dietary component for increasing fat-burning. However, this fat-burning effect has been unclear in people with high body mass index (BMI). Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of 2 g of daily ingestion of MCTs over 2 weeks on substrate oxidation during low-intensity physical activity in sedentary (i.e., with no exercise habit) subjects with a BMI from 25 (kg/m2) to less than 30, which is classified as obese in Japan. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study with a 2-week washout period was conducted. The rate of fat oxidation as well as the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise (with a cycle ergometer at a 20-watt load) were measured with a human calorimeter. MCTs ingestion significantly increased fat oxidation during physical activity and decreased RER compared to long-chain triglycerides ingestion. In conclusion, we suggest that daily ingestion of 2 g of MCTs for 2 weeks increases fat burning during daily physical activities in sedentary persons with a BMI ranging from 25 to less than 30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shougo Tsujino
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Kanagawa 235-8558, Japan; (N.N.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-757-5461
| | - Naohisa Nosaka
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Kanagawa 235-8558, Japan; (N.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Shohei Sadamitsu
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Kanagawa 235-8558, Japan; (N.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Kazuhiko Kato
- Kato Clinic, 1-1-1 Nakaizumi, Komae, Tokyo 201-0012, Japan;
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14
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Xia J, Yu P, Zeng Z, Ma M, Zhang G, Wan D, Gong D, Deng S, Wang J. Lauric Triglyceride Ameliorates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats by Reducing Lipogenesis and Increasing Lipolysis and β-Oxidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9157-9166. [PMID: 33433211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are found in limited foods. In these medium-chain oil resources, the abundance of lauric acid (LA) is the highest among medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and its effects on lipid metabolism in obese rats have not been well-studied. This study aimed to determine the anti-obesity effects and mechanisms of lauric triglyceride (LT) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. LA and glycerin were used to synthesize LT, then LT was used to treat obese rats for 12 weeks. The results showed that LT significantly reduced the body weight, body mass index, and Lee's index in obese rats. The mRNA expression levels of the anorexic neuropeptide POMC in the hypothalamus between the LT group and the other groups were not different, while the gene expression levels of the orexigenic neuropeptides NPY and AGRP decreased significantly in the LT group. Except serum cholesterol, LT improved the serum triglyceride metabolism in the obese rats and reduced adipocyte and hepatic lipid deposition. Moreover, LT inhibited the expression of lipogenesis-related genes and proteins (SREBP-1c, ACC1, and FASN) and increased the expression of lipolysis (ATGL, HSL, and LPL) and β-oxidation (PPARα, CPT-1a, and PCG-1α) related genes and proteins in the white fat and liver. Furthermore, LT increased the mRNA expression of mitochondrial-biosynthesis-related genes (SIRT1, NRF1, and TFAM) in the liver. The results indicated that LT ameliorates diet-induced obesity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Maomao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongman Wan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine Research, 8 Ha Crescent, Auckland 2104, New Zealand
| | - Shuguang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
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15
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Włodarek D. The possibility of use of the ketogenic diet and medium chain triglycerides supplementation in the support therapy of Alzheimer disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:385-391. [PMID: 33741752 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diet-induced ketosis has a fasting-like effect and brings the body to increase the production of ketone bodies (KB). Works over the last decades have provided evidence of the therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet (KD). This review focus on mainly clinical research on the effectiveness of the KD and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) supplementation in ameliorating the severity of symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD). RECENT FINDINGS A limited number of clinical studies (short-time and with a small number of participants) evaluated the role of the KD and MCT supplementation in AD as a potential dietary intervention in the therapy of this disease. These studies report that the application of KD or/and MCT supplements to older people reduces symptoms of AD. MCT supplements allow achieving an increased level of KBs in the blood even with a greater supply of carbohydrates in the diet and without any drastic changes in the habitual diet of patients. SUMMARY The recent literature highlights the potential benefit of using diet-induced ketosis as an additional element of therapy in AD. Since persons with AD are at risk of malnutrition, the use of KD raises certain concerns due to side effects, especially for long periods of time. MCT supplements to obtain similar clinical results without the need for drastic changes in the diet of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Włodarek
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Parimbelli M, Pezzotti E, Negro M, Calanni L, Allemano S, Bernardi M, Berardinelli A, D'Antona G. Nutrition and Exercise in a Case of Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase II Deficiency. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637406. [PMID: 33815142 PMCID: PMC8009997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mild subtype of inherited carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPTII) deficiency, muscular mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation is impaired. In this condition, interventions involve daily dietary restriction of fats and increase of carbohydrates, whereas physical exercise is commonly contraindicated due to the risk of muscle pain and rhabdomyolysis. We present the case of a 14-year-old female with CPTII deficiency who underwent a 1-h session of unsupervised exercise training for 6 months, 3 days per week, including interval and resistance exercises, after diet assessment and correction. Before and after intervention, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured by indirect calorimetry, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET, 10 W/30 s to exhaustion) was performed. Interval training consisted of a 1 min run and a 5 min walk (for 15 min progressively increased to 30 min). During these efforts, the heart rate was maintained over 70% HR max corresponding to respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of 0.98. Resistance training included upper/lower split workouts (3 sets of 8 repetitions each, with 2 min rest between sets). Blood CK was checked before and 36 h after two training sessions chosen randomly without significant difference. After training, RMR increased (+8.1%) and RQ lowered into the physiological range (from 1.0 to 0.85). CPET highlighted an increase of peak power output (+16.7%), aerobic performance (VO2 peak, 8.3%) and anaerobic threshold (+5.7%), oxygen pulse (+4.5%) and a much longer isocapnic buffering duration (+335%). No muscle pain or rhabdomyolysis was reported. Results from our study highlight that training based on short-duration high-intensity exercise improves overall metabolism and aerobic fitness, thus being feasible, at least in a case of CPTII deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Parimbelli
- Criams-Sport Medicine Centre Voghera, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Pezzotti
- Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Negro
- Criams-Sport Medicine Centre Voghera, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Calanni
- Criams-Sport Medicine Centre Voghera, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Allemano
- Criams-Sport Medicine Centre Voghera, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe D'Antona
- Criams-Sport Medicine Centre Voghera, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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17
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Lauric Acid versus Palmitic Acid: Effects on Adipose Tissue Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obesity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110346. [PMID: 33105887 PMCID: PMC7690582 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to compare the effect of palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain fatty acid, and lauric acid (LA), a medium-chain fatty acid, on obesity-related metabolic disorders. We used a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and fed them a modified high fat diet supplemented with 3% PA or LA for 12 wk. An LA diet led to an increase in visceral fat mass with a reduction in inflammation compared to the PA diet. We also noted that PA significantly increased systemic insulin resistance whereas LA showed only a trend towards an increase compared to lean control mice. The expression of a protein involved in muscle glucose uptake was higher in LA-treated mice compared to the PA-treated group, indicating improved muscle glucose uptake in LA-fed mice. Analysis of liver samples showed that hepatic steatosis was higher in both PA and LA-fed mice compared to lean controls. Markers of liver inflammation were not altered significantly in mice receiving PA or LA. Our data suggest that compared to PA, LA exerts less adverse effects on metabolic disorders and this could be due to the differential effects of these fatty acids in fat and muscle. Abstract Coconut oil, rich in medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCSFA), in particular, lauric acid (LA), is known to exert beneficial metabolic effects. Although LA is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in coconut oil, the specific role of LA in altering obesity-related metabolic disorders remains unknown. Here, we examined the effects of supplementing a high fat (HF) diet with purified LA on obesity-associated metabolic derangements in comparison with palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain saturated fatty acid. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control chow diet (CD) or an HF diet supplemented with 3% LA (HF + LA) or PA (HF + PA) for 12 wk. Markers of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, systemic insulin resistance (IR), and hepatic steatosis, were assessed. The body weight and total fat mass were significantly higher in both HF + LA and HF + PA diet-fed groups compared to CD controls. However, the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in HF + LA-fed mice compared to both CD as well as HF + PA-fed mice. Interestingly, markers of AT inflammation were promoted to a lesser extent in HF + LA-fed mice compared to HF + PA-fed mice. Thus, immunohistochemical analysis of VAT showed an increase in MCP-1 and IL-6 staining in HF + PA-fed mice but not in HF + LA-fed mice compared to CD controls. Further, the mRNA levels of macrophage and inflammatory markers were significantly higher in HF + PA-fed mice (p < 0.001) whereas these markers were increased to a lesser extent in HF + LA-fed group. Of note, the insulin tolerance test revealed that IR was significantly increased only in HF + PA-fed mice but not in HF + LA-fed group compared to CD controls. While liver triglycerides were increased significantly in both HF + PA and HF + LA-fed mice, liver weight and plasma markers of liver injury such as alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were increased significantly only in HF + PA-fed mice but not in HF + LA-fed mice. Taken together, our data suggest that although both LA and PA increased AT inflammation, systemic IR, and liver injury, the extent of metabolic derangements caused by LA was less compared to PA in the setting of high fat feeding.
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18
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Machate DJ, Figueiredo PS, Marcelino G, Guimarães RDCA, Hiane PA, Bogo D, Pinheiro VAZ, de Oliveira LCS, Pott A. Fatty Acid Diets: Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4093. [PMID: 32521778 PMCID: PMC7312778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term high-fat dietary intake plays a crucial role in the composition of gut microbiota in animal models and human subjects, which affect directly short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and host health. This review aims to highlight the interplay of fatty acid (FA) intake and gut microbiota composition and its interaction with hosts in health promotion and obesity prevention and its related metabolic dysbiosis. The abundance of the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, as Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria species are associated with increased SCFA production, reported high-fat diet rich in medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as well as low-fat diets rich in long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). SCFAs play a key role in health promotion and prevention and, reduction and reversion of metabolic syndromes in the host. Furthermore, in this review, we discussed the type of fatty acids and their amount, including the administration time and their interplay with gut microbiota and its results about health or several metabolic dysbioses undergone by hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johane Machate
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (D.J.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Priscila Silva Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (D.B.); (V.A.Z.P.)
| | - Gabriela Marcelino
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (D.B.); (V.A.Z.P.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (D.B.); (V.A.Z.P.)
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (D.B.); (V.A.Z.P.)
| | - Danielle Bogo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (D.B.); (V.A.Z.P.)
| | - Verônica Assalin Zorgetto Pinheiro
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (P.S.F.); (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (D.B.); (V.A.Z.P.)
| | | | - Arnildo Pott
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (D.J.M.); (A.P.)
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A high-fat diet enriched in medium chain triglycerides triggers hepatic thermogenesis and improves metabolic health in lean and obese mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Tiller NB, Roberts JD, Beasley L, Chapman S, Pinto JM, Smith L, Wiffin M, Russell M, Sparks SA, Duckworth L, O'Hara J, Sutton L, Antonio J, Willoughby DS, Tarpey MD, Smith-Ryan AE, Ormsbee MJ, Astorino TA, Kreider RB, McGinnis GR, Stout JR, Smith JW, Arent SM, Campbell BI, Bannock L. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:50. [PMID: 31699159 PMCID: PMC6839090 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) to mitigate the negative effects of chronic, training-induced glycogen depletion; iv) Limiting carbohydrate intake before selected low-intensity sessions, and/or moderating daily carbohydrate intake, may enhance mitochondrial function and fat oxidative capacity. Nevertheless, this approach may compromise performance during high-intensity efforts; v) Protein intakes of ~ 1.6 g·kg− 1·d− 1 are necessary to maintain lean mass and support recovery from training, but amounts up to 2.5 g.kg− 1·d− 1 may be warranted during demanding training when calorie requirements are greater; Recommendations for Racing. vi) To attenuate caloric deficits, runners should aim to consume 150–400 Kcal·h− 1 (carbohydrate, 30–50 g·h− 1; protein, 5–10 g·h− 1) from a variety of calorie-dense foods. Consideration must be given to food palatability, individual tolerance, and the increased preference for savory foods in longer races; vii) Fluid volumes of 450–750 mL·h− 1 (~ 150–250 mL every 20 min) are recommended during racing. To minimize the likelihood of hyponatraemia, electrolytes (mainly sodium) may be needed in concentrations greater than that provided by most commercial products (i.e., > 575 mg·L− 1 sodium). Fluid and electrolyte requirements will be elevated when running in hot and/or humid conditions; viii) Evidence supports progressive gut-training and/or low-FODMAP diets (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol) to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress during racing; ix) The evidence in support of ketogenic diets and/or ketone esters to improve ultra-marathon performance is lacking, with further research warranted; x) Evidence supports the strategic use of caffeine to sustain performance in the latter stages of racing, particularly when sleep deprivation may compromise athlete safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA. .,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Justin D Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Liam Beasley
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shaun Chapman
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jorge M Pinto
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melanie Wiffin
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - S Andy Sparks
- Sport Nutrition and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | | | - John O'Hara
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Sutton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Graham R McGinnis
- Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Exercise Science Program, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Wazir H, Chay SY, Zarei M, Hussin FS, Mustapha NA, Wan Ibadullah WZ, Saari N. Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on Lipid Oxidation and Protein Co-Oxidation of Low-Moisture Shredded Meat Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E486. [PMID: 31623062 PMCID: PMC6827159 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the oxidative changes in meat-based, low-moisture, ready to eat foods are complicated due to complex food system and slow lipid-protein oxidative deterioration. The current study evaluates the oxidative changes over six months of storage on shredded beef and chicken products (locally known as serunding) for physicochemical analysis, lipid oxidation (conjugated dienes and malondialdehydes) and protein co-oxidation (soluble protein content, amino acid composition, protein carbonyl, tryptophan loss and Schiff base fluorescence) at 25 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C. The lipid stability of chicken serunding was significantly lower than beef serunding, illustrated by higher conjugated dienes content and higher rate of malondialdehyde formation during storage. In terms of protein co-oxidation, chicken serunding with higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) experienced more severe oxidation, as seen from lower protein solubility, higher protein carbonyl and Schiff base formation compared to beef serunding. To conclude, chicken serunding demonstrates lower lipid and protein stability and exhibits higher rate of lipid oxidation and protein co-oxidation than beef serunding. These findings provide insights on the progression of lipid oxidation and protein co-oxidation in cooked, shredded meat products and could be extrapolated to minimize possible adverse effects arising from lipid oxidation and protein co-oxidation, on the quality of low-moisture, high-lipid, high-protein foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazrati Wazir
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Panel of Food Technology, Department of Technology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, Muar 84600, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Shyan Yea Chay
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Farah Salina Hussin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Afizah Mustapha
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Zunairah Wan Ibadullah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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22
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Olivieri C. Combating insulin resistance with the paleo diet. Nurse Pract 2019; 44:49-55. [PMID: 30672867 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000552683.55684.f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle changes that include adopting a healthy diet, such as the paleo diet, can help prevent prediabetes and T2DM. This article explores the potential benefits of replacing low-calorie diets with the paleo diet. As primary care providers, NPs are positioned to help inform patients, particularly those with prediabetes and T2DM, about healthy lifestyle choices and provide them with resources to achieve weight loss success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystyne Olivieri
- Chrystyne Olivieri is an assistant professor of graduate nursing at Long Island University, Brookville, N.Y
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23
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Moose and Caribou as Novel Sources of Functional Lipids: Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids, Diglycerides and Monoacetyldiglycerides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020232. [PMID: 30634564 PMCID: PMC6359430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), diglycerides (DG) and monoacetyldiglycerides (MAcDG) are gaining interest as functional lipids in pharmaceuticals and functional food formulations for managing and treating metabolic or inflammatory diseases. Herein, we investigated whether the antler and/or meat of two Cervids (moose and caribou) are novel sources of FAHFA, DG and MAcDG. We observed FAHFA present in moose and caribou composed mainly of polyunsaturated families, and that the esterification occurred frequently at the C5-hydroxy fatty acid moiety, most noticeably arachidonic acid 5-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (ARA-5-HERA). Moose antler, caribou and moose meat also contained significant levels of both 1,2-DG and 1,3-DG lipids. The 1,3-DG molecular species consisted mainly of 16:0/18:1, 18:0/16:0, and 18:0/18:1. On the other hand, major 1,2-DG species consisted of DG 18:0/18:0, 16:0/16:0 and 18:1/18:1 molecular species with higher levels in the antler compared to the meat. The molecular species composition of MAcDG was very simple and consisted of 14:2/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:1/2:0 and 18:0/18:1/2:0 with the first species 14:2/18:2/2:0 predominating in the tip of moose antlers. Increasing access to and knowledge of the presence of these functional lipids in foods will enhance their intake in the diet with potential implications in improving personal and population health.
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24
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Kou G, Li Z, Wu C, Liu Y, Hu Y, Guo L, Xu X, Zhou Z. Citrus Tangeretin Improves Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis via Activating the AMPK-PGC1-α Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo: A Possible Mechanism for Its Beneficial Effect on Physical Performance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11917-11925. [PMID: 30369237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis is a key factor, which influences the function of skeletal muscle. Increasingly, flavonoids are reported to have the potential ability of regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of tangeretin, a polymethoxylated flavonoid isolated from mandarin fruits, on mitochondrial biogenesis and its underlying mechanisms. The tangeretin was obtained from the peel of "Dahongpao" tangerine by macroporous adsorptive resins combined with preparative-high performance liquid chromatography. The activity of mitochondrial biogenesis was explored by using mouse-derived C2C12 myoblasts and Kunming mice. Results showed that the purity of tangeretin obtained was 98.64%, and it could effectively activate mitochondrial biogenesis signaling pathway both at gene and at protein levels in C2C12 myoblasts. Animal experiments showed that tangeretin pretreatment could markedly improve exercise performance (the time of hanging wire and run to fatigue was obviously increased 1.6-fold and 2.1-fold in the high-dose tangeretin group, respectively), and the transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry further indicated that tangeretin increased mitochondria number and activated mitochondrial biogenesis signaling axis. Our findings suggest that tangeretin enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis via activating the AMPK-PGC1-α pathway, resulting in the improvement of exercise performance, and tangeretin may be a potentially novel mitochondria regulator in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liya Guo
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Functional Monitoring , General Administration of Sport of China-Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
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25
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Health impacts of different edible oils prepared from coconut (Cocos nucifera): A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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