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Akinci B, Emirza Cilbir C, Kocyigit A, Kuran Aslan G. Respiratory Muscle Training in Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review on the Training Protocols and Effects on Reported Outcomes. J Sport Rehabil 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38996453 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Respiratory muscle training (RMT) is considered an effective tool to improve cardiorespiratory limitations in athletes. The goals of this systematic review were to explore the role of RMT and its implementation within sport rehabilitation programs in para-athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Several databases were searched until January 2024. Eligible studies were independently reviewed by 2 reviewers. Quality assessment was made using the PEDro scale and version 2 of the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for Randomized Trials. Eight studies (a total of 108 participants) were selected for the analysis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Five studies preferred using resistive loading, while 2 studies used normocapnic hyperpnea, and 1 study used threshold inspiratory muscle training. Respiratory functions (respiratory muscle strength and endurance, spirometry measures) and exercise performance were assessed as the main outcomes. Significant increases in respiratory muscle strength were reported in 5 studies. Two studies observed improvement in respiratory muscle endurance and 3 studies reported increased exercise capacity. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that although RMT can enhance respiratory muscle strength and endurance, it should not be considered the primary method for boosting the exercise performance of para-athletes. Additional research is necessary to explore the impact of various RMT techniques on different outcomes from the perspective of sport rehabilitation in para-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Akinci
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation (English), Faculty of Health Sciences, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Emirza Cilbir
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kocyigit
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Goksen Kuran Aslan
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Suárez-Iglesias D, Ayán C, García-Fresneda A, Villa-Vicente JG, Rodríguez-Medina J, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA. Case study: Evaluating deep-water start techniques and training demands in seated slalom waterskiing for an athlete with paraplegia. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1363544. [PMID: 38962225 PMCID: PMC11221382 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1363544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recreational and competitive slalom waterskiing is increasingly popular among individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI), particularly for those with paraplegia using sit-skis. A key component of slalom skiing is the deep-water start (DWS), yet little is known about the physiological and physical demands of this activity when the athlete is seated. This study aims to fill this gap by focusing on the training requirements for a seated slalom athlete. Materials and methods Focusing on a young male athlete with paraplegia, this case study evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of traditional (TDWS) and alternative (ADWS) DWS techniques during seated slalom waterskiing sessions. It assesses internal training load (TL) through heart rate (HR) zones and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), alongside pre- and post-session handgrip strength measurements to gauge peripheral muscle fatigue. Results and conclusions Performing the ADWS, achieving a full success rate, proved more effective but slightly more time-consuming than TDWS, which had limited success. HR during DWS maneuvers ranged from 63.2 to 81.3% of maximal HR, with most sessions occurring below the ventilatory threshold, thus perceived as hard effort. A moderate yet non-significant correlation was found between HR and sRPE-based TL. A significant reduction in handgrip strength post-session underscores the activity's demands. These insights illuminate the technical, physiological, and physical challenges in mastering DWS for seated slalom athletes with SCI, providing valuable guidance for the development of tailored training programs and techniques in this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Ayán
- Well-Move Research Group, Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Education and Sport Science, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Universidad de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Adrián García-Fresneda
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, TecnoCampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Gerardo Villa-Vicente
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Medina
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Price MJ, Smith PM, Bottoms LM, Hill MW. The effect of age and sex on peak oxygen uptake during upper and lower body exercise: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2024; 190:112427. [PMID: 38604251 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large scale population norms for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during cycle ergometry (CE) have been published for men and women across a wide range of ages. Although upper body functional capacity has an important role in activities of daily living far less is known regarding the effect of age and sex on upper body functional capacity (i.e. arm crank ergometry; ACE). The aim of this review was to determine the effect of age and sex on VO2peak obtained during ACE and CE in the same participants. METHOD The review was pre-registered with PROSEPERO (Ref: CRD42022349566). A database search using Academic Search Complete including CINAHL complete, CINHAL Ultimate, Medline, PubMed, SPORTDiscus was undertaken. RESULTS The initial search yielded 460 articles which was reduced to 243 articles following removal of duplicates. Twenty-five articles were subsequently excluded based on title resulting in 218 articles considered for retrieval. Following review of the abstracts, 78 further articles were excluded leaving 140 to be assessed for eligibility. Eighty-five articles were subsequently excluded, resulting in 55 articles being included. The decrease in VO2peak with age during CE was consistent with previous studies. Decreases in VO2peak during ACE with age, although paralleling those of CE, appeared to be of greater functional importance. When changes in VO2peak were considered below the age of 50 years little change was observed for absolute VO2peak during ACE and CE. In contrast, relative VO2peak demonstrated decreases in VO2peak for both ACE and CE likely reflecting increases in body mass and body fat percentage with age. After 50 years of age absolute and relative VO2peak demonstrated more similar and subtle responses. Heterogeneity across studies for both absolute and relative VO2peak between ACE and CE was large. Although strict inclusion criteria were applied, the inter-individual variation in sample populations was likely the main source of heterogeneity. There was a considerable lack data sets available for ages above 40 years of age. CONCLUSIONS These responses suggest that upper body VO2peak decreases in line with that of the lower body but, due to the lower peak values achieved during ACE, decreases in VO2peak may have more profound functional impact compared to that for the lower body. Using absolute and relative measures of VO2peak results in different age-related profiles when considered below 50 years of age. To further our understanding of whole body ageing more data is required for participants in mid and later life. The association between VO2peak and underlying physiological factors with age needs to be studied further, particularly in conjunction with activities of daily living and independent living.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Price
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Centre, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - P M Smith
- Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
| | - L M Bottoms
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Geography, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - M W Hill
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Centre, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Puerto Valencia LM, He Y, Wippert PM. The changes of blood-based inflammatory biomarkers after non-pharmacologic interventions for chronic low back pain: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:209. [PMID: 38459458 PMCID: PMC10921684 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a prevalent and debilitating condition, leading to significant challenges to both patients and the governmental healthcare system. Non-pharmacologic interventions have received increasing attention as potential strategies to alleviate chronic low back pain and improve patient outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively assess the changes in blood inflammatory biomarkers after non-pharmacologic interventions for CLBP patients, thus trying to understand the complex interactions between non-pharmacologic interventions and inflammatory biomarker changes in CLBP. METHODS A thorough search (from January 1st, 2002 to October 5th, 2022) of PubMed, Medline (platform Web of Science), and the Cochrane Library (platform Wiley Online Library) were conducted, and inclusion criteria as well as exclusion criteria were refined to selection of the studies. Rigorous assessments of study quality were performed using RoB 2 from Cochrane or an adaptation of the Downs and Black checklist. Data synthesis includes alterations in inflammatory biomarkers after various non-pharmacologic interventions, including exercise, acupressure, neuro-emotional technique, and other modalities. RESULTS Thirteen primary studies were included in this systematic review, eight randomized controlled trials, one quasi-randomized trial, and four before-after studies. The interventions studied consisted of osteopathic manual treatment (one study), spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) (three studies), exercise (two studies), yoga (two studies) and acupressure (two studies), neuro-emotional technique (one study), mindfulness-based (one study) and balneotherapy study (one study). Four studies reported some changes in the inflammatory biomarkers compared to the control group. Decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) after osteopathic manual treatment (OMT), neuro-emotional technique (NET), and yoga. Decreased interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and c-reactive protein (CRP) after NET, and increased IL-4 after acupressure. Another five studies found changes in inflammatory biomarkers through pre- and post-intervention comparisons, indicating improvement outcomes after intervention. Increased IL-10 after balneotherapy; decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, Interferon-gamma, interferon-γ-induced protein 10-γ-induced protein 10 after exercise; decreased IL-6 after exercise and SMT; decreased CRP and chemokine ligand 3 after SMT. CONCLUSION Results suggest a moderation of inflammatory biomarkers due to different non-pharmacologic interventions for CLBP, generally resulting in decreased pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and IL-6 as well as increased anti-inflammatory markers such as IL-4, thus revealing the inhibition of inflammatory processes by different non-pharmacologic interventions. However, a limited number of high-quality studies evaluating similar interventions and similar biomarkers limits the conclusion of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yangyang He
- Medical Sociology and Psychobiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg [joint Faculty, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg], Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Pia-Maria Wippert
- Medical Sociology and Psychobiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg [joint Faculty, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg], Brandenburg, Germany.
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Puce L, Biz C, Ceylan HI, Bragazzi NL, Formica M, Trabelsi K, Szarpak Ł, Trompetto C, Rossin A, Lanciano NA, Ruggieri P. Adaptive Shooting Disciplines: A Scoping Review of the Literature with Bibliometric Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:463. [PMID: 38391838 PMCID: PMC10888416 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Para-archery and para-shooting, two very popular adaptive shooting disciplines that have earned their place as major official events in the Paralympic Games, share some similarities, as well as distinctive features in terms of rules, physiological requirements, and equipment used. The International Paralympic Committee has a clear responsibility to ensure that all sports within its jurisdiction, including adaptive shooting, can achieve excellence in their respective fields. To achieve this, the conduct of well-designed studies and rigorous research is essential. Although some research has been conducted in this area, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation is still needed. Therefore, the present study aims to provide a thorough review and synthesis of existing research on adaptive shooting disciplines, identify strengths and gaps, and suggest future directions. Arksey and O'Malley's methodology is leveraged and enhanced with bibliometric and policy analyses to review literature on adaptive shooting. Databases like PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, OvidSP, and EMBASE were searched, focusing on studies in adaptive shooting disciplines and analysing these findings through a blend of thematic and statistical methods. Twenty-four studies totalling 483 para-athletes (299 para-shooters and 184 para-archers) are included in this scoping review, focusing on a range of aspects, including physiological responses (n = 9), research design and measurement methods for evidence-based classification (n = 6), biopsychosocial aspects (n = 3), development of new methods and technologies (n = 4), kinematic and biomechanical assessment (n = 1), and epidemiology of injuries (n = 1). Seven articles focused exclusively on para-archery, thirteen exclusively on para-shooting, and four on both para-archery and para-shooting. In conclusion, the available literature on adaptive shooting disciplines is still very limited, especially regarding para-archery compared to para-shooting. This highlights the need for further research in many key areas to ensure a better understanding of the different disciplines and to provide appropriate support for para-athletes. Future research in para-archery and para-shooting should focus on technological innovations, biomechanical studies, and psychological support to enhance athlete performance and accessibility. Addressing the imbalance between the two disciplines, along with injury prevention and global participation, can drive the sports towards greater inclusivity and equity for para-athletes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Biz
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Matteo Formica
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l'Éducation Physique de Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Research Outcomes, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 03-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossin
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Lanciano
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Macchiarola D, Megna M, Quarta F, Bianchi FP, Cipriano R, Andrani M, Ricci V, Fiore P, Ranieri M, Farì G. With or without straps? A pilot study to investigate whether restraint devices affect the wheelchair basketball players' performance. Prosthet Orthot Int 2023; 47:519-524. [PMID: 36867561 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheelchair basketball (WB) represents a great physical activity, rehabilitation, and integration opportunity for people with disability. Straps are wheelchair accessories used to ensure safeness and stability. Nevertheless, some athletes report feeling limited in movements because of these restraint devices. The aim of this study was thus to deepen whether straps could affect performance and cardiorespiratory effort in WB players' athletic gesture and furthermore whether sport performance could be influenced by experience, anthropometric features, or classification score. METHODS Ten WB elite athletes were enrolled in this observational cross-sectional study. Speediness, wheelchair maneuverability, and sport-specific skills were evaluated with 3 tests: 20-m straight line test (test 1), figure 8 test (test 2), and figure 8 with ball test (test 3); all tests were performed with and without straps. Cardiorespiratory parameters (blood pressure [BP], heart rate, and oxygen saturation) were registered before and after tests. Anthropometric data, classification score, and practice's years were collected and compared with test results. RESULTS Performance significantly improved in all tests wearing straps (test 1 P = 0.007, test 2 P = 0.009, and test 3 P = 0.025). No significant variation in cardiorespiratory basic signs emerged before and after the tests, with or without straps (systolic BP P = 0.140, diastolic BP P = 0.564, heart rate P = 0.066, and oxygen saturation P = 0.564). A statistically significant relation between test 1 with straps and classification score (coefficient = -0.25; P = 0.008) and test 3 without straps and classification score (coefficient = 1.00; P = 0.032) was found. No further relations emerged between test results and anthropometric data, classification score, and practice's years ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that straps, as well as ensuring safety and preventing injuries, also improve the WB performance, stabilizing the trunk and implementing upper limb skills, without exposing players to excessive cardiorespiratory and biomechanical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Macchiarola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marisa Megna
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Quarta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipriano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Andrani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ricci
- Unit of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Fiore
- Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Unit, Institute of Bari, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ranieri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Farì
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Gavel EH, Macrae HZ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Logan-Sprenger HM. Reliability of anaerobic and aerobic mobility performance tests used in wheelchair rugby, wheelchair basketball and wheelchair tennis: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1146-1170. [PMID: 37748031 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the reliability and validity of field-based mobility and performance tests used within the wheelchair sports of basketball (WCB), rugby (WCR) and tennis (WCT) can assist in understanding an athletes' physiological state, training effects, and/or assist with optimising their wheelchair-user interface. PURPOSE To examine, evaluate and synthesize current aerobic and anaerobic field-based mobility and performance tests used in WCB, WCR and WCT. METHODS A systematic search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they investigated performance tests in WCB, WCR and WCT and reported reliability. RESULTS Twenty-one studies covering 45 mobility/performance tests were included (anaerobic, n = 35; aerobic, n = 10), with agility and repeated sprints (n = 13) being the most common, followed by linear-sprints (n = 11). Repeated sprint ability (n = 2) and submaximal field-tests (n = 2) were the least frequent. Intra-class correlations among all tests ranged from 0.62 to 0.99, with agility and repeated sprints being 0.65-0.98, followed by values of 0.62-0.99 for linear-sprint, 0.96-0.99 for repeated sprints and 0.85-0.97 for submaximal field-tests. CONCLUSION The most frequently measured performance tests were anaerobic tests focusing on agility and repeated sprints. Given the low number of aerobic tests in WCB, WCR and WCT, future research should focus on reliable and valid ways to measure and track performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Z Macrae
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Vicky L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Heather M Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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Predicting Maximum Oxygen Uptake from Non-Exercise and Submaximal Exercise Tests in Paraplegic Men with Spinal Cord Injury. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050763. [PMID: 36900768 PMCID: PMC10001045 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop prediction equations for maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) based on non-exercise (anthropometric) and submaximal exercise (anthropometric and physiological) variables in paraplegic men with a spinal cord injury. All participants were tested on an arm ergometer using a maximal graded exercise test. Anthropometric variables such as age, height, weight, body fat, body mass index, body fat percentage, and arm muscle mass and physiological variables such as VO2, VCO2, and heart rate at 3 and 6 min of graded exercise tests were included in the multiple linear regression analysis. The prediction equations revealed the following. Regarding non-exercise variables, VO2max was correlated with age and weight (equation R = 0.771, R2 = 0.595, SEE= 3.187). Regarding submaximal variables, VO2max was correlated with weight and VO2 and VCO2 at 6 min (equation R = 0.892, R2 = 0.796, SEE = 2.309). In conclusion, our prediction equations can be used as a cardiopulmonary function evaluation tool to estimate VO2max simply and conveniently using the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of paraplegic men with spinal cord injuries.
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Janssen RJF, de Groot S, Van der Woude LHV, Houdijk H, Vegter RJK. Toward a Standardized and Individualized Laboratory-Based Protocol for Wheelchair-Specific Exercise Capacity Testing in Wheelchair Athletes: A Scoping Review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:261-269. [PMID: 34930864 PMCID: PMC9940834 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Previous studies on handrim wheelchair-specific (an)aerobic exercise capacity in wheelchair athletes have used a diversity of participants, equipment, and protocols. Therefore, test results are difficult to compare among studies. The first aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the populations studied, the equipment and protocols used, and the reported outcomes from all laboratory-based studies on wheelchair-specific exercise capacity in wheelchair athletes. The second aim is to synthesize these findings into a standardized, yet individualized protocol. A scoping literature search resulted in 10 anaerobic and 38 aerobic protocols. A large variety in equipment, protocol design, and reported outcomes was found. Studies that systematically investigated the influence of protocol features are lacking, which makes it difficult to interpret and compare test outcomes among the heterogeneous group of wheelchair athletes. Protocol design was often dependent on a priori participant knowledge. However, specific guidelines for individualization were missing. However, the common protocol features of the different studies were united into guidelines that could be followed when performing standardized and individualized wheelchair-specific exercise capacity tests in wheelchair athletes. Together with guidelines regarding reporting of participant characteristics, used equipment, and outcome measures, we hope to work toward more international agreement in future testing.
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Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:317-331. [PMID: 34965513 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 282.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the sport-science and sports-medicine literature, the term "elite" subjects might be one of the most overused and ill-defined terms. Currently, there is no common perspective or terminology to characterize the caliber and training status of an individual or cohort. This paper presents a 6-tiered Participant Classification Framework whereby all individuals across a spectrum of exercise backgrounds and athletic abilities can be classified. The Participant Classification Framework uses training volume and performance metrics to classify a participant to one of the following: Tier 0: Sedentary; Tier 1: Recreationally Active; Tier 2: Trained/Developmental; Tier 3: Highly Trained/National Level; Tier 4: Elite/International Level; or Tier 5: World Class. We suggest the Participant Classification Framework can be used to classify participants both prospectively (as part of study participant recruitment) and retrospectively (during systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses). Discussion around how the Participant Classification Framework can be tailored toward different sports, athletes, and/or events has occurred, and sport-specific examples provided. Additional nuances such as depth of sport participation, nationality differences, and gender parity within a sport are all discussed. Finally, chronological age with reference to the junior and masters athlete, as well as the Paralympic athlete, and their inclusion within the Participant Classification Framework has also been considered. It is our intention that this framework be widely implemented to systematically classify participants in research featuring exercise, sport, performance, health, and/or fitness outcomes going forward, providing the much-needed uniformity to classification practices.
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Valenzuela PL, Mateo-March M, Muriel X, Zabala M, Lucia A, Barranco-Gil D, Millet GP, Brocherie F, Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Ryan BJ, Gioscia-Ryan RA, Perrey S, Rodrigo-Carranza V, González-Mohíno F, González-Ravé JM, Santos-Concejero J, Denadai BS, Greco CC, Casado A, Foster C, Mazzolari R, Baldrighi GN, Pastorio E, Malatesta D, Patoz A, Borrani F, Ives SJ, DeBlauw JA, Dantas de Lucas R, Borszcz FK, Fernandes Nascimento EM, Antonacci Guglielmo LG, Turnes T, Jaspers RT, van der Zwaard S, Lepers R, Louis J, Meireles A, de Souza HLR, de Oliveira GT, dos Santos MP, Arriel RA, Marocolo M, Hunter B, Meyler S, Muniz-Pumares D, Ferreira RM, Sogard AS, Carter SJ, Mickleborough TD, Saborosa GP, de Oliveira Freitas RD, Alves dos Santos PS, de Souza Ferreira JP, de Assis Manoel F, da Silva SF, Triska C, Karsten B, Sanders D, Lipksi ES, Spindler DJ, Hesselink MKC, Zacca R, Goethel MF, Pyne DB, Wood BM, Allen PE, Gabelhausen JL, Keller AM, Lige MT, Oumsang AS, Smart GL, Paris HL, Dewolf AH, Toffoli G, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Marcora SM, Terson de Paleville D, Fernandes RJ, Soares SM, Abraldes JA, Matta G, Bossi AH, McCarthy DG, Bostad W, Gibala J, Vagula M. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Using V̇o 2max as a marker of training status in athletes - can we do better? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:148-164. [PMID: 35819399 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Sport Science Department. Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Xabier Muriel
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Education & Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin J Ryan
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stephane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Raffaele Mazzolari
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Nicole Baldrighi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences − Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Pastorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Justin A DeBlauw
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiago Turnes
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093 CAPS, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Hiago L. R. de Souza
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Géssyca T de Oliveira
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P dos Santos
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rhaí A Arriel
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - B Hunter
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - S Meyler
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - D Muniz-Pumares
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Renato M Ferreira
- Aquatic Activities Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Abigail S Sogard
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Stephen J Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Guilherme Pereira Saborosa
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Raphael Dinalli de Oliveira Freitas
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Paula Souza Alves dos Santos
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - João Pedro de Souza Ferreira
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Fernandes da Silva
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Christoph Triska
- Institute of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Leistungssport Austria, Brunn am Gebirge, Austria
| | - Bettina Karsten
- European University of Applied Sciences (EUFH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dajo Sanders
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elliot S Lipksi
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David J Spindler
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Zacca
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Bruce Pyne
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Brayden M Wood
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Peyton E Allen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Jaden L Gabelhausen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Alexandra M Keller
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Mast T Lige
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Alicia S Oumsang
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Greg L Smart
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California
| | - Arthur H Dewolf
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of Human Locomotion, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Toffoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Samuele M Marcora
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana M Soares
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J. Arturo Abraldes
- Research Group MS&SPORT, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Guilherme Matta
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Henrique Bossi
- MeFit Prehabilitation Service, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham, United Kingdom
| | - D G McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Quittmann OJ, Lenatz B, Bartsch P, Lenatz F, Foitschik T, Abel T. Case Report: Training Monitoring and Performance Development of a Triathlete With Spinal Cord Injury and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia During a Paralympic Cycle. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:867089. [PMID: 36188916 PMCID: PMC9487515 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.867089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Paratriathlon allows competition for athletes with various physical impairments. The wheelchair category stands out from other paratriathlon categories, since competing in swimming, handcycling, and wheelchair racing entails substantial demands on the upper extremity. Therefore, knowledge about exercise testing and training is needed to improve performance and avoid overuse injuries. We described the training monitoring and performance development throughout a Paralympic cycle of an elite triathlete with spinal cord injury (SCI) and a recent diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Case Presentation/Methods A 30-year-old wheelchair athlete with 10-years experience in wheelchair basketball contacted us for guidance regarding testing and training in paratriathlon. Laboratory and field tests were modified from protocols used for testing non-disabled athletes to examine their physical abilities. In handcycling, incremental tests were used to monitor performance development by means of lactate threshold (POBLA) and define heart rate-based training zones. All-out sprint tests were applied to calculate maximal lactate accumulation rate (V˙Lamax) as a measure of glycolytic capabilities in all disciplines. From 2017 to 2020, training was monitored to quantify training load (TL) and training intensity distribution (TID). Results From 2016 to 2019, the athlete was ranked within the top ten at the European and World Championships. From 2017 to 2019, annual TL increased from 414 to 604 h and demonstrated a shift in TID from 77-17-6% to 88-8-4%. In this period, POBLA increased from 101 to 158 W and V˙Lamax decreased from 0.56 to 0.36 mmol·l−1·s−1. TL was highest during training camps. In 2020, after he received his CML diagnosis, TL, TID, and POBLA were 317 h, 94-5-1%, and 108 W, respectively. Discussion TL and TID demonstrated similar values when compared with previous studies in para-swimming and long-distance paratriathlon, respectively. In contrast, relative TL during training camps exceeded those described in the literature and was accompanied by physical stress. Increased volumes at low intensity are assumed to increase POBLA and decrease V˙Lamax over time. CML treatment and side effects drastically decreased TL, intensity, and performance, which ultimately hindered a qualification for Tokyo 2020/21. In conclusion, there is a need for careful training prescription and monitoring in wheelchair triathletes to improve performance and avoid non-functional overreaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Quittmann
- Department IV: Movement Rehabilitation, Neuromechanics and Paralympic Sport, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS), Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Oliver J. Quittmann
| | - Benjamin Lenatz
- Department IV: Movement Rehabilitation, Neuromechanics and Paralympic Sport, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Frauke Lenatz
- Department IV: Movement Rehabilitation, Neuromechanics and Paralympic Sport, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tina Foitschik
- Department IV: Movement Rehabilitation, Neuromechanics and Paralympic Sport, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Abel
- Department IV: Movement Rehabilitation, Neuromechanics and Paralympic Sport, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS), Bonn, Germany
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13
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Profile of musculoskeletal injuries in the parasport: A systematic review. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Fischer G, Antunes D, Volpato A, Delevatti RS. Metabolic Cost and Performance of Athletes With Lower Limb Amputation and Nonamputee Matched Controls During Running: A Systematic Review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:584-589. [PMID: 34483259 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The elastic function of running-specific prostheses likely contributes to a lower metabolic cost of running. However, it remains unclear whether running-specific prostheses provide advantages concerning the metabolic cost of running in relationship with nonamputee runners. This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature to examine the peak performance (peak oxygen consumption-VO2peak and peak speed) and the metabolic cost between paired amputees and nonamputees during running and between amputee runners with traditional prostheses and running-specific prostheses. A literature search on three databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted using the following key words: (amputation OR amputee) AND (run OR running OR runner) AND (prosthesis OR prosthetics), resulting in 2060 records and 4 studies within the inclusion criteria. A methodological quality assessment was carried out using a modified version of the Downs and Black checklist. VO2peak of the amputees athletes (54 ± 2 mL kg-1 min-1) is similar (mean difference = -0.80 mL kg-1 min-1, confidence interval = -4.63 to 3.03) to nonamputees athletes (55 ± 2 mL kg-1 min-1). The average metabolic cost of the paired amputee athletes (4.94 ± 1.19 J kg-1 m-1) also does not differ (mean difference = 0.73 J kg-1 m-1, confidence interval = -0.74 to 2.20) from nonamputee runners (4.21 ± 0.16 J kg-1 m-1). The research on running in amputee and nonamputee athletes is limited. The few existing studies have limited methodological quality. The metabolic cost data from amputee athletes running with running-specific prostheses are within the range of nonamputee data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Fischer
- From the Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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15
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Fagher K, Baumgart JK, Solli GS, Holmberg HC, Lexell J, Sandbakk Ø. Preparing for snow-sport events at the Paralympic Games in Beijing in 2022: recommendations and remaining questions. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001294. [PMID: 35295372 PMCID: PMC8867376 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2022 Winter Paralympic Games in Beijing, the Para snow-sport events will be held at high altitudes and in possibly cold conditions while also requiring adjustment to several time zones. Furthermore, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may lead to suboptimal preparations. Another concern is the high rate of injuries that have been reported in the Para alpine and snowboard events. In addition to these challenges, Para athletes various impairments may affect both sports-specific demands and athlete health. However, the group of Para snow-sport athletes is an understudied population. Accordingly, this perspective paper summarises current knowledge to consider when preparing for the Paralympic Games in Beijing and point out important unanswered questions. We here focus specifically on how sport-specific demands and impairment-related considerations are influenced by altitude acclimatisation, cold conditions, travel fatigue and jetlag, complications due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and injury prevention and sports safety considerations. As Para athletes with spinal cord injury, limb deficiency, cerebral palsy and visual impairment account for the majority of the Para snow-sport athletes, the focus is mainly on these impairment groups. In brief, we highlight the extra caution required to ensure athlete health, performance and sports safety among Para athletes participating in the snow-sport events in the 2022 Beijing Paralympic Games. Although there is an urgent need for more high-quality research focusing on Para winter athletes, we hope these non-consensus recommendations will help prepare for the 2022 Beijing Paralympic Winter Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fagher
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- The Swedish Paralympic Committee, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J K Baumgart
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - G S Solli
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodo, Norway
| | - H C Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- The Medical Committee, The International Paralympic Committee, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ø Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Physiological parameters and the use of compression stockings in individuals with spinal cord injuries: a scoping review. Spinal Cord 2022; 60:115-121. [PMID: 35017670 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Scoping review. OBJECTIVE To summarize information on the physiological effects of compression stockings (CS) in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and suggest areas for future research. METHODS We asked, "What are the physiological effects of CS use in individuals with SCI?" Original studies of patients with SCI regardless of sex and age that focused on SCI and CS were included. Five biomedical databases were searched. Studies were selected by three researchers in two stages, starting with an abstract and title screening and continuing with a full text review for application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis was then performed. RESULTS An initial search yielded 283 titles, of which five met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to the full text review. Among them, there were 78 individuals with SCI. The studies found that the use of CS at rest reduced deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and vascular capacitance but increased systolic blood pressure and norepinephrine level., three studies tested the use of CS During exercise; one found that time of the last lap in a standard court test was negatively affected; however, the greatest benefits were observed after exercises, such as reduced blood lactate level, improved autonomic function, and increased blood flow to the upper limbs. CONCLUSION We conclude that future research should examine the physiological effects and relationship of CS with: (a) pharmacological interventions, (b) body position changes, (c) physical fitness level, (d) wheelchair use duration, (e) exercise-induced thermal stress, (f) thermal stress mitigation, and (g) edema reduction.
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17
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Szymczak Ł, Podgórski T, Domaszewska K. Comparison of the Levels of Hematological Parameters at Rest and after Maximum Exercise between Physically Active People with Spinal Cord Injury and Able-Bodied People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312323. [PMID: 34886049 PMCID: PMC8656939 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to reveal the difference in the hematological reaction to the applied exercise-induced workload between the able-bodied and physically active people with cervical spinal cord injury. The study covered 11 males with spinal cord injury and 11 able-bodied persons. An incremental stress test was carried out until the maximum individual workloads were achieved. The peak oxygen uptake was measured with the use of the ergospirometric method. Venous blood test results at rest and after finishing the maximal exercise showed hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (HCT) value, erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (PLT) counts as well as the relative percentage of granulocytes (GRA), lymphocytes (LYM), and monocytes (MON). RBC, HCT as well as Hb and PLT among people with the injury were statistically lower (p < 0.001) large effect size, than in the control group. Statistically significant difference between the test and control group, subjected to the maximal exercise stress test, was observed in the exercise induced change of the PLT [p < 0.001, (ES: 2.631)] WBC [p < 0.05, (ES: 1.429)] and the percentage of LYM and GRA [p < 0.05, (ES: 1.447) for LYM and (ES: 1.332) for GRA] between both groups, subjected to the maximal cardiac stress test on the manual cycloergometer. The analysis of the obtained results indicates that people with spinal cord injury are much more vulnerable to the occurrence of microcytic anemia compared to able-bodied people. The after-exercise percentage shift of selected subpopulations of leukocytes in both groups indicates a delayed post-exercise recovery among people with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Szymczak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Domaszewska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-476-716
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18
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Aerobic fitness is a potential crucial factor in protecting paralympic athletes with locomotor impairments from atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To test the hypothesis that aerobic fitness is inversely related to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) in athletes with locomotor impairments deriving from health conditions, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), lower limb amputation, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, and other health conditions different from the previous ones.
Methods
A total of 68 male athletes who competed in either summer or winter Paralympic games were divided in two health conditions groups (35 with SCI, mean age 37.2 ± 8.0 years, and 33 with different health conditions, mean age 37.8 ± 9.9 years) and in four sport type groups (skill, power, intermittent—mixed metabolism—and endurance). They were evaluated through anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, laboratory blood tests, and graded cardiopulmonary maximal arm cranking exercise test, with oxygen uptake peak (VO2peak) measurement. Cardiovascular risk profile was assessed in each athlete.
Results
The prevalence of ACVD-risk factors in the overall population was 20.6% for hypertension; 47% and 55.9% for high values of total and LDL cholesterol, respectively; 22.1% for reduce glucose tolerance; and 8.8% for obesity. No difference was found between athletes with and without SCI, while the prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in those practicing skill sports (22.7%, p = 0.035), which was the sport type group with Paralympic athletes with the lowest VO2peak (22.5 ± 5.70 ml kg−1 min−1). VO2peak was lower in athletes with SCI than those with different health conditions (28.6 ± 10.0 vs 33.6 ± 8.9 ml kg−1 min−1p = 0.03), and in those with 3–4 risk factors (19.09 ± 5.34 ml kg−1 min−1) than those with 2 risk factors (27.1 ± 5.50 ml kg−1 min−1), 1 risk factor (31.6 ± 8.55 ml kg−1 min−1), or none (36.4 ± 8.76 ml kg−1 min−1) (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
The present study suggests that having higher VO2peak seems to offer greater protection against ACVD in individuals with a locomotor impairment. Prescribing physical exercise at an intensity similar to that of endurance and intermittent sports should become a fundamental tool to promote health among people with a locomotor impairment.
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Comparison of Physiological and Biomechanical Responses to Flat and Uphill Cross-Country Sit-Skiing in Able-Bodied Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1596-1602. [PMID: 33831842 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare peak work rate (WRpeak) and associated physiological and biomechanical performance-determining variables between flat and uphill cross-country (XC) sit-skiing. METHODS Fifteen able-bodied male XC skiers completed 2 test sessions, each comprising four 4-minute submaximal stages, followed by an incremental test to exhaustion and a verification test in a sit-ski on a roller-ski treadmill. The test sessions were counterbalanced by the incline, being either 0.5% (FLAT) or 5% (UPHILL). The authors compared WRpeak and peak oxygen uptake, as well as physiological variables, rating of perceived exertion, gross efficiency, and cycle characteristics at identical submaximal work rate, between FLAT and UPHILL. RESULTS In UPHILL, WRpeak was 35% higher compared to FLAT (P < .001), despite no difference in peak oxygen uptake (P = .9). The higher WRpeak in UPHILL was achieved through more work per cycle, which was enabled by the twice as long poling time, compared to FLAT (P < .001). Submaximal gross efficiency was 0.5 to 2 percentage points lower in FLAT compared to UPHILL (P < .001), with an increasing difference as work rate increased (P < .001). Neither cycle rate nor work per cycle differed between inclines when compared at identical submaximal work rate (P > .16). CONCLUSIONS The longer poling times utilized in uphill XC sit-skiing enable more work per cycle and better gross efficiency, thereby allowing skiers to achieve a higher WRpeak compared to flat XC sit-skiing. However, the similar values of peak oxygen uptake between inclines indicate that XC sit-skiers can tax their cardiorespiratory capacity similarly in both conditions.
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20
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Lopes J, Monteiro de Magalhães Neto A, Ferreira G, Castilho de Almeida A, Andrade C. Etiology, prevalence, and severity of reported acute sports injuries in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Paradesports: An observational study. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Comparison between the 10- and the 30-s-long Wingate Anaerobic Test in summer Paralympic athletes with a lower limb impairment. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The 30-s-long Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT_30s) has some limitations in high-level athletes. A shorter version might be helpful for both clinical applications and performance assessment. The comparison between the traditional WAnT_30s and a shorter version has never been carried out yet in Paralympic athletes.
Aim
To assess if a 10-s-long Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT_10s) could be used to accurately assess and predict the anaerobic components of physical fitness as an alternative to the traditional WAnT_30s in male Paralympic athletes.
Methods
Forty-four trained male Paralympic Athletes grouped by severity of locomotor impairment completed the WAnT_30s and the WAnT_10s with an arm cranking ergometer. Differences between mean and peak power achieved throughout both WAnTs were analysed using a mixed-design analysis of variance and predictivity was assessed by stepwise linear regression analysis.
Results
In the whole sample, peak power values were similar (P > 0.005) in the two tests and the WAnT_10s mean power was significantly higher than that in the WAnT_30s (P < 0.005). Finally, the mean power measured during WAnT_30s showed high level of predictability from mean power measured during WAnT_10s and the Functional class (adjusted R2 = 0.906; P < 0.001).
Conclusion
The WAnT_10s is accurate to assess peak power, is definitively appropriate to evaluate the alactic anaerobic metabolism and seems able to predict the mean power as traditionally evaluated through a WAnT_30s in male Paralympic Athletes. Thus, it can be used to assess the anaerobic components of physical fitness in this athletic population.
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22
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Pelliccia A, Quattrini FM, Cavarretta E, Squeo MR, Adami PE, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Bernardi M. Physiologic and Clinical Features of the Paralympic Athlete's Heart. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6:30-39. [PMID: 32965484 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Importance Paralympic medicine is a newly adopted term to describe the varied health care issues associated with athletes in the Paralympics. Scarce scientific data, however, are currently available describing the cardiac remodeling in Paralympic athletes. Objective To investigate the physiological and clinical characteristics of the Paralympic athlete's heart and derive the normative values. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a single-center study on a relatively large cohort of Paralympic athletes, conducted at the Italian Institute of Sport Medicine and Science. Paralympic athletes free of cardiac or systemic pathologic conditions other than their cause of disability were selected for participation in the Paralympic Games from January 2000 to June 2014. Athletes were arbitrarily classified for disability in 2 groups: those with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and those with non-SCI (NSCI). Data analysis occurred from March 2019 to June 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the difference in cardiac remodeling in Paralympic athletes according to disability type and sports discipline type. Athletes underwent cardiac evaluation, including 12-lead and exercise electrocardiograms, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Results Among 252 consecutive Paralympic athletes (median [interquartile range (IQR)] age, 34 [29-41] years; 188 men [74.6%]), 110 had SCI and 142 had NSCI. Those with SCI showed a higher prevalence of abnormal electrocardiogram findings than those with NSCI (13 of 110 [11.8%] vs 6 of 142 [4.2%]; P = .003), smaller left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (median [IQR], 48 [46-52] vs 51 [48-54] mm; P = .001) and left ventricular mass index (median [IQR], 80.6 [69-94] vs 91.3 [80-108] g/m2; P = .001), and lower peak oxygen uptake (VO2) (median [IQR], 27.1 [2-34] vs 38.5 [30-47] mL/min/kg; P = .001) in comparison with those with NSCI. Regarding sport discipline, endurance athletes had a larger left ventricular cavity (median [IQR], 52 [47-54] vs 49 [47-53] mm; P = .006) and higher peak VO2 (median [IQR], 46 [39-55] vs 30 [25-35] mL/min/kg; P = .001) than athletes in nonendurance sports. Conclusions and Relevance Cardiac remodeling in Paralympic athletes differed by disability and sport discipline. Having NSCI lesions and engaging in endurance sports were associated with the largest left ventricular cavity and left ventricular mass and highest VO2 peak. Having SCI lesions and engaging in nonendurance disciplines, on the contrary, were associated with the smallest left ventricular cavity and mass and lowest VO2 peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Sport e Salute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Sport e Salute, Rome, Italy.,Health and Science Department, International Association of Athletics Federations, Monaco
| | | | - Antonio Spataro
- Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Sport e Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Italian Wheelchair Basketball Federation (Federazione Italiana Pallacanestro in Carrozzina), Rome, Italy.,Italian Paralympic Committee, Rome, Italy
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23
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Baumgart JK, Brurok B, Sandbakk Ø. Comparison of Peak Oxygen Uptake Between Upper-Body Exercise Modes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:412. [PMID: 32508667 PMCID: PMC7248246 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) between the asynchronous arm crank ergometry (ACE), and synchronous wheelchair ergometry (WERG), wheelchair treadmill (WTR), and upper-body poling (UBP) mode. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus™ were systematically searched, and identified studies screened based on title, abstract, and thereafter full-text. Studies comparing VO2peak between ≥2 of the modes were included. A meta-analysis was performed by pooling the differences in VO2peak between upper-body exercise modes. The quality of the included studies was assessed and the level of evidence (LoE) established for each mode comparison. Meta-regression analyses investigated the effect of total body mass and participant-related characteristics (% of able-bodied participants, % of participants with tetraplegia and % of participants who are wheelchair athletes) on differences in VO2peak between modes. Results: Of the 19 studies included in this review, 14 studies investigated the difference in absolute and body-mass normalized VO2peak between ACE and WERG, and 5 studies examined the differences between ACE and WTR. No significant difference in absolute or body-mass normalized VO2peak was found between ACE and WERG (overall effect ±95% CI: 0.01 ± 0.06 L·min−1 and 0.06 ± 1.2 ml·kg−1·min−1, both p > 0.75; LoE: strong). No significant difference in absolute or body-mass normalized VO2peak was found between ACE and WTR (overall effect ±95% CI: −0.10 ± 0.18 L·min−1 and −1.8 ± 2.5 ml·kg−1·min−1, both p > 0.14; LoE: moderate). Absolute and/or body-mass normalized VO2peak did not differ between WERG and WTR in one study with 13 participants (LoE: limited) and between ACE and UBP in one study with 18 participants (LoE: moderate). In the meta-regression analyses, there was no significant effect of the investigated factors on differences in VO2peak. Conclusions: The differences between the asynchronous ACE and synchronous WERG propulsion, including possible differences in trunk involvement, do not seem to influence VO2peak. Therefore, ACE and WERG can be used interchangeably to test VO2peak. Possible differences in VO2peak in all other mode comparisons remain unclear due to the wide CIs and limited to moderate LoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kathrin Baumgart
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Brurok
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Lopes JSS, de Magalhães Neto AM, de Almeida AC, Alves PRL, Silva EL, de Abreu Verli MV, Andrade CMB. Hematological parameters in champion of Brazilian jiu-jitsu paradesport: Case study. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14435. [PMID: 32558349 PMCID: PMC7298728 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of biochemical and immunological parameters investigated in the field conditions in athletes is important to influence in the management of recovery and disease prevention as well as, to support the training program, as well as to improve the physical conditioning associated with health and performance. However, for amputee athletes, Brazilian jiu-jitsu paradesport practitioners, there are no published data to date. Thus, the objective of this case study was to quantify the magnitude of biochemical, hematological, and urinary alterations after a simulated fight session in elite athlete with world titles. Outcomes were obtained through blood analysis of samples collected at four different moments (M1-fasting; M2-1.5 hr after caloric intake; M3-Immediately after the simulated fight; M4-24 hr after the simulated fight). Responses triggered by the simulated fight between baseline and after 24 hr were found to increase in monocyte (100%), neutrophil (20%), and insulin (57%) concentrations, while reductions were observed in eosinophils (-50%), lymphocytes (-26.6%), platelets (-22%), cortisol (-50%), and creatine phosphokinase (-45.2%). After 24 hr lactate values returned to baseline levels. The different changes in biochemical and hematological parameters observed constitute responses to acute physical exercise and were according to the level of the high performance athlete. From these data it will be possible to evaluate the periodization, training load, and recovery techniques according to the individual response verified. In addition, these data may be used for comparison purposes within this specific sport, whose literature is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline S. S. Lopes
- Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFTM)Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGSC)CuiabáMTBrazil
| | | | - Aline C. de Almeida
- Departament of Physical TherapyFederal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR)São CarlosSPBrazil
| | - Paulo R. L. Alves
- Fundação de Apoio à Escola TécnicaEscola Técnica Estadual Visconde de MauáRio de Janeiro ‐ RJBrazil
| | - Elcirley L. Silva
- Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFTM)Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGSC)CuiabáMTBrazil
| | - Márcio V. de Abreu Verli
- Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFTM)Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGSC)CuiabáMTBrazil
| | - Claudia M. B. Andrade
- Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFTM)Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGSC)CuiabáMTBrazil
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25
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Stone B, Mason BS, Stephenson BT, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Physiological responses during simulated 16 km recumbent handcycling time trial and determinants of performance in trained handcyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1621-1628. [PMID: 32435985 PMCID: PMC7295712 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To characterise the physiological profiles of trained handcyclists, during recumbent handcycling, to describe the physiological responses during a 16 km time trial (TT) and to identify the determinants of this TT performance. Methods Eleven male handcyclists performed a sub-maximal and maximal incremental exercise test in their recumbent handbike, attached to a Cyclus II ergometer. A physiological profile, including peak aerobic power output (POPeak), peak rate of oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2Peak), aerobic lactate threshold (AeLT) and PO at 4 mmol L−1 (PO4), were determined. Participants also completed a 16 km simulated TT using the same experimental set-up. Determinants of TT performance were identified using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Results Mean values of POPeak = 252 ± 9 W, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2Peak = 3.30 ± 0.36 L min−1 (47.0 ± 6.8 mL kg−1 min−1), AeLT = 87 ± 13 W and PO4 = 154 ± 14 W were recorded. The TT was completed in 29:21 ± 0:59 min:s at an intensity equivalent to 69 ± 4% POPeak and 87 ± 5% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2Peak. POPeak (r = − 0.77, P = 0.006), PO4 (r = − 0.77, P = 0.006) and AeLT (r = − 0.68, P = 0.022) were significantly correlated with TT performance. PO4 and POPeak were identified as the best predictors of TT performance (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). Conclusion POPeak, PO4 and AeLT are important physiological TT performance determinants in trained handcyclists, differentiating between superior and inferior performance, whereas \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak was not. The TT took place at an intensity corresponding to 69% POPeak and 87% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stone
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, NCSEM 1.26, Loughborough University Campus, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Barry S Mason
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, NCSEM 1.26, Loughborough University Campus, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Ben T Stephenson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, NCSEM 1.26, Loughborough University Campus, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Vicky L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, NCSEM 1.26, Loughborough University Campus, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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26
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Bernardi M, Peluso I. Interactions between oxidative stress and cardiorespiratory fitness: Old and new biomarkers. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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Bernardi M, Guerra E, Rodio A, Dante D, Castellano V, Peluso I, Schena F, Bhambhani Y. Assessment of Exercise Stroke Volume and Its Prediction From Oxygen Pulse in Paralympic Athletes With Locomotor Impairments: Cardiac Long-Term Adaptations Are Possible. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1451. [PMID: 32218739 PMCID: PMC7079670 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The determinants of cardiac output (CO) during exercise, i.e., stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR), could differ in Paralympic athletes (PAthl) with spinal cord injury (SCI) with respect to PAthl with locomotor impairments caused by different health conditions (HCs). The purposes of the present study were the comparisons of two groups of PAthl, one with SCI and the other with either amputation (AMP) or post poliomyelitis syndrome (PM), assessing the (1) peak cardiorespiratory responses and determinants (SV and HR) of CO during maximal and submaximal arm cranking exercise (ACE), respectively; (2) correlations between peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the highest SV obtained during submaximal exercise; and (3) correlations between oxygen pulse (O2 pulse, ratio between VO2 and HR) and both SV and O2 arterio-venous difference [(a-v)O2diff]. Each athlete (19 PAthl with SCI, 9 with AMP, and 5 with PM) completed a continuous incremental cardiopulmonary ACE test to volitional fatigue to assess peak responses. In a different session, CO was indirectly measured through carbon dioxide (CO2) rebreathing method at sub-maximal exercise intensities approximating 30, 50, and 70% of the VO2peak. There were no significant differences between the PAthl groups in age, anthropometry, and VO2peak. However, peak HR was significantly lower, and peak O2 pulse was significantly higher in PAthl with AMP/PM compared to those with SCI. During sub-maximal exercise, PAthl with AMP/PM displayed significantly higher SV values (154.8 ± 17.60 ml) than PAthl with SCI (117.1 ± 24.66 ml). SV correlated significantly with VO2peak in both PAthl with SCI (R 2 = 0.796) and AMP/PM (R 2 = 0.824). O2 pulse correlated significantly with SV in both PAthl with SCI (R 2 = 0.888) and AMP/PM (R 2 = 0.932) and in the overall sample (R 2 = 0.896). No significant correlations were observed between O2 pulse and (a-v)O2diff. It was concluded that in PAthl with different HCs: (1) significant differences, as a consequence of the different HC, exist in the determinants of CO at maximal and submaximal ACE; (2) SV is a significant determinant of VO2peak, suggesting cardiac adaptations possible also in PAthl with SCI; and (3) SV can be predicted from O2 pulse measurements during submaximal exercise in both groups of PAthl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bernardi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Italian Paralympic Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Guerra
- Sports Medicine Service, Local Health Unit of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Angelo Rodio
- Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Donatella Dante
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Yagesh Bhambhani
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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28
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Holmlund T, Ekblom-Bak E, Franzén E, Hultling C, Wahman K. Intensity of physical activity as a percentage of peak oxygen uptake, heart rate and Borg RPE in motor-complete para- and tetraplegia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222542. [PMID: 31794548 PMCID: PMC6890239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aims were to describe VO2peak, explore the potential influence of anthropometrics, demographics and level of physical activity within each cohort; b) to define common, standardized activities as percentages of VO2peak and categorize these as light, moderate and vigorous intensity levels according to present classification systems, and c) to explore how clinically accessible methods such as heart-rate monitoring and Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) correlate or can describe light, moderate and vigorous intensity levels. Design Cross sectional. Setting Rehabilitation facility and laboratory environment. Subjects Sixty-three individuals, thirty-seven (10 women) with motor-complete paraplegia (MCP), T7-T12, and twenty-six (7 women) with motor-complete tetraplegia (MCT), C5-C8. Interventions VO2peak was obtained during a graded peak test until exhaustion, and oxygen uptake during eleven different activities was assessed and categorized using indirect calorimetry. Main outcome measures VO2peak, Absolute and relative oxygen consumption, Borg RPE. Results Absolute VO2peak was significantly higher in men than in women for both groups, with fairly small differences in relative VO2peak. For MCP sex, weight and time spent in vigorous-intensity activity explained 63% of VO2peak variance. For MCT sex and time in vigorous-intensity activity explained 55% of the variance. Moderate intensity corresponds to 61–72% HRpeak and RPE 10–13 for MCP vs. 71–79% HRpeak, RPE 13–14 for MCT. Conclusion Using current classification systems, eleven commonly performed activities were categorized in relative intensity terms, (light, moderate and vigorous) based on percent of VO2peak, HRpeak and Borg RPE. This categorization enables clinicians to better guide persons with SCI to meet required physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Holmlund
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rehab Station Stockholm/Spinalis R&D Unit, Solna, Sweden
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Elin Ekblom-Bak
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Franzén
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Allied Health Professionals Function, Function Area Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Hultling
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Spinals Foundation–R&D Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Wahman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rehab Station Stockholm/Spinalis R&D Unit, Solna, Sweden
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Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training With Progressive Loading on Respiratory Muscle Function and Sports Performance in High-Performance Wheelchair Basketball Athletes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 15:238-242. [PMID: 31172823 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle training associated with interval training on respiratory muscle strength and fatigue and aerobic physical performance (PP) in high-performance wheelchair basketball athletes. METHODS Blinded, randomized clinical trial with 17 male wheelchair basketball players, randomized into control group (CG; n = 8) and training group (TG; n = 9). Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated by measuring maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), aerobic PP by the Yo-Yo test for wheelchair, and recovery of inspiratory muscle fatigue was assessed at 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes after exercise test. TG performed inspiratory muscle training protocol with incremental loading for 12 weeks with 50%, 60%, and 70% of MIP, while CG performed with load 15% of MIP. RESULTS After training period, CG presented a significant increase in MIP and MEP (P ≤ .05), with no change in aerobic PP (P ≥ .05). TG showed a significant increase for all variables (≤.05). MIP showed a large effect size for CG (1.00) and TG (1.35), while MEP showed a moderate effect for CG (0.61) and TG (0.73); distance covered had a moderate effect size for TG (0.70). For recovery of inspiratory muscle strength, CG did not present differences, while TG recovered in 10 minutes (≤.05), representing 87% of the pretest value. Positive and significant correlation between MIP and distance (.54; P ≤ .05) was observed. CONCLUSION Inspiratory muscle training protocol with progressive loading was more effective for increasing aerobic PP and maximal inspiratory strength recovery.
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Azevedo P, Bhammar DM, Babb TG, Bowen TS, Witte KK, Rossiter HB, Brugniaux JV, Perry BD, Dantas de Lucas R, Turnes T, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Lopes TR, Zacca R, Fernandes RJ, McKie GL, Hazell TJ, Helal L, da Silveira AD, McNulty CR, Roberg RA, Nightingale TE, Alrashidi AA, Mashkovskiy E, Krassioukov A, Clos P, Laroche D, Pageaux B, Poole DC, Jones AM, Schaun GZ, de Souza DS, de Oliveira Barreto Lopes T, Vagula M, Zuo L, Zhao T. Commentaries on Viewpoint: V̇o 2peak is an acceptable estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness but not V̇o 2max. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 125:233-240. [PMID: 30043694 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Azevedo
- Exercise Physiology Studies and Research Group (GEPEFEX), Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dharini M. Bhammar
- Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Tony G. Babb
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - T. Scott Bowen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Harry B. Rossiter
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK,Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | - Ben D. Perry
- School of Science & Health, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | | | - Tiago Turnes
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jeann L. Sabino-Carvalho
- NeuroVASQ – Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Zacca
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Greg L. McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J. Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucas Helal
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
| | - Anderson Donelli da Silveira
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Exercise Cardiology Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
| | | | | | - Tom E. Nightingale
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abdullah A. Alrashidi
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,King Fahd Medical City, Physical Therapy Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evgeny Mashkovskiy
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Clos
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France,CIC INSERM 1432, Plateforme d’Investigation Technologique, Hôpital Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David C. Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, St. Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Gustavo Z. Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Diego Santos de Souza
- Laboratory of Heart Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Tatiane de Oliveira Barreto Lopes
- Excitable Membranes Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mary Vagula
- Biology Department, Gannon University, Erie, PA
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Tingyang Zhao
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Baumgart JK, Haugnes P, Bardal LM, Østerås S, Kocbach J, Sandbakk Ø. Development of a Framework for the Investigation of Speed, Power, and Kinematic Patterns in Para Cross-Country Sit-Skiing: A Case Study of an LW12 Athlete. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:4. [PMID: 33344928 PMCID: PMC7739709 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To develop a framework for the investigation of speed, power, and kinematic patterns across varying terrain in cross-country (XC) sit-skiing, and to test this framework in a XC sit-skier of the LW12 class during high- (HIT) and low-intensity (LIT) endurance training. Methods: One XC sit-skiing athlete of the LW12 class with a single above-the-knee amputation was equipped with a GNSS enabled sports watch with integrated barometry and heart rate monitoring (peak heart rate: 195 beats·min−1), and an inertial measurement unit. After a warm-up, he performed two 20-m maximal speed tests on a flat and an uphill section to determine maximal speed and power, followed by skiing 5.75 km at both LIT and HIT in varying terrain. Results: 51, 28, and 21% of the time during HIT and 53, 28, and 19% of the time during LIT were spent in uphill, flat and downhill terrain, respectively. Maximal speed in the uphill and flat section was 4.0 and 6.2 m·s−1, respectively, and the corresponding maximal power output 342 and 252 W. The % of maximal speed did not differ between the uphill and the flat section (HIT: 66 vs. 67%, LIT: 47 vs. 50%), whereas the % of maximal power output was lower in the uphill than flat section (HIT: 65 and 80%, LIT: 46 and 58%). Still, the absolute power output was slightly higher in the uphill than the flat section (HIT: 222 vs. 201 W, LIT: 156 vs. 145 W). Furthermore, cycle rate was significantly higher during HIT than LIT (60–61 vs. 45–55 cycles·min−1, across all terrains, all p < 0.03), while cycle length was longer in the uphill terrain (3.0 vs. 2.6 m, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the % of peak heart rate was significantly higher in HIT than LIT (90 vs. 78, 85 vs. 67, and 88 vs. 66%, respectively, in the uphill, flat and downhill terrain, all p < 0.001). Conclusions: Here, we present a new integrative framework for future investigations of performance, technical and physical demands in XC sit-skiing. In this case study, the increase in speed from LIT to HIT was due to increases in cycle rate in all terrains, while cycle length was less affected. Although the absolute power output was slightly higher in the uphill compared to the flat section both for HIT and LIT, the athlete worked closer to his maximum power output in the flat section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kathrin Baumgart
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Haugnes
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Morten Bardal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Centre for Sports Facilities and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sindre Østerås
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Kocbach
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Marszałek J, Gryko K, Kosmol A, Morgulec-Adamowicz N, Mróz A, Molik B. Wheelchair Basketball Competition Heart Rate Profile According to Players' Functional Classification, Tournament Level, Game Type, Game Quarter and Playing Time. Front Psychol 2019; 10:773. [PMID: 31037063 PMCID: PMC6475811 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate is a popular parameter observed in team sports to plan training sessions with regard to load and sport specificity. Wheelchair basketball is an intermittent team game for physically impaired players. The study aim was to define heart rate profile of wheelchair basketball players in terms of their functional classification (category A: 1.0-2.5 points, category B: 3.0-4.5 points), tournament level (championships and friendly games), game type (close, balanced, and unbalanced), game quarter (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) and playing time (40-59%, 60-79%, and 80-100% in a quarter). Heart rate of 18 wheelchair basketball players was monitored in 22 games in four different tournaments, i.e., European Championships 2017, World Championships 2018, two friendly international tournaments of national teams (2017 and 2018). Heart rate (HRmean, HRpeak, %HRpeak, HRR, and %HRR) was monitored by Polar Team Pro (Kempele, Finland) during playing time on the court. Timeouts, quarter breaks, a half break, time on a bench were not taken into account in HR monitoring. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Fourteen players divided according to the classification into category A and B were included in the final calculations (n = 457 cases). Significantly higher HRmean, %HRpeak, HRpeak, and %HRR were noted among category B players, and higher %HRpeak and %HRR among category A players at the highest tournament level compared to friendly games. There were significant differences in %HRR and the percentage of time spent in HR zone I between the players with different playing time (40-59% versus 60-79%) in category B. No significant differences in HR were noted between four quarters. Among category A players, differences in HR in zone II were observed. Among category B players, statistically significant differences in % HRpeak, the percentage of time spent in HR zones I, II, III, and %HRR between close, balanced and unbalanced games were found. In conclusion, the intermittent nature of wheelchair basketball was confirmed. Monitoring heart rate in a game could be helpful in creating exercises with proper loads for better physical preparation of wheelchair basketball players. High intensity training sessions would be more beneficial in preparing players for game demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Marszałek
- Department of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gryko
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kosmol
- Department of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Morgulec-Adamowicz
- Department of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mróz
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Molik
- Department of Rehabilitation, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Commentary on "Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Using Arm Ergometry in Children With Spina Bifida: A Prediction Model for O2peak. Pediatr Phys Ther 2019; 31:191. [PMID: 30907837 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Correction: Peak oxygen uptake in Paralympic sitting sports: A systematic literature review, meta- and pooled-data analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200326. [PMID: 29969499 PMCID: PMC6029807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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