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Januszewski AS, Grzelka-Wozniak A, Flotynska J, Jenkins AJ, Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz DA, Uruska AA. An online tool using clinical factors to estimate the probability of partial clinical remission of adult-onset Type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2024; 38:108828. [PMID: 39084177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
A type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis is often followed by a period of reduced exogenous insulin requirement, with acceptable glucose control, called partial clinical remission (pCR). Various criteria exist to define pCR, which is associated with better clinical outcomes. We aimed to develop formulae and a related online calculator to predict the probability of pCR at 3- and 12-months post-T1D diagnosis. We analysed data from 133 adults at their T1D diagnosis (mean ± SD age: 27 ± 6 yrs., HbA1c 11.1 ± 2.0 %, 98 ± 22 mmol/mol), 3- and 12-months later. All patients were enrolled in the prospective observational InLipoDiab1 study (NCT02306005). We compared four definitions of pCR: 1) stimulated C-peptide >300 pmol/l; 2) insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c ≤9 %; 3) insulin dose <0.3 IU/kg/24 h; and HbA1c ≤6.4 % (46 mmol/mol); and 4) insulin dose <0.5 IU/kg/24 h and HbA1c <7 % (53 mmol/mol). Using readily available demographics and clinical chemistry data exhaustive search methodology was used to model pCR probability. There was low concordance between pCR definitions (kappa 0.10). The combination of age, HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and smoking at T1D onset predicted pCR at 12-months with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.87. HbA1c, triglycerides and insulin dose 3-mths post-diagnosis had an AUC = 0.89. A related calculator for pCR in adult-onset T1D is available at http://www.bit.ly/T1D-partial-remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Januszewski
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Pharmacy School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Agata Grzelka-Wozniak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Justyna Flotynska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Aleksandra A Uruska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Kennedy EC, Hawkes CP. Approaches to Measuring Beta Cell Reserve and Defining Partial Clinical Remission in Paediatric Type 1 Diabetes. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:186. [PMID: 38397298 PMCID: PMC10887271 DOI: 10.3390/children11020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insufficient insulin secretion. At the time of diagnosis of T1D, there is residual beta cell function that declines over the subsequent months to years. Recent interventions have been approved to preserve beta cell function in evolving T1D. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarise the approaches used to assess residual beta cell function in evolving T1D, and to highlight potential future directions. METHODS Studies including subjects aged 0 to 18 years were included in this review. The following search terms were used; "(type 1 diabetes) and (partial remission)" and "(type 1 diabetes) and (honeymoon)". References of included studies were reviewed to determine if additional relevant studies were eligible. RESULTS There are numerous approaches to quantifying beta cell reserve in evolving T1D. These include c-peptide measurement after a mixed meal or glucagon stimuli, fasting c-peptide, the urinary c-peptide/creatinine ratio, insulin dose-adjusted haemoglobin A1c, and other clinical models to estimate beta cell function. Other biomarkers may have a role, including the proinsulin/c-peptide ratio, cytokines, and microRNA. Studies using thresholds to determine if residual beta cell function is present often differ in values used to define remission. CONCLUSIONS As interventions are approved to preserve beta cell function, it will become increasingly necessary to quantify residual beta cell function in research and clinical contexts. In this report, we have highlighted the strengths and limitations of the current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Kennedy
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, T12 DC4A Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, T12 DC4A Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin P Hawkes
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, T12 DC4A Cork, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, T12 DC4A Cork, Ireland
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sokołowska-Gadoux M, Jarosz-Chobot P, Polanska J, Kalemba A, Chobot A. Body mass index and partial remission in 119 children with type 1 diabetes-a 6-year observational study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1257758. [PMID: 37780631 PMCID: PMC10538636 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1257758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective This long-term study aimed to analyze the associations between BMI Z-score, HbA1c, and daily insulin requirement (DIR) and the prevalence and duration of partial remission (PR) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods After retrieving retrospective data for 195 patients from their health records at 24, 48, and 72 months after T1D diagnosis, the study group was comprised of 119 (57 girls) children with a complete dataset for all 6 years. PR was defined according to the ISPAD guidelines. Analyses were carried out in the whole group and subgroups according to PR duration: no PR at all (NPR), PR lasting less than 2 years (PR < 2), and PR at least 2 years (PR ≥ 2). Results PR was observed in 63% of the patients (78.9% of overweight and 100% of obese patients). NPR patients showed the lowest mean initial BMI Z-score [-0.65 ± 1.29 vs. 0.02 ± 1.42, (PR < 2), p = 0.01 and vs. 0.64 ± 1.43 (PR ≥ 2), p = 0.17]. The dissimilarity in BMI across patients declined over time. Within the NPR group, the initial mean BMI Z-score significantly increased within the first 2 years (unadjusted p < 0.001) and remained constant afterward. In the PR <2 group, the highest increase in BMI Z-score occurred after 4 years (p < 0.001) and then decreased (p = 0.04). In the PR ≥2, the BMI Z-score slightly decreased within the first 2 years (p = 0.02), then increased (p = 0.03) and remained unchanged for the last 2 years. Six years after T1D started, the mean DIRs do not differ among the patient groups (ANOVA p = 0.272). Conclusion During 6 years of follow-up, PR occurred in almost two-thirds of the studied children including almost all overweight and obese children. We observed a gradual normalization of the BMI Z-score at the end of the follow-up. BMI Z-score increased slightly in children with no remission initially but remained later constant until the end of observation. In both remitter groups, the increase in BMI Z-score appeared later when the protective honeymoon period ended. Regardless of BMI Z-score, the β-cell destruction process progresses, and after 6 years, the DIR is similar for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sokołowska-Gadoux
- Department of Children’s Diabetology and Pediatrics, John Paul II Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Katowice, Poland
| | - Przemysława Jarosz-Chobot
- Department of Children’s Diabetology and Pediatrics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Alicja Kalemba
- Department of Children’s Diabetology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Chobot
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Opole University, Opole, Poland
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Mameli C, Triolo TM, Chiarelli F, Rewers M, Zuccotti G, Simmons KM. Lessons and Gaps in the Prediction and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2023; 193:106792. [PMID: 37201589 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious chronic autoimmune condition. Even though the root cause of T1D development has yet to be determined, enough is known about the natural history of T1D pathogenesis to allow study of interventions that may delay or even prevent the onset of hyperglycemia and clinical T1D. Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of beta cell autoimmunity in asymptomatic people at high genetic risk for T1D. Secondary prevention strategies aim to preserve functional beta cells once autoimmunity is present, and tertiary prevention aims to initiate and extend partial remission of beta cell destruction after the clinical onset of T1D. The approval of teplizumab in the United States to delay the onset of clinical T1D marks an impressive milestone in diabetes care. This treatment opens the door to a paradigm shift in T1D care. People with T1D risk need to be identified early by measuring T1D related islet autoantibodies. Identifying people with T1D before they have symptoms will facilitate better understanding of pre-symptomatic T1D progression and T1D prevention strategies that may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Taylor M Triolo
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Kimber M Simmons
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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Boutsen L, Costenoble E, Pollé O, Erdem K, Bugli C, Lysy PA. Influence of the occurrence and duration of partial remission on short-term metabolic control in type 1 diabetes: the DIABHONEY pediatric study. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2023; 14:20420188221145550. [PMID: 36699944 PMCID: PMC9869204 DOI: 10.1177/20420188221145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the residual effect of partial remission (PR) on immediate post-PR glycemic control according to its occurrence and duration in a cohort of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Values of glycemic control parameters [i.e. HbA1C, insulin dose-adjusted hemoglobin A1C (IDAA1C), glycemic target-adjusted HbA1C (GTAA1C)] and data from glucose monitoring devices from 189 pediatric patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes were collected retrospectively from 24 months. Patients were characterized according to their remission status (PR+ and PR-). PR+ patients were subdivided into three subgroups regarding PR duration [i.e. short (⩾3-⩽6 months), intermediate (>6-⩽12 months), and long PR (>12-⩽14 months)]. We compared glycemic control data from each PR+ subgroup at +6 and +12 months post-PR with PR- patients at the same postdiagnosis time. Second, PR+ subgroups were compared with each other. RESULTS PR+ patients showed improved glycemic control (i.e. HbA1C, IDAA1C, and GTAA1C) at + 6 months post-PR when compared with nonremitters (PR-), independently of the PR duration subgroups (p < 0.05). Interestingly, patients in long PR+ subgroup exhibited higher positive residual effect than short PR+ subgroup with lower GTAA1C scores (p = 0.02), better time in range (TIR) (p = 0.003), less time in hypoglycemia (10.45 versus 16.13%, p = 0.03) and less glycemic variability (83.1 mg/dl versus 98.84 mg/dl, p = 0.03). No significant differences were found for glucose control between PR+ and PR- patients at +12 months post-PR. CONCLUSION This study supports the positive impact of PR occurrence and duration on short-term metabolic control (better HbA1C levels, IDAA1C and GTAA1C scores, TIR, and less glycemic variability) with the residual effect increasing according to PR duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kezban Erdem
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Céline Bugli
- Pôle Epidémiologie et Biostatistique, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
A literature search was conducted to identify publications addressing the early phases of lipid phenotypes in children and adults with either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Medline, EMBASE, and Ovid were searched using the following search terms: clinical remission, partial remission, partial clinical remission, honeymoon phase, C-peptide, type 1 or 2 diabetes, children, pediatric type 1 or 2 diabetes, and paediatrics type 1 or 2 diabetes, adults, adult type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Partial clinical remission (PR) of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by continued endogenous production of insulin and C-peptide following the diagnosis and the introduction of exogenous insulin therapy. PR is associated with improved glycemic control and reduced prevalence of diabetes complications. The theory of hyperglycemic memory was proposed to explain this concept of improved glycemic outcomes in remitters (those who experienced PR) versus non-remitters (those who did not experience PR). However, this theory is incomplete as it does not explain the dichotomy in early lipid phenotypes in T1D based on PR status, which is an understudied area in diabetology and lipidology. To fill this knowledge gap, we propose the Theory of Hyperlipidemic Memory of T1D. This theory is premised on our 5-year research on early post-diagnostic dichotomy in lipid phenotypes between remitters and non-remitters across the lifespan. It provides a more rigorous explanation for the differences in lifelong atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk between remitters and non-remitters. We conducted 4 clinical studies in pediatric and adult subjects with diabetes mellitus to characterize the particulars of the hyperlipidemic memory. In the first investigation, we explored the impact of the presence or absence of PR on lipid parameters in children and adolescents with T1D. In the second, we investigated whether pubertal maturation influenced our findings in T1D; and whether these findings could be replicated in healthy, non-diabetic children and adolescents. In the third, we leveraged our findings from T1D and controls to investigate the mechanisms of early lipid changes in T2D by comparing the earliest lipid phenotype of subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to those of remitters, non-remitters, and controls. In the fourth, we investigated the impact of PR on the earliest lipid phenotypes in adults with T1D and compared these early lipid data to those of T2D subjects and controls. This body of work across the lifespan in children, adolescents, and adults supports the Theory of Hyperlipidemic Memory. This new theory clarifies why PR largely determines the risks for early-phase dyslipidemia, mid-term microvascular disease risk, and long-term ASCVD risk in subjects with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Parajuli S, Jasmin G, Sirak H, Lee AF, Nwosu BU. Prediabetes: Adherence to Nutrition Visits Decreases HbA1c in Children and Adolescents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:916785. [PMID: 35813624 PMCID: PMC9256967 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.916785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prediabetes, the precursor of type 2 diabetes (T2D), is on the rise in the US, but the determinants of its progression are poorly characterized in youth. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of nutrition visits, as a surrogate marker of lifestyle modification, on the trajectory of prediabetes over a 4-year period. HYPOTHESIS Adherence to nutrition visits could reduce BMI and lower HbA1c. METHODS A 4-year retrospective study of 108 youth with prediabetes who were recommended to receive medical nutrition therapy every 3 months following their diagnosis. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: the non-adherent group who had ≤1 nutrition visit/year, and the adherent group with ≥2 nutrition visits/year. RESULTS There were 46 male subjects, mean age 12.4 ± 3.6y; and 62 female subjects, mean age, 13.3 ± 3.0y, p=0.2. The adherent group (n=44, 41.5%) had higher BMI z-scores, but similar values for HbA1c, metformin use, and racial/ethnic composition compared to the non-adherent group. Overall, 18(17.0%) subjects progressed to T2D in 4y and consisted of 14(22.6%) of the 62 non-adherent subjects and 4(9.1%) of the 44 adherent subjects. The non-adherent subjects progressed to T2D at a mean duration of 25.8 ± 12.6 months while the adherent subjects progressed at a mean duration of 34.9 ± 11.8 months. The hazard ratio of progression from prediabetes to T2D for the non-adherent versus adherent group was 3.88 (95%CI 1.26-11.98, p=0.02). The results remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, and metformin use. CONCLUSION Adherence to nutrition visits was associated with a 4-fold reduction in the likelihood to progress from prediabetes to T2D in US youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadichchha Parajuli
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle Jasmin
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Hannan Sirak
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Austin F. Lee
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Udoka Nwosu,
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Wong TWC, Wong MYS, But WMB. Features of partial remission in children with type 1 diabetes using the insulin dose-adjusted A1c definition and risk factors associated with nonremission. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:118-125. [PMID: 34218633 PMCID: PMC8255863 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2040202.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to evaluate features of partial remission (PR) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using the insulin-dose adjusted A1c (IDAA1c) definition and to identify risk factors associated with nonremission. METHODS Medical records of patients with newly diagnosed T1DM between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) readings and insulin total daily doses (TDDs) of each patient at each follow-up visit were obtained with IDAA1c values calculated. PR was defined as an IDAA1c score of 9 points or less within 6 months of diagnosis. The trends of HbA1c and TDD within 2 years after diagnosis were compared between remitters and nonremitters. Factors that may predict the occurrence of PR were studied, with their relative risks of nonremission calculated. RESULTS PR occurred in 26 patients (45.6%), including 8 girls and 18 boys, with a median duration of 8 months. The frequency of remission in male patients was significantly higher (P=0.002) and the relative risk of female sex with nonremission was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-3.91), which remained significant when adjusted by multivariate regression modeling. The initial HbA1c level at diagnosis was also significantly higher in the nonremission group (P=0.029), with a relative risk of 1.12 (95% CI, 1.01-1.25). Both HbA1c (P=0.012) and TDD (P=0.006) were significantly lower within 2 years after diagnosis among remitters than in nonremitters. TDD was significantly lower in male patients (P=0.029) during the same period, while there was no significant difference in HbA1c level between male and female patients (P=0.163). CONCLUSION Both the initial HbA1c level at diagnosis and sex were factors associated with the occurrence of PR. Female sex was an independent risk factor of nonremission, likely resulting from a higher insulin requirement in female T1DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Wai Catherine Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Jordan, Hong Kong,Address for correspondence:
Tsz Wai Catherine Wong
Department of Paediatrics, Queen
Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne
Road, Jordan, Hong Kong
| | | | - Wai Man Betty But
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Jordan, Hong Kong
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Nwosu BU, Jasmin G, Parajuli S, Rogol AD, Wallace EC, Lee AF. Long-term GH Therapy Does Not Advance Skeletal Maturation in Children and Adolescents. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab036. [PMID: 33860132 PMCID: PMC8035984 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context There is no consensus on the effect of recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy on skeletal maturation in children despite the current practice of annual monitoring of skeletal maturation with bone age in children on rhGH therapy. Aims To investigate the effects of long-term rhGH therapy on skeletal age in children and explore the accuracy of bone age-predicted adult height (BAPAH) at different ages based on 13 years of longitudinal data. Methods A retrospective longitudinal study of 71 subjects aged 2 to 16 years, mean 9.9 ± 3.8 years, treated with rhGH for nonsyndromic short stature for a duration of 2 to 14 years, mean, 5.5 ± 2.6 years. Subjects with syndromic short stature and systemic illnesses such as renal failure were excluded. Results Bone age minus chronological age (BA-CA) did not differ significantly between baseline and the end of rhGH therapy (-1.05 ± 1.42 vs -0.69 ± 1.63, P = 0.09). Piecewise regression, however, showed a quantifiable catch-up phenomenon in BA of 1.5 months per year of rhGH therapy in the first 6.5 years (P = 0.017) that plateaued thereafter (P = 0.88). BAPAH overestimated near-adult height in younger subjects but became more accurate in older subjects (P < 0.0001). IGF-I levels correlated significantly with increases in child's height and BA-CA. Conclusion Long-term rhGH therapy demonstrated an initial catch-up phenomenon in skeletal maturation in the first 6.5 years that plateaued thereafter with no overall significant advancement in bone age. These findings are reassuring and support strategic, but not the insurance company mandated reflexive annual monitoring of skeletal maturation with bone age in children receiving rhGH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Gabrielle Jasmin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Sadichchha Parajuli
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, VA 22903, USA
| | - Ellen Christine Wallace
- Division of Radiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Austin F Lee
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Magalhães ML, de Sousa RV, Miranda JR, Konig IFM, Wouters F, Souza FR, Simão SD, da Silva Lunguinho A, Nelson DL, das Graças Cardoso M. Effects of Moro orange juice (Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck) on some metabolic and morphological parameters in obese and diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1053-1064. [PMID: 32767388 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional intervention with the use of phytochemicals is an important method for the treatment and prevention of a metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to chemically characterize Moro orange juice. The influence of juice intake on metabolic parameters of rats that were obese, diabetic or both by means of body mass management after the activation of anthocyanins during refrigerated storage was also assessed. RESULTS Juice intake reversed most of the metabolic abnormalities exhibited by obese rats, including reduction of body mass and improvement of the biochemical profile. The loss of body mass by diabetic animals and obese and diabetic animals was not attributed to juice intake, but to type I diabetes mellitus. In these animals, no improvement was observed in the biochemical profile, liver enzymes and glycemia, so this treatment model was deemed unfeasible. CONCLUSION The beneficial effects cannot be explained only by the anthocyanin C3G present in the juice, but rather, by the synergism between all the components. Studies in humans are needed to determine whether the ingestion of this orange can be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent or ameliorate complications of obesity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Rafael Miranda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Flademir Wouters
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - David Lee Nelson
- Department of Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
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Nwosu BU, Parajuli S, Khatri K, Jasmin G, Al-Halbouni L, Lee AF. Partial Clinical Remission Reduces Lipid-Based Cardiovascular Risk in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:705565. [PMID: 34899592 PMCID: PMC8660113 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.705565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are well established in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but not in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The impact of partial clinical remission (PR) on short-term ASCVD risk in T1D is unclear. AIM To investigate the impact of PR on the earliest ASCVD risk phenotype in adult T1D using factor analysis to compare the lipid phenotypes of T1D, T2D and controls after stratifying the T1D cohort into remitters and non-remitters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A study of 203 adults subjects consisting of 86 T2D subjects, and 77 T1D subjects stratified into remitters (n=49), and non-remitters (n=28). PR was defined as insulin-dose adjusted HbA1c of ≤9, and obesity as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Factor analysis was used to stratify the groups by ASCVD risk by factorizing seven lipid parameters (TC, LDL, HDL, non-HDL, TC/HDL, TG, TG/HDL) into 2 orthogonal factors (factor 1: TC*LDL; factor 2: HDL*TG) that explained 90% of the variance in the original seven parameters. RESULTS The analysis of individual lipid parameters showed that TC/HDL was similar between the controls and remitters (p=NS) but was significantly higher in the non-remitters compared to the remitters (p=0.026). TG/HDL was equally similar between the controls and remitters (p=NS) but was lower in the remitters compared to the non-remitters (p=0.007). TG was significantly lower in the remitters compared to T2D subjects (p<0.0001) but was similar between T2D subjects and non-remitters (p=NS). Non-HDL was significantly lower in the controls versus non-remitters (p=0.0003) but was similar between the controls and remitters (p=NS). Factor analysis showed that the means of factor 1 and factor 2 composite scores for dyslipidemia increased linearly from the controls, remitters, non-remitters to T2D, p value 0.0042 for factor 1, and <0.0001 for factor 2, with remitters having similar lipid phenotype as controls, while non-remitters were similar to T2D. CONCLUSIONS Partial clinical remission of T1D is associated with a favorable early lipid phenotype which could translate to reduced long-term CVD risk in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Udoka Nwosu,
| | - Sadichchha Parajuli
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Krish Khatri
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle Jasmin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Layana Al-Halbouni
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Austin F. Lee
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Nwosu BU, Al-Halbouni L, Parajuli S, Jasmin G, Zitek-Morrison E, Barton BA. COVID-19 Pandemic and Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes: No Significant Change in Glycemic Control During The Pandemic Lockdown of 2020. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:703905. [PMID: 34447352 PMCID: PMC8383280 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.703905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is no consensus on the impact of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the US. AIM To determine the impact of the pandemic lockdown of March 15th through July 6th, 2020 on glycemic control after controlling for confounders. SUBJECTS AND METHODS An observational study of 110 subjects of mean age 14.8 ± 4.9 years(y), [male 15.4 ± 4.0y, (n=57); female 14.1 ± 3.8y, (n=53), p=0.07] with T1D of 6.31 ± 4.3y (95% CI 1.0-19.7y). Data were collected at 1-4 months before the lockdown and 1-4 months following the lifting of the lockdown at their first post-lockdown clinic visit. RESULTS There was no significant change in A1c between the pre- and post-pandemic lockdown periods, 0.18 ± 1.2%, (95% CI -0.05 to 0.41), p=0.13. There were equally no significant differences in A1c between the male and female subjects, -0.16 ± 1.2 vs -0.19 ± 1.2%, p=0.8; insulin pump users and non-pump users, -0.25 ± 1.0 vs -0.12 ± 1.4%, p=0.5; and pubertal vs prepubertal subjects, 0.18 ± 1.3 vs -0.11 ± 0.3%, p=0.6. The significant predictors of decrease in A1c were pre-lockdown A1c (p<0.0001) and the use of CGM (p=0.019). The CGM users had significant reductions in point-of-care A1c (0.4 ± 0.6%, p=0.0012), the CGM-estimated A1c (p=0.0076), mean glucose concentration (p=0.022), a significant increase in sensor usage (p=0.012), with no change in total daily dose of insulin (TDDI). The non-CGM users had significantly increased TDDI (p<0.0001) but no change in HbA1c, 0.06 ± 1.8%, p=0.86. CONCLUSIONS There was no change in glycemic control during the pandemic lockdown of 2020 in US children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Udoka Nwosu,
| | - Layana Al-Halbouni
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sadichchha Parajuli
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle Jasmin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Emily Zitek-Morrison
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Bruce A. Barton
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Nwosu BU, Yeasmin S, Ayyoub S, Rupendu S, Villalobos-Ortiz TR, Jasmin G, Parajuli S, Zahedi B, Zitek-Morrison E, Alonso LC, Barton BA. Continuous glucose monitoring reduces pubertal hyperglycemia of type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:865-872. [PMID: 32634109 PMCID: PMC9064487 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Physiologic hyperglycemia of puberty is a major contributor to poor glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study's aim was to determine the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to improve glycemic control in pubertal youth with T1D compared to a non-CGM cohort after controlling for age, sex, BMI, duration, and insulin delivery methodology. The hypothesis is that consistent CGM use in puberty improves compliance with diabetes management, leading to increased percentage (%) time in range (TIR70-180 mg/dL) of glycemia, and lowering of HbA1c. Methods A longitudinal, retrospective, case-controlled study of 105 subjects consisting of 51 T1D controls (60.8% male) age 11.5 ± 3.8 y; and 54 T1D subjects (48.1% male) age 11.1 ± 5.0 y with confirmed CGM use for 12 months. Pubertal status was determined by Tanner staging. Results were adjusted for baseline HbA1c and diabetes duration. Results HbA1c was similar between the controls and the CGM group at baseline: 8.2 ± 1.1% vs 8.3 ± 1.2%, p=0.48 respectively; but was significantly lower in the CGM group 12 months later, 8.2 ± 1.1% vs. 8.7 ± 1.4%, p=0.035. Longitudinal change in HbA1c was similar in the prepubertal cohort between the control- and CGM groups: -0.17 ± 0.98% vs. 0.38 ± 1.5%, p=0.17. In contrast, HbA1c increased with advancing age and pubertal status in the pubertal controls but not in the pubertal CGM group: 0.55 ± 1.4 vs -0.22 ± 1.1%, p=0.020. Percent TIR was inversely related to HbA1c in the CGM group, r=-0.6, p=0.0004, for both prepubertal and pubertal subjects. Conclusions CGM use significantly improved glycemic control in pubertal youth with T1D compared to non-CGM users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Shamima Yeasmin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanaa Ayyoub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shwetha Rupendu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tony R. Villalobos-Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabrielle Jasmin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sadichchha Parajuli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bita Zahedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Zitek-Morrison
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura C. Alonso
- Weill Cornell Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York, NYUSA
| | - Bruce A. Barton
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Influence of Age on Partial Clinical Remission among Children with Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134801. [PMID: 32635304 PMCID: PMC7369868 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Partial clinical remission (PCR) is a transitory period characterized by the residual endogenous insulin secretion following type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis and introducing the insulin therapy. Scientific interest in PCR has been recently increasing, as this phase could be crucial to preserve functional beta cells after T1D onset, also taking advantage of new therapeutic opportunities. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency, duration and associated factors of PCR in children newly diagnosed with T1D. Our cohort study included 167 pediatric patients aged 13.8 ± 4.1 years. The association of clinical and laboratory factors with the occurrence and duration of PCR was evaluated via logistic regression and multivariable generalized linear model, respectively. PCR occurred in 63.5% of the examined patients. Patients who achieved the remission phase were significantly older, and they had lower daily insulin requirement compared with non-remitters. PCR was positively associated to body mass index (OR = 1.11; p = 0.032), pH value (OR 49.02; p = 0.003) and c-peptide levels (OR 12.8; p = 0.002). The average duration of PCR was 13.4 months, and older age at diagnosis was the only predictor factor. Two years after diagnosis remitter patients had lower HbA1c and daily insulin requirement.
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Chobot A, Stompór J, Szyda K, Sokołowska M, Deja G, Polańska J, Jarosz-Chobot P. Remission phase in children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in years 2012 to 2013 in Silesia, Poland: An observational study. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:286-292. [PMID: 30714298 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The study aimed to analyze the frequency of partial remission (PR) and its association with chosen clinical and laboratory factors among pediatric patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D). The long-term effect of PR on chosen parameters was also investigated. METHODS In 194 patients (95 girls) aged 8.1 ± 4.3 years, we analyzed data at T1D onset: glycemia, pH, C-peptide, antibodies, weight, and concomitant autoimmune diseases. Anthropometric parameters, daily insulin requirement (DIR), and HbA1c 2 and 4 years after T1D diagnosis were also analyzed. We determined PR based on HbA1c and DIR measurements at least every 3 months. RESULTS PR occurred in 59% of patients. Remitters had significantly higher pH (7.33 vs 7.28, P = 0.03), weight SD score (SDS) (0.25 vs -0.24, P = 0.002), and body mass index SDS (0.19 vs -0.66, P = 0.02) compared with non-remitters. Concomitant diseases correlated negatively with PR. Multivariate analysis indicated only pH at onset was an independent predictor of PR. pH was the most important factor associated with the beginning of PR. There was a positive correlation between the start and duration of PR. Four years after T1D onset remitters had lower HbA1c (7.24% vs 8.05%, 53 vs 63.9 mmol/mol, P < 0.001) and DIR (0.81 vs 1.08, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS PR occurred quite often and developed more frequently in children with higher: weight and BMI SDS, but the main factor influencing PR presence and duration was higher pH at T1D onset. There was a beneficial impact of PR on HbA1c and DIR after 4 years of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Chobot
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medicine, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Joanna Stompór
- Department of Children's Diabetology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Szyda
- Department of Children's Diabetology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Deja
- Department of Children's Diabetology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Polańska
- Data Mining Division, The Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Przemysława Jarosz-Chobot
- Department of Children's Diabetology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Udoka Nwosu B. Partial Clinical Remission of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Clinical Applications and Challenges with its Definitions. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10310168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The honeymoon phase, or partial clinical remission (PCR) phase, of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a transitory period that is marked by endogenous insulin production by surviving β cells following a diabetes diagnosis and the introduction of insulin therapy. It is a critical window in the course of the disease that has short and long-term implications for the patient, such as a significant reduction in the risk of long-term complications of T1DM. To promote long-term cardiovascular health in children with newly diagnosed T1DM, three key steps are necessary: the generation of a predictive model for non-remission, the adoption of a user-friendly monitoring tool for remission and non-remission, and the establishment of the magnitude of the early-phase cardiovascular disease risk in these children in objective terms through changes in lipid profile. However, only about 50% of children diagnosed with T1DM experience the honeymoon phase. Accurate and prompt detection of the honeymoon phase has been hampered by the lack of an objective and easily applicable predictive model for its detection at the time of T1DM diagnosis, the complex formulas needed to confirm and monitor PCR, and the absence of a straightforward, user-friendly tool for monitoring PCR. This literature review discusses the most up-to-date information in this field by describing an objective predictive model for non-remission, an easy tool for monitoring remission or non-remission, and objective evidence for the cardiovascular protective effect of PCR in the early phase of the disease. The goal is to present non-remission as an independent clinical entity with significantly poorer long-term prognosis than partial remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Nwosu BU. Partial Clinical Remission of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Clinical Applications and Challenges with its Definitions. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL. DIABETES 2019; 4:89-98. [PMID: 31069088 PMCID: PMC6502244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The honeymoon phase, or partial clinical remission (PCR) phase, of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a transitory period that is marked by endogenous insulin production by surviving 3 cells following a diabetes diagnosis and the introduction of insulin therapy. It is a critical window in the course of the disease that has short and long-term implications for the patient, such as a significant reduction in the risk of long-term complications of T1DM. To promote long-term cardiovascular health in children with newly diagnosed T1DM, three key steps are necessary: the generation of a predictive model for non-remission, the adoption of a user-friendly monitoring tool for remission and non-remission, and the establishment of the magnitude of the early-phase cardiovascular disease risk in these children in objective terms through changes in lipid profile. However, only about 50% of children diagnosed with T1DM experience the honeymoon phase. Accurate and prompt detection of the honeymoon phase has been hampered by the lack of an objective and easily applicable predictive model for its detection at the time of T1DM diagnosis, the complex formulas needed to confirm and monitor PCR, and the absence of a straightforward, user-friendly tool for monitoring PCR. This literature review discusses the most up-to-date information in this field by describing an objective predictive model for non-remission, an easy tool for monitoring remission or non-remission, and objective evidence for the cardiovascular protective effect of PCR in the early phase of the disease. The goal is to present non-remission as an independent clinical entity with significantly poorer long-term prognosis than partial remission.
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Nwosu BU, Rupendu S, Zitek-Morrison E, Patel D, Villalobos-Ortiz TR, Jasmin G, Barton BA. Pubertal Lipid Levels Are Significantly Lower in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Who Experienced Partial Clinical Remission. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:737-747. [PMID: 30931423 PMCID: PMC6436764 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The physiologic changes in lipids during puberty in type 1 diabetes (T1D) are unclear because subjects in previous studies were not stratified by partial clinical remission status. Aim To determine the effect of partial clinical remission on lipid changes during puberty in youth with T1D. Subjects and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study of 194 subjects consisting of 71 control subjects of age 12.9 ± 1.3 years and 123 subjects with T1D stratified into remitters (n = 44; age, 13.0 ± 0.8 years) and nonremitters (n = 79; age, 11.2 ± 0.6 years). Partial clinical remission was defined as insulin-dose adjusted HbA1c of ≤9. Pubertal status was determined by Tanner staging. Results Among the pubertal cohort, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in the nonremitters compared with remitters (91.1 ± 25.6 vs 77.2 ± 25.8 mg/dL, P = 0.018) and with normal-weight control subjects (91.1 ± 25.6 vs 70.4 ± 22.9 mg/dL, P = 0.009) but was similar between overweight/obese control subjects and nonremitters (89.7 ± 28.9 vs 91.1± 25.6 mg/dL, P = 0.81) and between normal-weight control subjects and remitters (70.4 ± 22.9 vs 77.2 ± 25.8 mg/dL, P = 0.39). Total cholesterol was also significantly higher in nonremitters compared with remitters (167.8 ± 30.5 vs 149.8 ± 32.1 mg/dL, P = 0.012) and with normal-weight control subjects (167.8 ± 30.5 vs 143.2 ± 30.1 mg/dL, P = 0.011) but was similar between nonremitters and overweight/obese control subjects (P = 0.098) and between remitters and normal-weight control subjects (P = 0.51). Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was equally significantly higher in nonremitters compared with remitters (111.3 ± 30.1 vs 95.9 ± 29.1 mg/dL, P = 0.028) and normal-weight control subjects (111.3 ± 30.1 vs 86.2 ± 32.2 mg/dL, P = 0.028) but was similar between nonremitters and overweight/obese control subjects (P = 0.48) and between remitters vs normal-weight control subjects (P = 0.39). Conclusions Puberty-related reductions in low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein occur in remitters and normal-weight control subjects but not in nonremitters and overweight/obese control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Udoka Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shwetha Rupendu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Zitek-Morrison
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Deepa Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Tony R Villalobos-Ortiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gabrielle Jasmin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce A Barton
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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